o

Opowiedz mi o twojej pracy.

Ta książka jest o potędze miłości.

Spotkajmy się o piątej po południu.

Była piękną kobietą o długich jasnych włosach.

She was a beautiful woman with long fair hair.

chłopiec o zielonych oczach

(used in descriptions) with, having [with locative]

Nie opierajcie się o te drzwi.

Dziewczynka uderzyła głową o stół.

The little girl hit her head on the table.

Weronika poprosiła mnie wczoraj o pomoc.

Walczyliśmy dzielnie o naszą wolność.

We were bravely fighting for our freedom.

Spóźniła się o piętnaście minut.

Czuję się o wiele lepiej.

Obniż podkład o dwa półtony.

Lower the instrumental by two semitones.


we

Alternative form of w, used mostly before words that begin with consonant clusters.


do

Chorowała do póroku.

(Przemyśl) Synonym of przez; denoting a period of time for which something lasts


u

The Polish orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the history of Polish orthography article on Wikipedia for more, and u for development of the glyph itself.

pl-ety-letter

The twenty-seventh letter of the Polish alphabet, called u and written in the Latin script.


w

The Polish orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the history of Polish orthography article on Wikipedia for more, and w for development of the glyph itself.

The twenty-eighth letter of the Polish alphabet, called wu and written in the Latin script.


z

The Polish orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the history of Polish orthography article on Wikipedia for more, and z for development of the glyph itself.

The thirtieth letter of the Polish alphabet, called zet and written in the Latin script.


Siedzę na koniu.

denotes superessive position; on [with locative]

Uważaj, zaraz to na mnie spadnie!

denotes sublative movement; onto [with accusative]

pasażer na gapę

deser na kwaśno

denotes manner [with accusative or adverb]


(obsolete or dialectal, Far Masovian, Malbork, Kielce, Lasovia) take it! here!


co

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kʷísder.
Proto-Slavic *česo
Old Polish czso
Polish co
Inherited from Old Polish czso.

etymon

Interesujące, co?

used as a tag question, to emphasise what goes before or to request that the listener express an opinion about what has been said


la

(Central Greater Poland, Western Greater Poland) Alternative form of dla

Central Greater Poland; Western Greater Poland; Central Greater Poland; Western Greater Poland


po

Etymology tree
Proto-Balto-Slavic *pa
Proto-Slavic *po
Old Polish po
Polish po
Inherited from Old Polish po.

Jest już po tobie, brachu.

Jego ulubioną potrawą jest karkówka po cygańsku.

Lubię ją, ale tylko po przyjacielsku.

according to, in the way of, a la, as [with dative]


pu

(Kuyavia, Near Masovian) Alternative form of ku


pole

(Kuyavia, Central Greater Poland) Alternative form of podle (“next to, near”)


per

Learned borrowing from Latin per, from Proto-Italic *per, from Proto-Indo-European *per-.

(literary) forms adverbs from nouns [with nominative]


od

Jestem mokry od deszczu

indicates source or cause; from, because of

(Middle Polish) used to indicate the author of a letter or work; from, by

(Middle Polish) used in passive constructions; by

(Middle Polish) indicates material; from


lo

(Poznań, Przemyśl) Alternative form of dla (“for”)


ode

Variant of od. From Proto-Slavic *otъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éti

I nie wódź nas na pokuszenie, ale nas zbaw ode złego.

And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.


pod

pod przymusem

pod wpływem

denotes cause under; under [with instrumental]

pod piórem

denotes instrumentality or cause; because of, with [with instrumental]

(colloquial) denotes cause of celebration [with accusative]


za

Etymology tree
Proto-Slavic *za
Old Polish za
Polish za
Inherited from Old Polish za.

Ciekawe, co kryje się za jej dziwnym zachowaniem.

I wonder what's behind her strange behaviour.

behind indicates the cause of something [with instrumental]


lada

used together with the name of a time unit, indicating that something is going to happen in the near future [with nominative]


ku

denotes dative action, used to indicate the target or recipient of an action; to

ku mojemu zaskoczeniu

used to indicate a resulting feeling or emotion; to


gul

(Central Greater Poland, Środa, Pleszew) Synonym of gwoli


ze

Inherited from Old Polish z, from Proto-Slavic *jьz.


spod

Univerbation of z + pod. Doublet of spód.


nad

Etymology tree
Proto-Slavic *nadъ
Old Polish nad
Polish nad
Inherited from Old Polish nad.

Nad biurkiem wisi piękny obraz.

Above the desk hangs a beautiful painting.

denotes location; above, over [with instrumental]

Mieszkają w dużym domu nad morzem.

Opole leży nad Odrą.

denotes location, particularly in relation to a body of water; on, by [with instrumental]

W niedzielę jedziemy nad jezioro.

denotes movement, particularly in relation to a body of water; to [with accusative]

(literary or dialectal, Chełmno) denotes position in comparison; than; over [with accusative]

Pracuję nad scenariuszem do nowego filmu.

denotes subject of activities; on [with instrumental]

Oj, marzy mi się pizza nad pizzami!

Oh, I dream of the greatest of all pizzas!

Zawisza Czarny, rycerz nad rycerzami, zginął po wzięciu do tureckiej niewoli.

Zawisza Czarny, a knight of the knights, was killed after being captured by the Turks.

