犬

Bai: *qʰuaŋ²

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕʰyɵn²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰy̯e̞⁴¹/

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕʰyɵn²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰy̯e̞⁴¹/

Characters in the same phonetic series (犬) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – the side view of a dog.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-kʷəj-n (“dog”); cognate with Tibetan ཁྱི (khyi, “dog”), Burmese ခွေး (hkwe:, “dog”).
This common Sino-Tibetan word has been replaced by 狗 (OC *koːʔ) in most topolects except Eastern Min, such as Fuzhou kēng. In other topolects, this word is mainly found in compounds and not used alone.

Han etyl

警犬

He who is presenting a horse or a sheep should lead it with his right hand. He who is presenting a dog should lead it with his left hand.

The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE

Xiào mǎ xiào yáng zhě yòu qiān zhī; xiào quǎn zhě zuǒ qiān zhī.

效馬效羊者右牽之；效犬者左牽之。

效马效羊者右牵之；效犬者左牵之。

(formal or in compounds or Eastern Min, Waxiang, dialectal Wu) dog


零

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (零):
* → Japanese: 零(れい) (rei)
* → Korean: 령(零) (ryeong)
* → Vietnamese: linh (零)

→ Bouyei: lingz

→ Lü: ᦟᦲᧃᧉ (liin²)

→ Zhuang: lingz

/liaŋ²²⁻²²⁵/

/liaŋ²²⁻²²⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *riːŋ, *reːŋ, *reːŋs): semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 令 (OC *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs). On the oracle bone script, only thick raindrops are depicted falling from the sky.
Unclear. Schuessler (2007) proposes several possibilities:
* From Austroasiatic; compare Khmer ភ្លៀង (phliəng, “rain”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *(p)liɲ ~ *(p)liəɲ ~ (p)liiɲ (“sky, rain”).
* Possibly related to Jingpho marang (“rain”), for which STEDT sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-raŋ (“rain”). Starostin also relates it to this Jingpho word and sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *rēŋ (“to drop”), also comparing Tibetan སྤྲིན (sprin, “cloud”) and Burmese ရည် (rany, “liquid; juice”).
* Possibly related to 隕 (OC *ɢunʔ, “to drop”) and 霣 (OC *ɢunʔ, “to rain; to fall down like rain”) if one assumes Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r/s/g-wa (“water; rain”) (or its variant *rwe-) can be simplified to *re- and *we-.
Sense "zero" is introduced in 1248 by Chinese mathematician Li Ye.

inh

〇
𠏡
𡈍
𤅫
𥥋
𮖿
𩂙
霗
𩃞
𩅶
𩆖
𩆼
⿳⻗人𰆊

廿零蚊

分零兩分鐘

分零两分钟

七十零

(Cantonese, Hakka, Northern Min, Eastern Min) Used after a number or a classifier to express a small remaining quantity.


空

Jingpho language
Proto-Sino-Tibetan language

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs): semantic 穴 (“cave, hole”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (“hole; orifice; inner part”). 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”) is probably the endoactive derivation of 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, “hollow; empty”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁུང (khung, “hole”), Jingpho ladi hku (“nostril”), Chepang घाङ् (gʰaŋ, “hole”), Burmese ခေါင်း (hkaung:, “cavity”), Naxi ko³³ (“cave; hole; pit”) (STEDT). See also 坑 (OC *kʰraːŋ, “pit”) and 肛 (OC *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ, “anus”), which may or may not be related.


爽快

/ʂu̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰu̯aɪ̯⁵¹/

/ʂu̯ɑŋ²¹⁴ kʰu̯aɪ̯⁴/

/sɔːŋ³⁵ faːi̯³³/

/soŋ³¹ kʰu̯ai̯⁵⁵/

/sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰuai²¹/

/sɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰuai⁴¹/

/sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰuai²¹/

/sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰuai¹¹/

/sɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰuai²¹/

/sɑ̃³³ kʰua⁴⁴/

/ʂu̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰu̯aɪ̯⁵¹/

/ʂu̯ɑŋ²¹⁴ kʰu̯aɪ̯⁴/

/sɔːŋ³⁵ faːi̯³³/

/soŋ³¹ kʰu̯ai̯⁵⁵/

/sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰuai²¹/

/sɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰuai⁴¹/

/sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰuai²¹/

/sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰuai¹¹/

/sɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰuai²¹/

/sɑ̃³³ kʰua⁴⁴/

(Eastern Min, Southern Min) happy; comfortable; relaxing


下

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (下):
* → Japanese: 下(か) (ka); 下(げ) (ge)
* → Korean: 하(下) (ha)
* → Vietnamese: hạ (下)

Characters in the same phonetic series (下) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
In oracle bone script, it is an ideogram (指事) that shows the concept of "down" by showing one line below another (contrast 上). This form evolved into 下 in later scripts, the character used today.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/j/t (“to fall”) (STEDT):
* inside Sinitic, cognate with 落 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ, “to fall, to drop”), 露 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs, “dew”), 陊 (OC *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ, “to collapse”) and 阤 (OC *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ, “hillside, slope”);
* outside Sinitic, cognate with Mizo tla ~ tlâk (“to fall”), thla ~ thlâk (“to drop”), Burmese ကျ (kya., “to fall”) and ချ (hkya., “to drop”).
Schuessler (2007) instead proposed an Austroasiatic origin by comparing 下 (OC *ɡraːʔ, “to descend, down, below”) to Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, “be low, debased”); additionally, he suggested that Sino-Tibetan influence had possibly caused the weakening of foreign final *-k to OC final *-ʔ. He derives the departing tone (去聲) pronunciation via two derivations:
* 下 (OC *ɡraːs, “to be put down”) is an exopassive derivation (ibid.);
* 下 (OC *ɡraːs, “to descend, to fall”) is a later, general departing tone derivative (ibid.).

cog

(historical, obsolete) synonym of 點 /点 (diǎn): an ancient unit of time, equal to 24 minutes


乍

Pictogram (象形) – an axe chopping wood. Original form of 柞.

(Eastern Min) only a short while ago; just


乞

Variant of 气 (OC *kʰɯds), distinguished to indicate a phonetically borrowed meaning “to beg”.
The top component of the character is unrelated to 旅, 伤, 复, 每 as well as 人.

kʰøyʔ²⁴ nˡy³³ suoʔ⁵ pa³³ pɛiʔ²⁴

ké̤ṳk nṳ̄ siŏh bā bék / [kʰøyʔ²⁴ nˡy³³ suoʔ⁵ pa³³ pɛiʔ²⁴]

乞汝一把筆

kʰøyʔ²⁴ nˡy³³ suoʔ⁵ pa³³ pɛiʔ²⁴

乞汝一把笔

伊乞我本書

伊乞我本书

Qī zìjīng sǐ, Mǎichén qì qí fū qián, lìng zàng.

妻自經死，買臣乞其夫錢，令葬。

妻自经死，买臣乞其夫钱，令葬。

(obsolete or Eastern Min, Teochew) to give

乞人拍死

(Eastern Min; Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien, Teochew) by

杯仔乞偷去

(Eastern Min; Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien, Teochew) Used before a verb to indicate passive voice.


介

→ Proto-Tai: *klecꟲ

Proto-Southwestern Tai: *kletᴰ

Thai: เกล็ด (glèt)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 人 (“person”) + two marks encompassing, indicating "in between". Folk etymology interprets the two marks as two components of an armor.
; "to assist"


依

(Eastern Min) Used in front of persons' given names or kinship terms to express familiarity.


儷

He only eats vegetables, and does not eat meat.

Ĭ nâ siăh>siĕh chái, n̂g-siăh>siĕh nṳ̆k. / [i⁵⁵ nˡɑ²⁴² sieʔ⁵ t͡sʰɑi²¹³ ^((ŋ̍-))n̩²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nieʔ⁵ nˡyʔ⁵]

伊儷食菜，伓食肉。

伊俪食菜，伓食肉。


共

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (共):
* → Vietnamese: cộng (共)

→ Vietnamese: cùng

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 廾 (“two hands”) + 口 (“an object”) – holding up an object with two hands. Eventually 口 (not “mouth”) came to be written 廿 (niàn) (not “twenty”), which later fused with 廾 to form the modern 共.
Possibly the original form of 供 (“to provide; to offer”).
Possibly related to 廾 (OC *k(r)oŋʔ, “to fold the hands in front of the breast”), with the stativizing prefix *N- (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Schuessler (2007) also relates this word to 供 (OC *kloŋ, *kloŋs, “to provide”) and suggests the possibility of also relating it to 恭 (OC *kloŋ, “to respect”) and 貢 (OC *koːŋs, “tribute”).
The kā reading in Hokkien is from the weakening of kāng (Wu, 2017; Chappell et al., 2011).

och-l

我共你講。

我共你讲。

1989, “千千闕歌”, 林振強 (lyrics), performed by 陳慧嫻:

because you are singing with me on this night

因你今晚共我唱

(Can we date this quote?), “全因為祢”, 西伯 (lyrics)performed by 鄧婉玲:

sei² jam³ jau¹ guk¹ zung¹, nei⁵ bun⁶ ngo⁵ gwo³ dou⁶, fun¹ jan¹ leoi⁵, fung¹ gwong¹ leoi⁵ nei⁵ gung⁶ ngo⁵ tung⁴ zoi⁶

死蔭幽谷中，祢伴我過渡，歡欣裡，風光裡祢共我同在

死荫幽谷中，祢伴我过渡，欢欣里，风光里祢共我同在

(literary or Eastern Min, Hokkien) with; to

共我開門。

共我开门。

1828, Robert Morrison, Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect, volume III, section I:

nei⁵ gung⁶ ngo⁵ giu³ go³ muk⁶ zoeng⁶⁻² lai⁴

你共我呌個木匠黎

你共我叫个木匠黎

(Eastern Min, Hokkien, dated in Cantonese) for

共伊放袂記

共伊放袂记

(Eastern Min, Hokkien) Particle introducing the object of the verb

將

particle introducing the object of the verb


其

In the oracle bone script, it was originally 𠀠, a pictogram (象形) of a basket.
In the bronze inscriptions, 丌 was added under the basket to represent a stand. It may also have acted as a phonetic component. Hence, the modified version was 𠔝. See also the bottom component of 眞.
Later borrowed for an Old Chinese pronoun. The derivative 箕 (OC *kɯ) refers to the original word.
; third-person possessive pronoun
; modal particle "should; probably"

while 渠 is more common in other varieties

† - may use corresponding classifier in certain contexts

Chinese varieties in general do not distinguish gender

distinctions are only sometimes made in writing.佢 is commonly used in Yue

Foremost among princes, my brother, Feng the young one!

The Book of Documents, circa 4ᵗʰ – 3ʳᵈ century BCE

孟侯，朕其弟，小子封。

(Eastern Min or obsolete) possessive particle.


刣

Often considered a substrate word. Compare (Deng, 1994, Schuessler, 2007):
* Proto-Hmong-Mien *təjH (“to kill”) ~ Proto-Hmong-Mien *dəjH (“to die”)
** White Hmong tua (“to kill”)
** White Hmong tuag (“to die”)
* Proto-Austronesian *pa-aCay (“to kill”) ~ Proto-Austronesian *ma-aCay (“to die”)
** Amis patay (“to die; death”)
** Cebuano patay (“dead; to kill”)
** Tagalog patay (“dead; corpse; carcass”); matay (“dying”); katay (“a slaughtering; a killing”); bitay (“hanging (means of execution)”)
* Proto-Tai *p.taːjᴬ (“to die”)
** Thai ตาย (dtaai, “to die”)
Norman (1979) suggests that this derives from 治 (MC dri, “to regulate; to clean (fish)”) instead. This usage is still used in some Mandarin dialects (usually meaning “to clean (fish)”) and Hakka chhṳ̀ (“to slaughter (livestock)”), often written as 㓾.
Alternatively, some have suggested that 夷 (MC yij, “to be level; to pacify; to kill”) is the original character.

ltc-l

𠛀
殺
刏
宰
𠷂
夷
治
汰

刣死

巴克禮譯本 (Barclay Amoy Romanized Bible), 創世記 (Genesis) 4:23

人傷我，我刣伊

人伤我，我刣伊

(Fuzhou Eastern Min, Southern Min, Puxian Min) to kill (a person)

刣西瓜


到

遘
告
至
甲
屆
各
格
𢓜
佫
徦
假
臵

(Eastern Min) used as a verbal complement to indicate the (successful) completion of an action


務

(Eastern Min) alternative form of 有 (“to have”)


勢

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hŋjeds): phonetic 埶 (OC *ŋeds) + semantic 力 (“power”).
Nominalisation of 設 (OC *ŋ̊et, “to set up”), i.e. “that which is set up” (Schuessler, 2007; Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Compare the following quote from Han Feizi

Han compound

The setup (*ŋ̊et-s) of which I am speaking refers to what is set up (*ŋ̊et) by men.

Wú suǒ wéi yán shì zhě, yán rén zhī suǒ shè yě.

吾所為言勢者，言人之所設也。

吾所为言势者，言人之所设也。

(Eastern Min, Southern Min) Suffix for locality noun.


呆

; Etymology 1
; Etymology 2
; Etymology 3


告

Cognate with Thai กล่าว (glàao, “to say; to declare”) (Schuessler, 2007).


哊

(literary or Northern Min, Eastern Min) to vomit


唚

吣
吣
吢
斟
啿
親
吻
鐘
烝

(Hakka, Eastern Min, Southern Min) to kiss


嗄

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sqʰraːs, *qraːds): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 夏 (OC *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs).


噲

(Eastern Min) alternative form of 回 (“that; then”)


嚗

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *proːwɢ): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 暴 (OC *boːwɢs, *boːɡ). However, the phonetic component means "violence; sudden", hence it could add part of the meaning.

Han compound

(Eastern Min) to abuse verbally with obscenities


嚽

For pronunciation and definitions of 嚽 – see 啜 (“to taste; to eat; to drink; to sip; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 啜).


回

Pictogram (象形): rotation (originally a spiral).
; "Hui"

alt. forms: 迴 /回 (huí)

往回走

回過身來

回过身来

turned around (one's head) and had a look

回頭看了一眼

回头看了一眼

Sometimes children in the neighbourhood, hearing laughter, came to join in the fun, and surrounded Kung I-chi.

Yǒu jǐ huí, línshè háizi tīng de xiàoshēng, yě gǎn rènào, wéi zhù le Kǒng Yǐjǐ.

有幾回，鄰舍孩子聽得笑聲，也趕熱鬧，圍住了孔乙己。

有几回，邻舍孩子听得笑声，也赶热闹，围住了孔乙己。

alt. forms: 迴 /回 (huí)

Classifier for number of occurrences of events: times

1955–56 / 1976, 金庸, chapter 1, in 書劍恩仇錄, 明河社, page 26:

Zhǐ jiàn shù shí pǐ luòtuó jiā zhe èr sān shí pǐ mǎ, chéng zhě dōu shì Huí rén, gāo bí shēn mù, mǎn liǎn nóng xū, tóu chán bái bù, yāo xuán wān dāo.

只見數十匹駱駝夾著二三十匹馬，乘者都是囘人，高鼻深目，滿臉濃鬚，頭纒白布，腰懸彎刀。

只见数十匹骆驼夹着二三十匹马，乘者都是回人，高鼻深目，满脸浓须，头缠白布，腰悬弯刀。

1999, 瓊瑤, 還珠格格第二部, episode 5, spoken by 香妃 (刘丹):

我是回人，[…]

(dated in Mainland China) Muslim; anything related to Islam

回良玉


塊

Jerry Norman reconstructs Common Min *tɔi⁵ based on the coastal Min forms; it is unclear how the Northern Min forms relate to the Coastal Min forms. Possibly from 段 (OC *doːns, “section; segment”); compare 短 (OC *toːnʔ, “short”) > Xiamen Hokkien té (Coblin, n.d.).

块
凷
墤
㙕
𠚛
𡒽
圦
𡉇
块
块

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

(Eastern Min, Hokkien) piece; chunk; lump; part

(Northern Min, Eastern Min, Hokkien, Leizhou Min) Classifier for piece of something (food, cloth, stone): piece; chunk; slab

(Northern Min, Eastern Min, colloquial) Classifier for money: yuan; dollar; buck

底塊／底块 [Eastern Min] ― diē-dó̤i / [tie³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɔy²¹³] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA] ― where

鎮塊／镇块 [Hokkien] ― tìn-tè [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to take up space

(Eastern Min, Hokkien) Classifier for places.


塕

(Eastern Min, Southern Min, of dust, sand, etc.) to rise and permeate; to fill the air or get onto something (e.g. the eyes, furniture, etc.)


墘

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 土 (“soil; earth”) + phonetic 乾.
From 舷 (OC *ɡeːn) (Chen and Li, 1991).

Han compound

小溪墘

(Southern Min, Eastern Min) edge of a utensil; hem


墿

(Northern Min, Eastern Min, Central Min, Puxian Min) road


奇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kral, *ɡral): semantic 大 (“big; great”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ).

Han compound

蜀奇箸 [Eastern Min] ― siŏh-kiă dê̤ṳ / [suoʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ )ia⁵⁵ tøy²⁴²] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA] ― a single chopstick

2000 October 23, 黃余秋雁, “大甲媽割香”, in 胡萬川, editor, 《桃園市閩南語故事（三）》, Taoyuan: 桃縣文化局, published 2007, →ISBN, page 86:

Ū--lah, lâng i oân-á ū bé chi̍t ê kì-liām-phín sàng goán phŏ͘-phŏ͘--lah, chi̍t kha chhiú-chí ā--saⁿ-è hō͘ i kì-liām, kóng he tap-siā--i an-nē.

有啦，人伊原仔有買一个紀念品送阮婆婆啦，一奇手指抑啥貨予伊紀念，講彼答謝伊安呢。

有啦，人伊原仔有买一个纪念品送阮婆婆啦，一奇手指抑啥货予伊纪念，讲彼答谢伊安呢。

(Eastern Min, Southern Min) Classifier for a single object of a pair or a large collection, also used for certain objects that do not necessarily form a pair or collection.


娑

(Eastern Min) cooling sensation (caused by e.g. mint)

Being stung by caterpillars can be very painful.

乞刺麻带咬𡅏會做娑娑著

乞刺麻带咬𡅏会做娑娑著

(Eastern Min) of a sharp painful sensation


嫩

Corrupted form of 㜛.
Unclear. Possibly as variant of 耎 (OC) ~ 輭 (OC *nonʔ); alternatively, related to Burmese နုန့် (nun., “weak, exhausted from illness”), yet this meaning barely overlaps with "soft to touch" (Schuessler, 2007).


