Japan

> Tok Pisin: Siapan (inherited)

→ Bengali: জাপান (japan)

→ Burmese: ဂျပန် (gya.pan)

→ Gujarati: જાપાન (jāpān)

→ Hindustani:

desctree

Hindi: जापान (jāpān)
→ Dhivehi: ޖާފާނު (jāfānu)

Urdu: جاپان (jāpān)

→ Irish: Seapáin

→ Marathi: जपान (japān)

→ Marshallese: Jepaan

→ Persian:

Dari: جَاپَان (jāpān)

⇒ Samoan: Iapani

→ Tamil: ஜப்பான் (jappāṉ)

→ Telugu: జపాను (japānu)

→ Welsh: Japan

→ Welsh: Siapan

→ Yoruba: Jèpáànì

Etymology tree
Hokkien 日本 /Ji̍t-púnbor.
Malay Jepangbor.
Portuguese Japãobor.
Malay Jepangbor.
Dutch Japanbor.
English Japan
First attested in English as Giapan in Richard Willes's 1577 The History of Travayle in the West and East Indies (cited in Peter C. Mancall's Travel Narratives from the Age of Discovery, pp. 156–57), translating a 19 February 1565 letter of the Portuguese Jesuit missionary Luís Fróis as "Of the Ilande of Giapan".
Borrowed from Portuguese Japão / Japam with possible influence from Dutch Japan, both from Malay Jepang / Jepun, from Hokkien 日本 (Ji̍t-pún), from Middle Chinese 日本 (ȵiɪt̚ puən^X, “sun origin”).
With /j/ readings, such as Iaponia / Japonia or Japon / Iapon from possibly Cantonese 日本 (jat⁶ bun²), also from Middle Chinese 日本 (ȵiɪt̚ puən^X, “sun origin”).
Compare also modern Mandarin 日本 (Rìběn), Japanese 日本(にっぽん) (Nippon) / 日本(にほん) (Nihon), Korean 일본 (Ilbon) (日本), Vietnamese Nhật Bản (日本).
The earliest form of Japan in Europe was Marco Polo's Cipangu, from some form of synonymous Sinitic 日本國 /日本国 (“Japan state”).

der

Giapan (alternative)
Japonia (alternative)
Japon (alternative)

Vivian: If you set a picture by Hokusai, or Hokkei, or any of the great native painters, beside a real Japanese gentleman or lady, you will see that there is not the slightest resemblance between them. The actual people who live in Japan are not unlike the general run of English people; that is to say, they are extremely commonplace, and have nothing curious or extraordinary about them. In fact the whole of Japan is a pure invention. There is no such country, there are no such people... if you desire to see a Japanese effect, you will not behave like a tourist and go to Tokio. On the contrary, you will stay at home and steep yourself in the work of certain Japanese artists, and then, when you have absorbed the spirit of their style, and caught their imaginative manner of vision, you will go some afternoon and sit in the Park or stroll down Piccadilly, and if you cannot see an absolutely Japanese effect there, you will not see it anywhere.

1889 Jan., Oscar Wilde, The Decay of Lying: An Observation", The Nineteenth Century

Japan’s very interesting. Some people think it copies things. I don’t think that anymore. I think what they do is reinvent things. They will get something that’s already been invented and study it until they thoroughly understand it. In some cases, they understand it better than the original inventor... That strategy works only when what they’re working with isn’t changing very much—the stereo industry and the automobile industry are two examples. When the target is moving quickly, they find it very difficult...

1985 February, Steve Jobs, interview with David Sheff, Playboy

Nolan: You do know Japan have expressed concern?
Douglas: What, the whole country?
Nolan: No, not the whole... Mr Yamamoto.
Douglas: He's important, isn't he?
Nolan: He's the major shareholder.

2008 November 21, Graham Linehan, The IT Crowd, Season 3, Episode 1


Netherlands

en-proper noun

the Netherlands (usually uncountable, plural the Netherlands)

the Netherlands (canonical)
the Netherlands (plural)
The Netherlands (alternative)

From nether (“lower”) + lands, the country being very low-lying, with a great part below sea level. Either a calque or a parallel formation to Dutch Nederland.

constituent countries
constituent country

A country in Western Europe, consisting of four constituent countries: the Netherlands per se, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.

Ҳоландиа

country in northwestern Europe — see also Holland


Belgium

en-prop

Belgium (usually uncountable, plural Belgiums)

Borrowed from Latin Belgium, from the name of the tribe of Belgae.

The higher levels of chlorate were discovered during routine testing at the company's production facility in Ghent, Belgium, according to an unnamed company spokesperson quoted by the AFP news agency.

2025 January 29, Lucy Hooker, “Coca-Cola recalls drinks in UK due to chemical levels”, in BBC News:

Kingdom of Belgium
Kingdom of Belgium#English

A country in Western Europe that has borders with the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France. Official name: Kingdom of Belgium. Capital and largest city: Brussels.


Greece

→ Korean: 그리스 (Geuriseu)

→ Thai: กรีซ (grìis)

→ Iban: Gerika

From Middle English Grece, from Old French Grece, from Latin Graecia, from Ancient Greek Γραικός (Graikós). Replaced Old English Grēcland, also from the same Latin source.

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Hellenic Republic
Hellenic Republic#English

A country in Southeast Europe. Official name: Hellenic Republic. Capital and largest city: Athens.


Germany

en-proper noun

Germany (countable and uncountable, plural Germanys or Germanies)

1 BC
1000
1914
1944
750 BC
Germany
Julius Caesar
Strabo
The German Question

From Middle English Germanie, from Old English Germanie & Germania, from Latin Germānia (“land of the Germans”), from Germānī, a people living around and east of the Rhine first attested in the 1st century B.C.E. works of Julius Caesar and of uncertain etymology. The exonym was said by Strabo to derive from germānus (“close kin; genuine”), making it cognate with germane and german, but this seems unsupported. Attempts to derive it from Germanic or Celtic roots since the 18th century are all problematic, although it is perhaps cognate with the Old Irish gair (“neighbour”). Doublet of Germania.
In reference to a medieval kingdom, English Germany is usually an anachronism using the Roman name to describe the area or calquing various Latin terms like rex Teutonicorum ("king of the Teutons"), which were often derogatory exonyms rather than formal titles.

nowrap

1st century <small class='ce-date'>B.C.E.</small>

There had been a long bloody war in the empire of Germany for twelve years, between the Emperor, the Duke of Bavaria, the King of Spain, and the Popiſh Princes and Electors, on the one side; and the Proteſtant Princes on the other; and both ſides having been exhauſted by the war, and even the Catholicks themſelves beginning to diſlike the growing power of the houſe of Auſtria, it was thought that all parties were willing to make peace.

1759, A Military History of Germany; and of England. From the Year 1631 to the Year 1648. Being the Memoirs of an English Gentleman, who served in the army of Gustavus Adolphus; and afterwards in the Royal Army of King Charles I (1759), page 33:

I had frequently been told, that the Bohemians were the moſt muſical people of Germany, or, perhaps, of all Europe...

1775, Charles Burney, The Present State of Music in Germany, the Netherlands, and United Provinces, volume II, page 3:

When the race of Charlemagne ceaſed to govern in Germany, the princes and ſtates aſſociated to continue the empire; and that its majeſty might be viſible, and its laws enforced, they agreed to chooſe an emperor. From this emperor, all electors and princes, except thoſe before 1582, receive inveſtiture of their dominions; counts and free cities from the Aulic council. But this inveſtiture is no more than a ſign of ſubmiſſion to the majeſty of the empire, which is depoſited in the emperor. For as the conſtituted members of the empire are dependent on that collective union from which they derive protection, they therefore ſhew this dependence on the emperor, becauſe he repreſents the majeſty of that union, or of the empire; but in all other reſpects they are independent and free.