+obj

with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; the greatest of all, of [with instrumental or (stylized) accusative]


à la

a la (in the style or manner of) [with nominative ‘what’]


vis-à-vis

Unadapted borrowing from French vis-à-vis.


krom

(archaic) except, apart from, but [with genitive]

(archaic) besides, beyond, other than [with genitive]


miasto

pl-noun

miasto n (diminutive miastko, related adjective miejski)

miastko (diminutive)
miejski (adjective)
miasto (nominative singular)
miasta (nominative plural)
miasta (genitive singular)
miast (genitive plural)
miastu (dative singular)
miastom (dative plural)
miasto (accusative singular)
miasta (accusative plural)
miastem (instrumental singular)
miastami (instrumental plural)
mieście (locative singular)
miastach (locative plural)
miasto (singular vocative)
miasta (plural vocative)


chyba

chybam (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
chybaśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
chybaś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
chybaście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
chyba (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
chyba (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xyba. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “chyba”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN

Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “chyba”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego

(Middle Polish) delimiting particle; only, just, merely


chyba

chybka (dialectal diminutive)
chyba (nominative singular)
chyby (nominative plural)
chyby (genitive singular)
chyb (genitive plural)
chybie (dative singular)
chybom (dative plural)
chybę (accusative singular)
chyby (accusative plural)
chybą (instrumental singular)
chybami (instrumental plural)
chybie (locative singular)
chybach (locative plural)
chybo (singular vocative)
chyby (plural vocative)

(Middle Polish) falsehood; trick, deception

Mam chybę w ûrodzaju.


chyba

(Middle Polish) denotes lack; without; except; barring [with genitive]


à propos

pl-adj

à propos (not comparable, no derived adverb)

Unadapted borrowing from French à propos.

ubor

Symfonia została przyjęta entuzjastycznie i – co szczególnie ciekawe – jako utwór szalenie à propos.

The symphony was received enthusiastically and – what is particularly interesting – as a very apropos piece.

apropos (of an appropriate or pertinent nature)


à propos

Prawda, że odezwałem się całkiem à propos?


à propos

À propos brzydkich wyrazów, niedawno wyszła książka Patricii Evans pod tytułem Toksyczne słowa.

Oh, and speaking of ugly words, a book by Patricia Evans called Toxic Words has recently come out.


à propos

Chciałem już zwrócić się do dziewczyny z jakąś uwagą à propos toaletowej sceny, natychmiast jednak ugryzłem się w język.

I was about to address the girl with some remark apropos the toilet scene, but I immediately bit my tongue.

apropos, speaking of (regarding or concerning) [with genitive ‘apropos what’]


mimo

Inherited from Old Polish mimo. By surface analysis, minąć + -mo.


przy

Ona siedziała przy mnie.

Nie rób tego przy dzieciach!

Przy nim wyglądał bardzo nisko.

in front of (in the presence of, or in contrast to)

Guziki przy sweterze.

Asystent przy szefie.

indicates belonging to something higher in position or power

Wypadek przy pięćdziesięciu kilometrów na godzinę.

An accident at fifty kilometers an hour.

Pogadamy o tym przy piwie.


przez

przeze (alternative)
psiez (alternative)

Ja jestem kaleka przez chleba.

1960, Kazimierz Nitsch, Wybór polskich tekstów gwarowych, page 179:

I am a cripple without livelihood [lit. bread].

(dialectal, Chełmno-Dobrzyń, Żywiec, Przemyśl, Lasovia) without, lacking


guli

(Southern Greater Poland) Alternative form of gwoli


koło

kole (alternative)
kiele (alternative)
kele (alternative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kʷelh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Slavic *kȍlo
Old Polish koło
Polish koło
Inherited from Old Polish koło. Doublet of kolo. Related to English cycle and wheel.


dla

Inherited from Old Polish dla, from Proto-Slavic *dьľa, *děľa.

la (alternative)
lo (alternative)
lá (alternative)

Zrobiłem dla ciebie kanapkę.

Reszta dla pana.

Keep the change. (literally, “The rest to you.”)

Palenie tytoniu jest bardzo szkodliwe dla zdrowia.

Smoking tobacco is very bad for one's health.

Ta wyspa to rezerwat dla ptaków.

for, in aid of (intended to benefit, cure, support, etc.)

Robię to tylko dla zabawy.

Jaki był wynik? 1:0 dla Polski!

Nie chcę brać ślubu dla ślubu.

I don't want to marry for the sake of it.


beze

Alternative form of bez (“without, lacking”); used only with the pronoun mnie


blisko

pl-adv

blisko (comparative bliżej, superlative najbliżej)

bliżej (comparative)
najbliżej (superlative)
blizko (alternative)

Inherited from Old Polish blisko. By surface analysis, bliski + -o.

przyjrzeć się bliżej

poznać/zapoznać bliżej

to learn more about/to become better acquainted

interesować się bliżej

scharakteryzować bliżej

wyjaśnić bliżej

opowiedzieć bliżej

zaprzyjaźnić się bliżej

bliżej nieokreślony

bliżej nieznany

bliżej niezidentyfikowany

bliżej niewyjaśniony

Przyjrzyjmy się temu bliżej.

Iuxta Blisko/ podle/ nie dáleko wedle.

Prope ‒ Blisko.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 860b:

Propinque ‒ Blisko.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 862a:

(Middle Polish) close; Further details are uncertain.


blisko

Mieszkam blisko sklepu.