工

Pictogram (象形) – a bladed tool to plow the ground (maybe harrow) and to mark a border. As an alternative, a carpenter's square; according to the second interpretation, the character is related to the original meaning of 巨.
Unrelated to 巠 > 𢀖 and 壬.
An area word; compare Burmese ခိုင်း (hkuing:, “to order or ask someone to do something”), Old Mon kloñ (kloɲ, “to work”), Old Mon klon (klon, “to have charge of cultivation”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Etymologically the same word as 功 (OC *koːŋ, “merit; achievement”) and 攻 (OC *koːŋ, *kuːŋ, “to attack”). The senses evolved in the following manner: 工 (“work, artisan”) > 功 (“merit; achievement”); 工 (“to work”) > 攻 (“to attack”) (ibid.).

(Northern Min, Eastern Min, Southern Min) working day; daytime; a day (24 hours)


左

Originally written 𠂇 and 䶹 in the oracle bone script: Pictogram (象形) – a left hand. Compare 又 (“right hand”).
Late bronze inscription forms show an added 工 (“work; to assist?”) component, making the current form a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): phonetic 𠂇 (“left hand”) + semantic 工 (“work”), representing the original form of 佐 (OC *ʔsaːls, “to assist”).
Cognate with 佐 (OC *ʔsaːls, “to assist”) (< be on one's left side); mirror of the semantic relationship between 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, “right”) and 佑 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “to assist”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Unrelated to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *b(w)aj (“left (hand)”) (STEDT).
; “(politics) left-wing”


師

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (師):
* → Japanese: 師(し) (shi)
* → Korean: 사(師) (sa)
* → Vietnamese: sư (師)

→ Vietnamese: thầy

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 𠂤 (“mound, hill”) + 帀 – ancient troops were usually stationed at a hill.
Each of the two components can be used as 師 on their own in preclassical scripts. The significance of 帀 is debated. See also 官 and 追.
Starostin derives this word from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *rij (“many”), cognate with 皆 (OC *kriːj, “all”), 偕 (OC *kriːj, “together with”), as well as Tibetan ཁྲི (khri, “ten thousand”) and Burmese ရဲ (rai:, “police”).

Han compound

师
𠦵
𠵀
𢂖
𢃋
𨸲
𨸴
𩇱

(Eastern Min) to be an expert in; adept at; capable

(Eastern Min) Respectful term of address for an expert in a trade or profession.


幼

Characters in the same phonetic series (幼) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 幺 (“tiny”) + 力 (“strength”). 幺 (OC *qiːw) may also act as a phonetic component.

Han compound

The thinner the misua is pulled, the better.

só̤h-miêng bĕk muōng-éu muōng-hō̤. / [soʔ²⁴⁻⁵³ miɛŋ²⁴² pɛiʔ⁵ muoŋ³³⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋiɛu²¹³ muoŋ³³⁻³⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋo³³]

索麵拔罔幼罔好。

索面拔罔幼罔好。

(Cantonese, Southern Min, Eastern Min) thin; fine (not coarse)

(Southern Min, Eastern Min, of food) tender; soft


廮

(literary or Eastern Min) to place; to set; to put


彈

Characters in the same phonetic series (單) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *daːn, *daːns): semantic 弓 + phonetic 單 (OC *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans).
; "to shoot pellets at; to play (a stringed instrument)"
: Pronunciation 2 ("bow for shooting pellets" > "pellet") is a general derivation of pronunciation 1 "to shoot pellets at".

Han compound

look at oneself in the mirror
look at oneself in the mirror

(Eastern Min) to look at oneself in the mirror


徛

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *krals, *ɡralʔ): semantic 彳 (“to walk with small steps”) + phonetic 奇 (OC *kral, *ɡral).

Han compound

企
倚
跂
隑
戤
坚
立
笠

樹頭徛予在，毋驚樹尾做風颱 / 树头徛予在，毋惊树尾做风台

chhiū-thâu khiā hō͘ chāi, m̄ kiaⁿ chhiū-bóe chò-hong-thai

(Cantonese, Eastern Min, Northern Min) steep


復

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *buɡs, *buɡ): semantic 彳 (“walk”) + phonetic 复 (OC *buɡ, “repeat”).
Walk back and forth.
Compare Proto-Tibeto-Burman *m-p(j)up, whence Tibetan འབུབ་པ ('bub pa, “turned over or upside down”), Proto-Lolo-Burmese *pup (“to turn over; to search for”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007).
Within Chinese, cognate with 複 (OC *puɡ, “lined (garment); double”), 覆 (OC *pʰuɡs, “to cover”), 覆 (OC *pʰuɡ, “to turn over”) (Schuessler, 2007).

cog

復發

复发

死灰復燃

死灰复燃

2002, 李榮 (Li Rong), chief editor, 《現代漢語方言大詞典》 [Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects], Nanjing: Jiangsu Education Publishing House, →ISBN, page 890

huô dâung siŏh cák bô dâung siŏh cák / [huɔ²⁴² tɑuŋ²⁴² suoʔ⁵ t͡sɑʔ²⁴ pou²⁴² tɑuŋ²⁴² suoʔ⁵ t͡sɑʔ²⁴]

雨逿一匝復逿一匝

雨𰺲一匝复𰺲一匝

421, Tao Yuanming, 桃花源 (táohuāyuán) (The Peach Blossom Spring)

Chū jí xiá, cái tōng rén. Fù xíng shù shí bù, huòrán kāilǎng.

初極狹，才通人。復行數十步，豁然開朗。

初极狭，才通人。复行数十步，豁然开朗。

Fǎnyǐng rù shēnlín, fù zhào qīngtái shàng.

返景入深林，復照青苔上。

返景入深林，复照青苔上。


恰

t͡sʰouŋ⁵³ pa³³ kʰaʔ²⁴⁻²¹ ɛiŋ⁵³

Have nothing else to do. / Don't you have nothing else to do? / Mind your own concerns/business.

Chòng bā kák-èng. / [t͡sʰouŋ⁵³ pa³³ kʰaʔ²⁴⁻²¹ ɛiŋ⁵³]

噇飽恰閒。

t͡sʰouŋ⁵³ pa³³ kʰaʔ²⁴⁻²¹ ɛiŋ⁵³

噇饱恰闲。


扶

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pa, *ba): semantic 扌 + phonetic 夫 (OC *pa, *ba).
Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *p(l)a-n ~ *p(w)a-n (“palm, sole”), whence also 蹯 (OC *ban, “paw”), Burmese ဝါး (wa:, “handsbreath; palm of hand”) (STEDT).

cog

kʰøyʔ²⁴ pʰuo⁵³ kiʔ⁵⁻²¹ kaiʔ²⁴ kʰɔ²¹³

ké̤ṳk può gĭk-gáik kó̤ / [kʰøyʔ²⁴ pʰuo⁵³ kiʔ⁵⁻²¹ kaiʔ²⁴ kʰɔ²¹³]

乞扶及格去


批

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰiː): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 比 (OC *piʔ, *pis, *bi, *bis, *biɡ).
; “to pare”
; “pie”
; “pipe”
; “vulva; cunt”

Han compound

1991, “故鄉一封信”, 詹雅雯 (lyrics), 潁川 (music), performed by 詹雅雯:

With paper and a pen in my hand, I hurried to write a letter, comforting Mom, saying that everything is alright away from home.

chhiú the̍h chóa-pit kóaⁿ-kín beh siá chi̍t tiuⁿ phe, an-ùi má-mah kóng gún chāi-gōa it-chhè bô būn-tê

手提紙筆趕緊要寫一張批 安慰媽媽講阮在外一切沒問題

手提纸笔赶紧要写一张批 安慰妈妈讲阮在外一切没问题

(Eastern Min, Hokkien, Puxian Min) letter (written or printed communication) (Classifier: 張／张 mn; 封 mn)


抑

Pictogram (象形): A hand suppressing a kneeling person. For contrast, see 印 (yìn).


拄

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *toʔ): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 主 (OC *tjoʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *duːŋ (“post; column”). Cognate with 柱 (OC *toʔ, *doʔ, “post; column”); see there for more.

inh

(literary or Hokkien, Eastern Min) to ridicule; to retort; to talk back

(archaic or Eastern Min) to prod; to poke


挨

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qlɯːʔ, *qrɯː, *qrɯːʔ): semantic 扌 + phonetic 矣 (OC *ɢlɯʔ).


挸

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

挸身


捌

Min dialectal word for "to know".
Austroasiatic substrate influence (Norman and Mei, 1976); may be related to 別 (“to split; to differentiate”). Cognate with Vietnamese biết (“to know”), Muong mắt (“to know”), Proto-Bahnaric *băt (“to remember, to know”), Proto-Hmong-Mien *pei (“to know”) (White Hmong paub (“to know, to understand”)).
Many variant written forms exist, but 捌 is recommended in the Taiwanese Hokkien Recommended Characters lists (《臺灣閩南語推薦用字》) published by Taiwan's Ministry of Education.

cog

別
八
仈
白
𧧸
識
曾

捌曾

捌做過

捌做过

我昔不識來此處 Uá tsá m̄-pat lâi--chié

1886, Lim Hiong Seng, Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular, Singapore: Koh Yew Hean Press, page 44:

(Eastern Min, Hokkien, Teochew) already; previously


捎

(Eastern Min, Hokkien) to take; to grab; to seize; to grope; to snatch

(Eastern Min) to dredge or scoop out of water indiscriminately

(Eastern Min, of words) harsh, unforgiving


捵

(Northern Min, Eastern Min or literary) to push


掏

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l̥ʰuː, *l'uː): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 匋 (OC *bl'uː).


插

Compare perhaps Burmese စွပ် (cwap, “to put on socks”) (Luce, 1981).

(Eastern Min, Hokkien, Singapore Teochew) to take notice of; to pay attention to; to heed


揢

(Eastern Min) Particle introducing the object of the verb


揣

𢭍
𢰚
㪜
找
𢶀
綽
覓
覔
尋
垂
慱
𬣍
挆
挅

我次次來到覔爾不在 Uá tsūa-tsūa lâi-kàu tshūe lṳ́ m̄-tõ

1886, Lim Hiong Seng, Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular, Singapore: Koh Yew Hean Press, page 36:

(Southern Min, Puxian Min, dialectal Eastern Min) to look for; to seek


搦

攊
拿
搙
六
𫼚
𤔨
𢾲
掠
搙
揑
搮

(Eastern Min, Puxian Min) to seize; to catch


摜

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kroːns): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 貫 (OC *koːn, *koːns)

Han compound

to pick up the basket and go buy groceries

làng-làng guâng-kó̤ mā̤-chái / [l̃aŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡaŋ⁵³ kuaŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ^((kʰ-))ŋɔ²¹³ mɛ³³⁻⁵⁵ ^((t͡sʰ-))ʒɑi²¹³]

籃籃摜去買菜

篮篮掼去买菜


摣

(archaic or Eastern Min) to grasp with the fingers


摳

摳埋

抠埋

(uncooked) rice of different types mixed together

摳米

抠米


撈

→ Zhuang: lauz

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *raːw, *reːw): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 勞 (OC *raːw, *raːws).

Han compound

捞
𠔠
捞
捞
攎
捞
捞
葫
⿰布瓜

(Eastern Min) to blanch; to scald; to cook briefly in boiling water


暅

* Eastern Min (BUC): òng
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: òng
*** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /ouŋ⁵³/

zh-pron

(Eastern Min) measure word for spells of precipitation and wind; also for a burst of smell


杖

→ Mongolian: зан (zan), ᠵᠠᠩ (ǰang)

→ Manchu: ᠵᠠᠩ (jang)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *daŋʔ): semantic 木 + phonetic 丈 (OC *daŋʔ).
Thought to be the same word as 丈 (OC *daŋʔ) "gentleman, older man, husband", i.e. "someone who walks with, or leans on, a staff"; though unlikely.
According to Schuessler (2007), this is an areal word. Compare Mizo tiang (“staff, stick, crutch”), Old Khmer toŋ (“shaft, stock, shank”), -toṅa (“stock, stem, stick”), and Khmer ដង (dɑɑng, “pole, shaft, handle, yoke, body, trunk”). Benedict (1976) also compares this to Proto-Tai *de:ŋ ~ *tʰe:ŋ (“stick, bar”), Malay tiang (“pillar, post, pole”), Fijian ndia (“stick, handle”), and to reconstructed Proto-Austro-Tai *(n)ti(j)aŋ.
A derivative, attested in Zuozhuan as 杖 (zhàng), is the verb 仗 (OC *daŋs) "to lean on", with suffix *-s → *-h → 去聲／去声 (qùshēng).

zh-l

去聲／去声 (qùshēng)

(Eastern Min) Classifier for segments of sugarcane.


杜

Possibly be a Kra-Dai substrate word; compare Zhuang duz (classifier for animals), which is a prefix found in the vocabulary for many animals like duzgip (“centipede”), duzgyau (“spider”) and duzlingz (“monkey”) (Zhao, 1991; Tu, 2018).

(Eastern Min, Southern Min) Prefix found in the names of certain animals.


杯

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (杯):
* → Japanese: 杯(はい) (hai)

→ Zhuang: boi

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *plɯː): semantic 木 + phonetic 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ'). According to a variant, the phonetic component is 否, which also had the ancient meaning of "to block", perhaps referred to liquids in a glass.
Sino-Tibetan; compare Tibetan ཕོར་པ (phor pa, “bowl; cup”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

(Cantonese, Eastern Min, Southern Min) moon blocks (divination device)


枹

(Eastern Min, Quanzhou Hokkien, Longyan Min, Datian Min) pomelo


桎

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tjiɡ): semantic 木 + phonetic 至 (OC *tjiɡs).
Compare perhaps Burmese ထိတ် (htit, “shackles”) (Schuessler, 2007).


椏

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qaːʔ, *qraː): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 亞 (OC *qraːɡs).


楞

(Eastern Min) segment of a fruit, seed, or other round plant organ

(Eastern Min) Classifier for fruit or seed segments, flower petals, or portions of other round plant organs.

(Eastern Min) Classifier for slices of a round object such as cake or melon.


楻

Nobody is managing this large family business.

Cī duâi gă-ngiĕk mò̤-nè̤ng kuòng. / [t͡si³³ tuɑi²⁴² ka⁵⁵ ŋieʔ⁵ mo⁵³⁻³³ nˡøyŋ⁵³ kʰuoŋ⁵³]

只大家業無儂楻。

只大家业无侬楻。


欲

For pronunciation and definitions of 欲 – see 慾 (“desire; lust”).
(This character is the simplified and variant traditional form of 慾).
 Notes:
Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.
Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
From the grammaticalization of 發 (OC *pad, “to send out; to go forth; to proceed”) (Tu, 2017).

och-l

𡟔
俗
覓
卜
發
勃
剝
憋

春天後母面，欲變一時間 / 春天后母面，欲变一时间

chhun-thiⁿ āu-bú bīn, beh piàn chi̍t sî-kan

Do you want to go to the library with me?

你欲佮我去圖書館無？

你欲佮我去图书馆无？

(Can we date this quote?), “琼海溜”, 卢海清 (lyrics), performed by 金岛乐团:

魯憋去哪溜

鲁憋去哪溜

(Eastern Min, Hokkien, Hainanese, Puxian Min) to want (to do)

It's about to rain! Let's go out to bring in the laundry.

Beh lo̍h-hō͘--ah, lán tio̍h chhut-khì siu-saⁿ.

欲落雨矣，咱著出去收衫。

欲落雨矣，咱着出去收衫。

The sky is dark; it seems like it will rain.

天烏烏，欲落雨。

天乌乌，欲落雨。

(Eastern Min, Hokkien, Puxian Min) about to


欲

𡟔
俗
覓
卜
發
勃
剝
憋

(Eastern Min, Southern Min) alternative form of 愛 /爱

alternative form of 愛 /爱
to want (an object)

(Eastern Min, Hokkien, Teochew) to want (to do); to wish

alternative form of 愛 /爱
to want (to do); to wish

alternative form of 愛 /爱
to need to; must

(Eastern Min, Hokkien) to be prone; to be easy to

alternative form of 愛 /爱
to be prone; to be easy to


歠

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tʰjod): phonetic 叕 (OC *tod) + abbreviated semantic 㱃 (“to drink”).

Han compound

(literary or Eastern Min) to drink, to sip, to suck


殂

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zaː): semantic 歹 + phonetic 且 (OC *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa)

Han compound

(Eastern Min, generally of animals) to die suddenly, to drop dead


氈

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tjan): phonetic 亶 (OC *taːnʔ) + semantic 毛 (“hair, fur”).
In some fonts, the lower left is 且 (instead of 旦).

Han compound

2020, “愛斯基摩人之吻 [Eskimo Kiss]”, performed by 馮允謙 [Jay Fung]:

A person and a blanket, how can one hug?

jat¹ go³ jan⁴ jat¹ zoeng¹ zin¹ zam² soeng¹ jung²

一個人一張氈怎相擁

一个人一张毡怎相拥

(Cantonese, Pinghua, Eastern Min, Teochew) blanket; rug; carpet (Classifier: 張／张 c)


沬

(Eastern Min, Southern Min) to lose oneself in, to become engrossed in, to become addicted to


泔

(Eastern Min, Hokkien) alternative form of 飲 /饮 (“rice water”)


洘

(Hokkien, Datian Min, Leizhou Min, Puxian Min, Eastern Min) thick; viscous


洽

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡruːb): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb).
Causative of 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb, “to be together”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Alternatively, it may be related to Tibetan འགྲུབ ('grub, “to be accomplished”) (Schuessler, 2007).

cog

i⁵⁵ kaʔ⁵ t͡sʰuɔ²¹³

伊敆厝。

piŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ kuaŋ³³ kaʔ⁵ tie³³⁻³⁵ nˡœ³³

Bĭng-*guāng găk diē-nē̤? / [piŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ kuaŋ³³ kaʔ⁵ tie³³⁻³⁵ nˡœ³³]

賓館敆底所？

piŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ kuaŋ³³ kaʔ⁵ tie³³⁻³⁵ nˡœ³³

宾馆敆底所？


浮

→ Proto-Tai: *wuːᴬ (“to float”)

Thai: ฟู (fuu, “to float, to swell”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bu): semantic 水 (“river”) + phonetic 孚 (OC *pʰuw).
Related to 漂 (OC *pʰew, *pʰews, “to float, drift”); see there for more.
Zhang, Jacques, & Lai (2019) propose additional cognacy to Situ ʑbrū (“boat”) Japhug ʑmbrɯ (“(idem)”), assuming that those are nominalized from a verb *mbru ("to float").

