pumpkin

en-noun

pumpkin (countable and uncountable, plural pumpkins)

Tok Pisin: pamkin

→ Big Nambas: pavkin

→ Irish: puimcín

→ Japanese: パンプキン (panpukin)

→ Marshallese: baan̄ke

→ Scottish Gaelic: puimcean

Alteration of pompion, pumpion (“pumpkin”) with the diminutive -kin, from Middle French pompon, from Latin pepō (whence English pepo), from Ancient Greek πέπων (pépōn, “large melon”), from πέπων (pépōn, “ripe”), from πέπτω (péptō, “ripen”).
The alternative theory that it may be from Massachusett pôhpukun (“grows forth round”) is false.

noncog

(Australia) Any of a number of cultivars from the genus Cucurbita; known in the US as winter squash.


dick

en-noun

dick (countable and uncountable, plural dicks)

→ Finnish: dikki (colloquial, humorous)

Ultimately from Dick, pet form of the name Richard. The name Dick came to mean "everyman", whence the word acquired its other meanings.

Last weekend I did dick.

Cool, whatever you say, slick, but I need to tell you something about all your skills. As of right now, they mean precisely… dick.

1997, Ed Solomon, Men in Black, spoken by Agent K (Tommy Lee Jones):

(uncountable, US, Canada, vulgar, slang, uncommon) Absolutely nothing.


dick

A shortening and alteration of de(t)ec(tive).

private dick, railroad dick

“I am a detective,” said Hercule Poirot with the modest air of one who says “I am a king.”
“Good God!” The young man seemed seriously taken aback. “Do you mean that girl actually totes about a dumb dick?”

1937 November 1, Agatha Christie, Death on the Nile:


dick

A shortening and alteration of dec(laration).

"He seems to set a deal of store by her, though. There's some young 'ooman at home, where she lives, I'd take my dying dick."

1875, Mrs. George Croft Huddleston, Bluebell:


dick

From a Cumbric numeral corresponding to Welsh deg, from Proto-Brythonic *deg.

(Cumbria) Ten, in Cumbrian sheep counting.


amigo

Borrowed from Spanish amigo (“friend”), from Latin amīcus (“friend”), derived from amāre (“to love”). Compare French ami, Italian amico, Portuguese amigo and Romanian amic. Doublet of amicus.

(historical) A native of the Philippines who was friendly toward the Spanish.


amigo

bcl-noun

amígo (feminine amiga, Basahan spelling ᜀᜋᜒᜄᜓ)


amigo

Borrowed from Spanish amigo (“male friend”), from Old Spanish amigo, amygo, from Latin amīcus.


star

Sranan Tongo: stari
Aukan: sitali

→ Finnish: stara

→ French: star

→ German: Star

→ Italian: star

→ Swahili: staa

From Middle English sterre, from Old English steorra (“star”), from Proto-West Germanic *sterrō, variant of *sternō, from Proto-Germanic *sternô, *sternǭ (“star”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr (“star”). Doublet of aster, stella, étoile, and estoile.
Cognates
Cognate with Scots starn, ster, North Frisian steer, West Frisian stjer, Saterland Frisian Stiern, Dutch ster, Luxembourgish Stär, German Stern, Yiddish שטערן (shtern), Vilamovian śtaom, Swedish stjärna, Norwegian stjerne, Icelandic stjarna, Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍉 (stairnō), Spanish estrella, Portuguese estrela, Italian stella, Romanian stea, Occitan estela, Venetan stéła, Sicilian stidda, Sardinian isteddu, Mirandese streilha, Walloon sitoele, Romansch staila, Megleno-Romanian steau̯ă, Istriot stila, Istro-Romanian ste, Latin stēlla, Greek αστέρι (astéri), Ancient Greek ἀστήρ (astḗr), Old Armenian աստղ (astł), Persian ستاره (setâre), Tajik ситора (sitora), Pashto ستوری (storay), Mazanderani اساره (ëssâre), Northern Kurdish stêr, Central Kurdish ئەستێرە (estêre), Zazaki astare, Ossetian стъалы (st’aly), Hindi तारा (tārā), Urdu تارا (tārā), Punjabi ਤਾਰਾ (tārā), Gujarati તારો (tāro), Sanskrit तारा (tārā).

аеҵǝа

a celestial body appearing as a point of light on the clear night sky, whose position is relatively fixed with respect to each other

(astronomy) A spheroid of plasma with sufficient gravity to fuse hydrogen or heavier elements into heavier elements still. Depending on context the Sun may or may not be included.

نَجْم

(astronomy) a luminous celestial body made of plasma

A simple dance, or part of a dance, where a group of four dancers each put their right or left hand in the middle and turn around in a circle. You call them right-hand stars or left-hand stars, depending on the hand which is in the middle.

[…]on whom […] / Lavish Honour shower’d all her stars,[…]

1852, Alfred Tennyson, “Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington”, in Maud, and Other Poems, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, stanza 8, page 132:

A star-shaped ornament worn on the breast to indicate rank or honour.

single point of failure
single point of failure

(networking) A network topology with multiple computers individually merging to one central switch, thus free of risk of collisions. A single point of failure can occur if the switch experiences corruption.


tiger

→ Volapük: tigrid

→ Welsh: teigr

Inland Northern American, New England, some speakers

From Middle English tygre, in part from Old English tigras (pl.), in part from Anglo-Norman tigre, both from Latin tigris, from Ancient Greek τίγρις (tígris), from Iranian (compare Avestan 𐬙𐬌𐬔𐬭𐬌 (tigri, “arrow”), 𐬙𐬌𐬖𐬭𐬀 (tiγra, “pointed”)). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to pierce, prick, be sharp”). Compare English stick.


tiger

From the mascot of Princeton (a tiger), which led to early cheerleaders calling out "Tiger" at the end of a cheer for the Princeton team.

He spoke with a very strong Scotch accent, and is by no means a graceful orator, but he produced througout a most favourable impression upon all his hearers, and especially upon the students, one of whom shouted as the speaker closed, 'Long Live PRESIDENT M'COSH!' and then proposed three cheers, which were given with a will, followed by the usual tiger and ' rocket.'

1868, Punch: Or the London Charivari - Volume 55, page 231:

. . . every blue coat in the audience sprang to his feet, with three times three and a tiger.

1941, Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington:

One Brooklyn military company has a “tiger” composed of a provincial expression borrowed from the farmers. When drawled out by a hundred throats the phrase "I-wanter-know!" always produces a laugh.

2008, D. C. Beard, The Outdoor Handy Book: For Playground, Field, and Forest, page 413:

A final shouted phrase, accompanied by a jump or outstretched arms, at the end of a cheer.


kerel

nl-noun

kerel m (plural kerels, diminutive kereltje n)

kerels (plural)
kereltje (diminutive neuter)

(historical or archaic) a long overgarment


baby

→ Cornish: babi

→ Danish: baby

→ Dutch: baby

→ Finnish: baby

→ French: baby

desctree

→ French: bébé
→ Finnish: bébé
→ Portuguese: bebé, bebê (Brazil)
→ Romanian: bebe
→ Spanish: bebé

→ German: Baby
→ Lower Sorbian: baby
→ Upper Sorbian: baby

→ Interlingua: baby

→ Italian: baby

→ Norwegian Bokmål: baby

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: baby

→ South Slavey: bebí

→ Spanish: baby

→ Swedish: baby

→ Vietnamese: bé bi

From Middle English baby, babie (“baby”), a diminutive form of babe (“babe, baby”), equivalent to babe + -y/-ie (“endearing and diminutive suffix”). Perhaps ultimately imitative of baby talk (compare babble).

suf

Too busy thinking about my baby, and I ain't got time for nothing else.

Baby, don't cry.

Well, since my baby left me,
Well, I found a new place to dwell.
Well, it's down at the end of Lonely Street
At Heartbreak Hotel.

1956, “Heartbreak Hotel”, Mae Boren Axton, Tommy Durden, Elvis Presley (lyrics), performed by Elvis Presley:

A person's romantic partner; a term of endearment used to refer to or address one's girlfriend, boyfriend or spouse.

Hey baby, what are you doing later?

(informal) A form of address to a person considered to be attractive.

حَبِيبِي

form of address to a man or a woman considered to be attractive


baby

en-adj

baby (comparative babier or babyer or baby-er, superlative babiest or babyest or baby-est)

babier (comparative)
babyer (comparative)
baby-er (comparative)
babiest (superlative)
babyest (superlative)
baby-est (superlative)

(of vegetables, etc.) Picked when small and immature (as in baby corn, baby potatoes).


dear

From Middle English dere, from Old English dīere (“of great value or excellence, expensive, beloved”), from Proto-West Germanic *diurī, from Proto-Germanic *diurijaz (“dear, precious, expensive”). Cognate with Scots dere, deir (“of great value or worth, highly valued, precious, beloved”), Saterland Frisian djuur (“precious, dear, costly, expensive”), Dutch duur (“costly, precious”), German teuer (“costly, precious”), German Low German düür, Danish dyr (“expensive”), Swedish dyr (“expensive”), Norwegian dyr (“expensive”), Icelandic dýr (“expensive”), Yiddish טייַער (tayer, “precious,expensive”).

cog

Pass me the salt, would you dear?

An affectionate, familiar term of address, such as used between husband and wife.


woman

desc

Antigua and Barbuda Creole English: uman

Aukan: uman

Jamaican Creole: ooman

Krio: uman

Sranan Tongo: uma; oema (superseded)

Torres Strait Creole: oman

→ Japanese: ウーマン (ūman)

→ Korean: 우먼 (umeon)

→ Volapük: vom

From Middle English womman, wimman, wifman, from Old English wīfmann (“woman”, literally “female person”), a compound of wīf (“woman, female”, whence English wife) + mann (“person, human being”, whence English man). For details on the pronunciation and spelling history, see the usage notes below.
Cognate with Scots woman, weman (“woman”), Saterland Frisian Wieuwmoanske (“female person, female human, woman”). Similar constructions can be found in West Frisian frommes (“woman, girl”) (from frou and minske, literally "woman human").
A few alternative spellings (see below) respell the term so as not to contain man.

com

whence English <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">wife</i>

whence English <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">man</i>

cog

a woman needs a man like a fish needs a bicycle

a woman without a man is like a fish without a bicycle

behind every great man there stands a woman

behind every successful man there stands a woman

one hair of a woman can draw more than a hundred pair of oxen

Listen, Holly. Thou art a good and honest man, and I fain would spare thee; but, oh! it is so hard for woman to be merciful.

1886 October – 1887 January, H[enry] Rider Haggard, “The Balance Turns”, in She: A History of Adventure, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., published 1887, →OCLC, page 191:

“[…] it is not fair of you to bring against mankind double weapons ! Dangerous enough you are as woman alone, without bringing to your aid those gifts of mind suited to problems which men have been accustomed to arrogate to themselves.”

1910, Emerson Hough, chapter I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

I am Woman, hear me roar / In numbers too big to ignore

1972, Helen Reddy, I Am Woman, first line:

For if modern woman is so intent on keeping her surname alive, why not demand it be passed along to her children?

1997, Bob Grant, Let's Be Heard, page 42:

Unsurprisingly, if modern man is a sort of camera, modern woman is a picture.

2011, Eileen Gray and the Design of Sapphic Modernity: Staying In, page 109:

(collective) All female humans collectively; womankind.


daughter

en-noun

daughter (plural daughters or (archaic) daughtren)

daughters (plural)
daughtren (archaic plural)

Australian Kriol: doda

From Middle English doughter, doghter, from Old English dohtor (“daughter”), from Proto-West Germanic *dohter, from Proto-Germanic *duhtēr, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰugh₂tḗr.

devil is beating his wife and marrying his daughter


girl

girl (countable and uncountable, plural girls)

desctree

Jamaican Creole: gyal, gal
→ English: gal; gyal
→ Icelandic: gella
→ Japanese: ギャル (gyaru)
→ English: gyaru

Tok Pisin: gel

→⇒ Finnish: kiltsi

→ French: girl; gow

→ German: Girl

→ Hungarian: görl

→ Japanese: ガール (gāru)

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

From Middle English gerle, girle, gyrle (“young person (boy or girl)”), perhaps from Old English *gyrele, from Proto-West Germanic *gurilā, from a zero-grade diminutive of *gaurā (“young child”) + *-ilā. Ultimately of unknown origin. Doublet of gal/gyal and gyaru.