Spotkajmy się bliżej wtorku.


blisko

Blisko 20 osób zginęło w tym wypadku.


przed

Etymology tree
Proto-Slavic *perdъ
Old Polish przed
Polish przed
Inherited from Old Polish przed.

etymon

denotes location; before, in front of; ahead of [with instrumental]

denotes movement; in front of [with accusative]

denotes time; before [with instrumental]

denotes how long ago something happened; ago [with instrumental]

uciekać przed czymś

chować się przed kimś

used in government with some verbs to denote prevention; against, for; from [with instrumental]

denotes witnesses to an action; in front of [with instrumental]

(Malbork, Lubawa, Ostróda) Synonym of dla


między

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *me
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-?
Proto-Indo-European *dʰe
Proto-Indo-European *medʰi-
Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos
Proto-Slavic *meďa
Proto-Slavic *meďi
Old Polish miedzy
Polish między
Inherited from Old Polish miedzy. The nasal vowel was added later due to the preceding m-. Doublet of miedzy (locative of miedza).

miedzy (alternative)
midzy (alternative)
midz (alternative)
mizdzy (alternative)

denotes movement; to in between [with accusative]

denotes location; between [with instrumental]

denotes objects mutually affected by something; between, among [with instrumental]

between (in transit from (one to the other, or connecting places)) [with instrumental]

denotes result of division; between [with accusative]

denotes individual of a group; among; between [with instrumental]


niż

Inherited from Old Polish niż. By surface analysis, univerbation of ni + ż(e).

surf

Spostrzegałeś między nimi postacie podobniejsze do zbójów, niż do pasterzy, okrutne, straszne, pokryte łachmanami rozmaitych ubiorów.

1901 (first published 1884), Henryk Sienkiewicz, Ogniem i Mieczem, Gebethner i Wolff, book 1, chapter 2:

You saw among them figures more similar to bandits than to herders: cruel, frightening, covered in the rags of diverse outfits.

...woleli puszczać się czajkami na Czarne morze, niż żenić się lub gospodarstwa pilnować.

1901 (first published 1884), Henryk Sienkiewicz, Ogniem i Mieczem, Gebethner i Wolff, book 1, chapter 4:

[They] preferred to go out in chaikas on the Black Sea rather than get married or look after farms.

...zrozumiałem, że w moim życiu następuje zwrot, który kieruje mnie ku czemuś większemu niż słowa, które czytam.

2010, Murray Bodo, translated by Małgorzata Bortnowska, Mistycy: Odkrywcy Bożych Dróg, Kraków: Wydawnictwo M, archived from the original on 2022-08-24, page 178:

...I understood that there was happening in my life a change of direction which was leading me towards something greater than the words that I was reading.

Wówczas idzie i bierze ze sobą siedem innych duchów gorszych niż on sam i wszedłszy, mieszkają tam.

2013, Updated Gdańsk Bible, archived from the original on 2022-08-24, Matthew 12:45:

Then he goes and brings with him seven other spirits worse than he himself, and having gone in, they live there.

Co do reszty, musiałem, ze względu na okoliczności, mylić się znacznie częściej, niż bym to sobie wymarzył...

2018, Gilbert Keith Chesterton, translated by Maciej Wąs, Nowe Jeruzalem, 2nd edition, Chesterton Polska, page 20:

As for the rest, because of the circumstances, I must have been mistaken much more often than I would dream of...

used in comparisons, to introduce the basis of comparison; than

(obsolete or dialectal, Southern Greater Poland) before

(Middle Polish) introduces a contrastive clause; not only; but, however


niż

Londyn jest większy niż Warszawa.


niż

niże (alternative)
neż (alternative)
nież (alternative)

bo my nyſzeſzmy thego doſſwyatczely iſſz tho czo ſye dzyalo za przodkow naſſzych […] bylo wſzyſthko dobrze

1500-1547, Libri legationum, page 8/133:

NYſz ſpráwą myſlą zſſedwſſy ſie ſpołu/ rozráduymy ſie pánu ſwemu

Czos chces niz ſię winien dawam

Panie ſtrzez ſie chytry to Chłop A ſnaċ chytroſczj nicz [!] ktory Pop RejKup dd5; iż ſie dla thego vcżył/ áby ſwą náuką pożytecżnem ſie sſtał niż wten cżás gdy ná to ſie wſpomoże á záłoży

1558, E. Gliczner, Książki o wychowaniu dzieci, page Ov:

Krol IMPan nasz na Zęby chor, ale iakis pod czas słaby bywa wszakze niz todwakroć albo trzy po odiachaniu wm wpole wyiezdzał

1588, Acta primi regiminis Sigismundi III, page 155:

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


podczas

Univerbation of pod czas. First attested in the 16th century. Compare Belarusian падча́с (padčás), Kashubian pòdczas, Russian подча́с (podčás), Silesian podczas, and Ukrainian під ча́с (pid čás).

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “podczas”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(Near Masovian) greens from the outer cabbage leaves of white goosefoot


obok

Univerbation of o + bok (“side”). First attested in 1621–1632. Compare Kashubian òbòk.

“OBOK”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 14.04.2011


przeciw

Etymology tree
Proto-Slavic *protivъ
Old Polish przeciw
Polish przeciw
Inherited from Old Polish przeciw. Cognate with Latin pretium (whence English price).

etymon

(Middle Polish) about, concerning, as for

(Middle Polish) denotes object of efforts

Y záſie ine mákowice ná wierzchu ſlupow z wierzchu podług miáry ſlupá przećiw ſiatkám [contra retiacula].

1561, J. Leopolita, Biblija, page 3.Reg 7/20:

Adversus et adversum praepositio. Przećiwko. [...] Aliquando pro Erga, Przećiw.