Han compound

(Eastern Min, Hokkien, Taiwanese Hakka) to deep-fry


清

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

→ English: Ching, Cing, Qing

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰleŋ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(t)s(j)aŋ (“clear; pure; clean”); cognate with Tibetan གཙང (gtsang, “clean; pure”), Mizo thiang (“to be clear; to be clean; to be pure”), Southern Qiang ɕó, Drung cangma (“clean”), Burmese စင် (cang, “clean, pure”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).
Within Chinese, cognate with 淨 (OC *zeŋs, “clean”), 醒 (OC *seːŋ, *seːŋʔ, *seːŋs, “to wake up; to become sober”), and allofamic with 星 (OC *sleːŋ, “star”), 晴 (OC *zleŋ, “(of weather) clear; fine”); possibly also related to 靜 (OC *zleŋʔ, “quiet”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Perhaps an areal word; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *caŋ (“to glitter”) (Schuessler, 2007).

och-l

(dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Cantonese, Gan, Xiang, Eastern Min, of liquids) dilute, thin


溪

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰeː): semantic 氵 + phonetic 奚 (OC *ɡeː).
Compare Proto-Hmong-Mien *gle, whence Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao tl̥e (“river”) (Schuessler, 2007). Also compare Tibetan རྐ (rka, “gutter; channel”) (Sagart, 2020b).

cog

(Eastern Min) unsophisticated; gauche; stupid


潺

(Matsu Eastern Min) spring water, water from the ground or from cracks in rocks


澈

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ded): semantic 水 (“water”) + abbreviated phonetic 徹 (OC *tʰed)

Han compound

(Eastern Min, Leizhou Min, Hainanese, Hokkien) clean


澹

Possibly from Austroasiatic; compare Vietnamese đầm (“swamp; to be soaking; be sopping wet”) (Norman and Mei, 1976). Also compare Proto-Tai *domᴬ (“wet”), whence Zhuang dumz (“wet; soaked”) (Yue-Hashimoto, 1976).

cog

贍
霑
淫
㴷
淡
𣸄
濕

(dialectal Eastern Min, Southern Min, Puxian Min) wet


濫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·raːms, *ɡraːmʔ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms).


焷

(Eastern Min) to add some water or liquid to a hot pan while cooking


煀

(Eastern Min) to mix wet starch with the original broth of a cooked dish until viscous and poured into the dish


煠

煠菜 [Cantonese] ― saap⁶ coi³ [Jyutping] ― to blanch vegetables

Be patient when having hot pot. You must keep the food in the boiling water a little longer before eating.

daa² bin¹ lou⁴ m⁴ hou² sam¹ gap¹, di¹ sung³ jiu³ saap⁶ noi⁶ di¹ sin¹ hou² sik⁶.

打邊爐唔好心急，啲餸要煠耐啲先好食。

打边炉唔好心急，啲𩠌要煠耐啲先好食。

(dialectal, including Cantonese, Hakka, Eastern Min, Southern Min, Wu, Xiang, cooking) to boil; to blanch (cook by immersing in boiling water)


熻

hék huăng-sṳ̀ / [hɛiʔ²⁴ huaŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾ny⁵³]

熻番薯

(Eastern Min) to cook in a covered vessel, to stew

(Eastern Min, of weather) sweltering, hot and humid

(Eastern Min, of personality) withdrawn, oppressive


爿

Pictogram (象形) – a bed. The original form of 牀 (OC *zraŋ). In the character 臧, it appears as a contracted form.

東爿

东爿

這爿

这爿

後爿

后爿

(Southern Min, Eastern Min, Puxian Min, Wu) side

(Hokkien, Eastern Min, Puxian Min, linguistics) radical


牧

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 牛 (“cow”) + 攴 (“a whip”) – to herd.
Cognate with Tibetan འབྲོག་པ། ('brog pa, “herdsman; nomad; shepherd”) (Schuessler, 2007).


牽

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰiːn, *kʰiːns): phonetic 玄 (OC *ɡʷeːn) + semantic 牛 (“cow, ox”) — leading an ox by hand.


狂

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (狂):
* → Vietnamese: cuồng (狂)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋs): semantic 犭 (“dog”) + phonetic 㞷 (huáng). The latter is the ancient form of 往 (OC *ɢʷaŋ, “to go”).


猛

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (猛):
* → Japanese: 猛(もう) (mō)

→ Vietnamese: mạnh (猛, “powerful”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mraːŋʔ): semantic 犬 + phonetic 孟 (OC *mraːŋs).

Han compound

(Eastern Min, Teochew, Hainanese, Zhangzhou and Penang Hokkien, dialectal Hakka) fast; quick


疼

Unclear. Possibly from 聽 (OC *l̥ʰeːŋs, “to allow > to love”) (Li and Chen, 1991).

(Eastern, Southern and Puxian Min) painful; aching; sore

2014, “主祢的疼 [Lord, It's Your Love]”, 王迪森 [Dickson Wang] (lyrics), performed by 讚美之泉 [Stream of Praise]:

Lord, You never give me up, never look away [official translation]
Lord, You love me as a treasure, never give me up [literal translation]

Chú Lí thiàⁿ góa chòe pó-pòe, m̄-bat pàng-sak góa

主祢疼我作寶貝，不曾放棄我

主祢疼我作宝贝，不曾放弃我

(Eastern, Southern and Puxian Min) to love; to cherish


痞

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *prɯʔ, *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ): semantic 疒 + phonetic 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ).
"Protuberance"? > "enlargement of an abdominal organ; pain due to splenomegaly" > "[dialectal] abdominal tumour".

Han compound

(Eastern Min, Southern Min) scab; healed wound


瘥

/t͡sʰaːi̯³³/

/t͡sʰaːi̯³³/

(literary or Eastern Min) to recover from an illness


瘲

(Eastern Min, of limb) to twist (resulting in pain)


癮

(Eastern Min, Southern Min) addiction; craving

(Eastern Min, Southern Min) to like (doing something)

(Eastern Min, Southern Min) to crave; to be addicted to


盻

Why did he glare at [his] little sister?

ĭ ká̤-sié hā̤ nâung-nâung-muói / [i⁵⁵ kʰɛ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾liɛ²¹³ hɛ³³ nˡouŋ²⁴²⁻²¹ nˡouŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ mui²¹³]

伊傒勢盻嫩嫩妹？

伊傒势盻嫩嫩妹？

(literary or Eastern Min) angrily stare at, glare at


矺

The Cantonese, Hakka and Gan forms are possibly cognate with Min Nan 硩 (teh, “to press down on”), Eastern Min 矺 (dáh, “to press down on”) (Li, 2002).

(Cantonese, Hakka, Gan, Eastern Min) to press down on


硋

(Eastern Min) porcelain; china; chinaware


秮

(Eastern Min, in general) millet (including the foxtail millet, proso millet, etc.)

Setaria italica
Setaria italica#Translingual

(Eastern Min, Teochew) hulled grain of foxtail millet (Setaria italica)


穄

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsleds): semantic 禾 + phonetic 祭 (OC *ʔsreːds, *ʔsleds).
Compare perhaps Burmese ဆပ် (hcap, “millet”) (Schuessler, 2007).


簫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sɯːw): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 肅 (OC *sɯwɢ).

Han compound

(Cantonese, Northern Min, Eastern Min) transverse flute


粒

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rɯb): semantic 米 (“rice”) + phonetic 立 (OC *rɯb).

Han compound

一粒西瓜

2018, “疼憨人”, 徐偉銘 (lyrics), performed by 許富凱 and 蔡佳麟:

The mountain in my hometown stands there forever, for who knows how many years.

kò͘-hiong hit lia̍p soaⁿ, éng-oán khiā tī hia, m̄ chai kúi tang

故鄉彼粒山 永遠徛佇遐 毋知幾冬

故乡彼粒山 永远徛伫遐 毋知几冬

(Hokkien, Eastern Min, Taiwanese, Singapore and Malaysian Mandarin) Classifier for any round, solid objects.


粕

(Northern Min, Eastern Min, Southern Min) dregs; residue; dross


糜

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mral): phonetic 麻 (OC *mraːl) + semantic 米 (“rice”).

Han compound

(literary or Hakka, Southern Min, dialectal Eastern Min, Shehua) congee

(Fuzhou Eastern Min) thick congee (with less water than 粥)


絆

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *paːns): semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 半 (OC *paːns).

Han compound

t͡sia³³ nˡøyŋ⁵³ ia³³ puɑŋ²¹³

ciā nè̤ng iā buáng / [t͡sia³³ nˡøyŋ⁵³ ia³³ puɑŋ²¹³]

者儂野絆

t͡sia³³ nˡøyŋ⁵³ ia³³ puɑŋ²¹³

者侬野绊


綻

(Eastern Min) alternative form of 賺 /赚 (“incorrect”)


纇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ruːls): semantic 糸 + phonetic 頪 (OC *roːds).


罔

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mlaŋʔ): semantic 网 (“net”) + phonetic 亡 (OC *maŋ).
;“not have; not”

Han compound

冈
𠔿
𡦽
𡧏
㒺
𠕏
𦉸
𦉽

The harder he blew, the tighter that walking man wrapped his coat around himself.

ĭ muōng chuŏi-â̤-*lê-hâi, cī-ciéh lā̤ giàng-*duô-gì-nè̤ng cêu ciŏng hī-giông-*duâi-ĭ muōng-*bău muōng-*gīng-kó̤. / [i⁵⁵ muoŋ³³ t͡sʰui⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ɛ²⁴²⁽⁻²¹⁾ l̃i²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ɑi²⁴² t͡si³³⁻⁵⁵ ^((t͡s-))ʒiɛʔ²⁴ l̃ɛ³³ kiaŋ⁵³⁻²¹ tuo²⁴²⁽⁻²¹⁾ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾i⁵³⁻³³ nˡøyŋ⁵³ t͡siɛu²⁴² t͡suoŋ⁵⁵ hi³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾yoŋ²⁴²⁽⁻²¹⁾ tuai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ i⁵⁵ muoŋ³³⁻²¹ pau⁵⁵ muoŋ³³⁻²¹ kiŋ³³⁻⁵⁵ ^((kʰ-))ŋɔ²¹³]

伊罔吹會利害，茲隻𡅏行墿其儂就將許件大衣罔包罔緊去。

伊罔吹会利害，兹只𡅏行𰉣其侬就将许件大衣罔包罔紧去。

(Eastern Min, with verbs and adjectives) the more... the more

(Eastern Min, with verbs) while (usually used as a pair: doing X while doing Y)


罷

(chiefly Eastern Min) alternative form of 爸, used in 郎罷／郎罢 (“father”)


耀

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *lewɢs): semantic 光 (“light; beam; ray”) + phonetic 翟 (OC *r'aːwɢ, *l'eːwɢ).
Probably related to 曜 (OC *lewɢs, “to shine; daylight”); see there for more (STEDT).

Han compound

(Eastern Min) alternative form of 邵 (siêu, “praise, appreciate, brag, admire”)


聖

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hljeŋs): semantic 耳 (“ear”) + phonetic 呈 (OC *rleŋ, *l'eŋs). Compare 聽.
Likely related to 聽 (OC *l̥ʰeːŋ, “to hear; to listen”), 聲 (OC *qʰjeŋ, “sound”) (Boltz, 1994). If derived directly from 聲 (OC *qʰjeŋ, “sound”), it would literally mean “to be renowned; someone who is renowned” (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

圣
圣
垩
𠄵
𦔻
𤦉
𭹖
琞
𤦨
𪣿
𩫽
𥅶
䎴
𦕡
𫆅
𨉑
𨲣
𨲢
𰿓
𤪈
𰿒
𡑺
𨲚
𨲉
𧟿

(Eastern Min, Southern Min, Puxian Min) propitious; efficacious; favouring; (of a god) able to protect


肚

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔl'aːʔ, *l'aːʔ): semantic ⺼ + phonetic 土 (OC *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l'aːʔ).
A post-classical word. Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l-tjwa (“mouth; beak; food; stomach”), whence Tibetan ལྟོ་བ (lto ba, “stomach; belly”) (STEDT). Compare also Proto-Tai *dwuːŋꟲ (“belly”) (whence Thai ท้อง (tɔ́ɔng)) and Proto-Kam-Sui *luŋ² (“stomach”), as Middle Chinese shangsheng corresponds to foreign -ŋ in some words (Schuessler, 2007).
Some dialects have different pronunciations for the two senses, "abdomen; belly (of a human)" and "stomach (of an animal)", derived from two different readings in Middle Chinese that differed in the voicing of the initial consonant.
* In Mandarin, the pronunciation for the former sense derives from the 徒古切 reading in Middle Chinese (i.e. the reading with voiced initial /d/) and the pronunciation for the latter sense derives from the 當古切 (i.e. the reading with voiceless initial /t/) reading.
* In Min Nan, the pronunciation for the former sense derives from the 當古切 reading and the pronunciation for latter sense derives from the 徒古切 reading.
* Cantonese uses the same pronunciation for both senses, derived from the 徒古切 reading.
* Hakka also uses the same pronunciation for both senses, but it is instead derived from the 當古切 reading.

cog

(Southern Min, Eastern Min) tripe; animal stomach (as food)


臒

(Eastern Min, usually of a child) well-behaved; obedient; nice; untroublesome


舒

phonetic 舍 (OC *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs) + phonetic 予 (OC *la, *laʔ)
Possibly connected to 紓 (OC *hlja, *ɦljaʔ, “to loosen, relax”).

och-l

舒棉被 [Hokkien] ― chhu mî-phōe [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to spread a quilt

(Eastern Min, Puxian Min, Hokkien, Teochew) to spread (a mat, a blanket, etc.)


芡

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡromʔ): semantic 艹 (“grass”) + phonetic 欠 (OC *kʰoms).

Han compound

(Eastern Min) to thicken a soup by means of starch


苦

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (苦):
* → Japanese: 苦(く) (ku)
* → Korean: 고(苦) (go)
* → Vietnamese: khổ (苦)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ) – bitter (as in bitter plants).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kaʔ (“bitter; salty”); compare Tibetan ཁ (kha, “bitter”), Tangut 𗎖 (*khie¹, “bitter”) (STEDT; Jacques, 2014). Within Chinese, cognate with 肝 (OC *kaːn, “liver”).

inh

(obsolete or Eastern Min) to worry about; to be concerned about


莫

Pictogram (象形) – the sun (日) sinking into the bushes (屮); dusk. Original form of 暮 (OC *maːɡs, “dusk”).
The bottom was later distorted into 大.
From 無 (OC *ma, “there is no”) + distributive suffix *-k (Schuessler, 2007). For the same type of derivation, see the relationship of 有 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, “there is”) and 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ, “some”).

𦶛
𦱤
䒬
勿
嘜
麥
賣
甭
⿰勿愛*

莫做聲！

莫做声！

moʔ⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ²¹³⁻⁵³ nˡɛi²⁴²

Don't be too polite. / Make yourself at home.

mŏ̤h-sá̤-nê / [moʔ⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ²¹³⁻⁵³ nˡɛi²⁴²]

莫細膩。

moʔ⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ²¹³⁻⁵³ nˡɛi²⁴²

莫细腻。

你莫腿囉。

你莫腿啰。

Don't be panicked when conflagration happens

發生火災莫驚慌

发生火灾莫惊慌

莫為盜！莫為殺人！

莫为盗！莫为杀人！

In life, fully enjoy yourself when you are delighted; do not allow an empty goblet to face the moon.

Rénshēng déyì xū jìn huān, mò shǐ jīnzūn kōng duì yuè.

人生得意須盡歡，莫使金樽空對月。

人生得意须尽欢，莫使金樽空对月。

(literary or dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Eastern Min, Xiang) do not; don't; must not


菁

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsleŋ): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ)


落

→ Ai-Cham: lau⁵

→ Thai: โละ (ló) (via Teochew loh⁸)

→ Vietnamese: lạc

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·raːɡ): semantic 艹 + phonetic 洛 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/y/t (“to fall”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007):
:within Sinitic, cognate to 露 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs) "dew", 下 (OC *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs, “down, below, to descend, to fall down”) , 陊 (OC *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ) "to collapse" and 阤 (OC *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ) "hillside, slope";
:outsides Sinitic, cognate to Mizo tla ~ tlâk (“to fall”) and thla ~ thlâk (“to drop”), Burmese ကျ (kya., “to fall”) and ချ (hkya., “to drop”).
Schuessler attributes OC *r-, instead of expected **l-, to possible Austroasiatic influence: compare Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, “be low, debased”) < [script needed] (-ra'ka, “to fall, below, cover from above”). However, Matisoff (2003) identifies several ST etyma which display TB *(C‑)l- vs. OC *(C‑)r‑ correspondence (e.g. *l(j)a(k/ŋ) (“good, beautiful”) → 良 (OC *raŋ), *g/m-liŋ (“neck”) → 領 (OC *reŋʔ), etc.) and TB *(C‑)r- vs. OC *(C‑)l‑ (e.g. *g-rjum (“salt”) → 鹽 (OC *ɡ·lam)); so irregularities in correspondence do not necessarily indicate foreign influences.
Contemporary southern usage possibly reinforced by a Kra-Dai term. The term has been associated with Zhuang loengx (“to fall”).
Zhengzhang suggested that Pronunciation 2 was a result of loss of final consonant of the retained Old Chinese Pronunciation 1.

cog

落課／落课

(Cantonese, Eastern Min, Southern Min, dialectal Wu) to finish; to complete (class or work)

(to go to a lower place)
to finish; to complete (class or work)

落鄉／落乡 [Hokkien] ― lo̍h-hiuⁿ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to go to the countryside

(Cantonese, Eastern Min, Mainland China Hokkien) to go to somewhere inferior or subordinate

(Eastern Min) Classifier for residences.


著

→ English: tio

/ʈ͡ʂaʊ̯ɻʷ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂaʊ̯ɻʷ⁵⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *taʔ, *tas, *da, *taɡ, *daɡ): semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ta-t (“to put; to place”). Cognate with Tibetan སྟད (stad, “to put on; to lay on”), སྟ་གོན (sta gon, “preparation; arrangement”), Burmese ထား (hta:, “to put; to place”). See also 署 (OC *djas, “to put, place”) (STEDT).

cog

着
着
𣋐
𣥧
囉
就
着
着

揀啊揀，揀著一個賣龍眼 / 揀啊揀，揀著一个賣龍眼 / 拣啊拣，拣着一个卖龙眼

kéng--ah kéng, kéng-tio̍h chi̍t ê bē lêng-géng

(Northern Min, Eastern Min, Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) it's now ...'s turn


覭

miŋ⁵⁵ kaʔ⁵ t͡sʰuɔ²¹³ l̃ɛ³³

mĭng găk chió lā̤ / [miŋ⁵⁵ kaʔ⁵ t͡sʰuɔ²¹³ l̃ɛ³³]

覭洽厝𡅏

miŋ⁵⁵ kaʔ⁵ t͡sʰuɔ²¹³ l̃ɛ³³

𬢒洽厝𡅏

(Eastern Min) to hide; to conceal oneself; to take cover; to shelter oneself


覷

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): phonetic 虛 + semantic 見 (“see”).