1790, Thomas B. Clarke, A Statistical View of Germany, in respect to the Imperial and Territorial Constitutions, Forms of Government, Legislation, Administration of Justice, and Ecclesiastical State, page 13:

There are few cities in Germany beſides Vienna which contain ſo rich and numerous a nobility as this does: there are fome houſes here which have eſtates of 100,000 guilders, or 10,000l. a-year.

1797, Colin MacFarquhar, George Gleig, editors, Encyclopædia Britannica, 3rd edition, A. Bell & C. MacFarquhar, "Mentz", page 396:

The principal state in this country, including

(historical) A nominal medieval kingdom forming part of the Carolingian and Holy Roman Empires; (metonymically, now uncommon) the Holy Roman Empire in its entirety; (metonymically, obsolete) the Austrian Habsburg empire in its entirety.

The win made Germany the first European team to prevail in a World Cup in the Americas and gave the Germans, who have made it to the knockout stage in 16 consecutive World Cups, their first trophy since 1990.

2014 July 13, Sam Borden, “Germans End Long Wait: 24 Years and a Bit Extra”, in The New York Times, archived from the original on 2014-07-13:

Germans save a lot, produce plenty and spend little. The result is a massive external surplus. Last year, Germany’s current account surplus stood at almost €200 billion ($260 billion), the world's largest.

2014 September 25, Michael Heise, “The Myth of the Stupid German Investor”, in The Wall Street Journal, archived from the original on 2015-01-07:

Federal Republic of Germany
Federal Republic of Germany#English

A country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany. Official name: Federal Republic of Germany. Capital and largest city: Berlin.

Nazi Germany, Third Reich, Fascist Germany

A township in Adams County, Pennsylvania, United States.

An unincorporated community in Clark County, Indiana, United States.

An unincorporated community in Houston County, Texas, United States.


Estonia

Estonias (plural)
Esthonia (alternative)

→ Japanese: エストニア (Esutonia)

Borrowed from Medieval Latin Estonia. Other early Latin forms were Estia and Hestia, possibly derived from the tribal name Aestiī described by the Roman historian Tacitus in his Germania (ca. 98 AD). Displaced Middle English Ēstland, from Old English Ēstland. Compare also Old Norse Æistland, Icelandic Eistland, German Estland (“Estonia”).

“In the late 1930s, the Western democracies hesitated in the face of danger,” Prime Minister Siim Kallas of Estonia, a former Soviet republic, told me. “As a consequence, we fell under dictatorships and many people lost their lives. Action is sometimes necessary.”

2010, George W. Bush, Decision Points, New York: Crown Publishers, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 233:

Republic of Estonia
Republic of Estonia#English

A country in northeastern Europe, on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea. Official name: Republic of Estonia.


Latvia

⇒? Japanese: ラトビア (Ratobia)

In early July, I returned to Europe for the G-7 summit in Naples. On the way, I stopped in Riga, Latvia, to meet with the leaders of the Baltic states and celebrate the withdrawal of Russian troops from Lithuania and Latvia, a move we had helped to speed up by providing a large number of housing vouchers for Russian officers who wanted to go home.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 185:

Republic of Latvia
Republic of Latvia#English

A country in North Eastern Europe. Official name: Republic of Latvia.


Lithuania

From Medieval Latin Līthuānia f, from Proto-Slavic *Litъva f, from Old Lithuanian Lietuva f; compare the Early Modern synonym Lettow (from Middle English Lettowe).
It has been speculated that the name comes from the rivulet Lietauka, although archeological evidence does not corroborate this hypothesis.

Taiwan's Foreign Ministry on Saturday condemned the sanctions, saying they amounted to "irrational retaliation" by China.
"Taiwan vows to continue to do its best to assist Lithuania to counter the unreasonable and arbitrary suppression of the Chinese government," the ministry said in a statement.

2022 August 13, Yew Lun Tian, Augustas Stankevicius, Ben Blanchard, “China sanctions Lithuanian deputy minister for Taiwan visit”, in Mark Heinrich, Paul Simao, William Mallard, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-08-13, World:

Republic of Lithuania
Republic of Lithuania#English

A country in northeastern Europe. Official name: Republic of Lithuania.


Norway

→ Japanese: ノルウェー (Noruwē)

From Middle English Norwey, Norweye, Northwey, Norweȝe, Norewæiȝ, Norwæge, from Old English Norþweġ, a calque of Old Norse Norðvegr (“north way”), from norðr (“north”) + vegr (“way”), contrasted with suðrvegr (“south way”), i.e. Germany, and austrvegr (“east way”), the Baltic lands. Norwegian (1607) is from Medieval Latin Norvegia, with the -w- from Norway. Equivalent to North + way.

Norroway (alternative)
Norwey (alternative)

An unincorporated community in LaSalle County, Illinois.

A rural unincorporated community in Republic County, Kansas.

A small town in Herkimer County, New York.

Orangeburg County
Orangeburg County#English

A small town in Orangeburg County, South Carolina.


Sweden

→ Bengali: সুইডেন (śuiḍen)

→ Cantonese: 瑞典 (seoi⁶ din²)

→ Mandarin: 瑞典 (Ruìdiǎn)

→ Hakka: 瑞典 (Shuì-tién)

→ Korean: 서전 (Seojeon)

→ Vietnamese: Thụy Điển

→ Hindi: स्वीडन (svīḍan)

→ Hokkien: 瑞典 (Sūi-tián)

→ Mandarin: 瑞典 (Ruìdiǎn)

→ Japanese: スウェーデン (Suwēden)

→ Korean: 스웨덴 (Seuweden)

→ Marathi: स्वीडन (svīḍan)

→ Telugu: స్వీడన్ (svīḍan)

Borrowed from Scots Swethin, Swadne (also Swaden), from Middle Dutch Sweden, dative of Swede. Originally used to refer to the people before the late 1600s, later displaced native Old English Swēoland (literally “Swede land”), Swēoþēod (literally “Swede nation”), and Swēorīċe (literally “Swede kingdom”) to refer to the country.

ncog

People often mix up Sweden and Switzerland

Kingdom of Sweden
Kingdom of Sweden#English

A country in Scandinavia in Europe. Official name: Kingdom of Sweden.


Finland

en-prop

Finland (usually uncountable, plural Finlands)

→ Japanese: フィンランド (Finrando)

Ultimately, from Old Norse Finnland, equivalent to Finn + -land. Compare Old English Finna land (“Lapland”, literally “land of the Sami”).

cog

And so far just two member states, Malta and Finland, are on track to meet their resettling obligations.

2017 March 2, Eliza Mackintosh, “No more excuses on resettling refugees, European Commission warns”, in CNN:

Republic of Finland
Republic of Finland#English

A Nordic country having borders with Sweden, Norway and Russia in Europe. Official name: Republic of Finland.


Morocco

→ Japanese: モロッコ (Morokko)

Earlier spelling Marocco, from Portuguese Marrocos and/or Spanish Marruecos, from Arabic مُرَّاكُش (murrākuš), from Berber ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ (amur n akuc, literally “Land of God”). The word originally referred to the capital city of Marrakech (founded late 11th c.), but came to be used as a pars pro toto for the westernmost region of the Islamic world. Compare older Arabic مُرَّاكُش (murrākuš) (now اَلْمَغْرِب (al-maḡrib)), Persian مراکش (marâkeš), Medieval Latin Marrochium. Turkish refers to the country as Fas from Fez, another former capital. Doublet of Marrakech.