A female servant; a maid. (see usage notes)


sister

en-noun

sister (plural sisters or (archaic in most senses) sistren)

sisters (plural)
sistren (archaic plural)

desc

→ Gulf Arabic: سِسْتَر (sistar, “female nurse”)

→ Japanese: シスター (shisutā)

→ Korean: 시스터 (siseuteo)

PIE word
 *swésōr
From Middle English sister, suster, from Old English swustor, sweoster, sweostor (“sister, nun”); from Proto-Germanic *swestēr (“sister”), from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr (“sister”).
Cognate with Scots sister, syster (“sister”), West Frisian sus, suster (“sister”), Dutch zuster (“sister”), German Schwester (“sister”), Norwegian Bokmål søster (“sister”), Norwegian Nynorsk and Swedish syster (“sister”), Icelandic systir (“sister”), Gothic 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍂 (swistar, “sister”), Latin soror (“sister”), Russian сестра́ (sestrá, “sister”), Lithuanian sesuo (“sister”), Albanian vajzë (“girl, maiden”), Sanskrit स्वसृ (svásṛ, “sister”), Persian خواهر (xâhar, “sister”).
In standard English, the form with i is due to contamination with Old Norse systir (“sister”).
The plural sistren is from Middle English sistren, a variant plural of sister, suster (“sister”); compare brethren.

妹妹

mui⁶⁻⁴ mui⁶⁻²

Michelle left behind her bank job and became a sister at the local convent.

A female member of a religious order; especially one devoted to more active service; (informal) a nun.

suster

a nun; a female member of a religious community

Connie was very close to her friend Judy and considered her to be her sister.

Sisters are doing it for themselves / Standing on their own two feet

1985, “Sisters Are Doin’ It for Themselves”, in Who’s Zoomin' Who?, performed by Eurythmics and Aretha Franklin:

Any woman or girl with whom a bond is felt through the same biological sex, gender or common membership in a community, race, profession, religion, organization, or ism.

suster

any woman or girl with whom a bond is felt

abla

rude due to the implication of the woman being the older party

A fly sister rolled in with a suitcase full of hip-hop novels called The Glamorous Life, and an African brother with long dreads wanted to sell them some incense and some fake Jacob watches.

2006, Noire [pseudonym], Thug-A-Licious: An Urban Erotic Tale, New York, N.Y.: One World, Ballantine Books, →ISBN, page 169:

The short “naps” of the average Sister do not sway in the wind as that of a blonde.

2009, Rajen Persaud, Why Black Men Love White Women, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN, page 171:

And now, social media has made it worse. From Facebook to Twitter, I get all kinds of invitations. Recently a sister inboxed me on Facebook and told me that she knew for a fact that I wanted her and she wanted me.

2014, J. L. King, Full Circle: Loving. Living. Life. After The Down Low:

(African-American Vernacular, slang, sometimes capitalized) A black woman.

What’s up, sister?

"Listen, sister. I've got a job for you."

1932, Delos W. Lovelace, King Kong, published 1965, page 13:

(informal) A form of address to a woman.

sister ships

sister facility

Within the ABCZ clade, Arecanae are sister of a group that includes all of the other taxa, and the latter fall into two major clades.

2000, Dennis W. Stevenson, Jerrold I. Davis, John V. Freudenstein, Christopher R. Hardy, Mark P. Simmons, Chelsea D. Specht, “A phylogenetic analysis of the monocotyledons based on morphological and molecular character sets, with comments on the placement of Acorus and Hydatellaceae”, in Karen L[ouise] Wilson, David A. Morrison, editors, Monocots: Systematics and Evolution, Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Publishing, →ISBN, page 21, column 1:

Karimi (1999) and Cheng et al. (1997), among others, on the other hand, assume that specific objects are base-generated at SpecVP, whereas nonspecific objects are sister of V.

The bee-eaters are sister to a clade that includes the rollers, ground-rollers, todies, motmots, and kingfishers (Cracraft 2013).

2016, Bruce M. Beehler, Thane K. Pratt, Birds of New Guinea: Distribution, Taxonomy, and Systematics, Princeton, N.J., Woodstock, Oxon: Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 220:

(usually attributively) Something in the same class.


honey

en-adj

honey (comparative honeyer or honier, superlative honeyest or honiest)

honeyer (comparative)
honier (comparative)
honeyest (superlative)
honiest (superlative)

From Middle English hony, honi, from Old English huniġ, from Proto-West Germanic *hunag, from Proto-Germanic *hunagą (compare West Frisian hunich, German Honig), from earlier *hunangą (compare Swedish honung), from Proto-Indo-European *kn̥h₂onk-o-s, from *kn̥h₂ónks.
Cognate with Middle Welsh canecon (“gold”), Latin canicae pl (“bran”), Tocharian B kronkśe (“bee”), Albanian qengjë (“beehive”), Ancient Greek κνῆκος (knêkos, “safflower”), Northern Kurdish şan (“beehive”), Northern Luri گونج (gonj, “bee”), Finnish hunaja.

cog

But he answered the question with the honiest—Bohemian honey—of smiles: […]

1876, Stephen J[oseph] Mac Kenna, Handfast to Strangers: A Novel, volume III, London: Chapman and Hall, […], page 137:

Mais il se ravisa et revint dire, de son air bonhomme : « Écoutez donc Lantier, j’ai besoin d’un homard…[…] »

1886, Émile Zola, unknown translator, chapter II, in His Masterpiece? (L’Œuvre.) Or, Claude Lantier’s Struggle for Fame. A Realistic Novel., London: Vizetelly & Co., […], page 54:

No man has any business to say that his boy is honier than he was,—or is.

1908 January 25, Rose Melville, “Sis Hopkins’ Sayings”, in The Sandusky Star-Journal, Sandusky, Oh., page twelve:

“Oh, my dears, I must tell you this. At dinner the other evening I made a really truly growly belted earl squirm. I had told him how much I liked a little speech he had made, when he turned on me in his most growly belted early manner. / “‘Do you say that, Lady Polly,’ he snorted, ‘because it is the truth or because it is the correct thing to say?’ / “‘Not being an earl,’ I replied in my honeyest voice, ‘I don’t recognise any difference between the two.’

1927 November 9, Punch, or The London Charivari, London: […] [T]he Office, […], page 512, columns 2–3:

“We’ve placed your arms in that position, Miss Day,” I said in my honeyest voice, “because it’s the safest just in case you have a fracture.[…]”

1957, William J[ulius] Lederer, Ensign O’Toole and Me, New York, N.Y.: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., →LCCN, page 177:

Then this guy stalled at my desk, fishing for his wallet, giving me the honeyest smile.

Then upside down by her tail she swings / And sings in the honeyest voice I’ve heard: / “One day I will grow a pair of wings / And become a furry Hummingbird.”

2001, Adrian Mitchell, Zoo of Dreams, London: Orchard Books, →ISBN, page 37:

It was Neezer who had found Sally for us at his church, where, he testified, the woman sang “with the honeyest voice you ever heard. If her singing don’t make the Lord happy, nothing does.”

2005, Lee Siegel, Who Wrote the Book of Love?, Chicago, Ill., London: The University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 17:

After hundreds of listens, Odessey and Oracle still sounds like a paragon of poignant psychedelic pop, rendered in orchestral splendor and adorned with indelible melodies that are to cry for, sung in the honeyest of tones by the angelically melancholy [Colin] Blunstone.

2017 April 19, Dave Segal, “The Zombies: Odessey and Oracle 50th Anniversary”, in The Stranger, volume 26, number 34, Seattle, Wash., page 37, column 3:

MEETHAN MADHU NE MEETHA MEHULA RE LOL, ETHI MEETHEE TE MORI MAT RE, JANANEE NI JOD SAKHI !

2018 March–April, J. K. Khuman, “Gender, Class, and Caste Consciousness with Special Reference to Indian Literature”, in Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, volume 5, number 44, →ISSN, page 9756:

“Thanks honey, I love you.” / Kaya, “I like it when you say, honey.” / “I like it too, but you are honeyer than honey.”

2023, David Samir Yaghnam, “But how can I, look at me”, in Adam and Eve, This Age!, [Lighthouse Point, Fla.: Visionary Book Writers], →ISBN, page 710:


handsome

en-adj

handsome (comparative more handsome or handsomer, superlative most handsome or handsomest)

more handsome (comparative)
handsomer (comparative)
most handsome (superlative)
handsomest (superlative)

→ Japanese: ハンサム

From Middle English handsum, hondsom, equivalent to hand + -some. Compare Dutch handzaam, German Low German handsaam. The original sense was ‘easy to handle or use’, hence ‘suitable’ and ‘apt, clever’ (mid 16th century), giving rise to the current appreciatory senses (late 16th century).

Sunday, the sixth, we heaved up our sheet-anchor again, the day beginning with little wind, and continued handsome weather till eight at night, when the wind came to S. S. W. and it fell a snowing.

1808, John Pinkerton, A General Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and Travels in All Parts of the World, page 513:

The story goes that James Whitcomb Riley, the poet, on a beautiful spring day, in making his way from his home to his office, was accosted by numerous friends on the way who were exclaiming most extravagantly on the beauty of the day. It was "Good morning, Mr. Riley, a fine day;" "Good morning, Mr. Riley, […] a handsome day;" […].

Good, appealing, appropriate.
(of weather) Fine, clear and bright.

Good, appealing, appropriate.
Fine, clear and bright.


amiga

From Spanish amiga (“female friend”), from Latin amīca.

(obsolete) an address to a female friend


mother

Australian Kriol: motha

→ Japanese: マザー (mazā)

→ Korean: 마더 (madeo)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr
Proto-Germanic *mōdēr
Proto-West Germanic *mōder
Old English mōdor
Middle English moder
English mother
From Middle English moder, from Old English mōdor, from Proto-West Germanic *mōder, from Proto-Germanic *mōdēr, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr. Doublet of Madeira, mata, mater, matrix, and matter.
Some have proposed that the "dregs" sense is from Middle Dutch modder (“filth”), from Proto-Germanic *muþraz (“sediment”), but modder is not known in this meaning. On the other hand, words for "mother" have developed the secondary sense of "dregs" in several Romance and Germanic languages; compare Dutch moer, French mère de vinaigre, German Essigmutter, Italian madre, Medieval Latin māter, and Spanish madre.

ан

female (human) who parents a child, gives birth to a baby, or is pregnant

metro-

of or pertaining to the mother, such as metropolis

my very educated mother just served us nachos

my very educated mother just served us nine pizzas

my very educated mother just served us nine pumpkins

my very educated mother just served us noodles

my very excellent mother just served us nine pizzas

A few minutes later we were all seated comfortably, Uncle Dave and mother, as he called his wife, myself and my husband, in the split-bottomed wooden chairs, on the vine-covered porch. / “Is Bethel a Methodist Church?” I asked. / Uncle Dave looked quizzically at his wife. “Do you hear that, mother?” he said.

1887 April 2, E. V. Wilson, “Uncle Dave”, in The Current, volume 7, number 172, page 432:

On some days as he got near the house he would call out to his wife: / “Almighty Moses, Martha! who left the sprinkler on the grass?” / On other days he would call to her from quite a little distance off: “Hullo, mother! Got any supper for a hungry man?”

1922, Stephen Leacock, Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town, page 152:

(Mr. Hill enters. He crosses to Wife.) / Mr. Hill: Hello, mother. […] How are you? / Mrs. Hill: Nothing wrong, dear, I hope.

1944, Walter Hackett, For the Duration: A Play for Junior and Senior High Schools, page 8:

(dated) A term of address for one's wife.


boss

→ Cantonese: 波士 (bo¹ si⁶⁻²)

→ Danish: boss

→ French: boss

→ Indonesian: bos

→ Italian: boss

→ Japanese: ボス (bosu)

→ Korean: 보스 (boseu)

From Dutch baas, from Middle Dutch baes (“master of a household, friend”), from Old Dutch *baso (“uncle, kinsman”), from Proto-West Germanic *baswō, from Proto-Germanic *baswô (“uncle”), perhaps from Proto-Germanic *ba-, *bō- (“father, older male relative”), source also of the English terms babe, boy, bub, bully. Cognate with Middle Low German bās (“supervisor, foreman”), Old Frisian bas (“master”), hence Saterland Frisian Boas (“boss”), Old High German basa (“father's sister, cousin”), hence German Base (“aunt, cousin”). Originally a term of respect used to address an older relative. Later, in New Amsterdam, it began to mean a person in charge who is not a master. The representation of Dutch -aa- by English -o- is due to the older unrounded pronunciation of this letter, which is still used in North America and parts of Ireland, but was formerly found in some British accents as well. The video game sense is borrowed from Japanese ボス (bosu), in turn from English boss.

cog

Yes, boss.