Han compound

(literary or Northern Min, Eastern Min) to look


角

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (角):
* → Japanese: 角(かく) (kaku)
* → Korean: 각(角) (gak)
* → Vietnamese: giác (角)

→ Khmer: កាក់ (kak)
→ English: kak

→ Thai: กั๊ก (gák)

→ Vietnamese: góc

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

Characters in the same phonetic series (角) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – a horn. A conservative version is 𧢲. Similar but unrelated to 甬, 用, and the bottom part of 備.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krəw (“horn; angle; corner”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan རྭ (rwa, “horn”), Garo grong (“horn”), Jingpho nrung (“horn”), Chepang रोङः (roŋʔ, “horn”), 觡 (OC *kraːɡ, “antler”). The Tibeto-Burman *-ŋ final variant is reflected in 觥 (OC *kʷraːŋ, “drinking vessel made from animal horn”) (Schuessler, 2007). Possibly also related to 鹿 (OC *b·roːɡ, “deer”) (Sagart, 1999).
A derivative is 餃 (“stuffed dumpling”), named for its horn-like shape (Norman, 1988).
It is probably unrelated with Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂nós (“horn”) ( < *ḱerh₂- (“horn”)) and Proto-Semitic *ḳarn- (“horn”) despite the phonological and semantic resemblance between the three.

och-l

雞角／鸡角 [Taiwanese Hokkien] ― koe-kak [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― rooster

(Northern Min, Eastern Min, Hokkien) A suffix for masculine animals.


賺

赚
𧸖
赚
赚
𧸖
誕
綻
鄭

(Eastern Min, Southern Min, dialectal Wu) wrong; erroneous


趁

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *nlanʔ, *l̥ʰɯns, *l'ɯn): semantic 走 (“to run”) + phonetic 㐱.

Han compound

趂
𧼇
𮚶
𢌝
跈
𧽃
賺


跇

跇𡅏做 [Eastern Min]

(Eastern Min) to take (an opportunity); to make use of time


載

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔslɯːʔ, *ʔslɯːs, *zlɯːs): semantic 車 (“chariot”) + phonetic 𢦏 (OC *ʔslɯː).


轆

→ Thai: รอก (rɔ̂ɔk, “pulley”)

(to browse through): probably a semantic extension of “wheel”, via the use of a scroll wheel.

轆轆架／辘辘架 [Eastern Min] ― lŭk-lŭk-gá / [l̃uʔ⁵⁻²¹ l̃uʔ⁵⁻²¹ kɑ²¹³] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA] ― swing; swing stand

(Eastern Min) to throw (with force with arm extended); to throw away; to toss; to discard


迎

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋaŋ, *ŋraŋs): semantic 辶 + phonetic 卬 (OC *ŋaːŋ, *ŋaŋʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋra-k/ŋ (“to meet; to encounter”). Cognate with Burmese ငြင်း (ngrang:, “to refuse to obey; to argue”). Within Chinese, it is related to:
* 禦 (OC *ŋaʔ, *ŋas, “to defend”)
* 迕 (OC *ŋaːs, “to meet; to go against”)
* 迓 (OC *ŋraːs, “to receive; to defend”)
* 溯 (OC *sŋaːɡs, “to go upstream”)
* 逆 (OC *ŋraɡ, “to greet; to go against; to resist”)

och-l

(Eastern Min, of food) to become dry (due to exposure to the wind)

(Eastern Min, of hair) to stick up; to become erect


逐

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 辵 (“walking”) + 豕 (“pig”) – "to chase; pursue".

Han compound

逐工

(Eastern Min, Southern Min, Taiwanese Hakka) every


逮

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'ɯːds, *l'ɯːds): semantic 辶 + phonetic 隶 (OC *lɯds).


逿

tʰieŋ⁵⁵ tɑuŋ²⁴² ki⁵³ suoʔ⁵

tiĕng dâung gì siŏh / [tʰieŋ⁵⁵ tɑuŋ²⁴² ki⁵³ suoʔ⁵]

天逿其石

tʰieŋ⁵⁵ tɑuŋ²⁴² ki⁵³ suoʔ⁵

天𰺲其石

to be completely lost, to be given up as lost

dâung mò̤ kó̤>ó̤ / [tɑuŋ²⁴² mo⁵³ ɔ²¹³]

逿無去

dâung mò̤ kó̤>ó̤ / [tɑuŋ²⁴² mo⁵³ ɔ²¹³]

𰺲无去


邁

;“mile; kilometer per hour”
;“carry on the back”
Probably a Kra-Dai substrate. Compare Zhuang maq (“to carry on the back”), Mulao ma⁵ (“to carry on the back”), Maonan ʔma⁵ (“to carry on the back”). Cognate with Cantonese 孭 /𱙷 (me¹, “to carry on the back”).

cog

(Northern Min, Eastern Min) carry on the back


邵

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *djews): phonetic 召 (OC *dews, *djews) + semantic 阝.


配

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 酉 (“alcohol vessel”) + 卩 (“kneeling person”).

(Eastern Min, Wenzhounese) a dish served to accompany rice or other staple food


酸

→? Proto-Hmong-Mien: *suj (“sour”)

/ɬᵘɔn³³⁻³³⁵/

/ɬᵘɔn³³⁻³³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sloːn): semantic 酉 + phonetic 夋 (OC *sʰlun).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *səwr (“sour; be acid”) (STEDT, under *suːr ⪤ *swaːr). Cognate with Mizo thûr (“acid; sour”).


野

(literary or Eastern Min, Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang and Philippine Hokkien, Wu) very; quite


鉎

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sreŋ, *sleːŋ): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs).

Han compound

Harm oneself (just like copper rusting).

Dè̤ng săng cĭng, hâi cê̤ṳ-sĭng. / [tøyŋ⁵³ saŋ⁵⁵ t͡siŋ⁵⁵ hɑi²⁴² t͡sy²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾liŋ⁵⁵]

銅生鉎，害自身。

铜生𰽫，害自身。

(obsolete or Cantonese, dialectal Hakka, Southern Min, Eastern Min) rust


銃

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (銃):
* → Japanese: 銃(じゅう) (jū)
* → Korean: 총(銃) (chong)
* → Vietnamese: súng (銃)

→ Zhuang: cungq (“gun”)

/t͡sʰøyŋ²¹³/

/t͡sʰøyŋ²¹³/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tʰjuŋs): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 充 (OC *l̥ʰjuŋ).

Han compound

(Eastern Min, Southern Min, Puxian Min, Taiwanese Hakka) gun; firearm (Classifier: 支 mn)


鋪

/pʰou̯³³⁻³⁵/

/pʰou̯³³⁻³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰaː, *pʰaːs, *pʰa): semantic 金 (“gold; metal”) + phonetic 甫 (OC *paʔ).

Han compound

(Cantonese, Northern Min, Eastern Min, Southern Min, Nanning Pinghua, Wenzhounese) unit of distance equivalent to 10 li


鎮

desc

→ Lü: ᦵᦈᦲᧃᧈ (ṫsoen¹)

→ Lü: ᦵᦈᦲᧃᧈ (ṫsoen¹)

→ Zhuang: cin

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tin, *tins): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 真 (OC *ʔljin) – to press down on (with a metal weight).

Han compound

déng-tò̤-hè̤ng / [tiŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ^((tʰ-))no⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾øyŋ⁵³]

鎮桃紅

镇桃红

Ciā dà páu guó déng ó̤ / [t͡sia³³ ta⁵³ pʰɑu²¹³ kuɔ²¹³ tɛiŋ²¹³ ɔ²¹³]

者茶泡過鎮去

者茶泡过镇去

(Eastern Min, of beverage) strong, concentrated

(Eastern Min, of sound or voice) deep and resonant


霸

In oracle bone script, ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 革 (“change”) + 月 (“moon”) – changes in moonlight.
Bronze inscriptions added 雨 to make 䨣 a phonetic component.
Exoactive or transitive of 伯 (OC *praːɡ, “be the eldest”) (Schuessler, 2007).

*覇
䩗
𧈉
𧟲
𧟳
𩄤
𣍸

ĭ iā-*bá / [i⁵⁵ ia³³⁻⁵⁵ pɑ²¹³]

伊野霸

(Eastern Min) powerful; awesome; impressive


頗

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰaːl, *pʰaːlʔ, *pʰaːls): phonetic 皮 (OC *bral) + semantic 頁.


食

→ Indonesian: ciak

→ Thai: เจี๊ยะ (jía)

Kwok (2018) reconstructs Proto-Southern Min *tsiaʔ⁸ and tentatively reconstructs Proto-Min *dziak (in Norman's system).
While often considered as the vernacular counterpart to etymology 1, it is unlikely to be related to etymology 1 (Norman, 1991; Klöter, 2005; Fuehrer and Yang, 2014). Schuessler (2007) suggests it derives from 嚼 (“to chew”) (probably based on Norman's unpublished manuscripts).

𠊊
𩚁
𩚀
𩚃
𠋑
𨢁
𠊊
吃
𠋡
呷
噍

(Eastern Min, Hokkien, Leizhou Min, board games) to capture


餅

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *peŋʔ): semantic 飠 (“food”) + phonetic 并 (OC *peŋ, *peŋs); traditional glyph form during Ming and Qing dynasty used to advocate 幷 (as in 餠) based on the influence of Shuowen.

inh

Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(p/b)ljaŋ (“plank; palm; flat surface; wing”)

(Eastern Min) Classifier for pastry or flat objects.


骿

(Eastern, Puxian and Southern Min) back of the body


鹽

Characters in the same phonetic series (監) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·lam, *ɡ·lams): phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms) + semantic 鹵 (“salt”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-rjum (“salt”). The Min forms point to a fricative initial in Proto-Min *ziem (“a white encrustation formed from saltwater or brine”).

cog

盐
䀋
𪉹
𪉩
塩
𥂁
𪉟
盐
醃
豉
漬

(Eastern Min) to devote oneself to; to invest


黍

A cereal 禾 with water 水 or kernels under it. The water may symbolize the wine made from millet or the fact that millet sticky and water-resistant; otherwise, given that millet is a resistant plant that can grow on dry ground, the "water" component remains unexplained. See 黎, in which the radical appears as a contracted form.
Schuessler (2007) minimally reconstructs Old Chinese *nhaʔ, comparing it to Tibetan ནས་ (nas, “barley”). STEDT provisionally reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nas (“highland barley”).
However, Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstruct Old Chinese *s-tʰaʔ based on aspirated affricate reflexes in certain Mandarin dialects, e.g. Hefei tʂʰu³, Yangzhou tsʰu³, as well as sound gloss evidence from Shuowen. This would make the comparison to Tibetan less plausible.

inh

(dialectal Eastern Min, Putian Puxian Min) sorghum


龍

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (龍):
* → Japanese: 竜(りゅう) (ryū)
* → Korean: 룡>용(龍) (ryong>yong)
* → Vietnamese: long (龍)

→ Indonesian: liong

desctree

→ Proto-Vietic: *-roːŋ
Tho:
Cuoi Cham: ʐoŋ²
Lang Lo: ʐoŋ²
Viet-Muong:
Muong: rồng
Middle Vietnamese: 蠬 (ròu᷄), 𧏵 (ròu᷄)
Vietnamese: rồng

→ Old Turkic: 𐰠𐰇 (lü)

→ Middle Mongol: ᠯᠤᠤ (luu)

Classical Mongolian: ᠯᠤᠤ (luu)

Mongolian: ᠯᠤᠤ /луу (luu)

→ Zhuang: lungz

Old Turkic language
Proto-Hmong-Mien language
Proto-Vietic language
Turkish language
Vietnamese language
White Hmong language

Characters in the same phonetic series (龍) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – originally a serpent with prominent whiskered mouth and eyes.
Current form developed in large seal script, with serpent’s body on right (tail at upper right, legs on right), whiskered/fanged mouth at lower left, and eyes/crown at upper left. Left side was subsequently simplified and abstracted, with some influence of 立 and ⺼/月. Note that 竜 existed as a traditional variant dating back to large seal script, and figures a dragon seen face-on, rather than curled around.
Compare 𦝠 (luó), which represents a particular kind of dragon.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-bru(ŋ/k) (“dragon; thunder”). Cognate with Tibetan འབྲུག ('brug, “dragon; thunder”). The STEDT database also lists 隆 (OC *ɡ·ruːŋ, “thunder; sound of thunder”) and 雹 (OC *bruːɡ, “hail”) as cognates. Also compare 靐 (OC *brɯŋs, “sound of thunder”) and 霹靂 (OC *pʰeːɡ reːɡ, “thunder”).
This word is found in many languages of the region. Compare Proto-Hmong-Mien *-roŋ (“dragon”) (White Hmong zaj), Proto-Vietic *-roːŋ (“dragon”) (Vietnamese rồng), Vietnamese thuồng luồng (“serpent-like monster”), Khmer រោង (roong, “year of the dragon”), Thai มะโรง (má-roong, “dragon; year of the dragon”), Lao ມະໂລງ (ma lōng, “year of the dragon”), perhaps also Old Turkic [script needed]|[Term?] (*-lan, suffix denoting a wild, predatory animal) (Turkish aslan (“lion”), kaplan (“tiger”), yılan (“snake”)).

cog-lite

龙
㡣
䮾
䰱
竜
龒
𠉒
𠊋
𢀀
𢄫
𢅛
𥪐
𥪑
𥪖
𥪢
𥫆
𥫈
𦱉
𦱸

(Eastern Min) to become clear-minded; to be revitalised


鬼佬

→ English: gweilo, gwailo, kwailo

/ku̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ku̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ laʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɐi̯³⁵ lou̯³⁵/

/kui³³⁻³⁵ l̃o³³/

/ku̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ku̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ laʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɐi̯³⁵ lou̯³⁵/

/kui³³⁻³⁵ l̃o³³/

Originally Cantonese. From the supposed resemblance of Portuguese and other European skin tones to ghosts.

(chiefly Cantonese, Eastern Min, colloquial, derogatory, sometimes offensive, ethnic slur) gweilo; "foreign devil"; Caucasian; whitey

Terms that include 鬼 and/or 番 are potentially derogatory.


海苔

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

/hai³³⁻²¹ tʰi⁵³/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ tʰai⁵⁵/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

/hai³³⁻²¹ tʰi⁵³/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ tʰai⁵⁵/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 海苔(のり) (nori)

(Eastern Min) edible seaweed; sea vegetable


䶞

kă̤ guă-cī / [kʰɛ⁵⁵ kua⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((t͡s-))ʒi³³]

䶞瓜子


麻雀

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (麻雀):
* → Korean: 마작(麻雀) (majak, “mahjong”)

Wutunhua: macio

desc

→ Burmese: မာကျောက် (ma-kyauk, “mahjong”)

→ Dutch: matjok (“Surinamese variant of mahjong”)

→ Japanese: 麻(マー)雀(ジャン) (mājan) (orthographic)

→ Vietnamese: mạt chược (“mahjong”)

→ Zhuang: mazcoz (“mahjong”)

/mä³⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛ⁵¹/

/ma²⁴⁻¹¹ ʈ͡ʂʰoʔ⁵/

/maː²¹ t͡sœːk̚³/

/maː²¹ t͡sœːk̚³⁻³⁵/

/ma³⁵ t͡ɕiɔʔ²/

/ma¹¹ t͡ɕiɔk̚¹/

/ma¹³ t͡sʰyɒʔ²¹/

/ma²⁴ t͡sʰyøʔ²/

/ba²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/ba²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/ba²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/ba²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/ba²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔk̚⁵/

/mã²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/ma²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/ma²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰiɔk̚³/

/mã²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/mã²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/mã¹³⁻²² t͡sʰiak̚³²/

/muã²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiak̚³²/

/muã¹³⁻²² t͡sʰiak̚³²/

/muã²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/mua²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/muã²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/mo²² t͡ɕʰiaʔ⁴⁴/

/mo²² t͡ɕiaʔ⁴⁴/

/mo²² t͡sʰiɑʔ³³/

/mo²² t͡siɑʔ³³/

/mɤa³³ t͡sĩ⁵⁵/

/mä³⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛ⁵¹/

/ma²⁴⁻¹¹ ʈ͡ʂʰoʔ⁵/

/maː²¹ t͡sœːk̚³/

/maː²¹ t͡sœːk̚³⁻³⁵/

/ma³⁵ t͡ɕiɔʔ²/

/ma¹¹ t͡ɕiɔk̚¹/

/ma¹³ t͡sʰyɒʔ²¹/

/ma²⁴ t͡sʰyøʔ²/

/ba²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/ba²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/ba²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/ba²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/ba²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔk̚⁵/

/mã²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/ma²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/ma²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰiɔk̚³/

/mã²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/mã²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/mã¹³⁻²² t͡sʰiak̚³²/

/muã²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiak̚³²/

/muã¹³⁻²² t͡sʰiak̚³²/

/muã²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/mua²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/muã²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/mo²² t͡ɕʰiaʔ⁴⁴/

/mo²² t͡ɕiaʔ⁴⁴/

/mo²² t͡sʰiɑʔ³³/

/mo²² t͡siɑʔ³³/

/mɤa³³ t͡sĩ⁵⁵/

(dialectal, including Cantonese, Hakka, Southern Min, Eastern Min, Pinghua) mahjong


大家

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/ta²¹³ t͡ɕia⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² kaː⁵⁵/

/ai³² ka³³⁻²¹⁵/

/ai³² ka³³⁻³³⁵/

/tʰaɪ⁵³ ka⁴⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ke⁴⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ke³³/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ ke³³/

/tai̯²¹⁻¹¹ ka̠³/

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/ta²¹³ t͡ɕia⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² kaː⁵⁵/

/ai³² ka³³⁻²¹⁵/

/ai³² ka³³⁻³³⁵/

/tʰaɪ⁵³ ka⁴⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ke⁴⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ke³³/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ ke³³/

/tai̯²¹⁻¹¹ ka̠³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ka³³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴/

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² kaː⁵⁵/

/tai³³⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ka³³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴/

/taːi̯²² kuː⁵⁵/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾a⁵⁵/

/ta⁴⁴⁻²² ke⁴⁴/

/ta⁴⁴⁻³³ ke⁴⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴/

/ta³³⁻²³ ke³³/

/taːi̯²² kuː⁵⁵/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾a⁵⁵/

/ta⁴⁴⁻²² ke⁴⁴/

/ta⁴⁴⁻³³ ke⁴⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴/

/ta³³⁻²³ ke³³/

(literary or Eastern Min, Southern Min) mother-in-law (husband's mother)


清楚

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu²/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔː³⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰɤ⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰo⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰo⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰɔ⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ t͡sʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰɔ⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɔ⁵³/