In – Przecziw, na przécziw.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 515b:

(Middle Polish) against; Further details are uncertain.


około

Etymology tree
Proto-Slavic *o(b)
Proto-Indo-European *kʷelh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Slavic *kolo
Proto-Slavic *okolo
Old Polish około
Polish około
Inherited from Old Polish około.

denotes inexactitude of location; near, about, around [with genitive]

Józek był tu około trzeciej.

denotes inexactitude of time; near, about, around, circa [with genitive]

(obsolete) denotes inexactitude of subject matter; near, about, around [with genitive]

Circum, około

1532, Bartłomiej z Bydgoszczy, Słownik łacińsko-polski, page 242:

(Middle Polish) around; Further details are uncertain.


około

(obsolete) denotes circular motion; about, around

(Middle Polish) denotes inexact motion; about, around


niczym

Stał niczym drzewo.


naprzeciw

(Chełmno) Synonym of przy [with genitive]

Ni mam nic naprzeciw tego.

(Lasovia) Synonym of przeciwko [with genitive]


wśród

Inherited from Old Polish weśród. By surface analysis, univerbation of w + śród.

surf

wśrzod (alternative)
weśród (alternative)
weśrzód (alternative)

Near-synonyms: podczas, w

(obsolete) denotes time in which something occurs; at


podle

(archaic) according to [with genitive ‘whom’]


kele

Kele wasy chałupy je studnia. (Far Masovian)

(Near Masovian, Far Masovian) Alternative form of koło


kiele

(Chełmno-Dobrzyń, Near Masovian) Alternative form of koło


pomiędzy

Univerbation of po + między. First attested in 1544. Compare Kashubian pòmiedzë.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “pomiedzy”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

denotes movement; to in between [with accusative]


dzięki

dzięki (nominative plural)
dzięków (genitive plural)
dziękom (dative plural)
dzięki (accusative plural)
dziękami (instrumental plural)
dziękach (locative plural)
dzięki (plural vocative)

From dzięka + i, which was also displaced by this term. Compare Czech díky. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from German dank, French grâce à, and English thanks to.

sl

(literary) thanks (expression of gratitude)


wedle

...kłámáli, zwodźili, á zmieniáli wedle czásu słowá swoie.

1608, Piotr Skarga, Zawstydzenie nowych Arianów, y wzywanie ich do pokuty y wiáry Chrześćijáńſkiey, Kraków: Drukarnia Mikołáiá Lobá, archived from the original on 2022-12-17, page 50:

...they lied, deceived, and changed their words according to the time.

- Rycerze króla Artura zasiadali wedle tradycji przy takim okrągłym stole, przy którym żadne miejsce nie było uprzywilejowane - mówi dr Janusz Sibora, badacz dziejów dyplomacji.

2019 February 5, Katarzyna Plachta, “Dlaczego 30 lat temu obradowano przy okrągłym stole?”, in Rzeczpospolita, archived from the original on 2022-05-23:

"King Arthur's knights sat down, according to tradition, at a round table like this, at which no place was privileged," says Dr. Janusz Sibora, a student of the history of diplomacy.

Spadek religijności młodzieży jest miażdżący. Wedle nieocenionego abp. Jędraszewskiego to nie wina Kościoła, lecz diabelskiej elektroniki: młodzi pochylają głowy nad smartfonami i komputerami, zamiast słuchać rodziców, dziadków i katechetów.

2022 January 10, Anna Krysiak, “Jerzy Surdykowski: Tego nie wiedzą biskupi”, in Rzeczpospolita, archived from the original on 2022-01-10:

The fall in religiousness among the youth is crushing. According to the unranked Archbishop Jędraszewski, this isn't the Church's fault, but that of devilish electronics: young people bow their heads over smartphones and computers instead of listening to their parents, grandparents, and catechists.

Wedle reguł podanych przez FIVB, aby być w grupie 11 drużyn obecnych w 2024 roku na turnieju w Paryżu (12. jest Francja), można wywalczyć to prawo poprzez jeden z trzech turniejów kwalifikacyjnych zaplanowanych na jesień 2023 roku.

2022 October 4, Krzysztof Rawa, “Mistrzostwa świata siatkarek. Polska na placu budowy”, in Rzeczpospolita, archived from the original on 2022-12-17:

According to the rules given by FIVB [the International Volleyball Federation], in order to be in the group of 11 teams present in 2024 at the competition in Paris (the 12th will be France), you can win that right in one of three qualifying competitions planned for the fall of 2023.

Kto powinien wchodzić w jej skład i wedle jakich zasad ma funkcjonować?

2022 December 1, Malwina Rączka, “Jak utworzyć komisję ds. zgłoszeń w sprawach sygnalistów”, in Rzeczpospolita, archived from the original on 2022-12-17:

Who should be included in its composition and what rules should it function according to?

Wjechali nakoniec w jakąś szczelinę skalną długą i prostą, a tak wąską, że zaledwie trzech ludzi mogło jechać wedle siebie.

1888 (first published 1886), Henryk Sienkiewicz, Potop, 2nd edition, volume IV, Gebethner i Wolff (distribution), Wł. L. Anczyc i Spółka (printing), chapter 5:

They rode, at last, into some long, straight, stony ravine, so narrow that only three people could ride alongside each other.

U nas wedle stawu grobla.

1899 November 15, Marjan Gawalewicz, “Warszawa: Powieść społeczno-obyczajowa”, in Kurjer Warszawski, number 316, archived from the original on 2022-12-17, page 2:

Where we live, there's a dike on one side of the reservoir.

...jak zwykle wedle parku przejeżdża.

1994, Sławomir Mrożek, Opowiadania 1974-1979 (Dzieła zebrane, tom V), archived from the original on 2022-12-17, page 179:

Dookoła gaje, pola
I łężne rozłogi,
Krzywe wierzby, jak im wola,
Rosną wedle drogi.

1915 (first published 1905), Maria Konopnicka, “W miasteczku”, in Poezye, volume VI, Gebethner i Wolff (distribution), W. L. Anczyc i Spółka (printing), page 45:

All around, there are groves, fields,
and flood-plains;
crooked willows, as they will,
grow along the road.