Jonathan Hill, professor of international relations in the School of Security Studies at King’s College London, points to ongoing social unrest among rural youths in Morocco as another key reason why the law was passed. He cites the 2011 Arab Spring as an indicator of where such behaviour might lead if left unchecked.

2018 October 26, Chris Fitch, “Reintroduction of military conscription in Morocco”, in Geographical, archived from the original on 2021-02-27:

Kingdom of Morocco
Kingdom of Morocco#English

A country in North Africa. Official name: Kingdom of Morocco. Capital: Rabat.

Eʼeʼaahjí Ghą́ą́ʼaskʼidii Biłikahii Bikéyah


Algeria

→ Japanese: アルジェリア (Arujeria)

/ælˈdʒɪəɹiə/

From Alger + -ia, modified based on French Algérie, from the French Alger (“Algiers”) + -ie, from Algerian Arabic الدزَاير (al-dzayir), from Arabic اَلْجَزَائِر (al-jazāʔir, “the islands”) (with elision of the first vowel), plural of جَزِيرَة (jazīra, “island”), referring to the several small islands that once existed in the Bay of Algiers. Doublet of Algiers and Algeciras.

der

اَلْجَزَائِر

People's Democratic Republic of Algeria#English

A country in North Africa. Official name: People's Democratic Republic of Algeria. Capital and largest city: Algiers.

(historical) Ottoman Algeria, also the regency of Algiers or al-Jazā’ir in Arabic, from 1515 to 1830

(historical) French or Colonial Algeria, from 1830 to 1962

People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria
People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria

The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria, since 1962


Egypt

→ Burmese: အီဂျစ် (igyac)

→ Chinese: 埃及 (Āijí)

→ Korean: 애굽 (Aegup)

→ Vietnamese: Ai Cập

→ Cornish: Ejyp

→ Gujarati: ઇજિપ્ત (ijipt)

→ Hindi: इजिप्ट (ijipṭ), इजिप्त (ijipt)

→ Iban: Ejip

→ Japanese: エジプト (Ejiputo)

→ Kannada: ಈಜಿಪ್ಟ್ (ījipṭ)

→ Korean: 이집트 (Ijipteu)

→ Malayalam: ഈജിപ്റ്റ് (ījipṟṟ)

→ Maori: Īhipa

→ Marathi: इजिप्त (ijipta)

→ Navajo: Ííjip

→ Nepali: इजिप्ट (ijipṭa)

→ Odia: ଇଜିପ୍ଟ (ijipṭa)

→ Paiwan: Idjiputu

→ Thai: อียิปต์ (ii-yìp)

From Middle English Egipt, from Middle French Egypte, from Latin Aegyptus, from Ancient Greek Αἴγυπτος (Aíguptos) (see also the Mycenaean Greek ethnonym 𐁁𐀓𐀠𐀴𐀍 (a3-ku-pi-ti-jo, “Egyptian”)), from Egyptian ḥwt-kꜣ-ptḥ (“Egypt; Memphis; the temple of Ptah in Memphis”, literally “The temple of the ka of Ptah”), whose Late Egyptian pronunciation is reflected by Akkadian 𒄭𒆪𒌒𒋫𒀪 (ḫikuptaḫ).

Ægypt (alternative)
Ægipt (alternative)
Aegipt (alternative)
Egipt (alternative)
Egipte (alternative)

Craighead County
Craighead County#English

A number of places in the United States:

An extinct town in Belmont County, Ohio.

census-designated place
census-designated place

A census-designated place in Whitehall Township, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania.

An unincorporated community in Wharton County, Texas.

A former settlement in Summers County, West Virginia.


Poland

→ Japanese: ポーランド (Pōrando)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂-der.
Proto-Slavic *poľe
Proto-Slavic *-janъ
Proto-Indo-European *-nós
Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos
Proto-Slavic *-inъ
Proto-Slavic *-janinъ
Proto-Slavic *poľaninъder.
German Polebor.
English Pole
Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ-
Proto-Indo-European *-om
Proto-Germanic *landą
Proto-West Germanic *land
Old English land
Middle English lond
English land
English Poland
1560s. From Pole + land, a phono-semantic matching of German Polen (“Poland”), from Old Polish Polanie (“Poles”, literally “field dwellers”), from Proto-Slavic *poľane, plural of *poľaninъ (“field dweller”), from *poľe (“field”) + *-ěninъ, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat, wide”).

der

An unincorporated community in Cass Township, Clay County, Indiana.

Androscoggin County
Androscoggin County#English

Chautauqua County
Chautauqua County#English

A village and township in Mahoning County, Ohio.

An unincorporated community in Eaton, Brown County, Wisconsin.


Austria

→ Japanese: オーストリア (Ōsutoria)

From Latin Austria, a Latinization of Old High German Ōstarrīhhi (the first element of which means "east" and stems from Proto-Germanic *austraz (“eastern”), and the second element of which is rīhhi (“realm”). See east, eastern for more.
Distantly cognate to Australia: it derives from the same Proto-Indo-European root, but via Latin, where it came to mean “south” rather than “east”. Compare also Austrasia.

Hungary, Austria and Poland are still refusing to participate in the resettlement plan, due to end in September. Other Eastern European countries, such as the Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Croatia and Slovakia, are only doing so on a limited basis, the commission said.

Republic of Austria
Republic of Austria#English

A country in Central Europe. Official name: Republic of Austria. Capital and largest city: Vienna.


Iceland

→ Japanese: アイスランド (Aisurando)

From Middle English Iseland, Island, Islond, Yslond, a calque of Old Norse Ísland, equivalent to ice + land.

North Atlantic Ocean
North Atlantic Ocean#English

A country in the North Atlantic Ocean, Europe.


Philippines

See Name of the Philippines in Wikipedia for a complete etymology.
Borrowed from French Philippines, originally from Spanish Filipinas, which was from Felipe (the name of a king of Spain). By surface analysis, Philip + -ine + -s.

(historical) A dependency of the United States (1898–1946).


Greenland

From green + land, calque of Old Norse Grǿnland, from grǿnn (“green”) + land (“land”).

A large self-governing dependent territory of Denmark, in North America.

Groenland

a large self-governing island in North America

An unincorporated community in West Virginia


Albania

Borrowed from Medieval Latin Albānia, from Byzantine Greek Ἀλβανία (Albanía).

However, word-final unstressed schwa is deleted even by the speakers from South Albania, though to different degrees and dependant on the speech style[…]

2006 April 27, Sylvia Moosmüller, Theodor Granser, “The spread of Standard Albanian: An illustration based on an analysis of vowels”, in Language Variation and Change, volume 18, number 2, Cambridge University Press, →DOI:

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Republic of Albania
Republic of Albania#English

A country in Southeast Europe. Official name: Republic of Albania. Capital and largest city: Tirana.


Armenia

From Latin Armenia, from Ancient Greek Ἀρμενία (Armenía) (early 5th century BC), from Old Persian 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 (a-r-mi-i-n /Armina/) (late 6th century BC); see it for more. The Old Persian name is an exonym: see հայ (hay) for the native name. Attested in English since late 14th century.

A barangay of Tarlac City, Tarlac, Philippines.