/t͡sʰeŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɔ⁴²/

/t͡sʰeŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sʰo⁵²/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu²/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔː³⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰɤ⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰo⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰo⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰɔ⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ t͡sʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰɔ⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɔ⁵³/

/t͡sʰeŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɔ⁴²/

/t͡sʰeŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sʰo⁵²/

(pure; innocent): Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 清(せい)楚(そ) (seiso)

(obsolete or Eastern Min) tidy; neat; refined


糞掃

粪扫
糞埽
糞倒
糞屑
糞𡎮

/puŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɔ²¹³/

/pun¹¹⁻⁵³ so¹¹/

/pun²¹⁻⁵³ sɔ²¹/

/pun²¹⁻⁴¹ sɤ²¹/

/pun²¹⁻⁵³ so²¹/

/pun²¹⁻⁴² so²¹/

/pun⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ so⁴¹/

/puŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɔ²¹³/

/pun¹¹⁻⁵³ so¹¹/

/pun²¹⁻⁵³ sɔ²¹/

/pun²¹⁻⁴¹ sɤ²¹/

/pun²¹⁻⁵³ so²¹/

/pun²¹⁻⁴² so²¹/

/pun⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ so⁴¹/

Giĕ-mō̤ bà bóng-só̤, mò̤-dâi tō̤-dâi có̤. / [kie⁵⁵⁻⁵³ mo³³ pa⁵³ puŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɔ²¹³ mo⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɑi²⁴² tʰo³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɑi²⁴² t͡sɔ²¹³]

雞母扒糞掃，無事討事做。

鸡母扒粪扫，无事讨事做。

(Eastern Min, Hokkien, Wenzhounese) trash; rubbish; garbage


對手

/tu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɵy̯³³ sɐu̯³⁵/

/tui²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/tui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰiu⁵⁵⁴/

/tui²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/tui¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/tui²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰiu⁴¹/

/tui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰiu⁵²⁻²¹/

/tu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɵy̯³³ sɐu̯³⁵/

/tui²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/tui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰiu⁵⁵⁴/

/tui²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/tui¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/tui²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰiu⁴¹/

/tui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰiu⁵²⁻²¹/

(Eastern Min) to help; to lend a helping hand


白話

/paɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/paːk̚² waː²²⁻³⁵/

/pak̚³² va³²⁻³²⁵/

/paʔ⁵⁻²¹ uɑ²⁴²/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ua²²/

/peʔ⁴⁻² ue¹¹/

/baʔ¹¹ ɦo²³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/paːk̚² waː²²⁻³⁵/

/pak̚³² va³²⁻³²⁵/

/paʔ⁵⁻²¹ uɑ²⁴²/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ua²²/

/peʔ⁴⁻² ue¹¹/

/baʔ¹¹ ɦo²³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/paːk̚² waː²²⁻³⁵/

/pak̚³² va³²⁻³²⁵/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ua²²/

/paɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä³/


拍算

/pʰaʔ²⁴⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɑuŋ²¹³/

/pʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sŋ̍²¹/

/pʰa(ʔ)⁴ sŋ̍²¹/

/pʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sŋ̍¹¹/

/pʰa(ʔ)⁵ sŋ̍⁴¹/

/pʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ sŋ̍²¹/

/pʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ suĩ²¹/

/pʰaʔ²⁻⁴ sɯŋ²¹³/

/pʰaʔ²⁴⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɑuŋ²¹³/

/pʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sŋ̍²¹/

/pʰa(ʔ)⁴ sŋ̍²¹/

/pʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sŋ̍¹¹/

/pʰa(ʔ)⁵ sŋ̍⁴¹/

/pʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ sŋ̍²¹/

/pʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ suĩ²¹/

/pʰaʔ²⁻⁴ sɯŋ²¹³/

(Eastern Min, Southern Min) to plan; to intend


寒天

/xän³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/xän³⁵ tʰi̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/hɔːn²¹ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/hɔn¹¹ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/kũã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((tʰ-))niŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/kuã²⁴⁻²² tʰĩ⁴⁴/

/kuã²⁴⁻²² tʰĩ³³/

/kuã¹³⁻²² tʰĩ⁴⁴/

/kuã²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰĩ⁴⁴/

/kuã²³⁻³³ tʰĩ⁴⁴/

/kũã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰĩ³³/

/xän³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/xän³⁵ tʰi̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/hɔːn²¹ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/hɔn¹¹ tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/kũã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((tʰ-))niŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/kuã²⁴⁻²² tʰĩ⁴⁴/

/kuã²⁴⁻²² tʰĩ³³/

/kuã¹³⁻²² tʰĩ⁴⁴/

/kuã²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰĩ⁴⁴/

/kuã²³⁻³³ tʰĩ⁴⁴/

/kũã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰĩ³³/

(Hakka, Eastern Min, Southern Min, Puxian Min, Wu) winter


心肝

/ɕin⁵⁵ kän⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ kɑɻ⁵⁵/

/sɐm⁵⁵ kɔːn⁵⁵/

/ɕim⁴⁴ kɔn⁴⁴/

/siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋaŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³³/

/ɬiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋua⁵⁴⁴/

/ɬiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾mua⁵⁴⁴/

/sim⁴⁴⁻²² kuã⁴⁴/

/sim⁴⁴⁻²² kuã⁴⁴/

/sim⁴⁴⁻³³ kuã⁴⁴/

/sim⁴⁴⁻³³ kuã⁴⁴/

/sim³³⁻²³ kũã³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ kän⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ kɑɻ⁵⁵/

/sɐm⁵⁵ kɔːn⁵⁵/

/ɕim⁴⁴ kɔn⁴⁴/

/siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋaŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³³/

/ɬiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋua⁵⁴⁴/

/ɬiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾mua⁵⁴⁴/

/sim⁴⁴⁻²² kuã⁴⁴/

/sim⁴⁴⁻²² kuã⁴⁴/

/sim⁴⁴⁻³³ kuã⁴⁴/

/sim⁴⁴⁻³³ kuã⁴⁴/

/sim³³⁻²³ kũã³³/

Tī lí ê sim-koaⁿ lāi, sī m̄ sī koh ū góa ê chûn-chāi?

底你的心肝內，是不是還有我的存在？

底你的心肝内，是不是还有我的存在？

(figurative, Southern Min, Eastern Min) mind


清氣

/t͡sʰeŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰi²¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰi¹¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ kʰi⁴¹/

/t͡sʰeŋ³³⁻²³ kʰi²¹³/

/t͡sʰeŋ³³⁻²³ kʰiʔ²/

/t͡sʰeŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰi²¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰi¹¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ kʰi⁴¹/

/t͡sʰeŋ³³⁻²³ kʰi²¹³/

/t͡sʰeŋ³³⁻²³ kʰiʔ²/

(Southern Min, dialectal Eastern Min, Puxian Min, Central Min) clean


歡喜

/xu̯än⁵⁵ ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xuæ̃²⁴ ɕi⁵¹/

/fɔn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ hi³¹/

/huaŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋi³³/

/hua⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾i⁴⁵³/

/huo⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾i⁴⁵³/

/hũã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾i³³²/

/huã⁴⁴⁻³³ hi⁴¹/

/huã³³ hi⁵⁵⁴/

/huã⁴⁴⁻³³ hi⁵³/

/huã⁴⁴⁻²² hi⁵³/

/hũã³³⁻²³ hi⁵²/

/huø⁵⁵ ɕi²¹/

/huõ³³ ɕi³⁴/

/huã³³ ɕi⁵³⁵/

/xu̯än⁵⁵ ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xuæ̃²⁴ ɕi⁵¹/

/fɔn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ hi³¹/

/huaŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋi³³/

/hua⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾i⁴⁵³/

/huo⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾i⁴⁵³/

/hũã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾i³³²/

/huã⁴⁴⁻³³ hi⁴¹/

/huã³³ hi⁵⁵⁴/

/huã⁴⁴⁻³³ hi⁵³/

/huã⁴⁴⁻²² hi⁵³/

/hũã³³⁻²³ hi⁵²/

/huø⁵⁵ ɕi²¹/

/huõ³³ ɕi³⁴/

/huã³³ ɕi⁵³⁵/

我老歡喜儂個！

我老欢喜侬个！

And he said unto them in his doctrine, Beware of the scribes, which love to go in long clothing, and love salutations in the marketplaces

1872, 《馬可傳福音書（廣東土白）》 (The Gospel of Mark: Cantonese Vernacular) 12:38

je⁴ sou¹ gaau³ fan³ zung³ jan⁴ zi¹ si⁴ jau⁶ waa⁶, tai⁴ fong⁴ go³ dik¹ duk⁶ syu¹ jan⁴ aa³, keoi⁵ dei⁶ hou³ zoek³ coeng⁴ saam¹ hang⁴ jau⁴, fun¹ hei² hai² si⁵ soeng⁶ jan⁴ dei⁶ cing² keoi⁵ on¹

耶穌教訓衆人之時又話、提防個的讀書人呀、佢地好着長衫行遊、歡喜喺市上人地請佢安

耶稣教训众人之时又话、提防个的读书人呀、佢地好着长衫行游、欢喜喺市上人地请佢安

1958, 李鐵, director, 橫刀奪愛 [The Love Thief], spoken by 施月影 (胡笳):

nei⁵ hai⁶ m⁴ hai⁶ hou² m⁴ fun¹ hei² keoi⁵ aa¹?

你係唔係好唔歡喜佢吖？

你系唔系好唔欢喜佢吖？

(literary or regional, including Cantonese, Gan, Eastern Min, Southern Min, Sichuanese, Wu) to like; to be fond of


糜粥

(Eastern Min, Hainanese, Luoyuan Shehua) congee; rice porridge


胡椒

/xu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/xu²⁴ t͡ɕiɔ³¹/

/wuː²¹ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieu⁵⁵/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡sio⁴⁴/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡sio³³/

/hɔ¹³⁻²² t͡sio⁴⁴/

/hɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sio⁴⁴/

/hɔ²³⁻³³ t͡siɤ⁴⁴/

/ɦu²² t͡ɕiɔ⁴⁴/

/ɦu²⁴ t͡ɕiɔ⁵⁵/

/ɦu²² t͡ɕiɔ³⁴/

/ɦu²² t͡ɕiɔ⁵¹/

/ɦəu²² t͡siæ³³/

/ɸu¹³ t͡si̯ɒu̯³³/

/ɸu¹³ t͡ɕi̯ɒu̯³³/

/ɣu¹³ t͡si̯ɤ⁴⁴⁻³³/

/v̥u¹¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁴⁴⁵/

/xu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/xu²⁴ t͡ɕiɔ³¹/

/wuː²¹ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieu⁵⁵/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡sio⁴⁴/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡sio³³/

/hɔ¹³⁻²² t͡sio⁴⁴/

/hɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sio⁴⁴/

/hɔ²³⁻³³ t͡siɤ⁴⁴/

/ɦu²² t͡ɕiɔ⁴⁴/

/ɦu²⁴ t͡ɕiɔ⁵⁵/

/ɦu²² t͡ɕiɔ³⁴/

/ɦu²² t͡ɕiɔ⁵¹/

/ɦəu²² t͡siæ³³/

/ɸu¹³ t͡si̯ɒu̯³³/

/ɸu¹³ t͡ɕi̯ɒu̯³³/

/ɣu¹³ t͡si̯ɤ⁴⁴⁻³³/

/v̥u¹¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁴⁴⁵/

“Foreign pepper”. The principal time of import to China was estimated to be during the Tang dynasty, and the source―per the miscellany Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang of the 9ᵗʰ century CE―was the Magadha Kingdom of India, where it was called 昧履支 (MC mwojH lijX tsye) locally; cf. Sanskrit मरिच (marica, “black pepper”).


無要緊

/mo⁵³⁻²¹ ieu²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iŋ³³/

/bo²⁴⁻¹¹ iau¹¹⁻⁵³ kin⁵³/

/bo²⁴⁻²² iau²¹⁻⁵³ kin⁵³/

/bo²⁴⁻²² iau³¹⁻⁵³ kin⁵⁵/

/bɤ²⁴⁻³³ a⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kin⁵³/

/bo²⁴⁻³³ a⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kin⁵³/

/bɤ²³⁻³³ a⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kin⁴¹/

/bo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ iau²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kiŋ⁵²/

/bo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ iou²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kiŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/mo⁵³⁻²¹ ieu²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iŋ³³/

/bo²⁴⁻¹¹ iau¹¹⁻⁵³ kin⁵³/

/bo²⁴⁻²² iau²¹⁻⁵³ kin⁵³/

/bo²⁴⁻²² iau³¹⁻⁵³ kin⁵⁵/

/bɤ²⁴⁻³³ a⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kin⁵³/

/bo²⁴⁻³³ a⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kin⁵³/

/bɤ²³⁻³³ a⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kin⁴¹/

/bo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ iau²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kiŋ⁵²/

/bo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ iou²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kiŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

(Hakka, Eastern Min, Southern Min) no problem; it doesn't matter; never mind


老婆

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴ pʰu̯ɔ⁴/

/lou̯¹³ pʰɔː²¹/

/lau⁵⁵ pʰᵘɔ²¹/

/lau²¹³⁻²¹ pʰo¹/

/lau⁵³ pʰɤ¹¹/

/l̃au²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ pʰo⁵³/

/lau¹¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾ɒ¹³/

/lau²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βo²⁴/

/lau²²⁻²¹ po²⁴/

/lau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ po¹³/

/lau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ po²⁴/

/lau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pʰo⁵³/

/lau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pʰɤ⁴¹/

/lo²¹⁻²¹³ pʰo¹¹/

/lau³⁵⁻¹¹ pʰua⁵⁵/

/lɔ²² ⁵⁵ bu²¹/

/lɑʊ̯³³ b̥o¹¹/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴ pʰu̯ɔ⁴/

/lou̯¹³ pʰɔː²¹/

/lau⁵⁵ pʰᵘɔ²¹/

/lau²¹³⁻²¹ pʰo¹/

/lau⁵³ pʰɤ¹¹/

/l̃au²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ pʰo⁵³/

/lau¹¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾ɒ¹³/

/lau²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βo²⁴/

/lau²²⁻²¹ po²⁴/

/lau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ po¹³/

/lau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ po²⁴/

/lau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pʰo⁵³/

/lau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pʰɤ⁴¹/

/lo²¹⁻²¹³ pʰo¹¹/

/lau³⁵⁻¹¹ pʰua⁵⁵/

/lɔ²² ⁵⁵ bu²¹/

/lɑʊ̯³³ b̥o¹¹/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰu̯ɔɻ³⁵/

/l̃au²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ po⁵³/

/lau³³⁻¹¹ po²⁴/

/lau³³⁻²¹ pɤ²³/

/lau²²⁻²¹ po¹³/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰu̯ɔɻ³⁵/

/lou̯¹³ pʰɔː²¹/

/l̃au²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ po⁵³/

/lau³³⁻¹¹ po²⁴/

/lau²²⁻²¹ po²⁴/

/lau³³⁻²¹ pɤ²³/

/lau²²⁻²¹ po¹³/


海賊

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (海賊):
* → Japanese: 海賊(かいぞく) (kaizoku)
* → Korean: 해적(海賊) (haejeok)
* → Vietnamese: hải tặc (海賊)

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡seɪ̯³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ t͡sʰaːk̚²/

/hai³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰɛiʔ⁵/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰat̚⁴/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰat̚²⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰat̚¹²¹/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰat̚⁴/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰat̚⁴/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰak̚⁴/

/he⁵² zəʔ³³/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡seɪ̯³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ t͡sʰaːk̚²/

/hai³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰɛiʔ⁵/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰat̚⁴/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰat̚²⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰat̚¹²¹/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰat̚⁴/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰat̚⁴/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰak̚⁴/

/he⁵² zəʔ³³/


日中

/ʐ̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐt̚² t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/nˡiʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ touŋ⁵⁵/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐt̚² t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/nˡiʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ touŋ⁵⁵/

(Eastern Min, Jianyang Northern Min) daytime


生理

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐŋ⁵⁵ lei̯¹³/

/sen²⁴⁻¹¹ li²⁴/

/ɕiɛn⁴⁴ li⁴⁴/

/sɛiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡi³³/

/ɬɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾ni⁴⁵³/

/ɬɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾ni³³²/

/siɪŋ³³ li⁵⁵⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/sŋ̍³³ li⁵⁵⁴/

/seŋ³³⁻²³ li⁵²/

/ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐŋ⁵⁵ lei̯¹³/

/sen²⁴⁻¹¹ li²⁴/

/ɕiɛn⁴⁴ li⁴⁴/

/sɛiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡi³³/

/ɬɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾ni⁴⁵³/

/ɬɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾ni³³²/

/siɪŋ³³ li⁵⁵⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/sŋ̍³³ li⁵⁵⁴/

/seŋ³³⁻²³ li⁵²/

阮阿舅佮阿妗咧做生理。

(literary or Hakka, Eastern Min, Hokkien, Teochew) business; trade; buying and selling


人心

/ʐən³⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/jɐn²¹ sɐm⁵⁵/

/iŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ siŋ⁵⁵/

/ʐən³⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/jɐn²¹ sɐm⁵⁵/

/iŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ siŋ⁵⁵/


太平

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/tʰɛ⁴⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/tʰaːi̯³³ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/tʰuɛ³³ peiŋ²¹/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βaŋ⁵³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ¹³/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ piɪŋ²³/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/tʰɛ⁴⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/tʰaːi̯³³ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/tʰuɛ³³ peiŋ²¹/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βaŋ⁵³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ¹³/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ piɪŋ²³/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/


家家

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕia⁵⁵ t͡ɕia⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵/

/ka²⁴⁻¹¹ ka²⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕia⁵⁵ t͡ɕia⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵/

/ka²⁴⁻¹¹ ka²⁴/

(Eastern Min) paternal uncle (father's younger brother)


上岸

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ŋɑŋ²⁴²/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ŋɑŋ²⁴²/

(Eastern Min) palate; upper jaw; maxilla (of vertebrates)


聽候

/tʰiŋ⁵⁵ xoʊ̯⁵¹/

/tʰɪŋ⁵⁵ hɐu̯²²/

/tʰiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɑu²⁴²/

/tʰiɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ hau³³/

/tʰiɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ hau³³/

/tʰiɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hau⁴¹/

/tʰiɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ hau²²/

/tʰiɪŋ³³ hio⁴¹/

/tʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hɔ²²/

/tʰiŋ⁵⁵ xoʊ̯⁵¹/

/tʰɪŋ⁵⁵ hɐu̯²²/

/tʰiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɑu²⁴²/

/tʰiɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ hau³³/

/tʰiɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ hau³³/

/tʰiɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hau⁴¹/

/tʰiɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ hau²²/

/tʰiɪŋ³³ hio⁴¹/

/tʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hɔ²²/

(literary, Southern Min, Eastern Min) to wait for (a decision, settlement, etc. from higher authorities)