– Pani baronowa może być spokojna – odparł tubalnym głosem. – Pojedziemy dokładnie wedle drogi, już moja w tym głowa.

2021 (first published 2011), Marian Piotr Rawinis, Dworek pod Malwami 63: Kuzyni, Saga Egmont, archived from the original on 2022-12-17, page 24:

"The baroness can calm down," he replied in a voice as loud as a tuba. "We will go precisely along the road, you can depend on me."

(Kuyavia, Near Masovian) regarding, concerning


poniżej

From po- + niżej. Cognate with Slovak poniže, Carpathian Rusyn пониже (ponyže).

below (lower in spatial position than) [with genitive]

below (lower in value than) [with genitive]


wzdłuż

along (by the length, in a line with the length, lengthwise) [with genitive]


kole

(Chełmno-Dobrzyń, Kuyavia, Near Masovian, Far Masovian, Malbork, Kielce) Alternative form of koło


poza

Etymology tree
Proto-Balto-Slavic *pa
Proto-Slavic *po
Old Polish po
Polish po
Proto-Slavic *za
Old Polish za
Polish za
Polish poza
Univerbation of po + za. First attested in the 16th century. Compare Kashubian pòza and Silesian poza.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “poza”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

Nie namierzymy go. Jest poza zasięgiem.

denotes an area not within; beyond, out of, outside of [with instrumental]

Piłka wyleciała poza boisko.

denotes movement to an area not within; to beyond, to out of, to outside of [with accusative]

Nikt poza tobą tego nie lubi.

denotes exclusion; besides, outside of; except [with instrumental]

Poza polskim też znam niemiecki.

denotes inclusion; besides, outside of [with instrumental]


według

Inherited from Old Polish według. By surface analysis, univerbation of w + długi.

surf

according to (in a manner conforming or corresponding to; in proportion to; in accordance with)

according to (based on what is said or stated by; on the authority of)

(obsolete) denotes area; near, close to; at, by

(obsolete) in comparison to; vis-à-vis, in relation to


ponad

Etymology tree
Proto-Balto-Slavic *pa
Proto-Slavic *po
Old Polish po
Polish po
Proto-Slavic *nadъ
Old Polish nad
Polish nad
Polish ponad
Univerbation of po + nad. Compare Kashubian pònad and Ukrainian по́над (pónad). First attested in 1749.

ref

Paweł Kupiszewski (16.05.2019) “PONAD”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

Latem słońce świeci wysoko ponad górami.

In summer, the sun shines high above the mountains.

denotes location; above, over [with instrumental]

denotes motion; to above, to over [with accusative]

Kocham to ponad życie.

I love it to death/more than life itself/more than anything in the world.

denotes highest degree of intensity of an action or state [with accusative]

Zadanie to jest ponad moje umiejętności.

Ona przedkłada swoją karierę ponad wszystko.


ponad

Pracuję tu ponad dwie dekady.

I have worked here for over two decades.


wele

(Kuyavia, Kielce) Alternative form of wedle (“next to, near, beside”)


spośród

Univerbation of z + pośród. First attested in 1601–1616. Compare Old Polish spośród.

Akta sejmikowe województw poznańskiego i kaliskiego, tom I (1572-1632), część 1 (in Polish), 1957, page 380

from among (from a place surrounded by something else)

from among (from a group of similar objects)


co do

as for, as to, regarding [with genitive]

vis-à-vis, apropos, about [with genitive]


przeciwko

Inherited from Old Polish przeciwko. By surface analysis, univerbation of przeciw + ku.

surf

(Middle Polish) denotes recipient of an oral message; to

(Middle Polish) against (in comparison to)


wule

(Northern Greater Poland, Eastern Greater Poland) Alternative form of wedle

Northern Greater Poland; Eastern Greater Poland; Northern Greater Poland; Eastern Greater Poland


na punkcie

Adam jest przewrażliwiony na punkcie swojego niskiego wzrostu.

Adam is oversensitive when it comes to his short height.

(idiomatic) on the matter of, when it comes to [with genitive ‘what’]


wobec

Univerbation of w + obec. First attested in the 16th century. Compare Czech vůbec.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “wobec”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

Near-synonym: dla

wobec tego

regarding, concerning, vis-à-vis, in relation to

Near-synonym: w obliczu

denotes a usually negative action aimed at someone; towards, against

Near-synonym: w porównaniu z


wobec

(obsolete) directly; in someone's presence

wszem i wobec

(Middle Polish) altogether; in all; together


niby

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ney
Proto-Balto-Slavic *nei
Proto-Slavic *ni
Polish ni
Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-
Proto-Indo-European *bʰúHt
Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-
Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti
Proto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei
Proto-Slavic *byti
Proto-Slavic *by
Old Polish by
Polish by
Polish niby
Univerbation of ni + by. First attested in 1579.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

Niby ja?

Niby po co dzwonią?


w toku

(idiomatic) in progress, pending, underway


w toku

(idiomatic) during, in the middle of, in the process of [with genitive]


ok.

Abbreviation of około (“around, circa”): ca.


wskutek

because of, owing to, on account of [with genitive]


pośrodku

in the middle of (so that something is surrounded by the object in question) [with genitive]


jak to

introduces a subordinate clause; as; how

Near-synonyms: jak, że


jak to

denotes perceived obviousness of something; as


zza

zza drzewa


śród

Etymology tree
Old Polish śród
Polish śród
Inherited from Old Polish śród, from Proto-Slavic *serdъ.


aniżeli

(literary) than (used in comparisons, to introduce the basis of comparison)


na miejscu

pl-adj

na miejscu (not comparable, no derived adverb)

(idiomatic) appropriate, adequate, proper, suitable


na miejscu

(idiomatic) at the scene, in place, on premises


przy okazji

A przy okazji, kiedy oddasz mi Couplanda? Na pewno i tak nie przeczytałeś.