(informal, especially India, MLE and Philippines) A term of address to a man.


son

From Spanish son (literally “tone, sound”).

When son first emerged in the streets of Havana, in the early twentieth century, it was shut down by the police, as were most forms of African culture. Son groups, conjuntos, caught playing on the street, as was the tradition, had their instruments confiscated.

2017, Mark Kurlansky, Havana: A Subtropical Delirium, Bloomsbury, →ISBN:

(music) Son cubano, a genre of music and dance blending Spanish and African elements that originated in Cuba during the late 19th century.


fella

Bislama: -fala, -pela

Pijin: -fala

Tok Pisin: -pela, -pla

Am I right, fellas?

By the third go-around, the essence of what I wrote was, "And the same to you, fella!" I am glad that our relationship has survived that exchange.

1997, Donald Meichenbaum, “Discussion”, in Jeffrey K. Zeig, editor, The Evolution of Psychotherapy: The Third Conference, page 90:

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling

man

used as a term of address for a male person


love

Now widely believed (due to historical written record) to be from the idea that when one does a thing “for love” it is for no monetary gain, the word “love” thus implying "nothing".
The former assumption that it had originated from French l’œuf (literally “the egg”), due to its shape, has largely been discredited and is no longer widely accepted. However, the apparent similarity of the shape of an egg to a zero has inspired similar analogies, such as the use of duck (reputed to be short for duck's egg) for a zero score at cricket, and goose egg for "zero".

So that’s fifteen-love to Kournikova.

The next day Agassi came back from two sets to love down to beat Courier in five sets.

2013, Paul McNamee, Game Changer: My Tennis Life:

(racquet sports, billiards) Zero, no score.


boy

en-noun

boy (countable and uncountable, plural boys)

Jamaican Creole: bwoy

Sranan Tongo: boi, boy

→ Cebuano: boy

→ Chinese: boy

→ Dutch: boy
→ Indonesian: boi

→ French: boy

→ German: Boy

→ Hungarian: boy

→ Iraqi Arabic: بوي

→ Italian: boy

→ Japanese: ボーイ (bōi)

→ Polish: boy

→ Russian: бой (boj)

→ Spanish: boy

→ Swahili: boi

→ Tagalog: boy

→ Vietnamese: bồi

→ Welsh: boi

Etymology tree
Proto-West Germanic *bōjō
Old English *bōia
Middle English boye
English boy
From Middle English boy /boye (“servant, commoner, knave, boy”), from Old English *bōia (“boy”), from Proto-West Germanic *bōjō, from Proto-Germanic *bōjô (“younger brother, young male relation”), from Proto-Germanic *bō- (“brother, close male relation”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰā-, *bʰāt- (“father, elder brother, brother”).
Cognate with Scots boy (“boy”), West Frisian boai (“boy”), Dutch boi (“boy”), Low German Boi (“boy”), and probably to the Old English proper name Bōia. Also related to West Flemish boe (“brother”), Norwegian dialectal boa (“brother”), Dutch boef (“rogue, knave”), Bavarian Bua (“young boy, lad”), German Bube ("boy; knave; jack"; > English bub), Icelandic bófi (“rogue, crook, bandit, knave”). See also bully.

gloss

"boy; knave; jack"; > English <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">bub</i>

boy

formerly, African male servant in colonies

mutil

male of any age, used as a friendly diminutive

all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy

since Adam was an oakum boy in Chatham Dockyard

when Adam was an oakum boy in Chatham Dockyard

My Boy Stephen Grauener.

1625, W. Hawkins in Samuel Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas his Pilgrimes, Vol. I, iii, vii, 211

They picked out two of the strongest of the Boys (as they call the Men) about the place.

1834, Edward Markham, New Zealand or Recollections of It, section 72:

The blacks who work on a station or farm are always, like the blacks in the Southern States, called boys.

1876, Ebenezer Thorne, The Queen of the Colonies, or, Queensland as I Knew It, section 58:

From a domestic point of view the advent of the Chinese was a decided blessing, for, instead of the European ladies of the settlement having to do all their own work, they were able to employ a proper staff of Chinese boys.

1887, Harriet W. Daly, Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia, page 233:

[In Shanghai,] The register clerk assigns you to a room, and instead of ‘Front!’ he shouts ‘Boy!’

1907 May 13, Evening Post, N.Y, section 6:

He thrust his head into the aisle. "Boy!" A Chinese in a white coat responded listlessly. "What will you have? Beer?"

1959, Anthony Burgess, Beds in the East (The Malayan Trilogy), published 1972, page 521:

Aborigine Wally... described himself as ‘number one boy’ at the station.

1960 February 5, Northern Territory News, 5/5:

(now rare and usually offensive outside some Commonwealth nations) A male servant, slave, assistant, or employee, particularly:

(historical or offensive) A non-white male servant regardless of age, particularly as a form of address.

poika

affectionate term of address for male dog


man

Tok Pisin: man

→ Cantonese: man

→ Chinook Jargon: man

→ Korean: 맨 (maen)

→ Mandarin: man (mān)

→ Spanish: man

→ Thai: แมน (mɛɛn)

→ Volapük: man

From Middle English man, from Old English mann m (“human being, person, man”), from Proto-West Germanic *mann, from Proto-Germanic *mann- m, from Proto-Indo-European *mon- (“human being, man”). Doublet of Manu.

mang

dialectal rendering, suggesting a Spanish accent

mane

dialectal rendering, suggesting an AAVE accent

mon

used in the vocative, in places such as Jamaica and Shropshire in England

every man is the architect of his own fortune

give a man a fish and you feed him for a day

teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime

it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God

the best laid plans of mice and men go oft astray

the best laid plans of mice and men often go awry

Hey, man, how's it goin'?

A friendly term of address usually reserved for other adult males.


brother

en-noun

brother (plural brothers or (archaic in most senses) brethren)

brothers (plural)
brethren (archaic plural)

Bahamian Creole: bredda

Belizean Creole: breda

Bislama: brata

Cameroon Pidgin: bro̱da

Gullah: broda

desctree

Hawaiian Creole: braddah
→ English: braddah

Islander Creole English: broda

Kabuverdianu: bróda

Krio: brohda

Nicaraguan Creole: brada

Nigerian Pidgin: broda

Pichinglis: brɔda

Pijin: brata

Saramaccan: baáa

Sranan Tongo: brada
Aukan: baala
Saramaccan: baaa
→ Dutch: brada

Tok Pisin: brata, barata

→ Japanese: ブラザー

→ Korean: 브라더 (beuradeo)

→ Portuguese: brada, brother

PIE word
 *bʰréh₂tēr
Inherited from Middle English brother, from Old English brōþor, from Proto-West Germanic *brōþer, from Proto-Germanic *brōþēr, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Doublet of bhai, frater, friar, and pal.

弟弟

dai⁶⁻⁴ dai⁶⁻²

ağa

elder brother; in the northern dialect: aqa

ах дүү

brothers in general but including both elder and younger brothers

Brother, can you spare a dime?

Listen, brother, I don't know what you want, but I’m not interested.


angel

Jamaican Creole: ienjel

→ Chinese: 安琪兒 /安琪儿 (ānqí'ér)

→ Hawaiian: ʻānela

→ Lingala: anjelu, anzelu

→ Malagasy: anjely

Florence Baptistery
Seven churches of Asia
en:Angel (disambiguation)
en:angel

Two Baroque angels from southern Germany, from the mid-18th century
From Middle English angel, aungel, ængel, engel, from Old English anġel, ænġel, enġel, enċġel (“angel, messenger”), from Proto-West Germanic *angil, borrowed from Latin angelus, itself from Ancient Greek ἄγγελος (ángelos, “messenger”); and also in part from Anglo-Norman angele, angle, from the same Latin source. The religious sense of the Greek word first appeared in the Septuagint as a translation of the Hebrew word מַלְאָךְ (malʾāḵ, “messenger”) or יהוה מַלְאָךְ (malʾāḵ YHWH, “messenger of YHWH”).
Use of the term in some churches to refer to a church official derives from interpreting the "angels" of the Seven churches of Asia in Revelation as being bishops or ministers rather than angelic beings.

der

don't drive faster than your guardian angel can fly

“Latent” angels are defined as those who have not invested capital in the past 12 months, although they likely have invested knowledge in the process of reviewing potential investments.

2011, OECD, Financing High-Growth Firms: The Role of Angel Investors:

someone that funds
(finance) An angel investor.


friend

stranger

antonym(s) of “person with whom you are acquainted”

enemy

antonym(s) of “person who provides assistance”

Jamaican Creole: fren

Krio: frɛn

→ Cantonese: friend (fen¹)

→ Finnish: frendi

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Latin script: frȅnd

Cyrillic script: фре̏нд

→ Spanish: friend

From Middle English frend, freend, from Old English frēond (“friend”, literally “loving[-one], lover”), from Proto-West Germanic *friund, from Proto-Germanic *frijōndz (“lover, friend”), from Proto-Indo-European *preyH- (“to like, love”), equivalent to free + -nd.
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Fjund, Früünd (“friend”), West Frisian freon, froen, freondinne (“friend”), Dutch vriend (“friend”), Low German Frund, Fründ (“friend, relative”), Luxembourgish Frënd (“friend”), German Freund (“friend”), Danish frænde (“kinsman”), Swedish frände (“kinsman, relative”), Icelandic frændi (“kinsman”), Welsh ffrind (“friend”), Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃 (frijōnds, “friend”). More at free.
Other cognates include Russian прия́тель (prijátelʹ, “friend”) and Sanskrit प्रिय (priyá-, “beloved”).

kámo

(sarcastic) form of address used to warn someone

with friends like these who needs enemies

Since they were introduced in the 1970s, friends have revolutionized climbing, making protection possible in previously impossible places […]

spring-loaded camming device
spring-loaded camming device

(climbing) A spring-loaded camming device.


jerk

Probably from Middle English yerk (“sudden motion”) and Middle English yerkid (“tightly pulled”), from Old English ġearc (“ready, active, quick”) and Old English ġearcian (“to prepare, make ready, procure, furnish, supply”). Cognate with Scots yerk (“to jerk”). Related also to English yare (“ready”).

inh

Because oral sex deprecation and anti-gay bias both have long histories among humans

many of the words for "contemptible person" come from literal terms for anyone who performs oral sex or performs anal sex; see overlap at Thesaurus:gay man


dove

en-noun

dove (countable and uncountable, plural doves)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: due (semantic loan)

From Middle English dove, douve, duve, from Old English *dūfe (“dove, pigeon”), from Proto-West Germanic *dūbā, from Proto-Germanic *dūbǭ (“dove, pigeon”).
Cognate with Scots doo, dow, Saterland Frisian Duuwe, West Frisian do, Dutch duif, Afrikaans duif, Sranan Tongo doifi, German Taube, German Low German Duuv, Dutch Low Saxon duve, doeve, Danish due, Faroese dúgva, Icelandic dúfa, Norwegian Bokmål due, Norwegian Nynorsk due, Swedish duva, Yiddish טויב (toyb), Gothic *𐌳𐌿𐌱𐍉 (*dubō).

(slang, countable) Short for love dove (“tablet of the drug ecstasy”).


y'all

Contraction of you all, and/or from Scots ye aw. Attested since at least 1631.
Compare Dutch jullie (originally jij lui (literally “you people”)) for a similar development of a new plural pronoun out of Proto-Germanic *jīz that originally was already plural.

I need y'all help for a minute.