黃瓜

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ g̊u̯ä³/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/uoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋua⁵⁵/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ kue⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kue³³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kue⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ kue⁴⁴/

/ŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kue³³/

/ɦuɑ̃²² ko⁴⁴/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ku̯ä⁵⁵/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ g̊u̯ä³/

/wɔːŋ²¹ kʷaː⁵⁵/

/uoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋua⁵⁵/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ kue⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kue³³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kue⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ kue⁴⁴/

/ŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kue³³/

/ɦuɑ̃²² ko⁴⁴/

(Eastern Min, Puxian Min) yellow croaker (Larimichthys)


中晝

/touŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɑu²¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tau²¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tau²¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tau¹¹/

/tiɔŋ⁵⁵⁻³³ tau¹¹/

/touŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɑu²¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tau²¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tau²¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tau¹¹/

/tiɔŋ⁵⁵⁻³³ tau¹¹/


慣勢

惯势
慣示
慣世
貫勢
貫示
貫四
慣習

/kan³³ sai³³⁻³³⁵/

/kɛiŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ siɛ²¹³/

/kuãi¹¹⁻⁵³ si¹¹/

/kuãi¹²⁻⁵³ si¹²/

/kuãi²¹⁻⁵³ si²¹/

/kuĩ²¹⁻⁴² si²¹/

/kuĩ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ si⁴¹/

/kũĩ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ si²¹³/

/kan³³ sai³³⁻³³⁵/

/kɛiŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ siɛ²¹³/

/kuãi¹¹⁻⁵³ si¹¹/

/kuãi¹²⁻⁵³ si¹²/

/kuãi²¹⁻⁵³ si²¹/

/kuĩ²¹⁻⁴² si²¹/

/kuĩ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ si⁴¹/

/kũĩ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ si²¹³/

(Eastern Min, Southern Min, Taiwanese Hakka) to be accustomed to; to be in the habit of


落來

/l̃oʔ⁵⁻³³ l̃i⁵³/

/l̃oʔ⁵⁻³³ l̃i⁵³/

(Eastern Min, Southern Min) to come down

提落來

提落来

(Eastern Min, Southern Min) down (towards oneself; used as a complement to a verb and placed after it)


目睭

/mɛiʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/møyʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/maʔ⁴⁻²¹ t͡siu⁵³³/

/maʔ⁴⁻² t͡siu⁵⁴⁴/

/bak̚²⁴⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/bak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/bak̚⁴³⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/bak̚³²⁻²¹ t͡siu³³⁴/

/mɛiʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/møyʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/maʔ⁴⁻²¹ t͡siu⁵³³/

/maʔ⁴⁻² t͡siu⁵⁴⁴/

/bak̚²⁴⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/bak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/bak̚⁴³⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/bak̚³²⁻²¹ t͡siu³³⁴/

The light of the body is the eye: if therefore thine eye be single, thy whole body shall be full of light.

福州土腔聖經 (Foochow Bible), 馬太福音 (Matthew) 6:22

Sĭng-tā̤ gì dĭng sê mĕk-ciŭ, nṳ̄ mĕk-ciŭ cĭng, cêu ciòng sĭng dŭ sê guŏng. / [siŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((tʰ-))nɛ³³ ki⁵³ tiŋ⁵⁵ sɛi²⁴² mɛiʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ t͡sieu⁵⁵ nˡy³³ mɛiʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ t͡sieu⁵⁵ t͡siŋ⁵⁵ t͡siɛu²⁴² t͡suoŋ⁵³ siŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵ sɛi²⁴² kuoŋ⁵⁵]

身體其燈是目睭、汝目睭精、就全身都是光。

身体其灯是目睭、汝目睭精、就全身都是光。

(Hokkien, Northern Min, Eastern Min, Puxian Min) eye (Classifier: 蕊 mn; 雙／双 mn)


風波

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ pɔː⁵⁵/

/fuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo²⁴/

/fuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ po²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰo⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ³³ pʰo³³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰo³³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɤ³³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² po⁴⁴/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ po³³/

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ pʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ pɔː⁵⁵/

/fuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo²⁴/

/fuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ po²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰo⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ³³ pʰo³³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰo³³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɤ³³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² po⁴⁴/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ po³³/

/hɔŋ³³ pɔ³³/

/hɔŋ³³ pɔ³³/

/huŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾mo⁵⁵/

/huŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾mo⁵⁵/


米酒

→ Japanese: 米酒 (bīchū), 米酒 (bīchu)

/mi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐi̯¹³ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁵³/

/bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁵⁵⁴/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁵³/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁵³/

/bi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴¹/

/mi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐi̯¹³ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁵³/

/bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁵⁵⁴/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁵³/

/bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁵³/

/bi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴¹/

(Wuhan Mandarin, Pingxiang Gan, Huizhou, Eastern Min) jiuniang


昨年

/t͡su̯ɔ³⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sɔːk̚³ niːn²¹/

/soʔ⁵⁻³³ nˡieŋ⁵³/

/t͡su̯ɔ³⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sɔːk̚³ niːn²¹/

/soʔ⁵⁻³³ nˡieŋ⁵³/

(Eastern Min, Xianyou Puxian Min) the year before last


平話

/pʰiŋ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/paŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋuɑ²⁴²/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/paŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋuɑ²⁴²/

local speech; plain speech; colloquial dialect

(Eastern Min) Eastern Min; Min Dong (a lect which is spoken in and around Fuzhou)


蠶繭

/t͡sʰɛiŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɛiŋ³³/

/t͡sʰɛiŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɛiŋ³³/


光棍

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ən⁵¹/

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ku̯əɻ⁵¹/

/kuɑŋ²⁴ kuŋ²⁴/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ kʷɐn³³/

/kuɒ̃¹¹ kuŋ⁴⁵/

/kuaŋ⁵⁴ kɔŋ³³/

/kuoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋouŋ²¹³/

/kɒŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔŋ⁴²/

/kɒŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuoŋ⁴²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kun²¹/

/kɔŋ³³ kun⁴¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kun²¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kun¹¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kun²¹/

/kuɑ̃⁵⁵ kuən²¹/

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ən⁵¹/

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ku̯əɻ⁵¹/

/kuɑŋ²⁴ kuŋ²⁴/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ kʷɐn³³/

/kuɒ̃¹¹ kuŋ⁴⁵/

/kuaŋ⁵⁴ kɔŋ³³/

/kuoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋouŋ²¹³/

/kɒŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔŋ⁴²/

/kɒŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuoŋ⁴²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kun²¹/

/kɔŋ³³ kun⁴¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kun²¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kun¹¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kun²¹/

/kuɑ̃⁵⁵ kuən²¹/

Kǒngpà shì wàifāng de shénme guānggùn, dǎ zhe tàizūn de qíhào, dàochù lái piàn rén de qián. Nǐ bùyào shàng tā de dàng!

恐怕是外方的甚麼光棍，打著太尊的旗號，到處來騙人的錢。你不要上他的當！

恐怕是外方的什么光棍，打着太尊的旗号，到处来骗人的钱。你不要上他的当！

(Cantonese, Leizhou Min, Hainanese, Eastern Min, Puxian Min, dated in Mandarin) conman; swindler; trickster


吃虧

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵⁵ kʰu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/hɛːk̚³ kʷʰɐi̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ kʰuei¹¹/

/kʰiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kʰui⁵⁵/

/kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kʰui³³/

/kʰit̚³²⁻⁴ kʰui⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰiɪʔ⁴⁴ kʰue⁵³/

/t͡ɕʰiɪʔ⁴⁴ t͡ɕʰy⁵³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵⁵ kʰu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/hɛːk̚³ kʷʰɐi̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰəʔ²⁻⁵⁴ kʰuei¹¹/

/kʰiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kʰui⁵⁵/

/kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kʰui³³/

/kʰit̚³²⁻⁴ kʰui⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰiɪʔ⁴⁴ kʰue⁵³/

/t͡ɕʰiɪʔ⁴⁴ t͡ɕʰy⁵³/

Nguāi gĭng-dáng iā kék-kŭi, siŏh sĭng dŭ-sê tiáng-gì. / [ŋuai³³ kiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɑŋ²¹³ ia³³ kʰiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kʰui⁵⁵ suoʔ⁵ siŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛi²⁴² tʰiaŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi⁵³]

我今旦野吃虧，蜀身都是疼其。

我今旦野吃亏，蜀身都是疼其。


𠚺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): phonetic 少 (OC *hmjewʔ, *hmjews) + semantic 刂 (“knife; blade; sword”).

Han compound

alt. forms: 肏


光景

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ kɪŋ³⁵/

/kɔŋ³³ ken⁵⁵/

/kɒŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁴⁵³/

/kɒŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ³³²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪŋ⁵³/

/kɔŋ³³ kiɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪŋ⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɪŋ⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɪŋ⁴¹/

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ kɪŋ³⁵/

/kɔŋ³³ ken⁵⁵/

/kɒŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁴⁵³/

/kɒŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ³³²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪŋ⁵³/

/kɔŋ³³ kiɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪŋ⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɪŋ⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɪŋ⁴¹/

/kuoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ³³/

/kuoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ³³/


落地

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/lɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/lɔːk̚² tei̯²²/

/l̃oʔ⁵⁻²¹ tɛi²⁴²/

/l̃oʔ⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɛi²⁴²/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ te²²/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² te⁴¹/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² te²²/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² tue⁴¹/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² tue²²/

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/lɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/lɔːk̚² tei̯²²/

/l̃oʔ⁵⁻²¹ tɛi²⁴²/

/l̃oʔ⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɛi²⁴²/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ te²²/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² te⁴¹/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² te²²/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² tue⁴¹/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² tue²²/

/lɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ tue³³/

/lɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ tue³³/

(Eastern Min, without consonant assimilation, of a fire) to be put out


落地

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/lɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/lɔːk̚² tei̯²²/

/l̃oʔ⁵⁻²¹ tɛi²⁴²/

/l̃oʔ⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɛi²⁴²/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ te²²/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² te⁴¹/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² te²²/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² tue⁴¹/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² tue²²/

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/lɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/

/lɔːk̚² tei̯²²/

/l̃oʔ⁵⁻²¹ tɛi²⁴²/

/l̃oʔ⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɛi²⁴²/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ te²²/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² te⁴¹/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² te²²/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² tue⁴¹/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² tue²²/

/lɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ tue³³/

/lɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ tue³³/

(Eastern Min, with consonant assimilation) originally


粉絲

/huŋ³³⁻²¹ si⁵⁵/

/huŋ³³⁻²¹ si⁵⁵/

(Eastern Min, chiefly of fabric) in small, thin pieces


頭疼

/tʰau⁵³⁻²¹ tʰiɑŋ²¹³/

/tʰau²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰiã¹¹/

/tʰau¹³⁻²² tʰiã²¹/

/tʰau²⁴⁻²² tʰiã²¹/

/tʰau²³⁻³³ tʰiã²¹/

/tʰau²⁴⁻²² tʰiã⁴¹/

/tʰau⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰĩã²¹³/

/tʰau⁵³⁻²¹ tʰiɑŋ²¹³/

/tʰau²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰiã¹¹/

/tʰau¹³⁻²² tʰiã²¹/

/tʰau²⁴⁻²² tʰiã²¹/

/tʰau²³⁻³³ tʰiã²¹/

/tʰau²⁴⁻²² tʰiã⁴¹/

/tʰau⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰĩã²¹³/

(Eastern Min, Hokkien, Teochew, medicine) to have a headache (pain in the head)

(Eastern Min, Hokkien, Teochew, figurative) to be faced with a nuisance or an unpleasant problem; to feel annoyed; to have a headache


起動

/t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵¹/

/hei̯³⁵ tʊŋ²²/

/kʰi³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɔyŋ²⁴²/

/kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ³³/

/kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ²²/

/kʰi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ taŋ³³/

/kʰi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ taŋ²²/

/kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ³³/

/kʰi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ³³/

/t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵¹/

/hei̯³⁵ tʊŋ²²/

/kʰi³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɔyŋ²⁴²/

/kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ³³/

/kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ²²/

/kʰi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ taŋ³³/

/kʰi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ taŋ²²/

/kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ³³/

/kʰi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ³³/

to start (a machine, an engine etc.); to boot; to switch on (a system)


撈麵

/l̃o⁵³⁻²¹ miɛŋ²⁴²/

/l̃o⁵³⁻²¹ miɛŋ²⁴²/

捞面
撈麪
攎麵
捞面
撈麪
捞面
撈麪
𠔠麵


傀儡

/kʰu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ leɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/faːi̯³³ lɵy̯¹³/

/kʰui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lui⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lui⁵³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² le⁴²/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ le⁵³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ le⁴¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² le⁵³/

/ka³³ lə⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ leɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/faːi̯³³ lɵy̯¹³/

/kʰui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lui⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lui⁵³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² le⁴²/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ le⁵³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ le⁴¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² le⁵³/

/ka³³ lə⁵⁵⁴/

From 塊／块 (kuài, “chunk, lump”) + 壘／垒 (lěi, “to pile up, to accumulate”).
Semantically, “statues made of soil and timber” (Liezi) > “puppet” > “(figurative) puppet” (Qing Dynasty); also “sulks; pent-up sorrow” (Qing Dynasty).
Alternatively, Laufer connects this word with Turkish kukla (“puppet”), Ancient Greek κούκλα (koúkla, “doll, puppet”) in Oriental Theatricals.

cog

傀壘
魁壘
窟壘
窟礧
魁礧
魁櫑
窟磊
魁攂
滙磊
傀磊
嘉禮


淒慘

凄惨
悽慘
*凄慘
青慘

/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ t͡sʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɐi̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰaːm³⁵/

/t͡sʰe³³ t͡sʰam⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰe⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰam⁵³/

/t͡sʰe⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰam⁴²/

/t͡sʰi⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰam⁴²/

/t͡sʰi⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰam⁵³/

/t͡sʰi⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰam⁴¹/

/t͡sʰi⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰam⁵³/

/t͡sʰĩ³³ t͡sʰam⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰam⁵³/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰam⁵³/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰam⁴²/

/t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰam⁵³/

/t͡sʰi³³⁻²³ t͡sʰam⁵²/

/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ t͡sʰän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɐi̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰaːm³⁵/

/t͡sʰe³³ t͡sʰam⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰe⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰam⁵³/

/t͡sʰe⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰam⁴²/

/t͡sʰi⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰam⁴²/

/t͡sʰi⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰam⁵³/

/t͡sʰi⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰam⁴¹/

/t͡sʰi⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰam⁵³/

/t͡sʰĩ³³ t͡sʰam⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰam⁵³/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰam⁵³/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰam⁴²/

/t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰam⁵³/

/t͡sʰi³³⁻²³ t͡sʰam⁵²/


涼風

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/lœːŋ²¹ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/li̯oŋ¹¹ fuŋ²⁴/

/l̃uoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ huŋ⁵⁵/

/liaŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/liaŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ³³/

/liaŋ¹³⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/liaŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/liaŋ²³⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/liaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ huaŋ³³/

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/lœːŋ²¹ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/li̯oŋ¹¹ fuŋ²⁴/

/l̃uoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ huŋ⁵⁵/

/liaŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/liaŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ³³/

/liaŋ¹³⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/liaŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/liaŋ²³⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/liaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ huaŋ³³/


信用

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (信用):
* → Japanese: 信用(しんよう) (shin'yō)
* → Korean: 신용(信用) (sinyong)
* → Vietnamese: tín dụng (信用)

/ɕin⁵¹⁻⁵³ jʊŋ⁵¹/

/sɵn³³ jʊŋ²²/

/sin²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²²/

/sin⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iɔŋ⁴¹/

/sin²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²²/

/sin¹¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ³³/

/sin²¹⁻⁴¹ iɔŋ³³/

/ɕin³³ ɦioŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕin⁵¹⁻⁵³ jʊŋ⁵¹/

/sɵn³³ jʊŋ²²/

/sin²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²²/

/sin⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iɔŋ⁴¹/

/sin²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²²/

/sin¹¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ³³/

/sin²¹⁻⁴¹ iɔŋ³³/

/ɕin³³ ɦioŋ⁴⁴/


芭蕉

Sino-Xenic (芭蕉):
* → Japanese: 芭(ば)蕉(しょう) (bashō)
* → Korean: 파초(芭蕉) (pacho)
* → Vietnamese: ba tiêu (芭蕉)

/pä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pa²⁴ t͡ɕiɔː²⁴/

/pa²⁴ t͡ɕiɔː⁵¹/

/paː⁵⁵ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵/

/ˈpa⁴² t͡ɕiɛu⁴²/

/pa²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡seu̯²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤ⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sio⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sio⁴⁴/

/pa⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɔ²¹/

/po⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɔ²¹/

/pä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pa²⁴ t͡ɕiɔː²⁴/

/pa²⁴ t͡ɕiɔː⁵¹/

/paː⁵⁵ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵/

/ˈpa⁴² t͡ɕiɛu⁴²/

/pa²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡seu̯²⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤ⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sio⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sio⁴⁴/

/pa⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɔ²¹/

/po⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɔ²¹/

(Luchuan Cantonese, Dungan, Eastern Min) banana


腰帶

/jɑʊ̯⁵⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹/

/jiːu̯⁵⁵ taːi̯³³⁻³⁵/

/jiau³³ ai³³⁻³³⁵/

/i̯eu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ tai̯⁵⁵/

/iau⁴⁴⁻³⁵ taɪ⁵³/

/ieu⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɑi²¹³/

/io⁴⁴⁻²² tua²¹/

/io⁴⁴⁻²² tua²¹/

/io⁴⁴⁻³³ tua¹¹/

/iɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tua²¹/

/jɑʊ̯⁵⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹/

/jiːu̯⁵⁵ taːi̯³³⁻³⁵/

/jiau³³ ai³³⁻³³⁵/

/i̯eu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ tai̯⁵⁵/

/iau⁴⁴⁻³⁵ taɪ⁵³/

/ieu⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɑi²¹³/

/io⁴⁴⁻²² tua²¹/

/io⁴⁴⁻²² tua²¹/

/io⁴⁴⁻³³ tua¹¹/

/iɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tua²¹/

(Northern Min, Eastern Min) long towel used by workers to gird one's waist


阿娘

/ˀä⁵⁵ ni̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/a²⁴ niɑŋ²⁴/

/aː³³ nœːŋ²¹/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² niã²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ niã²⁴/

/a⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ niã²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ niã²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ niã²³/