By the way, when are you going to give me my Coupland back? I'm sure you haven't read it anyway.

(idiomatic) apropos, by the way, speaking of


w ciągu

/ˈf‿t͡ɕɔŋ.ɡu/

Zmorą większości osób na diecie jest kwestia liczby posiłków w ciągu dnia.

The bane of most people on a diet is the number of meals during the day.

(idiomatic) in the space of, within (before the specified duration ends) [with genitive ‘of what’]


w odniesieniu do

/v‿ɔd.ɲɛˈɕɛ.ɲu dɔ/

(idiomatic) concerning, in relation to, in respect of, regarding [with genitive]


w sprawie

(idiomatic) about, regarding, concerning [with genitive]


na skutek

(idiomatic) on account of, because of, due to [with genitive]


z powodu

(idiomatic) because of, due to, owing to [with genitive]


odnośnie do

/ɔdˈnɔɕ.ɲɛ dɔ/

Literally, “in relation to”. Calque of French relativement à.

(formal, idiomatic, sometimes proscribed) concerning, in relation to, in respect of, regarding [with genitive]


w związku z

(idiomatic) in relation to, vis-à-vis, apropos, about [with instrumental]


pod względem

Literally, “under [the] circumstance [of]”.

lit

(idiomatic) concerning, in relation to, in terms of, regarding [with genitive]


pod kątem

(figurative, idiomatic) concerning, in relation to, in terms of, regarding [with genitive]


przy pomocy

/pʂɘ‿pɔˈmɔ.t͡sɘ/


przy użyciu

/pʂɘ‿uˈʐɘ.t͡ɕu/


na podstawie

(idiomatic) based on, on the basis of, on the grounds of [with genitive]


w oparciu o

(idiomatic) based on, on the basis of, on the grounds of [with accusative]


ze względu na

Literally, “for [the] consideration [of]”.

(idiomatic) because of, considering, due to, given, in view of, owing to [with accusative]


z wyjątkiem

apart from, but, except, except for, save [with genitive]


na kształt

(idiomatic) in the shape of [with genitive]


na początku

(idiomatic) at the beginning of, early on in [with genitive]


na bazie

(idiomatic) on the basis of, based on [with genitive]


na czele

(idiomatic) at the helm of, in charge of [with genitive]


na przedzie

/na‿ˈpʂɛ.d͡ʑɛ/

(idiomatic) at the front of, ahead of, afore [with genitive]


na drodze

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see na, droga.

(idiomatic) in the way of, obstructing [with genitive]

(idiomatic) through, by way of [with genitive]


na podobieństwo

(idiomatic) similar to, reminiscent of, like [with genitive]


w formie

pl-adj

w formie (not comparable, no derived adverb)


w postaci

(idiomatic) in the form of, in the shape of [with genitive]


na przekór

(idiomatic) despite, in spite of [with dative]


na rzecz

(idiomatic) in favor of, in support of (supporting a cause that one thinks is good and therefore wants to see it happen) [with genitive]


na temat

(idiomatic) on point, to the point, relevant


pod wezwaniem

pw. (alternative)
pod wezw. (alternative)

(idiomatic, religion) dedicated to, of [with genitive]


pod wodzą

(idiomatic) led by; under the command of, under the rule of [with genitive]


na przestrzeni

(idiomatic) in the space of, within, during [with genitive ‘of what’]


w przeciągu

/f‿pʂɛˈt͡ɕɔŋ.ɡu/

(idiomatic) in the space of, within (before the specified duration ends) [with genitive ‘of what’]


w czasie

/ˈf‿t͡ʂa.ɕɛ/

(idiomatic) during (at the same time of) [with genitive]


w imieniu

(idiomatic) on behalf of, in the name of [with genitive]


w imię

w imię Ojca i Syna, i Ducha Świętego

in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit

(idiomatic) in the name of (with appeal to) [with genitive]

Oddam swoje ciało w imię nauki.

I will donate my body in the name of science.

(idiomatic) in the name of (under the designation or excuse of) [with genitive]


w poprzek

(idiomatic) crosswise, crossways, transversely, across


w poprzek

(idiomatic) across, athwart [with genitive]


w przeciwieństwie do

(idiomatic) as opposed to, unlike, in contrast to [with genitive]


w ramach

(idiomatic) within, as part of [with genitive]


na mocy

Literally, “on the power of”. Compare English on the strength of.

(idiomatic) by virtue of, based on, because of [with genitive]


w razie

(idiomatic) in case, in case of, in the event of (if there should be) [with genitive or gdyby]


w ślad za

(idiomatic) following (physically) [with instrumental]


w wyniku

(idiomatic) as a result of, in the wake of, due to [with genitive]


wraz z

(idiomatic) along with, together with [with instrumental]


z myślą o

/ˈz‿mɘ.ɕlɔw̃ ɔ/

(idiomatic) in consideration of, in mind of, with ... in mind


z okazji

Wszystkiego dobrego z okazji urodzin!