Azerbaijan

/əˈzɛː(ɹ).baɪˌdʒɑːn/

/əˈzɛː(ɹ).baɪˌʒɑːn/

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish آذربایجان (Azerbaycan), from Classical Persian آذَرْبَایْجَان (āzarbāyjān), Arabized form of Early Classical Persian آذَرْبَایْگَان (āzarbāygān) / آذَرْبَادْگَان (āzarbādgān), from Middle Persian [script needed] (ʾtwrpʾtkʾn) / [script needed] (ʾtwrpʾtkn /Ādurbādagān/), from [script needed] (ʾtwrpʾt' /Ādurbād/, “Atropates (the Persian nobleman who founded the independent kingdom of Atropatene)”) [whose name descends from Old Persian *Ātr̥pātah (/Āturpat/, literally “protected by fire”)] + -kʾn' (whence Classical Persian ـگَان (-gān)). Compare Old Armenian Ատրպատական (Atrpatakan), Ատրապատական (Atrapatakan), Ատրպայական (Atrpayakan), Armenian Ադրբեջան (Adrbeǰan), Byzantine Greek Ἀδαρβιγάνων (Adarbigánōn), Classical Syriac ܐܕܘܪܒܝܓܐܢ (ʾĀḏōrbêḡān), Coptic ⲁⲇⲟⲩⲣⲃⲁⲇⲁⲅⲁⲛ (adourbadagan).

der

آذَرْبَایْجَان

m+

آذَرْبَایْگَان

cog

ⲁⲇⲟⲩⲣⲃⲁⲇⲁⲅⲁⲛ

Azarbaijan (alternative)
Azarbayjan (alternative)
Azerbaidzhan (alternative)
Azerbaydzhan (alternative)

Tahmâsb Coli Khân went to Azerbâïjân, and having liberated its capital, Tabriz, […]

1830, The life of Sheikh Mohammad Ali Hazin, page 206:

Among these were Azerbaijan and Shirvan, where disorders had freshly broken out, […]

1886, Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society, page clxi:

(original sense) A region in northwestern Iran, where ancient Atropatene was located, encompassing the modern provinces of Ardabil, East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan.

Republic of Azerbaijan
Republic of Azerbaijan#English

[from 20th c.] A country in the South Caucasus, Asia and Europe. Official name: Republic of Azerbaijan. Capital: Baku.


Brazil

From Portuguese Brazil, older spelling of Brasil, from brasil (“brazilwood”), originally ‘red like an ember’, from brasa (“ember”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *brasō (“gleed, crackling coal”), and -il (“-ile, -like, -y”) from Latin -īlis (“adjective suffix”).

der

A city, the county seat of Clay County, Indiana, United States.


Bhutan

→ Albanian: Bhutan

→ Arabic: بُوتَان (būtān)

desc

→ Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܒܗܘܼܛܵܢ (bhūṭān)

→ Burmese: ဘူတန် (bhutan)

→ Chinese:

Cantonese: 不丹 (bat1 daan1)

Mandarin: 不丹 (Bùdān)

→ Danish: Bhutan

→ Dhivehi: ބޫޓާން (būṭān̊)

→ Dutch: Bhutan

→ Esperanto: Butano

→ Estonian: Bhutan

→ Faroese: Butan

→ Finnish: Bhutan

→ German: Bhutan

→ Greek: Μπουτάν (Boután)

→ Gujarati: ભૂતાન (bhūtān)

→ Hausa: Butan, Bhutan

→ Hebrew: בְּהוּטָן

→ Hebrew: בְּהוּטָן

→ Interlingua: Bhutan

→ Irish: An Bhútáin

→ Icelandic: Bútan

→ Italian: Bhutan

→ Japanese: ブータン (Būtan)

→ Kalenjin: Butani

→ Kamba: Butani

→ Kannada: ಭೂತಾನ್ (bhūtān)

→ Kikuyu: Butan

→ Korean: 부탄 (Butan)

→ Northern Kurdish: Bûtan

→ Lao: ພູຖານ (phū thān)

→ Luhya: Butani

→ Malay: Bhutan

→ Malayalam: ഭൂട്ടാൻ (bhūṭṭāṉ)

→ Maltese: il-Butan

→ Manx: Yn Vootaan

→ Maori: Putāna, Purutāna

→ Meru: Butan

→ Mongolian:

Cyrillic script: Бутан (Butan)

→ Norman: Bhutan

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: Bhutan

Norwegian Nynorsk: Bhutan

→ Pashto: بوټان (buṭān)

→ Persian: بوتان (butân)

→ Polish: Bhutan

→ Portuguese: Butão

→ Romanian: Bhutan

→ Punjabi: ਭੂਟਾਨ (bhūṭān)

→ Polish: Bhutan

→ Russian: Бута́н (Bután)

→ Bashkir: Бутан (Butan)

→ Belarusian: Бута́н (Bután)

→ Bulgarian: Бута́н (Bután)

→ Crimean Tatar: Butan

→ Georgian: ბჰუტანი (bhuṭani)

→ Kazakh: Бутан (Butan)

→ Kyrgyz: Бутан (Butan)

→ Latvian: Butāna

→ Lithuanian: Butanas

→ Macedonian: Бутан (Butan)

→ Tajik: Бутан (Butan)

→ Turkmen: Butan

→ Tatar: Бутан (Butan)

→ Ukrainian: Бута́н (Bután)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: Бу̀та̄н

Latin script: Bùtān

→ Sindhi: ڀوٽان

→ Sinhalese: භූතානය (bhūtānaya)

→ Slovak: Bhután

→ Spanish: Bután

→ Galician: Bután

→ Swahili: Butani

→ Swedish: Bhutan

→ Tamil: பூட்டான் (pūṭṭāṉ)

→ Tamil: பூட்டான் (pūṭṭāṉ)

→ Telugu: భూటాన్ (bhūṭān)

→ Thai: ภูฏาน (puu-dtaan)

→ Uyghur: بۇتان (butan)

→ Uzbek: Butan

→ Vietnamese: Bu-tan

→ Volapük: Butän

→ Swedish: Bhutan

→ Turkish: Bhutan

→ Welsh: Bhwtan

→ Yiddish: בוטאַן (butan)

→ Yoruba: Bútánì

Borrowed from French Bhoutan, from Nepali भुटान (bhuṭān), from Prakrit 𑀪𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀁𑀢 (bhŏṭṭaṃta, “Tibet”, literally “end of Tibet”); probably ultimately from Tibetan བོད (bod, “Tibet”) + Sanskrit अन्त (anta, “end”). Traditionally considered to be derived via Sanskrit भोटान्त (bhoṭānta), but that word is probably a Prakritism.

der

Kingdom of Bhutan
Kingdom of Bhutan#English

A country in South Asia, in the Himalayas. Official name: Kingdom of Bhutan. Capital: Thimphu.


Switzerland

Compound of Switzer + -land, adopted in the 16th century from Early Modern German Schwytzerland (“land of the Swiss”). Noun sense refers to the state’s political neutrality in both World Wars.

I’m not getting involved in this argument. I’m Switzerland.

(figurative) A neutral party in a dispute; one who does not take sides.