(especially African-American Vernacular) Your pl; y'all's


nurse

→ Bengali: নার্স (narśo)

→ Cebuano: nars

→ Danish: nurse

→ Hausa: nâs

→ Hindi: नर्स (nars)

→ Indonesian: ners

→ Kalenjin: nas

→ Kamba: nasi

→ Limburgish: nurs

→ Luo: nas

→ Maltese: ners

→ Nepali: नर्स (narsa)

→ Romanian: nursă

→ Tagalog: nars

→ Urdu: نرس (nars)

→ Welsh: nyrs

From Middle English norice, from Old French norrice, from Late Latin nūtrīcia, noun based on Latin nūtrīcius (“that which nourishes”), from nūtrīx (“wet nurse”), from nūtriō (“to suckle”).

verpleegkundige

person trained to provide care for the sick

A person involved in providing direct care for the sick:

(healthcare) A medical worker, such as a registered nurse, having training, credentials, and rank above a nurse assistant.

Eton College has been called "the chief nurse of England's statesmen".

the nurse of manly sentiment and heroic enterprise

1790 November, Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, and on the Proceedings in Certain Societies in London Relative to that Event. […], London: […] J[ames] Dodsley, […], →OCLC:

(figurative) One who, or that which, brings up, rears, causes to grow, trains, or fosters.


nurse

en-verb

nurse (third-person singular simple present nurses, present participle nursing, simple past and past participle nursed)

nurses (present singular third-person)
nursing (participle present)
nursed (participle past)
nursed (past)

It is to our interest to let Lee and Johnston come together, just as a billiard-player would nurse the balls when he has them in a nice place

1866, United States. Congress. Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, Supplemental report of the Joint Committee:

(transitive, billiards) To strike (billiard balls) gently, so as to keep them in good position during a series of shots.


blud

Created in Multicultural London English, of Jamaican origin. Has since spread around England, and thence Anglosphere and online. Claimed to be, via eye dialect spelling, from Caribbean Creole blood (“family relation, close friend”) (compare blood brother). Possibly derived or reinforced from brother; compare bro, bruh, brudder etc.

–Yeh, blud, safe, goes Ravi.

2006, Gautam Malkani, Londonstani, HarperCollins, →ISBN, page 5:

Nowadays all of my shows sold out
 Headline tour, yeah blud, sold out

I heard your mixtape, blud it was garbage […] Blud, I don't know why you mentioned my name

2016, “Punk (Chipmunk Diss)”, performed by Yungen:

(UK, MLE, slang, Internet slang) Informal address to a man.


mama

Originally from baby talk. Possibly influenced by Middle English mome (“mother, aunt”), from Old English *mōme, from Proto-West Germanic *mōmā, from Proto-Germanic *mōmǭ (“mother, aunt”), from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂-méh₂, reduplication of *méh₂- (“mother”), related to German Muhme (“aunt”), Latin mamma (“mother, nurse”), Irish mam (“mother”), Lithuanian mama, moma (“mother”).

onomatopoeic

baby talk

All the flowers that you planted, mama, in the backyard / All died when you went away

1990, Prince (lyrics and music), “Nothing Compares 2 U”, performed by Sinéad O’Connor:

(hypocoristic, usually childish, Canada, US) Mother, female parent.


bra

From bracket, referring to the notation introduced in 1939 by Paul Dirac.

(physics) One of the two vectors in the standard notation for describing quantum states in quantum mechanics, the row vector; the other (column) vector being its complex conjugate, the ket.


beautiful

From Middle English bewteful, beautefull (“attractive to the eye, beautiful”), equivalent to beauty + -ful. In this sense, largely displaced Old English fæġer (whence fair).

The man was faithful to his wife, ignoring the many blonde beautifuls who surrounded him wherever he went.

Hey, beautiful!

Someone who is beautiful. Can be used as a term of address.


princess

From Middle English princesse, a borrowing from Anglo-Norman princesse, Old French princesse. By surface analysis, prince + -ess.

A Bulgarian open-faced baked sandwich prepared with ground meat.


ese

(US) dude, man. (Usually used vocatively).


sugar

en-verb

sugar (third-person singular simple present sugars, present participle sugaring, simple past and past participle sugared)

sugars (present singular third-person)
sugaring (participle present)
sugared (participle past)
sugared (past)

Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch
sugar

From Middle English sugre, sucre, from Middle French sucre, from Old French çucre (circa 13th century), from Old Italian zucchero (or another vernacular of Italy), from Arabic سُكَّر (sukkar), from Persian شکر (šakar), from Middle Persian [script needed] (škl), 𐫢𐫞𐫡 (šqr /šakar/), from Sanskrit शर्करा (śárkarā, “ground or candied sugar", originally "grit, gravel”). Akin to Ancient Greek κρόκη (krókē, “pebble”). Doublet of jaggery and sucro-.

der

To sugar off, I prefer using a kettle that will hold about half a. barrel; and boil over a brisk, steady fire, till on dropping some of the syrup into cold water it will break like glass, then dip it into wooden trays to cool, and when it is grained stir it briskly.

1851, J. D. H., “On Making Maple Syrup”, in The Ohio Cultivator, volume 7, page 91:

A long time ago my grandmother and I used to boil maple sap. When she sugared off, I stood there.

1994, “Sugaring Off”, in Nindinawemaagan Giwitaa'ayeyii, volume 6, page 55:

During the spring in Quebec and Ontario, maple syrup is harvested, or "sugared off," a process which is usually celebrated as a social event.

2004, Lois Sakany, Canada: A Primary Source Cultural Guide:

(US, Canada, regional) In making maple sugar, to complete the process of boiling down the syrup till it is thick enough to crystallize; to approach or reach the state of granulation; with the preposition off.


girlfriend

→ Chinese: 女朋友 (calque)

→ Hindi: गर्लफ़्रेंड (garlfreṇḍ)

→ Japanese: ガールフレンド (gārufurendo)

→ Korean: 걸프렌드 (geolpeurendeu)

→ Louisiana Creole: gèlfrènn

desc

→ Russian: гёрлфренд (gjorlfrɛ́nd), гёрлфренд (gjórlfrɛnd)

گَرْل فِرین٘ڈ

→ Urdu: گَرْل فِرین٘ڈ (garl ferenḍ)

/ˈɡɜːlfɹɛnd/

you kiss your girlfriend with that mouth

[Hanque:] girlfriend - how'r we doing?
[Doug:] hi hanque, i'd like a capuccino and some lobster bisque..
[Caption:] (friendliness with the waitstaff is a good sign)

1994, Eric Orner, The Seven Deadly Sins of Love (reprinted in The Completely Unfabulous Social Life of Ethan Green (2015), p. 32)

A term of address for a female friend or among gay men.


dame

English: dame; dam

Scots: dame, deem; dam

From Old French dame, from Latin domina.

A respectful term of address for any woman (sometimes sarcastic).


sir

From Middle English sir, unstressed form of sire, borrowed from Old French sire (“master, sir, lord”), from Latin senior (“older, elder”), from senex (“old”). Doublet of seigneur, seignior, senhor, senior, señor, senyor, signore, and sire.

това́рищ

+ military rank, in the Soviet/Russian Army

сэр m (sɛr) (in translations from English)

господи́н

+ military rank, in the Russian Army before 1917

Just be careful. He gets whingy now if you don't address him as Sir John.

A respectful term of address to a man of higher rank or position, particularly:

to a knight or other low member of the peerage.

Sir, yes sir.

Here's my report, sir.

Jeeves: Foreign travel often liberates emotions best kept in check, sir. The air of North America is notoriously stimulating in this regard, as witness the regrettable behavior of its inhabitants in 1776.
B. Wooster: Hm? What happened in 1776, Jeeves?
Jeeves: I prefer not to dwell on it, if it's convenient to you, sir.

1991 May 12, “Kidnapped!”, in Jeeves and Wooster, Series 2, Episode 5:

Excuse me, sir, do you know the way to the art museum?

A respectful term of address to an adult male (often older), especially if his name or proper title is unknown.

zotëri

address to any male, especially if his name or proper address is unknown

ခင်ဗျာ

used by males to address both males and females

ရှင်

used by females to address both males and females

сер m (ser) (in translations from English)


lief

nl-adj

lief (comparative liever, superlative liefst)

liever (comparative)
liefst (superlative)
lief (adverbial positive predicative)
liever (adverbial comparative predicative)
het liefst (adverbial predicative superlative)
het liefste (adverbial predicative superlative)
lieve (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
lievere (comparative feminine indefinite masculine singular)
liefste (feminine indefinite masculine singular superlative)
lief (indefinite neuter positive singular)
liever (comparative indefinite neuter singular)
liefste (indefinite neuter singular superlative)
lieve (indefinite plural positive)
lievere (comparative indefinite plural)
liefste (indefinite plural superlative)
lieve (definite positive)
lievere (comparative definite)
liefste (definite superlative)
liefs (partitive positive)
lievers (comparative partitive)

Afrikaans: lief

Negerhollands: lief

Papiamentu: lif

From Middle Dutch lief, from Old Dutch *liof, from Proto-West Germanic *leub, from Proto-Germanic *leubaz, from Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ-.

Zij heeft een lieve glimlach.

De jongen is heel lief voor zijn hond.

Doesburg is een lief stadje.


poppet

(informal, term of endearment) An endearingly sweet or beautiful child.

The stem and valve head in a poppet valve.

A doll (such as a voodoo doll) made in witchcraft to represent a person, used in casting spells on that person.

After passing through the poppet valve, the impulse air and water flows through a poppet discharge stop valve and then through a discharge pipe to the poppet drain tank or bilge

(nautical) One of certain upright timbers on the bilge ways, used to support a vessel in launching.

(engineering) An upright support or guide fastened at the bottom only.


bitch

en-noun

bitch (countable and uncountable, plural bitches)

→ Dutch: bitch

→? German: Betze, Bätze, Petze

→ French: bitch

From Middle English biche, bicche, from Old English biċċe, from Proto-West Germanic *bikkjā, from Proto-Germanic *bikjǭ (compare Norwegian bikkje (“dog”), Old Danish bikke), from *bikjaną (“to thrust, attack”) (compare Old Norse bikkja (“plunge into water”), Dutch bikken (“to hack”)). More at bicker.

My bitch just had puppies; they're so cute!

All members of one breed, both dog and bitch, champion and nonchampion, are judged in a series of competitions until only one animal remains.

1953, LIFE, volume 34, number 6, page 110:

(dated or specialised, dog-breeding) A female dog or other canine, particularly a recent mother.

dated or specialised; dog-breeding; dated or specialised; dog-breeding

female

when the species is specified or implied


lad

From Middle English ladde (“foot soldier, servant; male commoner; boy”), from late Old English *ladda (attested in Old English personal byname Ladda), probably of North Germanic origin. Compare Old Norse ladd (“hose, woolen stocking; sock”), which may have undergone semantic shift to mean a term of abuse (e.g. foolish youth, youngster of lower social status, etc.); thence by connotative amelioration coming to mean any young fellow. Compare Norwegian ladd (“rough sock, woolen or felt slipper”) and the -ladd in compounds Askeladd/Askeladden (a nickname in fairy tales, "Ash Lad") and tusseladd (“nincompoop”). See also Swedish ladder (“old shoes”), lodde (“Frisian shoe”), lädder (“socks”), all said to be related to Old Norse loðinn (“hairy, shaggy, woolly”), loddi (“shaggy dog”).

cog

Come here, lad, and help me shift these boxes.

A familiar term of address for a young man.


mate

From Middle English mate, a borrowing from Middle Low German mate (“messmate”) (replacing Middle English mette (“table companion, mate, partner”), from Old English ġemetta (“sharer of food, table-guest”)), derived from Proto-Germanic *gamatjô, itself from *ga- (“together”) (related to German and Dutch ge-) + *matjô (from *matiz (“food”)), related to Old English mete (“food”)). From the same Middle Low German source stems German Low German Maat (“journeyman, companion”), German Maat (“naval non-commissioned officer”). Cognates include Saterland Frisian Moat (“friend, buddy, comrade, mate”), Dutch maat (“mate, partner, colleague, friend”). More at Old English ġe-, English co-, English meat. Doublet of maat.

Excuse me, mate, have you got the time?

(colloquial, British, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, sometimes elsewhere in the Commonwealth) Friendly term of address to a stranger, usually male, of similar age.


cos

Clipping of cos lettuce, variously derived from the Greek island of Kos and from Arabic خس (ḵass, “lettuce”).