(idiomatic) for, on the occasion of [with genitive]


z tytułu

(idiomatic) by way of, by virtue of [with genitive]


z racji

(idiomatic) in view of, in light of, on account of, by virtue of [with genitive]


gwoli

Voiced variant of earlier kwoli, from Old Polish k woli.

kwoli (alternative)
w gwoli (alternative)
gwuli (alternative)
wuli (alternative)

(formal, archaic) due to, in accordance with [with genitive]


z użyciem

/z‿uˈʐɘ.t͡ɕɛm/

(idiomatic) by means of, through the use of, with the aid of [with genitive]


z wyłączeniem

with the exception of
with the exception of

(idiomatic, formal) except, excluding, with the exception of [with genitive]


za pośrednictwem

(idiomatic) via, through, by means of [with genitive]


w stronę

(idiomatic) toward, in the direction of [with genitive]


opodal

Inherited from Old Polish opodal. By surface analysis, univerbation of o- + podal.


u boku

(idiomatic) by someone's side, loyal to, in support of [with genitive]


na wzór

(idiomatic) in imitation of, in the image of, on the model of [with genitive]


na modłę

(idiomatic, literary) in imitation of, in the image of, on the model of [with genitive]


o włos od

(colloquial, idiomatic) within an ace of [with genitive]


z udziałem

(idiomatic) along with, together with [with genitive]


ze strony

(idiomatic) from a direction of [with genitive]


za sprawą

(idiomatic) by means of, through, via [with genitive]


w sytuacji

(idiomatic) in case, in case of, in the event of (if there should be) [with genitive or gdy]


w miarę

(idiomatic) as, as far as [with genitive]


pod pozorem

(idiomatic) on the pretext, under the pretence [with genitive ‘of something’]


z punktu widzenia

Literally, “from [the] point of view [of]”.

lit

(idiomatic) concerning, in relation to, in terms of, regarding [with genitive]


z rąk

(idiomatic) at the hands of [with genitive]


z uwagi na

(idiomatic) due to, given, in view of [with accusative]


razem z

(idiomatic) along with, together with [with instrumental]


w świetle

(idiomatic) in light of (given, considering) [with genitive]


w obliczu

(idiomatic) in the face of (when confronted with) [with genitive]


w stanie

Literally, “in [the] state [of]”. Compare French en état de.

Czy jesteś w stanie pracować?

(idiomatic, followed by an infinitive) in a condition to (do something), in a fit state to (do something), able to (do something)


na cześć

/na‿ˈt͡ʂɛɕt͡ɕ/


na widok

Wzdyrgnęła się na jego widok.

(idiomatic) at the sight of [with genitive ‘of what’]


na fali

pl-adj

na fali (not comparable, no derived adverb)

(colloquial, idiomatic, postpositive) on fire, on a roll (achieving success)

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see na, fala.


na fali

Tym bardziej że na fali zainteresowania religijnym życiem Afrykanów na jaw wychodziły kolejne przerażające sprawy.

All the more so as more horrifying cases came to light on the wave of interest in the religious life of Africans.

(idiomatic) on the wave of [with genitive]


w tym

Chyba coś w tym jest.

(idiomatic) to that (the given aspect is found in the previously mentioned statement)


w duchu

w cichości ducha (alternative)
w głębi ducha (alternative)
w głębi duszy (alternative)
w głębi serca (alternative)
w skrytości ducha (alternative)
w skrytości serca (alternative)

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see w, duch.

(idiomatic) at heart, deep down, inwardly (not out loud)


w duchu

(idiomatic) in the spirit of (similar to) [with genitive ‘what’]


przez wzgląd na

Przez wzgląd na dzieci prosimy nie przeklinać.

For the sake of the children, we ask you not to swear.


aniżeliby

(literary) than (used in comparisons, to introduce the basis of comparison)


niżeli

nizeli (alternative)
nizli (alternative)


w zależności od

W zależności od humoru może ci nie pomóc.

Depending on his mood, he might not help you.

(idiomatic) depending on [with genitive]


w objęciach Morfeusza

Literally, “in [the] embraces of Morpheus”.

lit

in the arms of Morpheus
in the arms of Morpheus

(idiomatic, literary) in the arms of Morpheus (asleep, sleeping)


zgodnie z

(idiomatic) according to, as per, in accordance with


kromie

Bo dla mnie wszystkie religie, kromie tych, które nawołują do walki z innowiercami, są jednako bliskie [...]

For to me all religions but those that exhort to combat dissenters are equally close …

(archaic) except, apart from, but [with genitive]

(archaic) besides, beyond, other than [with genitive]


pod adresem

(idiomatic) care of, directed towards, under the address of [with genitive ‘of who or what’]


króć

Króć ciebie wygnáłem ich.

(Podegrodzie) Synonym of z powodu [with genitive]


w sąsiedztwie

Literally, “in [the] neighbourhood [of]”.

in the neighbourhood of
in the neighbourhood of

(idiomatic) in the neighbourhood of, near, close to [with genitive]


w podzięce

+obj

(formal, idiomatic) in return [with za (+ accusative) ‘for something’]


w odwodzie

/v‿ɔdˈvɔ.d͡ʑɛ/


powyżej

above (higher in spatial position than) [with genitive]

above (higher in value than) [with genitive]


pod batem

(idiomatic) under the lash of, under one's thumb (under the control of) [with genitive ‘whose thumb’]


pod batutą

(literary) conducted by, led by [with genitive]


pod dyrekcją

(music) Alternative form of pod batutą [with genitive]

(literary) Alternative form of pod batutą [with genitive]


bez względu na

(idiomatic) regardless of [with accusative]


niezależnie od

/ɲɛ.zaˈlɛʐ.ɲɛ ɔd/

(idiomatic) regardless of [with genitive]


zależnie od

(idiomatic) depending on [with genitive]


na łożu śmierci

(idiomatic, literary) at death's door, on one's deathbed


u stóp

(idiomatic) at the foot of, at the bottom of, below, in the shadow of [with genitive]


pod egidą

(idiomatic, literary) under the aegis of


na złość

Literally, “for [someone's] anger”, or more loosely translated as “to make someone angry”.

lit

Moja zemsta obejmowała również plan uwiedzenia Kati na złość jej siostrze!