China

en-proper noun

China (usually uncountable, plural Chinas)

Chinas (plural)
Chin (alternative)
Chyna (alternative)

→ Amharic: ቻይና (čayna)

→ Chinese: 猜拿 (Cāiná)

→ Hindi: चाइना (cāinā)

→ Maori: Haina

→ Telugu: చైనా (cainā)

→ Tigre: ቻይና (čayna)

→ Tigrinya: ቻይና (čayna)

→ Tokelauan: Haina

→ Welsh: Tsieina

→ Yoruba: Ṣáínà

[ˈt͡ʃ(ʰ)aɪ̯nə]

China (disambiguation)
Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India
Duarte Barbosa
Garcia de Orta
Marco Polo
The Travels of Marco Polo
states of ancient China

From Portuguese China, probably under influence from Old French Chin, from Classical Persian چین (čīn), from Middle Persian 𐭰𐭩𐭭 (Čīn, “China”), from Sanskrit चीन (cīna, “the Chinese; China”) of uncertain etymology. It is usually thought to be derived from Chinese 秦 (Qín) (sm Qín, mc d͡ziɪn, oc *zin, "Qin"), the westernmost ancient Chinese state, but other theories have been proposed, including derivation from 晉 /晋 (jìn) (sm Jìn, mc t͡siɪn, oc *ʔsins, "Jin"), another important ancient state; 荊 /荆 (jīng) (sm Jīng, mc kˠiæŋ, oc *keŋ, "Chu"), the southernmost ancient Chinese state; or Zina, the endonym of the people of the Yelang kingdom. See "Names of China" and "Chinas" at Wikipedia. As a female name, usually derived via china (“porcelain”) and china doll, ultimately from the same source.

Sjina

region corresponding to the People's Republic of China and Taiwan

A town in Kennebec County, Maine, United States.

An unincorporated community in Howell County, Missouri, United States.


Cyprus

From Latin Cyprus, from Ancient Greek Κύπρος (Kúpros).

Republic of Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus#English

An island and country in the Mediterranean Sea, normally considered politically part of Southeast Europe but geographically part of Western Asia. Official name: Republic of Cyprus. Capital: Nicosia.


Denmark

→ Japanese: デンマーク (Denmāku)

→ Korean: 덴마크 (Denmakeu)

→ Malay: Denmark

Indonesian: Denmark

From Middle English Denmark, from Danish Danmark, from dansk (“Danish”) + Old Norse merki (“boundary”) or mǫrk (“borderland”). Cognate with (and perhaps influenced by) Old English Denemearc.

something is rotten in the state of Denmark

A community of Colchester County, Nova Scotia, Canada.

Colchester County
Colchester County#English

An unincorporated community in Bulloch County, Georgia.

A number of places in other countries:
A place in the United States:
A township in Tuscola County, Michigan.

A number of places in other countries:
A place in the United States:
A township in Ashtabula County, Ohio.

Ashtabula County
Ashtabula County#English

A city in Bamberg County, South Carolina.


Spain

→ Burmese: စပိန် (ca.pin)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: स्पेन (spen)

→ Japanese: スペイン (Supein)

→ Korean: 스페인 (seupein)

→ Marathi: स्पेन (spen)

→ Thai: สเปน (sà-bpeen)

Etymology tree
Latin Hispānia
Old French Espaignebor.
Middle English Spayne
English Spain
From Middle English Spayne, from Anglo-Norman Espayne, from Late Latin Spania, from earlier Latin Hispānia. Doublet of Hispania.

etymon

An English ethnic surname transferred from the nickname for someone with Spanish ancestry.


Hungary

→ Japanese: ハンガリー (Hangarī)

/ˈhʌŋ.ɡəɹ.i/

From Middle English Hungary, Hungrye, Hungry, from Old English Hungerie from Medieval Latin Hungaria. Doublet of Hungaria.

A country in Central Europe. Capital and largest city: Budapest.

Мадя́рщина

mostly by Rusyns; proscribed in official use


India

→ Gujarati: ઈન્ડિયા (īnḍiyā)

→ Hawaiian: ʻĪnia, ʻInia

→ Hindi: इंडिया (iṇḍiyā)

→ Bengali: ইন্ডিয়া (inḍiẏa)

→ Japanese: インディア

→ Kannada: ಇಂಡಿಯಾ (iṇḍiyā)

→ Kashmiri: इंडिया (iṃḍiyā)

→ Korean: 인디아 (india)

desc

→ Malayalam: ഇന്ത്യ (intya), ഇന്റ്യ (inṟya), ഇന്ദ്യ (indya)

→ Marathi: इंडिया (iṇḍiyā)

→ Tamil: இந்தியா (intiyā)

→ Telugu: ఇండియా (iṇḍiyā)

→ Yoruba: Íńdíà

Inherited from Old English India, Indea, from Latin India, from Ancient Greek Ἰνδία (Indía), from Ancient Greek Ἰνδός (Indós, “Indus river”), from Old Persian 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (hiⁿdūš), from Sanskrit सिन्धु (sindhu), ultimately from Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš (“river”).
Compare Middle English Inde and Ynde from Old French Ynde (original form started to prevail in the 16th century), Classical Persian هند (hind, “India”), Sanskrit सिन्धु (síndhu, “a river, stream”).

cog

Republic of India
Republic of India#English

A country in South Asia. Official name: Republic of India. Capital: New Delhi.

Tó Wónaanídę́ę́ʼ Bitsįʼ Yishtłizhii Bikéyah


Italy

→ Japanese: イタリー (Itarī) (dated)

→ Thai: อิตาลี (ì-dtaa-lîi)

→ Yoruba: Ítálì

Etymology tree
Oscan 𐌅𐌝𐌕𐌄𐌋𐌉𐌞 (víteliú)bor.?
Ancient Greek Ῑ̓ταλίᾱ (Ītalíā)der.
Latin Italiabor.
Old English Italia
English Italy
From Old English Italia, borrowed from Latin Italia, from Ancient Greek Ῑ̓ταλίᾱ (Ītalíā), possibly borrowed from Oscan 𐌅𐌝𐌕𐌄𐌋𐌉𐌞 (víteliú). Usually explained as a cognate of vitulus (“calf”), thus meaning "land of young bulls" in Oscan. In that case, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wet- (“year”). According to some ancient Greek authors, named after a king Italus or Italos, whose kingdom was on the peninsula.

etymon

Apennine Peninsula
Apennine Peninsula#English


Cambodia

→ Japanese: カンボジア (Kanbojia)

→ Korean: 캄보디아 (Kambodia)

From French Cambodge and Portuguese Camboja. Both words are derived from Middle Khmer Kambuja (Modern Khmer កម្ពុជា (kampuciə)). Ultimately from Sanskrit काम्बोज (kāmboja, the name of a tribe mentioned in Hindu scripture). Doublet of Kampuchea and gamboge.

der

Kingdom of Cambodia
Kingdom of Cambodia#English

A country in Southeast Asia. Official name: Kingdom of Cambodia. Capital: Phnom Penh. Former name: Kampuchea.


Laos

Borrowed from French Laos, plural of Lao, from Lao ລາວ (lāo, “Lao”). More at Lao.

Lao People’s Democratic Republic#English

A country in Southeast Asia. Official name: Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Capital: Vientiane.


Lebanon

en-proper noun

Lebanon (usually uncountable, plural Lebanons)

→ Japanese: レバノン (Rebanon)

The country's name comes from the name of the mountain range, which in turn comes from Biblical Hebrew לְבָנוֹן (ləḇānôn), from Proto-West Semitic *laban- (“white”) (compare Hebrew לָבָן (lāḇān, “white”), Arabic لَبَن (laban, “milk”)).

Various places in the United States of America:

A small unincorporated community in Montezuma County, Colorado.

Montezuma County
Montezuma County#English

A town in New London County, Connecticut.

New London County
New London County#English

A small village in Red Willow County, Nebraska.

Red Willow County
Red Willow County#English

A city in Grafton County, New Hampshire.

A borough of Hunterdon County, New Jersey.

Hunterdon County
Hunterdon County#English


Mongolia

/mɒŋˈɡəʊli.ə/

A region in East Asia including Inner Mongolia (an autonomous region in China) and Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), sometimes also including Buryatia, Tuva, Altay.