/an⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ niã²⁴/

/a³³⁻²³ nie⁵⁵/

/a³³⁻²³ nio⁵⁵/

/a⁵⁵ n̠ʲiã²¹/

/aʔ³³ n̠ʲiã⁴⁴/

/ˀä⁵⁵ ni̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/a²⁴ niɑŋ²⁴/

/aː³³ nœːŋ²¹/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² niã²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ niã²⁴/

/a⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ niã²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ niã²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ niã²³/

/an⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ niã²⁴/

/a³³⁻²³ nie⁵⁵/

/a³³⁻²³ nio⁵⁵/

/a⁵⁵ n̠ʲiã²¹/

/aʔ³³ n̠ʲiã⁴⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² niũ²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² niɔ̃¹³/

/a⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ niũ²⁴/

/an⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ niũ²⁴/

/a³³⁻²³ nia⁵⁵/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² niũ²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² niɔ̃¹³/

/a⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ niũ²⁴/

/an⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ niũ²⁴/

/a³³⁻²³ nia⁵⁵/

† - father's elder sister; ‡ - father's younger sister; § - married; ≠ - unmarried; ¶ - face-to-face; ∅ - non-face-to-face

§ - married; > - mother's elder sister; < - mother's younger sister

(Fuqing Eastern Min, Leizhou Min) mother-in-law (husband's mother)


古怪

Sino-Xenic (古怪):
* → Korean: 고괴(古怪) (gogoe)

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯aɪ̯⁵¹/

/kuː³⁵ kʷaːi̯³³/

/ˈku²¹³⁻¹³ kuai³⁵/

/ku³³⁻⁵⁵ kuɑi²¹³/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kuai²¹/

/kɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kuai⁴¹/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kuai²¹/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kuai¹¹/

/kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kuai²¹/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯aɪ̯⁵¹/

/kuː³⁵ kʷaːi̯³³/

/ˈku²¹³⁻¹³ kuai³⁵/

/ku³³⁻⁵⁵ kuɑi²¹³/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kuai²¹/

/kɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kuai⁴¹/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kuai²¹/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kuai¹¹/

/kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kuai²¹/


麥芽

Sino-Xenic (麥芽):
* → Japanese: 麦芽(ばくが) (bakuga)
* → Korean: 맥아(麥芽) (maega)
* → Vietnamese: mạch nha (麥芽)

/maɪ̯⁵¹ jä³⁵/

/mɐk̚² ŋaː²¹/

/maŋ⁵⁻³³ ŋa⁵³/

/be(ʔ)³⁵⁻² ɡe²⁴/

/maɪ̯⁵¹ jä³⁵/

/mɐk̚² ŋaː²¹/

/maŋ⁵⁻³³ ŋa⁵³/

/be(ʔ)³⁵⁻² ɡe²⁴/


姨媽

/jiː²¹ maː⁵⁵/

/i⁵³⁻³³ ma³³/

/i¹³⁻¹¹ ma⁴⁵³/

/i²⁴⁻²¹ ma³³²/

/i¹³⁻²² mã⁵³/

/i²⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/

/i²⁴⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴/

/i²³⁻³³ mã⁴¹/

/i²⁴⁻¹¹ mã⁵³/

/jiː²¹ maː⁵⁵/

/i⁵³⁻³³ ma³³/

/i¹³⁻¹¹ ma⁴⁵³/

/i²⁴⁻²¹ ma³³²/

/i¹³⁻²² mã⁵³/

/i²⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/

/i²⁴⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴/

/i²³⁻³³ mã⁴¹/

/i²⁴⁻¹¹ mã⁵³/

(Eastern Min, Southern Min, Puxian Min) great-aunt (grandmother's sister)


造化

/t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹ xu̯ä¹/

/t͡so²⁴²⁻⁵³ huɑ²¹³/

/t͡so²²⁻²¹ hua²¹/

/t͡so³³⁻¹¹ hua¹¹/

/t͡sɤ³³⁻²¹ hua²¹/

/t͡sau³⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/

/t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹ xu̯ä¹/

/t͡so²⁴²⁻⁵³ huɑ²¹³/

/t͡so²²⁻²¹ hua²¹/

/t͡so³³⁻¹¹ hua¹¹/

/t͡sɤ³³⁻²¹ hua²¹/

/t͡sau³⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/

/t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡so²²⁻²¹ hua²¹/

/t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡so²²⁻²¹ hua²¹/


煙霧

Sino-Xenic (煙霧):
* → Japanese: 煙(えん)霧(む) (enmu)
* → Korean: 연무(煙霧) (yeonmu)
* → Vietnamese: yên vụ (煙霧)

/i̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ vu⁵⁵/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻²² bu²²/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻²² bu²²/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ bu³³/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ bu³³/

/iŋ³³⁻²³ bu¹¹/

/i̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ vu⁵⁵/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻²² bu²²/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻²² bu²²/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ bu³³/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ bu³³/

/iŋ³³⁻²³ bu¹¹/

煙霧章

Smoke, the forty-fourth sura of the Qur'an


阿媽

→ English: ama

→ Tagalog: ama

/aː³³ maː¹³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ mã⁵³/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ mã⁴¹/

/a³³⁻²³ ma⁵²/

/aː³³ maː¹³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ mã⁵³/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ mã⁴¹/

/a³³⁻²³ ma⁵²/

阿妈
阿妈
阿嬤
俺媽
俺嬤
阿罵
阿妈
阿馬
阿瑪

(chiefly Southern Min, Puxian Min, dialectal Eastern Min, Zhao'an Hakka) grandmother


白面

/paɪ̯³⁵ mi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/paʔ⁵⁻²¹ mɛiŋ²¹³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ mi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/paʔ⁵⁻²¹ mɛiŋ²¹³/

For pronunciation and definitions of 白面 – see 白麵 (“wheat flour; heroin”).
(This term is the simplified form of 白麵).
 Notes:
Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.
Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

zh-see

(Eastern Min, Hokkien) female prostitute


尷尬

/kän⁵⁵ kä⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/kam²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯e⁵⁵/

/kaŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯e⁵⁵/

/kam⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ke⁵³/

/kaŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɑi²¹³/

/kam²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kai²¹³/

/kẽ̞³³ kɑ³⁴/

/kän⁵⁵ kä⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/kam²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯e⁵⁵/

/kaŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯e⁵⁵/

/kam⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ke⁵³/

/kaŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɑi²¹³/

/kam²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kai²¹³/

/kẽ̞³³ kɑ³⁴/

The original form, 尲尬 (OC *kreːm kreːds), was first attested in the 2ⁿᵈ century CE in the ancient dictionary of Shuowen and was discernibly an ideophonic, disyllabic word of reduplicative nature (連綿詞).
The term 尲尬 seemed to have fallen into disuse by medieval times, except dialectally, in the Wu region. The dialectal form of it was revived in literature in the form of 尷尬 since the Yuan dynasty, and the colloquial Mandarin pronunciation gāngà was borrowed thence.

etydate/the

2ⁿᵈ century <small class='ce-date'>CE</small>


老大媽

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tä⁵¹ mä⁵⁵/

/lou̯¹³ taːi̯²² maː⁵⁵/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tä⁵¹ mä⁵⁵/

/lou̯¹³ taːi̯²² maː⁵⁵/

/l̃o³³⁻²¹ tuai²⁴²⁻⁵³ ma³³/

/l̃o³³⁻²¹ tuai²⁴²⁻⁵³ ma³³/

(Eastern Min) great-great-grandmother (grandparent's grandmother)


㔶

㔶被

𱑉被


㖽

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 口 + phonetic 頁 (OC *leb, *ɡleːd).

Han compound

(Eastern Min, of ears, wings, fans) flap

(Eastern Min, of pages in a book, wallpaper) curl, become dog-eared


此刻

/t͡sʰz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiː³⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

/t͡sʰɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰiak̚⁵/

/t͡sʰu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/t͡sʰu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/t͡sʰz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiː³⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

/t͡sʰɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰiak̚⁵/

/t͡sʰu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiɪk̚³²/

/t͡sʰu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰiɪk̚³²/

(Eastern Min) quickly; hurriedly; without delay


同居

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕy⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ kɵy̯⁵⁵/

/tʰuŋ²⁴ ˈt͡ɕy⁴²/

/tuŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋy⁵⁵/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ku⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ku⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɯ³³/

/tɔŋ²³⁻³³ ki⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ¹³⁻²² ki⁴⁴/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕy⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ kɵy̯⁵⁵/

/tʰuŋ²⁴ ˈt͡ɕy⁴²/

/tuŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋy⁵⁵/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ku⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ku⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɯ³³/

/tɔŋ²³⁻³³ ki⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ¹³⁻²² ki⁴⁴/


㦿

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

(Eastern Min) alternative form of 檻 /槛 (“window”)


㪠

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): phonetic 兼 + semantic 攴.


㵶

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 氵 + phonetic 截 (OC *zeːd).

(Eastern Min, Southern Min) to spill out; to overflow (especially due to shaking)

(Eastern Min) coquettish; flirty (of a woman)


㽱

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

(Eastern Min, Wu) to have colic or sudden abdominal pain


㾀

† - euphemistic; ‡ - usually of the elderly; ¤ - humorous; § - derogatory/disrespectful


㾪

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 疒 (“illness”) + phonetic 省 (OC *sreŋʔ, *sleŋʔ).
Related to 省 (OC *sreŋʔ, “to reduce”) (Wang, 1982).

(Eastern Min, Southern Min, of meat) lean


㾸

(Eastern Min) only used in 㾸𤶁 (“scabies”)


䀹

(Eastern Min) to take; to capture (a picture); to shoot (a film)


䘥

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 衤 + phonetic 甲 (OC *kraːb).


䙎

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 衤 + phonetic 奚 (OC *ɡeː).


䞱

(Eastern Min) to get up, to suddenly get out of bed


轎車

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵/

/kiːu̯²²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵/

/kʰiau³³ t͡ʃʰa⁵³/

/kio⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰia³³/

/kio²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵/

/kiːu̯²²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵/

/kʰiau³³ t͡ʃʰa⁵³/

/kio⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰia³³/

/kio²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

(Eastern Min) stroller; baby carriage; pram; perambulator


紅酒

→ Indonesian: angciu

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/hɵŋ²² tiu⁵⁵/

/xuŋ¹¹ t͡ɕiəu⁵³/

/ɔŋ²¹ t͡siu²¹/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁵⁵⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁵³/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴¹/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁵²/

/ɦoŋ²² t͡ɕiɤ⁴⁴/

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯³⁵/

/hɵŋ²² tiu⁵⁵/

/xuŋ¹¹ t͡ɕiəu⁵³/

/ɔŋ²¹ t͡siu²¹/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁵⁵⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁵³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁵³/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴¹/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁵²/

/ɦoŋ²² t͡ɕiɤ⁴⁴/


外甥女

/waɪ̯⁵¹ ʂɤŋ¹ ny²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

ㄨㄞˋ ˙ㄕㄥ ㄋㄩˇㄦ

/waɪ̯⁵¹ ʂɤŋ¹ nyə̯ɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/waɪ̯⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ny²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋɔːi̯²² sɐŋ⁵⁵ nɵy̯¹³⁻³⁵/

/ŋɔːi̯²² saːŋ⁵⁵ nɵy̯³⁵/

/ᵑɡᵘɔi³² saŋ³³ ⁿdui⁵⁵/

/ŋoi̯⁵⁵ sen²⁴ ŋ̍³¹/

/ŋoi̯⁵⁵ saŋ²⁴ ŋ̍³¹/

/ŋoi³³ saŋ⁵³ ŋ²⁴/

/ŋoɪ⁵³ sɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ n̩³¹/

/ŋuɛ⁵⁵ saŋ⁵⁴ ny²¹/

/ŋie²⁴²⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ nˡy³³/

/ɡue³³⁻¹¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lu⁵³/

/ɡue²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lu⁵³/

/ɡue⁴¹⁻²² sŋ̍³³ lɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡue²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/ɡue³³⁻²¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/ɡue⁴¹⁻²² sŋ̍³³ li⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡua²¹ seŋ³³⁻²¹ lu⁴⁴⁵/

/ɡua¹¹ seŋ³³⁻²³ nɯŋ⁵²/

/waɪ̯⁵¹ ʂɤŋ¹ ny²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/waɪ̯⁵¹ ʂɤŋ¹ nyə̯ɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/waɪ̯⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ny²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋɔːi̯²² sɐŋ⁵⁵ nɵy̯¹³⁻³⁵/

/ŋɔːi̯²² saːŋ⁵⁵ nɵy̯³⁵/

/ᵑɡᵘɔi³² saŋ³³ ⁿdui⁵⁵/

/ŋoi̯⁵⁵ sen²⁴ ŋ̍³¹/

/ŋoi̯⁵⁵ saŋ²⁴ ŋ̍³¹/

/ŋoi³³ saŋ⁵³ ŋ²⁴/

/ŋoɪ⁵³ sɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ n̩³¹/

/ŋuɛ⁵⁵ saŋ⁵⁴ ny²¹/

/ŋie²⁴²⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ nˡy³³/

/ɡue³³⁻¹¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lu⁵³/

/ɡue²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lu⁵³/

/ɡue⁴¹⁻²² sŋ̍³³ lɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡue²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/ɡue³³⁻²¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/ɡue⁴¹⁻²² sŋ̍³³ li⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡua²¹ seŋ³³⁻²¹ lu⁴⁴⁵/

/ɡua¹¹ seŋ³³⁻²³ nɯŋ⁵²/

(Northern Min, Eastern Min) granddaughter (daughter's daughter)


天頂

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tɪŋ³⁵/

/tʰieŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾niŋ³³/

/tʰiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɛŋ⁴⁵³/

/tʰiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɛŋ³³²/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁵³/

/tʰĩ³³ tiɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ⁴¹/

/tʰĩ³³⁻²³ teŋ⁵²/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tɪŋ³⁵/

/tʰieŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾niŋ³³/

/tʰiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɛŋ⁴⁵³/

/tʰiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɛŋ³³²/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁵³/

/tʰĩ³³ tiɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ⁴¹/

/tʰĩ³³⁻²³ teŋ⁵²/

(literary or Eastern Min, Southern Min, Taiwanese Hakka, Wenzhounese) sky


利便

/li⁵¹⁻⁵³ pi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/l̃i²⁴²⁻⁵³ piɛŋ²⁴²/

/li¹¹⁻⁴² ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾ɛŋ¹¹/

/li²¹⁻⁴² ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɛŋ²¹/

/li²²⁻²¹ piɛn²²/

/li⁴¹⁻²² piɛn⁴¹/

/li²²⁻²¹ piɛn²²/

/li³³⁻¹¹ piɛn³³/

/li³³⁻²¹ piɛn³³/

/li⁵¹⁻⁵³ pi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/l̃i²⁴²⁻⁵³ piɛŋ²⁴²/

/li¹¹⁻⁴² ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾ɛŋ¹¹/

/li²¹⁻⁴² ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɛŋ²¹/

/li²²⁻²¹ piɛn²²/

/li⁴¹⁻²² piɛn⁴¹/

/li²²⁻²¹ piɛn²²/

/li³³⁻¹¹ piɛn³³/

/li³³⁻²¹ piɛn³³/

(literary or Hakka, Eastern Min, Southern Min, Puxian Min) convenient


我儂

→ Malay: kita orang, kitorang (calque)

/wɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ nʊŋ³⁵/

/kuaʔ³²⁻⁴ naŋ¹³/

/kuaʔ³²⁻⁴ naŋ²⁴/

/ɡua⁴²⁻²⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/ua⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/ua⁴²⁻²⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/ŋu²² noŋ⁴⁴/

/ɦu²² noŋ⁴⁴/

/wɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ nʊŋ³⁵/

/kuaʔ³²⁻⁴ naŋ¹³/

/kuaʔ³²⁻⁴ naŋ²⁴/

/ɡua⁴²⁻²⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/ua⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/ua⁴²⁻²⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/ŋu²² noŋ⁴⁴/

/ɦu²² noŋ⁴⁴/

used without 的; GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

(dialectal Eastern Min, Malaysian Hokkien, Singapore Hokkien and Longyan Min, Hainanese, Leizhou Min) we; us


番客

/fän⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/huaŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ kʰɑʔ²⁴/

/huan⁴⁴⁻²² kʰeʔ³²/

/huan⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɛʔ³²/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ kʰeʔ²/

/fän⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/huaŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ kʰɑʔ²⁴/

/huan⁴⁴⁻²² kʰeʔ³²/

/huan⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɛʔ³²/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ kʰeʔ²/

(dialectal, including Eastern Min, Southern Min) a foreigner or a non-Han person who resides in China (during the Tang and Song dynasties)


後生仔

后生仔
後生欸
後生兒
後生囝

/hɐu̯²² saːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐi̯³⁵/

/heu̯⁵⁵ saŋ²⁴ e³¹/

/heu³³ saŋ⁵³ ə⁵⁵/

/heu⁵³ saŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋe³¹/

/hau³⁵⁻¹¹ sẽ³³⁻²³ kĩã⁵²/

/hɐu̯²² saːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐi̯³⁵/

/heu̯⁵⁵ saŋ²⁴ e³¹/

/heu³³ saŋ⁵³ ə⁵⁵/

/heu⁵³ saŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ŋe³¹/

/hau³⁵⁻¹¹ sẽ³³⁻²³ kĩã⁵²/

† - young male; GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

(Cantonese, Hakka, Northern Min, Eastern Min, Teochew, Datian Min, Zhongshan Min) young person (Classifier: 個／个)


書齋

/ʂu⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂaɪ̯⁵⁵/

/syː⁵⁵ t͡saːi̯⁵⁵/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sai⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sai⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sai⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sai⁴⁴/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ t͡se³³/

/ʂu⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂaɪ̯⁵⁵/

/syː⁵⁵ t͡saːi̯⁵⁵/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sai⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sai⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sai⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sai⁴⁴/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ t͡se³³/


臺中

/tai⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾louŋ⁵⁵/

/tai⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾louŋ⁵⁵/


阿妹

/ˀä⁵⁵ meɪ̯⁵¹/

/aː³³ muːi̯²²⁻³⁵/

/aː³³ muːi̯²²⁻⁵⁵/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² mẽ²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² mãi⁴⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² mue²⁴/

/a³³⁻²³ mue¹¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ meɪ̯⁵¹/

/aː³³ muːi̯²²⁻³⁵/

/aː³³ muːi̯²²⁻⁵⁵/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² mẽ²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² mãi⁴⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² mue²⁴/

/a³³⁻²³ mue¹¹/

(dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese, dialectal Hakka, dialectal Eastern Min, Southern Min, Puxian Min, Wu) younger sister


王梨

→ Bunun: bunglai

→ Kavalan: unglay

→ Thao: unglai

→ Tsou: 'ungeai

/uoŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡi⁵³/

/ɒŋ¹³⁻¹¹ lai¹³/

/ɒŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nai²⁴/

/ɔŋ²³⁻³³ lai²³/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻²¹ lai²⁴/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lai²⁴/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² lai²⁴/