(chiefly UK) Synonym of romaine lettuce, a long-leaved variety of lettuce.


cos

Taking the shortcut through the alleyway by the Jobcentre Plus, just cos I can, we arrive at my flat within minutes.

2021, Isabel Waidner, Sterling Karat Gold, Peninsula Press, page 161:

(UK, Ireland, South Africa, African-American Vernacular) Informal spelling of 'cause (“because”).


cos

(informal, African-American Vernacular) Alternative form of coz, cousin.


cos

The stages and distances are as follows:—Hitounda to Bhainsa Dobháng, 3½ cos; to Bhimphédy, 4 cos; to Tambakhâni, 3 cos; to Chitlong, 3 cos; to Thankot, 3 cos; to Káthmándú, 3 cos—Total, 19½ cos.

1857, Brian Houghton Hodgson, Selections from the Records of the Government of Bengal, No. XXVII: Papers Relative to the Colonization, Commerce, Physical Geography, &c., &c., of the Himalaya Mountains and Nepal, p. 22

Alternative form of coss, a traditional Nepali unit of distance.


dumpling

A folk word, first attested in c. 1600s, apparently from a Norfolk (East Anglian) dialect, of uncertain origin:
* perhaps from some Low German word (compare dümpeln (“bobbing up and down”)),
* or from the rare dialectal adjective dump (“lump, of the consistency of dough”) (first attested in the late 1800s), + -ling (diminutive suffix), although dumpling is recorded much earlier. However, compare dumpy (“short and stout”).

(cooking) A ball of dough that is cooked and may have a filling and/or additional ingredients in the dough.

(chiefly UK) Specifically, a ball of dough used in stews and other sauced dishes; a thick noodle.

(chiefly US) Specifically, a food composed of a dough wrapper around a filling.


pudding

en-noun

pudding (countable and uncountable, plural puddings)

→ Belarusian: пу́дынг (púdynh)

→ Burmese: ပူတင်း (putang:)

→ Chinese: 布丁 (bùdīng), 布甸 (bùdiàn)

→ Esperanto: pudingo

→ Estonian: puding

→ French: poudingue

→ Italian: puddinga

→? French: poutine (semantic loan)

desctree

→ French: pudding, pouding (post-1990 spelling)
→ Romanian: budincă
→ Turkish: puding

→ Dutch: pudding

→ German: Pudding

desc

→ Japanese: プディング (pudingu), プリン (purin)

→ Latvian: pudiņš

→ Lithuanian: pudingas

→? Michif: poutchine

→ Polish: pudding

→ Portuguese: pudim

→ Russian: пу́динг (púding)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: пу̀динг

Latin script: pùding

→ Spanish: budín, pudding, pudin, pudín

→ Swedish: pudding

→ Ukrainian: пу́динг (púdynh), пу́ндик (púndyk)

→ Welsh: pwdin

From circa 1305, Middle English podynge (“kind of sausage; meat-filled animal stomach”), puddynge, from Old French boudin (“blood sausage, black pudding”), from Latin botellus (“sausage, small intestine”). Doublet of boudin.
* An alternative etymology assumes origin from Proto-Germanic *put-, *pud- (“to swell”) (compare dialectal English pod (“belly”), Old English puduc (“wen, sore”), Low German puddig (“swollen”), Westphalian Puddek (“lump, pudding”), Puddewurst (“black pudding”). More at pout.

der

the proof of the pudding is in the eating

A type of dessert that has a texture similar to custard or mousse but using some kind of starch as the thickening agent.

пудинг

dessert similar to custard or mousse, containing a starchy thickening agent

We have apple pie for pudding today.

(UK, Australia, New Zealand) Dessert; the dessert course of a meal.

(archaic, slang) A piece of good fortune.


beau

From Middle English beau, beu, bew, bewe, from Old French beau, from Latin bellus (“beautiful”). Doublet of bello and boo.

Hannah's beau takes all her time 'n' thought, and when she gits a husband her mother'll be out o' sight and out o' mind.

1917, Kate Douglas Wiggin, Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, page 142:

“I don’t see how. But anyhow, you’ll be rich some day—your Aunt Elizabeth will likely leave you all her money, Mother says. So I don’t care if you are living on charity—I love you and I’m going to stick up for you. Have you got a beau, Emily?”
“No,” cried Emily, blushing violently and quite scandalized at the idea. “Why, I’m only eleven.”

1923, Lucy Maud Montgomery, “Chapter 8”, in Emily of New Moon:

Kristin Davis has taken time out to enjoy the surf and sand with her Australian beau, photographer Russell James.

2009 December 10, Philippa Bourke, Monsters and Critics:

Reporters ask her about her love life—her current beau is rumored to be Conor Kennedy, a grandson of Robert F. Kennedy—even if they get nowhere.

2012 October 24, Jon Caramanica, “No More Kid Stuff for Taylor Swift”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(dated, US, Canada) A male lover; a boyfriend.


papa

popper (non-rhotic, father-bother merger)

From French papa, from Middle French papa, from Old French papa, from Latin papa, probably originally a reduplicated imitation of a child's early efforts at vocalising Latin pater (“father”). Compare Ancient Greek πάππας (páppas, “papa, daddy”).

onomatopoeic

imitation

cog

(often childish) Dad, daddy, father; a familiar or old-fashioned term of address to one’s father.

(informal) A pet name for one's grandfather.


chick

en-noun

chick (plural chicks or (obsolete) chicken)

chicks (plural)
chicken (obsolete plural)

From Middle English chicke, chike, variation of chiken (“chicken", also "chick”), from Old English ċicen, ċycen (“chicken”). Sense of "young woman" dates to at least 1860 (compare chit (“young, pert woman”)). More at chicken.

The Aldis lamp flashes at the underside of each aircraft. It shows that the gear is down. Diegal is relaxing. This is such low responsibility, easy night duty. All the “chicks” (fighter aircraft) are home to roost except one.

2004, Joe Welzen, The Gutsy Stomach Walker, page 50:

(military, slang) A friendly fighter aircraft.


lady

⇒ Afrikaans: haar ladyskap

→ Arabic: لِيدِي (līdī)

Egyptian Arabic: ليدي (lēdī)

→ Belarusian: лэ́дзі (lédzi)

→ Bulgarian: ле́йди (léjdi)

→ French: lady

→ German: Lady

→ Greek: λαίδη (laídi), λέδη (lédi)

→ Italian: lady

→ Japanese: レディ (redi), レディー (redī)

→ Korean: 레이디 (reidi)

→ Latvian: lēdija

→ Macedonian: леди (ledi)

→ Polish: lady

→ Romanian: lady

→ Russian: ле́ди (lédi)

→ Spanish: lady

→ Swedish: lady

→ Tongan: leitī

→ Ukrainian: ле́ді (lédi)

→ Volapük: läd

From Middle English lady, laddy, lafdi, lavedi, from Old English hlǣfdīġe (“mistress of a household, wife of a lord, lady”, literally “bread-kneader”), from hlāf (“bread, loaf”) + dīġe (“kneader”), related to Old English dǣġe (“maker of dough”) (whence dey (“dairymaid”)). Compare also lord. More at loaf, dairy, dough. Unrelated to lad.

inh

Ladies and gentlemen, it is a pleasure to be here today. Follow me, ladies!

The Celebrity, by arts unknown, induced Mrs. Judge Short and two other ladies to call at Mohair on a certain afternoon when Mr. Cooke was trying a trotter on the track. The three returned wondering and charmed with Mrs. Cooke; they were sure she had had no hand in the furnishing of that atrocious house.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC, page 58:

(in the plural) A polite reference or form of address to women.

(archaic) gastric mill, the triturating apparatus in the stomach of a lobster, consisting of calcareous plates; so called from a fancied resemblance to a seated female figure.

(UK, slang) A five-pound note. (Rhyming slang, Lady Godiva for fiver.)


beauty

en-noun

beauty (countable and uncountable, plural beauties)

→ Cebuano: byuti

From Middle English bewty, bewte, beaute, bealte, from Anglo-Norman and Old French beauté (early Old French spelling biauté), from Vulgar Latin *bellitātem (“beauty”), from Latin bellus (“beautiful, fair”); see beau. In this sense, mostly displaced native Old English fæġernes, whence Modern English fairness.

(physics, obsolete) A beauty quark (now called bottom quark).


chickadee

Apparent onomatopoeia from these birds' calls having a distinctive “chick-a-dee-dee-dee” sound, possibly influenced by chick or chicken.


Sleeping Beauty

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Sleeping Beauty.wav

In the genetics sense, so called because the transposon was brought back to activity from a long evolutionary sleep.

Alternative form of sleeping beauty (Oxalis corniculata).


fool

full (accents with FOOT-GOOSE merger or full-fool merger)

From Middle English fole (“fool”), from Old French fol (cf. modern French fou (“mad”)) from Latin follis. Doublet of fals and follis. Displaced native Old English dwæs.

(literature) A stock character typified by unintelligence, naïveté or lucklessness, usually as a form of comic relief; often used as a source of insight or pathos for the audience, as such characters are generally less bound by social expectations.

Upon opening the door, Trech was suddenly drawn aback by the shocking presence of the armed goon standing directly in front of him. “Yo, what up fool? […]”

2010, G.C. Deuce, From the Gutter to the Grave: An American Hood Novel, Xlibris Corporation, →ISBN, page 291:

“What up, fool?” he finally responded. “Not too much; fell asleep watching your boys get their asses kicked,” I told him, referring to the Carolina Cougars, the last team he played for before he got sick.

2012, Peron Long, Livin' Ain't Easy, Urban Books, →ISBN:

Fame leaves out the house and walks to the BP gas station on Alabama Avenue. On the way there he sees his man Mark posted up at the rec center and walks over to holla at him. “What’s up fool?” Mark says while dapping Fame up.

2014, Hitta Lo, Bracing Season I, Kaleidoscopic Publishing, →ISBN:

“What up fool?” Lil Slim said noticing the seriousness in Lil Kilo’s voice. “You ain’t switched up on us have you.” Lil Fresh looked at Lil Kilo like where that come from. “Nigga I’ll neva switch up.” Lil Slim said feeling a little offended.

2018, Keith L. Bell, Drought Season Over: The Sequel, Xlibris Corporation, →ISBN:

(slang, chiefly African-American Vernacular, Hispanic) An informal greeting akin to buddy, dude, or man.


fool

en-verb

fool (third-person singular simple present fools, present participle fooling, simple past and past participle fooled)

fools (present singular third-person)
fooling (participle present)
fooled (participle past)
fooled (past)

They fool me to the top of my bent.

c. 1599 to 1601, William Shakespeare, Hamlet, III.ii.384

(archaic) To make a fool of; to make act the fool.


fool

From Old French fouler (“to mix or mash”).

Coordinate term: mess

an apricot fool; a gooseberry fool

Eton is renowned for its "messes," and "strawberry mess" is Empress of them all, with raspberry mess as a very good second. It does not at all convey the joys of a "mess" to say that it consists of iced fruit and cream, and somewhat resembles a "fool." It is a thing apart, and should be approached with bated breath and unimpaired capacity.

1913, Pearson's Magazine, volume 36, part 2, page 373:

Pellaprat [...] invented the dish [of Eton mess] when a load of over-ripe strawberries needed eating up. His disguise was a fluff of whipped cream and the fool was served with sponge fingers. Somewhere along the line, someone else had the idea of stirring chunks of meringue into the fool at the last moment.

(cooking) A type of dessert made of puréed fruit and custard or cream.


kid

en-noun

kid (countable and uncountable, plural kids)

From Middle English kide, from Old Norse kið (“young goat”), from Proto-Germanic *kidją, *kittīną (“goatling, kid”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʰaydn-, *ǵʰaydn- (“goat”) or Proto-Indo-European *gidʰ- (“kid, goatling, little goat”). Compare Swedish and Danish kid, German Kitz and Kitze, Albanian kedh and kec.
Sense of child since 1590s as cant, since 1840s in informal use.

der

is that what the kids are calling it these days

I have three pairs of kid gloves. I've had kid mittens before from the Christmas tree, but never real kid gloves with five fingers.

1912, Jean Webster, Daddy-Long-Legs: Letter 3:

Only '90s kids will remember this toy.

He's been living in Los Angeles for years now, but he's a Florida kid.

(informal) A person whose childhood took place in a particular time period or area.