Maldives

⇒ Japanese: モルディブ (Morudibu)

Based on Malé Islands; from Malé, the name of the main island (from Dhivehi މާލެ (māle)) + Prakrit 𑀤𑀻𑀯 (dīva, “island”), from Sanskrit द्वीप (dvīpá).

Republic of Maldives
Republic of Maldives#English

An archipelago and country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of India. Official name: Republic of Maldives. Capital: Malé.


Oman

Sultanate of Oman
Sultanate of Oman#English

A country in Western Asia, in the Middle East. Official name: Sultanate of Oman. Capital: Muscat.


Slovenia

Slovene (from German, from Slovene) + -ia.

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Republic of Slovenia
Republic of Slovenia#English

A country on the Balkan Peninsula in Central Europe. Official name: Republic of Slovenia. Capital and largest city: Ljubljana. Part of Yugoslavia until 1991.


Slovakia

→ Japanese: スロバキア (Surobakia)

First attested to in German in 1586, itself apparently derived from Slovak Slováky, equivalent to English Slovak + -ia.

A country in Central Europe. Official name: Slovak Republic. Capital and largest city: Bratislava.


Syria

From Middle English Sirie, from Latin Sȳria, from Ancient Greek Σῠρῐ́ᾱ (Sŭrĭ́ā), ultimately from Akkadian 𒀸𒋩 (Aššur, “Assur”) and hence originally synonymous to Assyria.

(historical) Syria (an ancient region in the Levant in Western Asia, roughly coextensive with the modern country of Syria).


Thailand

→ Thai: ไทยแลนด์ (tai-lɛɛn)

From Thai + -land, from Thai ไทย (tai), from ไท (tai, “Tai, or 'free' via folk etymology”).

Are you from Thailand? I got you soup from Thailand!

2011 November 2, 00:07:14 from the start, in Conan Delivers Chinese Food in NYC (Conan), Conan O'Brien (actor), Team Coco:

Kingdom of Thailand
Kingdom of Thailand#English

A country in Southeast Asia. Official name: Kingdom of Thailand. Capital: Bangkok. Former name: Siam.


Ukraine

Ukraine (canonical)
the Ukraine (canonical)
Ukrain (alternative)
Ukrainia (alternative)
Ukrania (alternative)
Ucrania (alternative)

→ Assamese: ইউক্ৰেইন (iukrein)

→ Bengali: ইউক্রেন (iukren)

desc

→ Cherokee: ᏯᎧᏪᏂ (yakaweni), ᏳᎬᎳᎢᏅ (yugvlainv)

→ Chinese: 烏克蘭 /乌克兰 (Wūkèlán)

→ Vietnamese: Ô Khắc Lan

→ Dhivehi: ޔުކްރެއިން (yuk̊rein̊)

→ Gujarati: યૂક્રેઇન (yūkreina)

→ Hawaiian: ʻUkelena

→ Hindi: यूक्रेन (yūkren)

→ Kannada: ಯುಕ್ರೇನ್ (yukrēn)

→ Malay: Ukraine

→ Malayalam: യുക്രെയിൻ (yukreyiṉ)

→ Maori: Ūkareinga

→ Marathi: युक्रेन (yukren)

→ Nepali: युक्रेन (yukrena)

→ Odia: ୟୁକ୍ରେନ (yukrena)

→ Punjabi: ਯੂਕ੍ਰੇਨ (yūkren)

→ Samoan: 'Iukureini

→ Sinhalese: යුක්රේන් (yukrēn)

→ Telugu: ఉక్రెయిన్ (ukreyin)

→ Thai: ยูเครน (yuu-kreen)

→ Tigrinya: ዩክረይን (yukräyn)

→ Tongan: ʻIukuleini

→ Ukrainian: Юкре́йн (Jukréjn)

→ Urdu: یُوکْرین (yūkren)

→ Yoruba: Yukíréènì

Borrowed from Polish Ukraina or Russian Украи́на (Ukraína), from Old East Slavic оукраина (ukraina), which is most commonly taken to have meant "borderland, marches" in this context, though for about a century now Ukrainian scholars have articulated an alternative theory that it meant "region, country, the land around (a given center)" in this context instead. See Name of Ukraine for more.

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Ukraine.

A country in Eastern Europe, bordering on the north shore of the Black Sea. Capital and largest city: Kyiv.


Bosnia and Herzegovina

bŏz′·nē·ə and hûrts′·ə·gōv′·ĭn·ə

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Soundguys-Bosnia and Herzegovina.wav

BiH (alternative)
Bosnia-Herzegovina (alternative)
Bosnia (alternative)
Bosnia and Hercegovina (alternative)
Bosnia-Hercegovina (alternative)
Herzeg-Bosnia (alternative)

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English

A country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. Official name: Bosnia and Herzegovina. Capital and largest city: Sarajevo. Part of Yugoslavia until 1992.

မိူင်းပေႃးသၼီးယႃး လႄႈ ႁႃႇၸီႇၵူဝ်းဝီးၼႃး

móeng páu sǎ níi yáa lāae hàa tsìi kó wíi náa


Turkmenistan

From Turkmen Türkmenistan, from Türkmen (“Turk-like; Turkmen”) + Classical Persian ـستان (-istān, “-stan”).

der

A country in Central Asia. Capital: Ashgabat.


Saudi Arabia

I’ve been visiting Saudi Arabia for close to two decades and in that time I’ve experienced some incredible things.

2020 December 5, Nic Robertson, “Saudi Arabia has changed beyond recognition. But will tourists want to visit?”, in CNN:

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia#English

A country in Western Asia, in the Middle East. Official name: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Capital: Riyadh.

الْمَمْلَكَة الْعَرَبِيَّة السُّعُودِيَّة

Саӏудийн ӏаьрбийчоь

Saˀwdiı̇n ˀärbiı̇čö

沙烏地阿拉伯 /沙乌地阿拉伯

Shāwūdì Ālābó

ອາຣາບີຊາອູດີ

ʼā rā bī sā ʼū dī


Russia

en-proper noun

Russia (countable and uncountable, plural Russias)

→ Bengali: রাশিয়া (raśiẏa)

→ Burmese: ရုရှား (ru.hra:)

→ Dhivehi: ރަށިއާ (raṣiā)

→ Hausa: Rasha

→ Hawaiian: Lūkia, Rūsia

→ Hindi: रशिया (raśiyā)

→ Korean: 러시아 (reosia)

desc

→ Lao: ລັດເຊັຽ (lat sīa), ຣັດເຊັຽ (rat sīa)

→ Malay: Rusia

→ Malayalam: റഷ്യ (ṟaṣya)

→ Maori: Rūhia

→ Marathi: रशिया (raśiyā)

→ Rarotongan: Rūtia

→ Russian: Ра́ша (Ráša)

→ Swazi: iRashiya

→ Tamil: ரஷ்யா (raṣyā)

→ Thai: รัสเซีย (rát-siia)

→ Ukrainian: Ра́ша (Ráša)

→ Xhosa: IRashiya

→ Yoruba: Rọ́ṣíà

→ Zulu: iRashiya

1530s, from Medieval Latin Russi (“the people of Russia”), from Old East Slavic Русь (Rusĭ, “Rus”) (whence Arabic رُوس (rūs) and Byzantine Greek Ῥῶς (Rhôs)), which originally referred to a group of Varangians who established themselves near Kiev in the 9th century and ruled Kievan Rus; probably from Proto-Finnic *roocci, from Old East Norse *roþs- (“related to rowing”); related to Old Norse Roþrslandi (“the land of rowing”), an older name of Roslagen, where the Finns first encountered the Swedes. Ultimately from Old Norse róðr (“steering oar”), from Proto-Germanic *rōþrą (“rudder”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁- (“to row”).

der

Russian Federation
Russian Federation#English

A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia. Official name: Russian Federation. Capital and largest city: Moscow. It borders the Pacific and Arctic Oceans and the Baltic, Black, and Caspian Seas. Part of the Soviet Union from 1917 through 1991.