My revenge also included a plan to seduce Kati to spite her sister!

(idiomatic) despite, in spite of [with dative]


w myśl

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see w, myśl.


po myśli

Literally, “according to [one's] thought”.

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see po, myśl.


popod

(literary) below, beneath, under [with instrumental] (denoting location)

(literary) below, beneath, under [with accusative] (denoting movement)

(literary) at a place where it takes little to no time to get somewhere; against, by, near, under [with instrumental]

(literary) towards a place where it takes little to no time to get somewhere; against, by, near, under [with accusative]


przez pryzmat

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see przez, pryzmat.


na poczet

(idiomatic, literary) on account, toward, towards [with genitive]


pod przewodem

(idiomatic) led by; under the command of, under the rule of [with genitive]


na równi

(idiomatic) on a level playing field, on an equal footing, on a par [with z (+ instrumental) ‘with whom’]


na odpowiedzialność

Literally, “for [the] responsibility [of]”.

denotes the person to whom blame or responsibility will fall to liability of


przełaj

przełaj (nominative singular)
przełaje (nominative plural)
przełaju (genitive singular)
przełajów (genitive plural)
przełai (genitive plural)
przełajowi (dative singular)
przełajom (dative plural)
przełaj (accusative singular)
przełaje (accusative plural)
przełajem (instrumental singular)
przełajami (instrumental plural)
przełaju (locative singular)
przełajach (locative plural)
przełaju (singular vocative)
przełaje (plural vocative)


na przełaj

(idiomatic) across, across country, athwart


zważywszy na

zważywszy na okoliczności

(idiomatic, literary) because of, considering, due to, given, in view of, owing to [with accusative]


na spółkę

(colloquial) in cahoots [with z (+ instrumental) ‘with whom’]


kwoli

Univerbation of ku + woli, derived from Old Polish k woli.


pod dyktando

Literally, “under [the] dictation [of]”, or more loosely translated as “as dictated [by]”. Compare Ukrainian під дикто́вку (pid dyktóvku).

cog

під дикто́вку

Wszyscy działają pod moje dyktando. Więc ta dziewczynka, jak mnie nazwałeś, może sprawić, że wasz biznes zniknie.

2023 March 22, Emilia Szelest, Orszak śmierci. Bieszczadzkie demony. Tom 3, Wydawnictwo Kobiece, →ISBN:

Everyone works as I wish. So this girl, as you called me, can make your business disappear.

(idiomatic) according to someone's will, as one wishes [with genitive]


tytułem

A teraz, również tytułem wstępu, kilka słów o pewnym rękopisie.

And now, also by way of introduction, a few words about a certain manuscript.

the speaker names the category of objects to which the thing in question belongs


na korzyść

/na‿ˈkɔ.ʐɘɕt͡ɕ/

(idiomatic) for, in favor of, on behalf of (for the benefit of) [with genitive]


na niekorzyść

/na‿ɲɛˈkɔ.ʐɘɕt͡ɕ/

(idiomatic) to the detriment of [with genitive]


na szkodę

(idiomatic, literary) to the detriment of [with genitive]


pod kierunkiem

Literally, “under [the] direction [of]”.


na ręce

(idiomatic, literary) to; towards (used to indicate the target or recipient of an action) [with genitive]


z pozycji

(idiomatic) concerning, in relation to, in terms of, regarding [with genitive]


z ramienia

(formal, idiomatic) on behalf of, in the name of [with genitive]


w porównaniu z

Near-synonyms: na tle, w stosunku do, w zestawieniu z, wobec

in comparison to; vis-à-vis, in relation to [with instrumental]


do spółki z

Near-synonym: na spółkę z

(idiomatic) along with, together with [with instrumental]


na spółkę z

Near-synonym: do spółki z


spopod

Univerbation of z + popod. First attested in 1813.

ref

Joh. Peter Bohdanowicz Dworzecki (1813) Grammatyka jezyka polskiego wedlug prawidel JX. Kopczynskiego napisana ... (in Polish), Jos. Zawadzki, page 118


za wyjątkiem

Literally, “with the exception of”. Calque of Russian за исключе́нием (za isključénijem).

cal

за исключе́нием


w przeliczeniu na

Średnie zarobki na tym stanowisku wynoszą średnio 7280 euro, co daje w przeliczeniu na złotówki około 42 złotych za godzinę.

The average salary for this position is €7,280, which is about PLN 42 per hour.

(idiomatic) in terms of, per (specifying the value or size of something in other units) [with accusative]

Mieszkańcy wsi zebrali w tym roku 20000 złotych na Wielką Orkiestrę Świątecznej Pomocy, co w przeliczeniu na jednego mieszkańca (przy zaludnieniu 4000 osób) wynosi dokładnie 5 złotych.

The villagers raised 20,000 zloty for the Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity this year, which is exactly 5 zloty per capita (with a population of 4000).

(idiomatic) in terms of, per (specifying the value of something per unit) [with accusative]


gwuli

(Kuyavia) Alternative form of gwoli (“concerning”)


na wypadek

(idiomatic) in case, in case of, in the event of (if there should be) [with genitive or gdyby]


przećko

/ˈpʂɛ.t͡ɕkɔ/


skróny

(Podegrodzie) Synonym of z powodu [with genitive]


w dobie

(idiomatic) at the time of, in the era of, in the age of (when something happened) [with genitive ‘of what’]