/ɔŋ¹³⁻²² lai¹³/

/ɔ²²⁻¹¹ lai²⁴/

/ɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ lai²¹³/

/uaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lai⁵⁵/

/uoŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡi⁵³/

/ɒŋ¹³⁻¹¹ lai¹³/

/ɒŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nai²⁴/

/ɔŋ²³⁻³³ lai²³/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻²¹ lai²⁴/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lai²⁴/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² lai²⁴/

/ɔŋ¹³⁻²² lai¹³/

/ɔ²²⁻¹¹ lai²⁴/

/ɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ lai²¹³/

/uaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lai⁵⁵/

鳳萊
鳳梨
旺梨
旺來
𦬬萊
王萊
王來
黃梨

(Eastern Min, Hokkien, Puxian Min, Singapore Teochew and Pontianak Teochew) pineapple


菜頭

→ Kavalan: saytaw

→ Paiwan: caitav

→ Puyuma: saytaw

desc

→ Thai: ไช้เท้า

→ Thai: ไช้เท้า

→ Khmer: ឆៃថាវ (chaythaaw)

/t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵ tʰeu̯¹¹/

/t͡sʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sʰai¹¹²⁻⁴² tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau¹³/

/t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰau²³/

/t͡sʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tʰau⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵ tʰeu̯¹¹/

/t͡sʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sʰai¹¹²⁻⁴² tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau¹³/

/t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰau²³/

/t͡sʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tʰau⁵⁵/

(chiefly Hakka, Eastern Min, Southern Min, Wu) daikon; Chinese radish


翼翼

/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/jɪk̚² jɪk̚²/

/i⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/jɪk̚² jɪk̚²/

/siʔ⁵⁻³³ siʔ⁵/

/siʔ⁵⁻³³ siʔ⁵/


鎖匙

→ Indonesian: sosi

→ Javanese: ꦱꦺꦴꦱꦶ (sosi)

→ Tagalog: susi

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴ ʂʐ̩⁴/

/sɔː³⁵ siː²¹/

/ɬᵘɔ⁵⁵ si²²/

/so²¹³⁻²¹ sz̩¹/

/so²⁴⁻³³ ʃi⁵⁵/

/so³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lie⁵³/

/sɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ si²³/

/so⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ si²³/

/so⁵³⁻²⁴ si²⁴/

/so⁴²⁻²⁴ si²⁴/

/so⁵⁵⁻³⁵ si²⁴/

/so⁵³⁻⁴⁴ si¹³/

/so⁵³⁻⁴⁴ si²⁴/

/so⁵³⁻⁵⁵ si²⁴/

/sɤ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ si²⁴/

/so⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ si²⁴/

/so⁵²⁻³⁵ si⁵⁵/

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴ ʂʐ̩⁴/

/sɔː³⁵ siː²¹/

/ɬᵘɔ⁵⁵ si²²/

/so²¹³⁻²¹ sz̩¹/

/so²⁴⁻³³ ʃi⁵⁵/

/so³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lie⁵³/

/sɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ si²³/

/so⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ si²³/

/so⁵³⁻²⁴ si²⁴/

/so⁴²⁻²⁴ si²⁴/

/so⁵⁵⁻³⁵ si²⁴/

/so⁵³⁻⁴⁴ si¹³/

/so⁵³⁻⁴⁴ si²⁴/

/so⁵³⁻⁵⁵ si²⁴/

/sɤ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ si²⁴/

/so⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ si²⁴/

/so⁵²⁻³⁵ si⁵⁵/


今旦

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ tän⁵¹/

/kiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɑŋ²¹³/

/kiŋ⁵³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nua⁴²/

/kiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nua⁴²/

/kin⁴⁴⁻³³ tuã¹¹/

/kin⁴⁴⁻³³ tuã²¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ tuã¹¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ tuã²¹/

/kiŋ³⁵⁻³³ nua²¹/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ tän⁵¹/

/kiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɑŋ²¹³/

/kiŋ⁵³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nua⁴²/

/kiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nua⁴²/

/kin⁴⁴⁻³³ tuã¹¹/

/kin⁴⁴⁻³³ tuã²¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ tuã¹¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ tuã²¹/

/kiŋ³⁵⁻³³ nua²¹/

(Eastern Min, Datian Min, Hainanese, Leizhou Min, Puxian Min) today


伓好

/^((ŋ̍-))ŋ̍²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋo³³/

/^((ŋ̍-))ŋ̍²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋo³³/


伓便

/^((ŋ̍-))m̩²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾miɛŋ²⁴²/

/^((ŋ̍-))m̩²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾miɛŋ²⁴²/


耳囝

/ŋi²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iaŋ³³/

/hi²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ã³³²/

/hi¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾œ⁴⁵³/

/ŋi²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iaŋ³³/

/hi²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ã³³²/

/hi¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾œ⁴⁵³/

(Eastern Min, Puxian Min, Zhongshan Min) ear


兒囝

/nˡie²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iaŋ³³/

/nˡie²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iaŋ³³/

(Eastern Min) sons and daughters; children


老媽

→ French: vieille mère (calque)

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ mä⁵⁵/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ mɑɻ⁵⁵/

/l̃au²⁴²⁻⁵³ ma³³/

/lau³³⁻¹¹ mã⁵³/

/lau³³⁻²¹ mã⁴¹/

/lau³⁵⁻¹¹ ma⁵²/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ mä⁵⁵/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ mɑɻ⁵⁵/

/l̃au²⁴²⁻⁵³ ma³³/

/lau³³⁻¹¹ mã⁵³/

/lau³³⁻²¹ mã⁴¹/

/lau³⁵⁻¹¹ ma⁵²/

(Northern Min, Eastern Min, Puxian Min, dialectal Wu) wife


飛船

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (飛船):
* → Vietnamese: phi thuyền (飛船)

/feɪ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵/

/pui⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luŋ⁵³/

/pe⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun²⁴/

/pe⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²⁴/

/pə⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²⁴/

/feɪ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än³⁵/

/pui⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾luŋ⁵³/

/pe⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun²⁴/

/pe⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²⁴/

/pə⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun²⁴/

(Eastern Min, Southern Min, Puxian Min, dated, still used in Tong'an, Kinmenese and Penang Hokkien) airplane


月利

/ɥɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/ŋuoʔ⁵⁻²¹ l̃ɛi²⁴²/

/ɥɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/ŋuoʔ⁵⁻²¹ l̃ɛi²⁴²/

(Eastern Min) the month following childbirth, during which the mother goes through the traditional Chinese form of postpartum recovery, sometimes referred to in English as confinement or lying-in; puerperium


懶漢

/län²¹⁴⁻²¹ xän⁵¹/

/laːn¹³ hɔːn³³/

/l̃aŋ³³⁻⁵⁵ hɑŋ²¹³/

/lan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ han⁴¹/

/län²¹⁴⁻²¹ xän⁵¹/

/laːn¹³ hɔːn³³/

/l̃aŋ³³⁻⁵⁵ hɑŋ²¹³/

/lan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ han⁴¹/


鳥仔

/tiau⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ʋe³¹/

/t͡sɛu³³⁻³⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iaŋ³³/

/t͡siau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁵³/

/t͡siau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡siau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁵³/

/t͡siau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁵³/

/t͡siau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ a⁴¹/

/tiau⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ʋe³¹/

/t͡sɛu³³⁻³⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iaŋ³³/

/t͡siau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁵³/

/t͡siau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡siau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁵³/

/t͡siau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁵³/

/t͡siau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ a⁴¹/

(Pingxiang Gan, Eastern Min, Leizhou Min, Hainanese) little bird


𩩍

(Eastern, Puxian and Southern Min) back of the body


衣食

Sino-Xenic (衣食):
* → Japanese: 衣(い)食(しょく) (ishoku); 衣(え)食(じき) (ejiki)
* → Korean: 의식(衣食) (uisik)

Other descendants

→ Tagalog: wisit

/jiː⁵⁵ sɪk̚²/

/i²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨt̚⁵/

/(j)i²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨt̚⁵/

/i⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾liʔ⁵/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ sit̚⁴/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² sit̚⁴/

/ui⁴⁴⁻²² sit̚⁴/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ sit̚⁴/

/jiː⁵⁵ sɪk̚²/

/i²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨt̚⁵/

/(j)i²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨt̚⁵/

/i⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾liʔ⁵/

/i⁴⁴⁻³³ sit̚⁴/

/i⁴⁴⁻²² sit̚⁴/

/ui⁴⁴⁻²² sit̚⁴/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ sit̚⁴/

倉廩實而知禮節，衣食足而知榮辱 / 仓廪实而知礼节，衣食足而知荣辱

cānglǐn shí ér zhī lǐjié, yīshí zú ér zhī róngrǔ


汗衫

/xän⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hɔːn²² saːm⁵⁵/

/xæ̃⁴⁵ sæ̃¹¹/

/haŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾naŋ⁵⁵/

/xän⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hɔːn²² saːm⁵⁵/

/xæ̃⁴⁵ sæ̃¹¹/

/haŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾naŋ⁵⁵/

(Beijing Mandarin, Meixian Hakka, Fuzhou Eastern Min) shirt


手球

/ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/sɐu̯³⁵ kʰɐu̯²¹/

/ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/sɐu̯³⁵ kʰɐu̯²¹/

/t͡sʰieu³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ieu⁵³/

/t͡sʰieu³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ieu⁵³/


白紙

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


耳聾

/ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵/

/jiː¹³ lʊŋ²¹/

/ᵑɡi⁵⁵ lɵŋ³³/

/ŋi³¹ luŋ²⁴/

/ŋi³¹ luŋ²⁴/

/ŋi³¹ nuŋ²⁴/

/ŋi²⁴⁻³³ luŋ⁵³/

/ŋi³¹ lʊŋ⁴⁴/

/ŋi²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ l̃øyŋ⁵³/

/hĩ³⁵⁻¹¹ laŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵/

/jiː¹³ lʊŋ²¹/

/ᵑɡi⁵⁵ lɵŋ³³/

/ŋi³¹ luŋ²⁴/

/ŋi³¹ luŋ²⁴/

/ŋi³¹ nuŋ²⁴/

/ŋi²⁴⁻³³ luŋ⁵³/

/ŋi³¹ lʊŋ⁴⁴/

/ŋi²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ l̃øyŋ⁵³/

/hĩ³⁵⁻¹¹ laŋ⁵⁵/


腳色

Sino-Xenic (腳色):
* → Japanese: 脚色(きゃくしょく) (kyakushoku)
* → Korean: 각색(脚色) (gaksaek)

/t͡ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ sɤ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sɤ⁵¹/

/kɔːk̚³ sɪk̚⁵/

/kœːk̚³ sɪk̚⁵/

/kyoʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ saiʔ²⁴/

/t͡ɕiaʔ³³ səʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕiɑʔ³³ səʔ³⁴/

/t͡ɕiaʔ⁴⁴ səʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ sɤ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sɤ⁵¹/

/kɔːk̚³ sɪk̚⁵/

/kœːk̚³ sɪk̚⁵/

/kyoʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ saiʔ²⁴/

/t͡ɕiaʔ³³ səʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕiɑʔ³³ səʔ³⁴/

/t͡ɕiaʔ⁴⁴ səʔ⁴⁴/

(Eastern Min) one's physical health, physique


我人

/uɛ⁴² neiŋ³³/

/ɡua⁴²⁻²⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/ua⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ laŋ²³/

/uɛ⁴² neiŋ³³/

/ɡua⁴²⁻²⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/ua⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ laŋ²³/

(dialectal Gan, Huizhou, Northern Min, dialectal Eastern Min, Malaysian and Singapore Hokkien, Leizhou Min, dialectal Wu) we; us


紫菜

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁴/

/t͡siː³⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/

/t͡si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/t͡si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/

/t͡si⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/t͡sz̩⁵² t͡sʰe¹¹/

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁴/

/t͡siː³⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/

/t͡si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/t͡si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/

/t͡si⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/t͡sz̩⁵² t͡sʰe¹¹/


豉油

→ Khmer: ស៊ីអ៊ីវ (siiʼiiw) (via Teochew)

→ Macanese: siao (via Cantonese)

→ Thai: ซีอิ๊ว (sii-íu) (via Teochew)

→ Vietnamese: xì dầu

→ Spanish: sillao (via Cantonese)

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ joʊ̯³⁵/

/siː²² jɐu̯²¹/

/siː²² jɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/si³² jiu²²⁻²²⁵/

/sz̩⁵³⁻⁵⁵ iu¹¹/

/si²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ieu⁵³/

/si²¹⁻²² iu²⁴/

/si⁴¹⁻²² iu²⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ joʊ̯³⁵/

/siː²² jɐu̯²¹/

/siː²² jɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/si³² jiu²²⁻²²⁵/

/sz̩⁵³⁻⁵⁵ iu¹¹/

/si²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ieu⁵³/

/si²¹⁻²² iu²⁴/

/si⁴¹⁻²² iu²⁴/

(chiefly Guangdong, Eastern Min, Quanzhou Hokkien) soy sauce


領頭

/liŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/lɪŋ¹³ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/niã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰau²⁴/

/niã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰau²⁴/

/niã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰau¹³/

/liŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/lɪŋ¹³ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/niã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰau²⁴/

/niã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰau²⁴/

/niã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰau¹³/

(Northern Min, Eastern Min, Wu) collar (of a shirt)


毛毛

/mɑʊ̯³⁵ mɑʊ̯³/

/mou̯²¹ mou̯²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/mo⁵³⁻³³ mo⁵³/

/mɒu̯¹³ mɒu̯⁴⁵/

/mɑʊ̯³⁵ mɑʊ̯³/

/mou̯²¹ mou̯²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/mo⁵³⁻³³ mo⁵³/

/mɒu̯¹³ mɒu̯⁴⁵/


目屎

/muk⁵⁻² ʃi²⁴/

/mɛiʔ⁵⁻³³ sai³³/

/møyʔ⁵⁻³³ sai³³/

/maʔ⁴⁻²¹ ɬai⁴⁵³/

/maʔ⁴⁻² ɬai³³²/

/maʔ⁴⁻² θai³³²/

/bak̚²⁴⁻² sai⁵⁵⁴/

/bak̚³²⁻²¹ sai²¹/

/bak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ sai⁵³/

/bak̚⁴³⁻²¹ sai⁴²/

/muk⁵⁻² ʃi²⁴/

/mɛiʔ⁵⁻³³ sai³³/

/møyʔ⁵⁻³³ sai³³/

/maʔ⁴⁻²¹ ɬai⁴⁵³/

/maʔ⁴⁻² ɬai³³²/

/maʔ⁴⁻² θai³³²/

/bak̚²⁴⁻² sai⁵⁵⁴/

/bak̚³²⁻²¹ sai²¹/

/bak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ sai⁵³/

/bak̚⁴³⁻²¹ sai⁴²/

(Taining Gan, Hakka, Leizhou Min, Eastern Min, Southern Min, Central Min, Puxian Min) sleep (substance found in the eyes after waking)


白雪雪

/paːk̚² syːt̚³⁻⁵ syːt̚³⁻⁵/

/paʔ⁵⁻²¹ suoʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ suɔʔ²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ se(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ seʔ³²/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ seʔ³²/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ seʔ³²/

/paːk̚² syːt̚³⁻⁵ syːt̚³⁻⁵/

/paʔ⁵⁻²¹ suoʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ suɔʔ²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ se(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ seʔ³²/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ seʔ³²/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ seʔ³²/

(Cantonese, Eastern Min, Hokkien) snow-white; very white


過後

/ku̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xoʊ̯⁵¹/

/kʷɔː³³ hɐu̯²²/

/kuo²¹³⁻⁵³ ɑu²⁴²/

/ke²¹⁻⁵³ au²²/

/ke¹¹⁻⁵³ au³³/

/kə⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ au²²/

/kue²¹⁻⁵³ au²²/

/kue²¹⁻⁴¹ au³³/

/kue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ au³⁵/

/kəu⁵² ɦøy¹¹/

/ku̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xoʊ̯⁵¹/

/kʷɔː³³ hɐu̯²²/

/kuo²¹³⁻⁵³ ɑu²⁴²/

/ke²¹⁻⁵³ au²²/

/ke¹¹⁻⁵³ au³³/

/kə⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ au²²/

/kue²¹⁻⁵³ au²²/

/kue²¹⁻⁴¹ au³³/

/kue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ au³⁵/

/kəu⁵² ɦøy¹¹/


黃梨

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ li³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ lɐi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/ʋɔŋ¹¹ li¹¹/

/uoŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡai⁵³/

/uoŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡi⁵³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ lai²⁴/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ lai²³/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ li³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ lɐi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/ʋɔŋ¹¹ li¹¹/

/uoŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡai⁵³/

/uoŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡi⁵³/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ lai²⁴/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ lai²³/

(chiefly Malaysia, Singapore, Hakka, Eastern Min) pineapple


𠕇

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 冇 + 丶. In Min Nan, 冇, which is 有 (“to have”) without the two inner strokes, is used to mean "empty, hollow", originally when describing grain kernels. Adding 丶 inside 冇 shows a full kernel in the hollow husk, therefore meaning "hard, solid".


牛筋

/ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/nʲiəu²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/ŋɐu̯²¹ kɐn⁵⁵/

/ᵑɡeu²² kin³³⁻³³⁵/

/niəu¹¹ t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/

/ŋu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kyŋ⁵⁵/

/ni̯oʊ̯³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/nʲiəu²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/ŋɐu̯²¹ kɐn⁵⁵/

/ᵑɡeu²² kin³³⁻³³⁵/

/niəu¹¹ t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/

/ŋu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kyŋ⁵⁵/

(Taishanese, Meixian Hakka, Northern Min, Eastern Min) rubber band; elastic band


味素

/weɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ su⁵¹/

/i²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lou²¹³/

/bi³³⁻²¹ sɔ²¹/

/bi³³⁻¹¹ sɔ¹¹/

/bi²²⁻²¹ sɔ²¹/

/weɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ su⁵¹/

/i²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lou²¹³/

/bi³³⁻²¹ sɔ²¹/

/bi³³⁻¹¹ sɔ¹¹/

/bi²²⁻²¹ sɔ²¹/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 味の素 (Ajinomoto).

obor

monosodium glutamate
monosodium glutamate

(chiefly Hakka, Eastern Min, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) monosodium glutamate


大食

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (大食):
* → Japanese: 大食(たいしょく) (taishoku)
* → Korean: 대식(大食) (daesik)

/taːi̯²² sɪk̚²/

/taːi̯²² sɪk̚²/

(Cantonese, Eastern Min) to gorge oneself; to pig out