俄羅斯 /俄罗斯

Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆


Croatia

/ˌkɹəʊˈeɪ.ʃə/

/ˌkɹoʊˈeɪ.ʃə/

Borrowed from Medieval Latin Croātia, equivalent to modern Croat + -ia.

The violence began when Serbian troops went into Croatia ostensibly to aid armed ethnic Serbians trying to create their own autonomous states there.

2015 February 3, Greg Botelho, “U.N. court: Serbs’ actions in Croatia not considered genocide”, in CNN:

Republic of Croatia
Republic of Croatia#English

A country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. Official name: Republic of Croatia. Capital and largest city: Zagreb. Part of Yugoslavia until 1991.


Georgia

From George (male given name) + -ia (place-name suffix).

af

/ˈd͡ʒɔː.d͡ʒə/

/ˈd͡ʒɔɹ.d͡ʒə/

/ˈd͡ʒɔʊ.d͡ʒə/

Alabama · Alaska · Arizona · Arkansas · California · Colorado · Connecticut · Delaware · Florida · Georgia · Hawaii · Idaho · Illinois · Indiana · Iowa · Kansas · Kentucky · Louisiana · Maine · Maryland · Massachusetts · Michigan · Minnesota · Mississippi · Missouri · Montana · Nebraska · Nevada · New Hampshire · New Jersey · New Mexico · New York · North Carolina · North Dakota · Ohio · Oklahoma · Oregon · Pennsylvania · Rhode Island · South Carolina · South Dakota · Tennessee · Texas · Utah · Vermont · Virginia · Washington · West Virginia · Wisconsin · Wyoming

American Samoa · Guam · Northern Mariana Islands · Puerto Rico · United States minor outlying islands · United States Virgin Islands

I said, Georgia, oh, Georgia
 No peace I find
 Just an old, sweet song
 Keeps Georgia on my mind

1930, “Georgia on My Mind”, Stuart Gorrell (lyrics), Hoagy Carmichael (music):

A state in the Southern United States. Capital: Atlanta. It is named for George II of Great Britain (1683–1760).

A town in Franklin County, Vermont, named for George III of the United Kingdom (1738–1820).

An unincorporated community in Lawrence County, Indiana, named for the state.

An unincorporated community in Cherry County, Nebraska, named for George A. Frost, a local carpenter.

An unincorporated community in Monmouth County, New Jersey.


Jordan

en-proper noun

Jordan (countable and uncountable, plural Jordans)

From Latin Iordanēs, from Ancient Greek Ἰορδάνης (Iordánēs), from Biblical Hebrew יַרְדֵּן (yardén, “Jordan (river)”). Doublet of Yarden.

der

A number of places in the United States:

An unincorporated community in Hickory County, Missouri.


Macedonia

From Ancient Greek Μακεδονία (Makedonía, “Macedonia”), from μακεδονία (makedonía, “highland”), from μακεδνός (makednós, “high, tall”). Doublet of macedoine.

bor

Macedonia
Macedonia (terminology)
Macedonia naming dispute

An ancient Greek kingdom, located to the north of Thessaly, comprising the Greek city of Thessaloniki and its surroundings.

East Macedonia and Thrace
East Macedonia and Thrace

The largest and second-most populous region of Greece, comprising the regions of West Macedonia, Central Macedonia and the East Macedonia part of the region of East Macedonia and Thrace.

But all this took time and delayed the start of the Communist-led uprising in Macedonia until October 11, 1941, that is, almost three months after it began in other parts of Yugoslavia. The CPY only had a few members in Macedonia at the time […]

2002, Jozo Tomasevich, War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: 1941 - 1945, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 166:

Socialist Republic of Macedonia
Socialist Republic of Macedonia

North Macedonia, a country in Southeastern Europe, or one of its predecessor incarnations, such as the Socialist Republic of Macedonia in Yugoslavia.

A geographical region which includes the Republic of North Macedonia, the Greek region of Macedonia, the Pirin region of Bulgaria, and small parts of Albania and Serbia.

Makèdonia

Republic of North Macedonia — see also Republic of North Macedonia

próin Giougkoslavikí Dimokratía tis Makedonías

πρώην Γιουγκοσλαβική Δημοκρατία της Μακεδονίας

(Forna Jugoslaviska Republiken) Makedonien


Vatican City

Calque of Italian Città del Vaticano, from Latin Cīvitās Vāticāna (“Vatican City”), referring to the Vatican hill, ultimately from vāticinor (“I prophesy”).

Vatican City State
Vatican City State#English

A city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy. Official name: Vatican City State.


Catalonia

/ˌkætəˈləʊniə/

autonomous community
autonomous community

(historical) A traditional region and former principality, including the autonomous community of Catalonia, the Aragon Strip and the region of Northern Catalonia (France).


Korea

en-proper noun

Korea (countable and uncountable, plural Koreas)

→ Welsh: Corea

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-Korea.wav

First attested as Core in the 1598 English translation of the 1596 Itinerario of Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, from the original Dutch Core, itself from Portuguese according to van Linschoten's account. The spelling Corea was more common in Early Modern English, likely through Core + -ia.
Ultimately a sixteenth-century borrowing by Europeans from some variety of Chinese. Compare Mandarin 高麗 /高丽 (Gāolí) but especially Hokkien 高麗 /高丽 (Ko-lê), which matches the Dutch-Portuguese vowels exactly.
These are Chinese pronunciations of Sino-Korean 고려(高麗) (Goryeo), Korea's official name between 918 and 1394 and still used by Chinese people to refer to the country for centuries thereafter; this itself being a shortening of 高句麗 (“Goguryeo”), an ancient Korean kingdom in the first millennium. Doublet of Goryeo, directly from Korean.
Some Korean authors claim an Arabic intermediary instead, but this is impossible because the actual medieval Arabic word for Korea was a variant of السيلى (al-sīlā, see also Silla).

Кореа

ancient country or both Koreas as a whole

A region and peninsula consisting of two countries in East Asia, commonly known as South Korea and North Korea; formerly a single country.

Short for the Republic of Korea (South Korea).

Democratic People's Republic of Korea#English

(recently less common) Short for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea).

After the death of the empreſs Papûſha he had been baniſhed into Korea, from whence he was removed to Quey-lin Fû, the capital of Quang-ſi.

1780, “The Hiſtory of Jenghîz Khan's Succeſſors in Tartary and China”, in The Modern Part of an Univerſal History from the Earlieſt Accounts to the Preſent Time, volume IV, page 297:

Then I told the delegates of the trip which I had taken with my wife, Jane, into Korea on the previous Thanksgiving, and of how I had celebrated my seventy-fourth birthday on the snowy mountains of Korea, eating from a mess kit with the men in uniform.