No, kid, you didn't do anything wrong; they did!

Here's looking at you, kid.

1942, Julius J. Epstein, Philip G. Epstein, Howard Koch, Casablanca, spoken by Rick (Humphrey Bogart):

(in the vocative) Used as a form of address for a child, teenager or young adult.


chap

Pennsylvania German: Tschaepp (“guy”)

Clipping of chapman (“dealer, customer”) in 16th-century English.

clipping

Who’s that chap over there?

“Now when I was a little chap I had a passion for maps.”

1899 February, Joseph Conrad, “The Heart of Darkness”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, volume CLXV, number M, New York, N.Y.: The Leonard Scott Publishing Company, […], →OCLC, part I, page 194:

A chap named Eleazir Kendrick and I had chummed in together the summer afore and built a fish-weir and shanty at Setuckit Point, down Orham way. For a spell we done pretty well.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter I, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

‘No. I only opened the door a foot and put my head in. The street lamps shine into that room. I could see him. He was all right. Sleeping like a great grampus. Poor, poor chap.’

1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 20, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

(dated outside UK and Australia) A man, a fellow.


chap

en-verb

chap (third-person singular simple present chaps, present participle chapping, simple past and past participle chapped)

chaps (present singular third-person)
chapping (participle present)
chapped (participle past)
chapped (past)

From Middle English chappen (“to split open, burst, chap”), of uncertain origin. Compare Middle English choppen (“to chop”), Dutch kappen (“to cut, chop, hack”). Perhaps related to chip.

inh

And then it seems that through the open door there came the chapping of a clock.

1902, John Buchan, The Outgoing of the Tide:

The door was shut into my class. I had to chap it and then Miss Rankine came and opened it and gived me an angry look […]

2008, James Kelman, Kieron Smith, Boy, Penguin, published 2009, page 35:

(Scotland, Northern England) To strike, knock.


chap

From Northern English chafts (“jaws”). Compare also Middle English cheppe (“one side of the jaw, chap”).

cog

One of the jaws or cheeks of a vice, etc.


chap

(Internet slang) Clipping of chapter (“division of a text”).


dan

English: dan, Dan (obsolete)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman daun, daunz and Old French dan, dam, from Latin dominus.

A respectful term of address for a (male) scholar, noble, or cleric.

(literary, rare) A respectful term of address for a classical deity.


Your Highness

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Your Highness.wav

(informal, sarcastic) A sarcastic term of address to anyone who is (or is acting) pompous or bossy.


panna

pl-noun

panna f (diminutive panienka, augmentative pannica or pannisko)

panienka (diminutive)
pannica (augmentative)
pannisko (augmentative)
panna (nominative singular)
panny (nominative plural)
panny (genitive singular)
panien (genitive plural)
pannie (dative singular)
pannom (dative plural)
pannę (accusative singular)
panny (accusative plural)
panną (instrumental singular)
pannami (instrumental plural)
pannie (locative singular)
pannach (locative plural)
panno (singular vocative)
panny (plural vocative)


Your Majesty

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Your Majesty.wav

I have heard that Your Majesty wishes to have the great burial on the twenty-seventh day of the twelfth month and that the court has sent its commissioner to supervise the tomb work. I do not know if a site has yet been chosen. Some say that there are plans to search widely outside of Yung-an county [where the previous Sung imperial tombs were located] for an auspicious site. In my ignorance, I consider this to be a mistake.

1991 [1063 CE], Patricia Buckley Ebrey, quoting Ssu-ma Kuang, “Comabting Heterodoxy and Vulgarity in Weddings and Funerals”, in Confucianism and Family Rituals in Imperial China: A Social History of Writing about Rites, Princeton University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 72:

(formal) A term of address used in direct address to a monarch of higher rank than a prince, such as a king, queen, emperor, or empress.


treasure

en-noun

treasure (countable and uncountable, plural treasures)

From Middle English tresour, from Old French tresor (“treasury”), from Latin thēsaurus (“treasure”), from Ancient Greek θησαυρός (thēsaurós, “treasure house”). Displaced native Old English goldhord and Old English ġestrēon. Doublet of thesaurus.

der

one man's trash is another man's treasure

one woman's trash is another woman's treasure

the real treasure is the friends we made along the way

"Now," resumed Silver, "here it is. You give us the chart to get the treasure by, and drop shooting poor seamen and stoving of their heads in while asleep. You do that, and we'll offer you a choice. Either you come aboard along of us, once the treasure shipped, and then I'll give you my affy-davy, upon my word of honour, to clap you somewhere safe ashore.

1883, Robert Louis Stevenson, chapter 20, in Treasure Island:

(uncountable) A collection of valuable things; accumulated wealth; a stock of money, jewels, etc.


auntie

Tok Pisin: anti

Torres Strait Creole: anti

→ Burmese: အန်တီ (anti)

⇒ Chinese: 安娣 (āndī)

→ Pennsylvania German: Aendi

→ Scottish Gaelic: antaidh

→ Yoruba: àǹtí


babe

From Middle English babe, a variant of earlier baban, perhaps from Old English *baba (“boy, child”), from Proto-West Germanic *babō, from Proto-Germanic *babô, reduplicated variant of *ba-, *bō- (“father, brother, close male relation”).
cognates and related terms
Related to Old Frisian bobba (“child”) (whence North Frisian babbe, babb, babe (“child”)), Old High German Babo (a male forename), see boy. Otherwise, origin obscure. Compare mama, dada, papa. Welsh baban (“baby”), believed by Skeat to be a mutation of maban, a diminutive of mab (“son”), is probably rather a borrowing from English. Cognate also with English bub.

out of the mouths of babes and sucklings

Hey, babe, how's about you and me getting together?

But, Babe, you don't have to meet 'em if you don't want to.

1916 March 11, Charles E. Van Loan, “His Folks”, in Saturday Evening Post:

(endearing) Darling (term of endearment).


coach

→ Czech: kouč

→ Danish: coach

→ Dutch: coach

→ French: coach

→ German: Coach

→ Italian: coach

→ Japanese: コーチ (kōchi)

→ Korean: 코치 (kochi)

→ Malay: koc

→ Polish: coach

→ Spanish: coach

→ Swahili: kocha

→ Swedish: coach

Borrowed from Middle French coche, from German Kutsche, from Hungarian kocsi. According to historians, the coach was named after the small Hungarian town of Kocs, which made a livelihood from cart building and transport between Vienna and Budapest.
The meaning "instructor/trainer" is from Oxford University slang (c. 1830) for a "tutor" who "carries" one through an exam; the athletic sense is from 1861.

(rail transport, UK, Australia) A passenger car, either drawn by a locomotive or part of a multiple unit.

կառք

wheeled vehicle drawn by horse power — see also carriage

The commanders all came on board and the council sat in the coach.

1660 May 13 (date written; Gregorian calendar), Samuel Pepys, Mynors Bright, transcriber, “May 3rd, 1660”, in Henry B[enjamin] Wheatley, editor, The Diary of Samuel Pepys […], volume I, London: George Bell & Sons […]; Cambridge: Deighton Bell & Co., published 1893, →OCLC:

(nautical) The forward part of the cabin space under the poop deck of a sailing ship; the fore-cabin under the quarter deck.

We couldn't afford the good tickets, so we spent the flight crammed in coach.

(chiefly US) The part of a commercial passenger airplane or train reserved for those paying the lower standard fares; the economy section.

(chiefly US) The lower-fare service whose passengers sit in this part of the airplane or train; economy class.


coach

John flew coach to Vienna, but first-class back home.

(chiefly US) Via the part of a commercial passenger airplane or train reserved for those paying the lower standard fares; via the economy section.


madame

Borrowed from French madame, from Old French ma dame (“my lady”). Doublet of madam and Madonna.


madame

English: madam; ma'am

Scots: madam

madam (polite term of address or (less often) title for a noble lady)


madam

From Middle English madame, from Old French madame, from ma (“my”) + dame (“lady”), from post-classical Latin mea domina. Doublet of Madonna.

Mrs Grey wondered if the outfit she was trying on made her look fat. The sales assistant just said, “It suits you, madam”.

Later, Mrs Grey was sitting in her favourite tea shop. “Would madam like the usual cream cakes and patisserie with her tea?” the waitress asked.

“Nothing, madam, but a tumbler of wine with a little water—thank you, madam. Mesdames, great events have occurred since I left you.”

1857, Charles Reade, White Lies. A Story., volume I, London: Trübner & Co., […], page 276:

I leaned on the hoe, in classic pose, and watched the cowbird try to bust his buttons in that agonizing split whistle which is his serenade to the madam. Perhaps I should say to the mesdames, for this fellow is the Don Juan of the feathered world, with no moral standards and a distinct aversion to anything that resembles domestic ties.

1951 April, John H. Day, “The Breath of April”, in Pennsylvania Game News, volume XXII, number 1, Pennsylvania Game Commission, page 27, column 1:

“[…] This size, madam!” Certainly, the mesdames would not have been interested.

After two years, Madam X was busy enough to take on a partner: Madam Z, aged twenty. Both regularly scouted new marks and told Stead that ‘nurse girls’ (nannies) were the best: ‘there are any number in [the parks] every morning and all are virgins’. Selling maidenhoods was their speciality. ‘Our gentlemen want maids,’ they said, ‘not damaged articles.’ ‘Come,’ he said to the mesdames, ‘what do you say to delivering me five [girls] on Saturday next? . . . Could you deliver me a parcel of maids, for me to distribute among my friends?’ Within a fortnight, the Mesdames had supplied Stead with seven girls between the ages of fourteen and eighteen.

2012, Bridget O’Donnell, Inspector Minahan Makes a Stand: The Missing Girls of England, Picador, →ISBN:

A polite form of address for a woman or lady.


ma'am

The noun is a contraction of madam, and represents a regional pronunciation of that word in the United Kingdom. The verb is derived from the noun.

– Sergeant, have the platoon in formation and ready for inspection at 0800.

– Aye aye, ma'am.

A respectful term of address to a woman of higher rank or position.


mummy

en-noun

mummy (countable and uncountable, plural mummies)

From Middle English mummie, from Anglo-Norman mumie, from Middle French momie, from Medieval Latin mumia, from Arabic مُومِيَاء (mūmiyāʔ), from Persian مومیا (mumyâ), from موم (mum, “wax”). Doublet of mumijo.

der

Arabic مُومِيَاء (mūmiyāʔ)

For many, mummies fascinate more than repel. Our horrific connotations lie not so much with the mummy itself, but in associated fears. The mummy serves, of course, as a general reminder of our own mortality and our fear of death, but this alone is not enough to make it a monster.

2007, S. T. Joshi, Icons of Horror and the Supernatural: An Encyclopedia of Our Worst Nightmares, volume 1, page 376:

(countable, by extension) A reanimated embalmed human corpse, as a stock character in horror films.


dad

From Early Modern English dadd, dadde (circa 1500), undoubtedly older, from unrecorded Middle English *dadde, of uncertain ultimate origin.
* Perhaps of Celtic origin, compare Welsh and Breton tad (from Proto-Brythonic *tad), Old Irish data; and possibly related to Russian дя́дя (djádja, “uncle”) and/or Russian де́душка (déduška, “grandfather”), all imitative. In Welsh, when subject to soft mutation (which occurs in vocative contexts, among others), tad becomes dad.
* Perhaps imitative of a child's first uttered syllables da, da.
* Possibly from a metathetic variation of unrecorded Old English *ætta, *atta (“father”), from Proto-West Germanic *attō, from Proto-Germanic *attô ("father, forefather"; whence also North Frisian ate, aatj, taatje, tääte (“father; dad”), Middle High German tate (“father, dad”) (whence German Tate (“dad”), Bavarian tatte (“dad”), Cimbrian tatta (“dad”)), Icelandic táta (“dad”)), from Proto-Indo-European *átta (“father”), whence Sanskrit तत (tata, “father”).

onomatopoeic

imitative

gloss

(slang) Used to address an older adult male


dude

American Speech
James Caldwall
The Chronicle of Higher Education
Wellcome Library
dude

Uncertain, though likely a clipping of doodle (“fool, simpleton, mindless person”), perhaps with reference to the fashionable “Yankee Doodle dandy” in the 18th-century lyrics of the song “Yankee Doodle”; the word is first attested in 1883 as a New York City slang term of contempt for a “fastidious man, fop”. If so, then related to German Low German Dudeldop, Dudendop (“fool, dunce”), Saterland Frisian Duddigegen (“idiot”).
It has also been suggested that the word is derived from dudes (“old rags”; compare duds) and dudesman (“scarecrow”), or possibly related to dawdle; It has also been suggested the word derives from the Irish dúid.
The common claim that the term derives from (or is) a word for a camel's foreskin (or some other vulgar thing, like a hair on a cow, horse, donkey, or elephant's bottom) is false.

clipping

Dude! You finally called!

And, feckin' A, you ain't never gonna guess this one—dude! […] Thinking this is a little worse than me watching porn. Dude.

2011, Karen Marie Moning, Shadowfever: A Novel (The Fever Series; 5), New York, N.Y.: Delacorte Press, →ISBN:

(slang) A term of address, usually for a man, conveying awe, excitement, surprise, annoyance, etc.


idiota

Borrowed from Latin idiōta, from Ancient Greek ἰδιώτης (idiṓtēs, “layman”) from ἴδιος (ídios, “private”).

der

(derogatory) dick, jerk, schmuck, douchebag, asshole, ass, jackass, prick (i.e., a cocky or self-important individual without any foundation for it)


maestro

Borrowed from Italian maestro, from Latin magister (“master”). Doublet of magister, master, and meister.


maestro

es-noun

maestro m (plural maestros, feminine maestra, feminine plural maestras)

maestros (plural)
maestra (feminine)
maestras (feminine plural)

Inherited from Latin magistrum. Doublet of magíster, borrowed from Latin, and máster, borrowed from English.

(master) craftsman, handyman, contractor, construction worker


gentleman

Chinese Pidgin English: gentleman

→ Danish: gentleman

→ Esperanto: ĝentlemano

→ French: gentleman

desctree

→ Russian: джентльмен (džentlʹmen)
→ Armenian: ջենտլմեն (ǰentlmen)
→ Georgian: ჯენტლმენი (ǯenṭlmeni)

→ Mohegan-Pequot: gundermon

→ Polish: dżentelmen

→ Portuguese: gentleman

→ Spanish: gentleman

→ Yiddish: דזשענטעלמען (dzhentelmen)

[ˈd͡ʒɛɾ̃.ɫ̩.mən]

From Middle English gentilman, morphologically gentle + man, partial calque of Old French gentilhome.

Being a gentleman, Robert was entitled to shove other commoners into the gongpit but he still had to jump out of the way of the knights to avoid the same fate himself.

And when their ſcattered armie is ſubdu’d:
And you march on their ſlaughtered carkaſſes,
Share equally the gold that bought their liues,
And liue like Gentlmen in Perſea, […]

c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act II, scene ii:

But when Adam delued, and Eue ſpan,
VVho was then a Gentleman?

1593, anonymous author, The Life and Death of Iacke Straw […], Act I:

“[…] This is Mr. Churchill, who, as you are aware, is good enough to come to us for his diaconate, and, as we hope, for much longer; and being a gentleman of independent means, he declines to take any payment.” Saying this Walden rubbed his hands together and smiled contentedly.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter VII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

(chiefly historical) A man of gentle but not noble birth, particularly a man of means (originally ownership of property) who does not work for a living but has no official status in a peerage; (UK law) an armiferous man ranking below a knight.


lass

term-label

(archaic except UK, dialectal, informal or poetic)

From Middle English las, lasce, lasse (“female infant or child; young woman”), probably from Old Norse laskwa (“unmarried”, adjective).
cognates
* Scots lass, lassie

der

As fair art thou, my bonie laſs, / So deep in luve am I; / And I will luve thee ſtill, my Dear, / Till a' the ſeas gang dry.

[1794, Robert Burns, “A Red, Red Rose”, in Songs, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect, volume IV, Kilmarnock, Scotland: […] James M‘Kie, published 1869, →OCLC, stanza 2, page 210:

"Hi, Juno, lass—hi, old girl; down, Daph, down," said Wardle, caressing the dogs.

1836 March – 1837 October, Charles Dickens, “A Pleasant Day, with an Unpleasant Termination”, in The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1837, →OCLC, page 188:

(Scotland, familiar) A term of address for a woman, or a female animal.


granny

The suitcase was old. The brown leather was battered and scuffed. Two hanks of clothesline had been wrapped around it and tied in large, clownish grannies.

1977, Stephen King, Children of the Corn:


homeboy

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-homeboy.wav

20th century United States African-American urban slang. Originated from travelers to metropolitan areas derived from American English as a blend of hometown + boy. However, modern use is mostly by African-Americans and Latinos in the United States.

When the boy next door; Don't want to be my homeboy no more; Saw something that I never saw before; I think he wants to be my baby

(colloquial) Someone, particularly a male acquaintance, from one’s hometown.

(colloquial, African-American Vernacular) A close friend or fellow member of a youth gang.


homeboy

head

homeboy (third-person singular, masculine, nominative or objective case)

en-pron

(1:38) If homeboy’s coming through with these, it’s quiet. Yeah no, it’s quiet for him. But, like, if he comes through with, y’know, these; you got some air maxes out here, you got some Jordans. Homeboy’s gonna, like, get it.

2017 October 2, Complex (@Complex), YouTube:

Homeboy rafikied a peacock with a squeegee.

2023 February 1, Fiona’s Videos 🎬 (@fiona_videos), Twitter:

He's talking about the jumpscare warnings in Dead Space. The ones you can turn off. Homeboy takes gaming way too fucking seriously.

2023 January 31, IStandWithVic Posting Their L's Online (@ISWV_Losers), Twitter:

He hit homeboy in his junk

2023 January 28, Jovani Vasquez (@JovaniVasquez25), Twitter:

Should’ve listen to homeboy

2023 January 28, LaughTalkTV (@LaughTalkTV), Twitter:

(African-American Vernacular, slang) he or him


Romeo

From Italian Romeo, from Ancient Greek Ῥωμαῖος (Rhōmaîos, “Roman”).

der

A male given name from the Romance languages.


pal

→ Afrikaans: pêl

PIE word
 *bʰréh₂tēr
Borrowed from Angloromani pal (“brother, friend”), from Romani phral (“brother”), from Sanskrit भ्रातृ (bhrātṛ, “brother”). Doublet of bhai, brother, frater, and friar.

doublet

Don't you threaten me, pal – I'll report you to the police.

(colloquial) An informal term of address, often used ironically in a hostile way.


bro

PIE word
 *bʰréh₂tēr
Clipping of brother, Cf. scro.

Hey bro, sorry to bother you but I think I accidentally backed up into your car, can I make it up to you?

(slang) Brother, man; a friendly term of address for a male.


doll

en-noun

doll (plural dolls or (Internet slang) dollz)

desc

→ Kashubian: dolka (Canada, United States, New Zealand)

From Doll, a popular pet form of Dorothy.

The signals are on a three-doll bracket post; one doll carries two [signal] arms, one above the other.

1943 March and April, “Notes and News: Peculiar Distant Signals on L.N.E.R”, in Railway Magazine, page 116:

(rail transport) A short signal post mounted on a bracket mounted on the main signal post, or on a signal gantry.


tonto

es-adj

tonto (feminine tonta, masculine plural tontos, feminine plural tontas)

tonta (feminine)
tontos (masculine plural)
tontas (feminine plural)

→ Tetelcingo Nahuatl: tunto

→ Tagalog: tonto

Uncertain. Latin attonitus has been proposed, but there are phonological difficulties, namely unexpected loss of initial /a/ and lack of diphthongization; cf. the expected outcome atuendo. Tonto may have an expressive or onomatopoeic origin. Another hypothesis is that it derives from *tontum, a 'vulgar' past participle for Latin tondeo (“to shear”). Compare Italian tonto, Portuguese tonto, and Romanian tont, tânt.


daddy

Rock 'n' roll is cool, daddy, and you know it!

(dated slang) An informal term of address for a man.


bud

[T]hen he shrugged his shoulders and said, with admirable philosophy: "Well, that's life, ain't it, bud?"

1946, George Johnston, Skyscrapers in the Mist, page 87:

(informal, chiefly Canada) Synonym of guy, term of address for a man or person.


мужик

ru-noun+

мужи́к • (mužík) m anim (genitive мужика́, nominative plural мужики́, genitive plural мужико́в, relational adjective мужи́цкий or мужи́чий, diminutive мужичо́к, augmentative мужичи́ще, pejorative мужичо́нка or мужичи́шка)

мужи́к (canonical)
mužík (romanization)
мужика́ (genitive)
мужики́ (nominative plural)
мужико́в (genitive plural)
мужи́цкий (adjective relational)
мужи́чий (adjective relational)
мужичо́к (diminutive)
мужичи́ще (augmentative)
мужичо́нка (pejorative)
мужичи́шка (pejorative)
мужи́к (nominative singular)
мужики́ (nominative plural)
мужика́ (genitive singular)
мужико́в (genitive plural)
мужику́ (dative singular)
мужика́м (dative plural)
мужика́ (accusative singular)
мужико́в (accusative plural)
мужико́м (instrumental singular)
мужика́ми (instrumental plural)
мужике́ (prepositional singular)
мужика́х (plural prepositional)

→ Armenian: մուժիկ (mužik)

→ Azerbaijani: mujik

→ Persian: موژیک (mužik)

→ English: mujik, muzhik

→ French: moujik

→ Georgian: მუჯიკი (muǯiḳi)

→ German: Muschik, Mushik

→ Polish: mużyk

→ Ubykh: мыжыӄ (məẑəq)

From муж (muž, “man (dated); husband”) + -ик (-ik).

af

Послу́шайте, мужики́!

(colloquial) Term of address for men to each other


guy

PIE word
 *h₁weydʰh₁-
Coined by semantic widening from the name of Guy Fawkes (1570–1606), an English Catholic executed for his role in the Gunpowder Plot, from Old French Gui, a form of Proto-Germanic *Wido, a short form of names beginning with the element witu "wood" from Proto-Germanic *widuz, such as Witold and Widukind. Cognate with Italian Guido.

(UK, Ireland) An effigy of a man burned on a bonfire on the anniversary of the Gunpowder Plot (5th November).


guy

en-verb

guy (third-person singular simple present guys, present participle guying, simple past and past participle guyed)

guys (present singular third-person)
guying (participle present)
guyed (participle past)
guyed (past)

(intransitive) To exhibit an effigy of Guy Fawkes around the 5th November.

To guy the speech in the manner of an old-fashioned 'ham' for cheap laughs....

2000, John Southworth, Shakespeare the Player:

(theater, transitive) To play in a comedic manner.


lassie

I had been on a message for my father, and was walking home along the road, when I saw a tall, fine lassie coming over the bogland on the right hand side of the road.

1886, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, translated by H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales, page 27:

It was the day of warlocks and apparitions, now happily driven out by the zeal of the General Assembly. Witches pursued their wanchancy calling, bairns were spirited away, young lassies selled their souls to the Evil One, and the Accuser of the Brethren, in the shape of a black tyke, was seen about cottage doors in the gloaming.

1902, John Buchan, The Outgoing of the Tide:

She was caught in this git-a-man, git-a-bairn, git-a-hoose shite that lassies git drummed intae them, and hud nae real chance ay defining hersel ootside ay they mashed-tattie-fir-brains terms ay reference.

1994 [1993], Irvine Welsh, “Bang to Rites”, in Trainspotting, London: Minerva, →ISBN, page 220:

Green grow the rushes, oh
Green grow the rushes, oh
The sweetest hours that e'er I spent
Are spent among the lassies, oh

2012, “Green Grow the Rushes”, performed by Celtic Woman:

(chiefly Scotland, Northern England, Geordie, Northumbria) A young girl, a lass, especially one seen as a sweetheart.


coz

Content thee, gentle coz, let him alone.

c. 1591–1595 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Romeo and Ivliet”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene v]:

1844, Elizabeth Oakes Smith, "The Love Quarrel", in The Columbian Magazine Vol 1. Issue 1. page 6, col. 2, New York, Israel Post, ed John Inman
"I do not expect that, coz; nor do I desire it."

(informal) cousin (usually as a term of address)


doofus

Perhaps an alteration of earlier goofus (first attested in the 1920s), due to influence from Scots doof (“simpleton”). Scots doof is derived from Low German doof (“deaf", with a secondary sense of "idiotic, stupid”). The Low Saxon word is cognate with English deaf.
Some have proposed that perhaps dupe played some kind of role in the development of doofus as well.

Stocks Genius or Dot-Com Doofus? – Wired News

Danny is such a doofus!

Nichols had called Bonilla a doofus who was too damn stupid to realize that he was being taken by a hooker with a convincing sob story.
Even if Steve was a doofus, Nichols and Rand were quite willing to work for him as long as he had money.

1998, Ann Rule, “In the Name of Love”, in In the Name of Love and Other True Cases: Ann Rule's Crime Files Volume 4, page 185:

They weren't excited about acquiring new information; they were relieved to find out they aren't the only doofuses (or maybe the word is "doofi") in the world of rusty machinery.

2000, Roger L. Welsch, Love, Sex and Tractors, page 16:

2005 October 17, Kevin Amorin, Mewsday, quoted in 2007, Troth Wells, T-Shirt, page 14,
Being too young to attend a show on Bowie's 1983 Serious Moonlight tour, I did what any underage doofus would do. I bought a concert T-shirt – three-quarter-length blue sleeves, image of Major Tom himself on the front.

"I never seen so many doofuses in one place!"
"That's doofi, Krakauer. Sorry to correct you."

2009, B. K. Holway, When Jack Was with Us, page 115:

"No problem. You get a bimbo babe who's engaged to a doofus who will fall for the virgin birth line and still marry her.[…]However, I don't think a doofus fiancé will be hard to find; there's no shortage of doofuses on the earth."

2014, G. Richard Bozarth, Bible Tales for Ages 18 and Up, page 219:

(slang, derogatory, sometimes affectionately, humorous) A person with poor judgment and taste; a foolish or silly person.


mommy

→ Hebrew: מָאמִי (mámi)

The only bad-karma-reducing sposie on the market is a new line of biodegradable (meaning here "useless") sposie that won't last through the lightest of baby pees and will force you to change baby approximately once every thirty seconds, thereby completely undoing any so-called karma reduction. Only bad mommies use sposies.

2012, Willow Yamahchi, Bad Mommy, Insomniac Press, →ISBN, page 91:

They will never part even though in mommy's heart she wishes daddy would leave forever. One grief-some January 25 mommy rested never to return for her and daddy went on a walk. “Where is mommy”, said baby but daddy couldn't talk.

2015, Paul Easter, Consciousness Before Conscience:


dawg

That dawg won't hunt.


hombre

Borrowed from Spanish hombre (“man; human being”), from Old Spanish omne, from Latin hominem, accusative of homō (“a human being, a person”), from Old Latin hemō, from Proto-Italic *hemō (“man”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰmṓ (“earthling”), from *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”). Doublet of gome, homo, ombre, and omi.

[W]e're glad to learn that the Yankee bullet has not quite stopped your breath. You're all right, hombre!

c. 1850, [Thomas] Mayne Reid, “A Group of Jarochos”, in The Guerilla Chief, and Other Tales, London: C. H. Clarke, 13, Paternoster Row, →OCLC, page 62:

That hombre now with the worn out hat, tattered shirt, and fragmentary breeches, wears a sword. Bless you, his dignity would suffer greatly without it!

1852 March 8, E. P., “Golden Correspondence.—No. 1”, in J[oseph] M. Church, editor, Church’s Bizarre. For Fireside and Wayside, volume I, number 1 (New Series), Philadelphia, Pa.: Church & Co., 140 Chestnut Street, published 17 April 1852, →OCLC, page 9, column 2:

The foreman. As tough an hombre who ever lived. If Mr. Bell had sent Jackson instead of me, he'd take your rifle and beat you half to death with it.

2010, Jon Sharpe [pseudonym], chapter 1, in Rocky Mountain Revenge (The Trailsman; no. 342), New York, N.Y.: Signet Books, New American Library, →ISBN:

There was a pause I didn't like, punctuated by shrieks of shrill laughter from the hombres at the bar. Only Mexicans can laugh like that.

2016, Lawrence Winkler, “Bajada”, in Orion’s Cartwheel (Cartwheels Quadrilogy; 1), Victoria, B.C.: First Choice Books, →ISBN, page 22:

(chiefly US, in Spanish-speaking contexts, slang) A man, a chap, a guy; especially a Hispanic or Spanish man.


hombre

Chavacano: hombre

→ English: hombre

→ French: hombre
→ English: ombre

→ Papiamentu: hòmber

Inherited from Old Spanish omne, from Latin hominem, homō, from Old Latin hemō, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰmṓ (“earthling”). The Old Spanish form omne was first dissimilated to omre and then a gliding sound -b- arose before the -r-. Compare the same development in hambre and nombre.

manos besa el hombre, que querría ver cortadas


cobber

Uncertain. Perhaps from Yiddish חבֿר (khaver, “friend, comrade”), from Hebrew חבר (ḥāḇēr, “friend”), possibly via Dutch gabber; alternately, perhaps from the British dialectal term cob (“take a liking to”), or a conflation of both. The suggestion that it is a self-referential collective term for convicts and immigrants who departed for Australian shores from the Irish port of Cobh seems chronologically unlikely.

der

(Australia) A sweet consisting of a small block of hard caramel covered in chocolate.


darling

From Middle English derelyng, from Old English dīerling (“darling, favorite, minion; also household god”), corresponding to dear + -ling.

inh

Pass the wine, would you, darling?

Oh! Darling, please believe me / I'll never do you no harm

1969, Paul McCartney (lyrics and music), “Oh! Darling”, in Abbey Road, performed by The Beatles:

Oh, I could drink a case of you, darling / Still I'd be on my feet

1972, Joni Mitchell (lyrics and music), “A Case of You”, in Blue:


sport

en-verb

sport (third-person singular simple present sports, present participle sporting, simple past and past participle sported)

sports (present singular third-person)
sporting (participle present)
sported (participle past)
sported (past)

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

From Middle English sporten (verb) and sport, spoort, sporte (noun), apheretic shortenings of disporten (verb) and disport, disporte (noun). More at disport.

Against whom do ye sport yourselves?

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Isaiah 57:4:

(reflexive) To divert; to amuse; to make merry.


boo

Of unknown origin. First appears c. 1959 in Esquire Magazine.

[…] sexually promiscuous girl who smoked boo all day and socialized with junkies when she wasn't busy banging away in bed […]

1967, George E. Andrews, Simon Vinkenoog, The Book of Grass: An Anthology on Indian Hemp, page 213:

Like I have smoked boo, drunk whiskey, and shot dope, and I was going through all three bags at once.

1984, Raphael S. Ezekiel, Voices from the corner: poverty and racism in the inner city, page 56:

Grandpa doesn't want Grandma and their kids and grandkids to know that he had to get penicillin shots all the time, or that he smoked boo (marijuana) on a daily basis, or that he dealt in the black market, or that he had yobos (purchased live-in sex slaves).

2019, Ron Cook, On Guard in the General's Chorus, page 2:


beloved

en-adj

beloved (comparative more beloved, superlative most beloved)

more beloved (comparative)
most beloved (superlative)

From Middle English beloved, biloved, equivalent to belove + -ed.

But I found at laſt, by hearing and conſidering of things that are Divine, which indeed I heard of you, as alſo of beloved Faithful, that was put to death for his Faith and good-living in Vanity-fair, That the end of these things is death. [Rom[ans] 6. 21, 22, 23.] And that for theſe things ſake, the wrath of God cometh upon the children of diſobedience. [Eph[esians] 5. 6.]

1678, John Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress from This World, to That which is to Come: […], London: […] Nath[aniel] Ponder […], →OCLC, pages 187–188:

When the Toy had once taken Jupiter in the Head to Enter into a State of Matrimony, he Reſolv'd for the Honour of his Celeſtial Lady, that the whole World ſhould keep a Feſtiual upon the Day of his Marriage, and ſo Invited all Living Creatures, Tag-Rag and Bob-Tail, to the Solemnity to his Wedding. They all came in very Good Time, ſaving the Tortoiſe. Jupiter […] Ask'd him, Why ſo Late? Why truly ſays the Tortoiſe, I was at Home, at my Own Houſe, my Dearly Beloved Houſe, and [Home is Home, let it be never ſo Homely.]

1692, Roger L’Estrange, “[The Fables of Æsop, &c.] Fab[le] CLXXXV. Jupiters Wedding.”, in Fables, of Æsop and Other Eminent Mythologists: […], London: […] R[ichard] Sare, […], →OCLC, page 155:

It is ſcarce poſſible to imagine the Conſternation I was now in, being driven from my beloved Iſland (for ſo it appeared to me now to be) into the wide Ocean, almoſt two Leagues, and in the utmoſt Deſpair of ever recovering it again.

1719 May 6 (Gregorian calendar), [Daniel Defoe], The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, […], London: […] W[illiam] Taylor […], →OCLC, pages 164–165:

There was a youthe, and a well-beloved youthe, / And he was a ſquires ſon: / He loved the bayliffes daughter deare, / That lived in Iſlington.

1765, Thomas Percy, compiler, “The Bailiff’s Daughter of Islington”, in Reliques of Ancient English Poetry: […], volume III, London: […] J[ames] Dodsley […], →OCLC, book II, page 133, lines 1–4:

The vacuum brake, much beloved by English- (though not Scottish-) built or inspired railways, but little favoured elsewhere.

1964 March, “Train braking - the next steps”, in Modern Railways, page 186:

In yonder corner your little chair, / where you often sat at my knee, / singing your sweet murmuring hymns, / my belovèd child!

2014, Niall MacLeòid, “The Death of the Widow's Child”, in Meg Bateman, Anne Loughran, editors, Bàird Ghleann Dail = The Glendale Bards: A Selection of Songs and Poems by Niall MacLeòid (1843–1913), ‘The Bard of Skye’, His Brother Ian Dubh (1847–1901) and Their Father Dòmhnall nan Òran (c. 1787–1873), Edinburgh: John Donald, →ISBN, verse 4:


master

Sranan Tongo: masra

→ Catalan: màster

→ Finnish: master

→ French: master

→ German: Master

→ Polish: master

→ Portuguese: máster

→ Spanish: máster

→ Turkish: master

From Middle English maister, mayster, meister (noun) and maistren (verb), from Old English mǣster, mæġster, mæġester, mæġister, magister (“master”), from Latin magister (“chief, teacher, leader”), from Old Latin magester, from Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂s, (as in magnus (“great”)) + -ester/-ister (compare minister (“servant”)). Reinforced by Old French maistre, mestre (noun) and maistriier, maister (verb) from the same Latin source. Compare also Saterland Frisian Mäster (“master”), West Frisian master (“master”), Dutch meester (“master”), German Meister (“master”). Doublet of maestro, magister, and meister.

doublet

Southern US, African-American Vernacular, obsolete

use the master's tools to dismantle the master's house

(nautical) The captain of a merchant ship; a master mariner.

(by extension) A person holding a similar office in other civic societies.

puheenjohtaja

The use of masters and submasters will enable suites of rooms to be controlled by one key.

2020, Jane M. Wiggins, Facilities Manager's Desk Reference, page 517:


sire

From Middle English sire, from Old French sire, the nominative singular of seignor; from Latin senior, from senex. Doublet of seigneur, seignior, senhor, senior, señor, senyor, signore, and sir. Cognate with French monsieur.

A lord, master, or other person in authority, most commonly used vocatively: formerly in speaking to elders and superiors, later only when addressing a sovereign.


sire

English: sir; sire

Scots: sir; sire

From Old French sire, nominative singular of seignor, from Latin senior. Doublet of senyour.

A respectful term of address for a noble or gentleman.


champ

Etymology tree
Proto-Italic *kampos
Latin campusbor.
Proto-West Germanic *kamp
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Germanic *-janą
Proto-West Germanic *-jan
Proto-West Germanic *kampijan
Proto-Germanic *-jô
Proto-West Germanic *-jō
Frankish *kampijōbor.
Medieval Latin campiō
Old French champiunbor.
Middle English champioun
English champion
English champ
Clipping of champion /championship.

etymon

Whatcha doing, champ?

(informal) Buddy, sport, mate. (as a term of address)