1954, Alben W. Barkley, “What Happened at Chicago”, in That Reminds Me, Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 246:


Flanders

en-prop

Flanders (countable and uncountable, plural Flanderses)

From Middle English Flaunders, Flaundress, flawndirs, from Old French Flandres, from Middle Dutch vlâendren pl, from Vlander, from Old Frisian, from Proto-Germanic *flaumdrą (“waterlogged land”), from *flaumaz (“flowing, current (water)”) (compare Old High German weraltfloum (“transitoriness of life”), Old Norse flaumr (“eddy”)), from Proto-Indo-European *plow-m- (“flow”) (compare Ancient Greek πλῠ́μα (plŭ́ma, “dishwater, washing water”)). More at flow. "Waterlogged" refers to the mudflats and salt marshes common to coastal Flanders.

cog

When you went / Ambassador to the Emperor, you made bold / To carry into Flanders the great seal.

1613 (date written), William Shakespeare, [John Fletcher], “The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eight”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:

The County of Flanders, a historical county of Europe, of varying extent.


Brussels

From Dutch Brussel and French Bruxelles, from Proto-Germanic, composed of the words *brōk (“marsh”) + *sali (“building, room”). The metonymic meaning of Brussels as the European Union stems from the fact that the EU headquarters is based in Brussels.

Buying bread from a man in Brussels / He was 6'4", and full of muscle

1981, Men At Work (lyrics and music), “Down Under”, in Business as Usual:


Brussels

If the same design be produced in a Brussels and in a Tapestry it will be found that the Brussels shows sharp, clean-cut outlines, where the Tapestry gives ragged, uneven effects, […]

1911, Dry Goods Economist, volume 65, number 3, page 51:

We cooked a big Christmas dinner with turkey, stuffing, Brussels, and parsnips.


Genoa

/ˈdʒɛn.əʊ.ə/

/d͡ʒɛnˈoʊ.ə/

From Latin Genua (influenced by Italian Genova), as the city was known by the ancient Ligurians. Probably from the Ancient Ligurian word for “knee”, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénw-eh₂ (“knee”), a thematic derivative of Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu; in this sense “angle”, from its geographical position, thus akin to Geneva.

An unincorporated community in Olmsted County, Minnesota.


Czechia

“Kłodzko Land,” as the basin is also called, forms a rectangular jut into Czechia that is sealed at its southwestern back by a fifty-kilometer-long ridge known as the Orlické (Eagle) Mountains […]

2020, Alan E. Sparks, Into the Carpathians:

A country in Central Europe. Official name: Czech Republic. Capital and largest city: Prague.


Athens

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Athens.wav

From Middle English Athens, from Old French Athenes, Atenes, from Latin Athēnae pl (acc. Athēnās), from Ancient Greek Ἀθῆναι pl (Athênai), the plural form of Ἀθήνη (Athḗnē, “Athena”) (q.v.), the goddess. More at Athena. Doublet of Athina.

Claiborne Parish
Claiborne Parish#English

A village in Claiborne Parish, Louisiana.

A village in Marathon County, Wisconsin.


Moscow

Ultimately from Old East Slavic Москов- (Moskov-), originally referring to the Moskva River, probably from Proto-Slavic *mosky (“swamp, dampness, moisture”). Perhaps related to Czech moskva (“raw bread”), Slovak mozga (“puddle”), Polish Mozgawa, and more distantly Latvian mazgāt (“to wash, rinse”), Sanskrit मज्जति (májjati, “to sink”), Latin mergō (“to dive”), all from Proto-Indo-European *mesg- (“to plunge, dip”). Cognate with Russian промозглый (promozglyj, “dank”).

der

A large number of places in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Latah County, Idaho; probably named after the Russian city.

Lackawanna County
Lackawanna County#English

A borough of Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania.

A village in Clermont County, Ohio; said to be named by French veterans of Napoleon's siege of Moscow.

An unincorporated community in Marengo County, Alabama.

Muscatine County
Muscatine County#English

An unincorporated community in Muscatine County, Iowa.

Hillsdale County
Hillsdale County#English

An unincorporated community in Hillsdale County, Michigan

An unincorporated community in Freeborn County, Minnesota.

An unincorporated community in Kemper County, Mississippi.


Naples

From French Naples, from Latin Neāpolis, from Ancient Greek Νεᾱ́πολῐς (Neā́polĭs), from νέᾱ (néā, “new”) + πόλῐς (pólĭs, “city”) after the relocation of the original Greek settlement in the area. Doublet of Nabeul, Nablus, Neapoli, and Neapolis. Compare Newton.

doublet

A city in Collier County, Florida, United States.


Scandinavia

Borrowed from Latin Scandināvia, from Proto-Germanic *Skadinawjō (“Scadia island”) (compare Old English Sċedeniġ, Old Norse Skáney > Swedish Skåne (“southern tip of Sweden, Scania”)), with the suffix *awjō (“island”) (compare Old English īġ, īeġ (“island”), whence dialectal modern English ey; Old Norse ey (“island”)). Doublet of Scania.

cog

The Faroes are an obscure corner of Scandinavia and, apart from Lapland, Scandinavia is perhaps the most obscure corner of the world, ethnographically speaking.

1987, Jonathan Wylie, The Faroe Islands: Interpretations of History:

Internet banking has become popular in Finland and other parts of Scandinavia, for a variety of reasons.

2002, Kenneth R. Evans, Lisa K. Scheer, editors, 2002 AMA Winter Educators’ Conference: Marketing Theory and Applications, volume 13, page 423:

And within Scandinavia, Iceland faces an epidemic of sexual violence, with twice as many reported rapes per capita as other Nordic countries.

2023, Matt Thornton, The Gift of Violence: Practical Knowledge for Surviving and Thriving in a Dangerous World, →ISBN, page 103:

Denmark, Norway, and Sweden collectively and sometimes Finland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands.


Attica

A number of places in the United States:


Tuscany

Late 14c., from Middle English Tuscan, Tuscane, from Old French Toscane or Italian Toscana, from Late Latin Tuscānus (“belonging to the Tusci”), a people of ancient Italy, from Tuscus, earlier *Truscus, shortened form of Etruscus (“Etruscan”).

der

administrative region
administrative region

An administrative region of Italy, located north of Lazio and south of Emilia-Romagna.


Lombardy

From Latin Langobardia, named after Langobards, a Germanic tribe that invaded the region along with much of northern Apennine Peninsula in 6th century.

An administrative region in northern Italy, where its capital and the largest city Milan is founded in the Po Valley.


Rhine

From Middle English Rine, Ryne, from Old English Rīn (“the Rhine”), from Middle High German and Old High German Rīn, from Proto-West Germanic *Rīn, from Proto-Germanic *Rīnaz, from Gaulish Rēnos, from a Pre-Celtic or Proto-Celtic *reinos; one of a class of river names built from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to move, flow, run”).
Cognate with Old High German Rīn ("the Rhine"; > German Rhein), Old Norse Rín (“the Rhine”), Dutch Rijn (“the Rhine”). Related also to Latin rivus ("river"), in Celtic with an -n- suffix as in Old Irish rīan (“run”) (more at run).
The spelling with Rh- is due to the influence of Ancient Greek Ῥῆνος (Rhênos) (via French Rhin).

gloss

"the Rhine"; > German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Rhein</i>

A river in western Europe, that flows through Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein, Germany, France and the Netherlands, before emptying into the North Sea.


Brittany

Inherited from Middle English Bretany, Brytany, itself borrowed from Medieval Latin Britannia, applied to Brittany from at least the 6th century, and reinforced by Middle French Bretagne. See Britannia for more. Doublet of Britain and Britannia.

Britney (alternative)
Brittney (alternative)
Britanny (alternative)

- - - No one has family names. These girls with rooster hair I see on the streets. They pick the names. They're the mothers." "I have a granddaughter named Brittany," Hazel said. " And I have heard of a little girl called Cappuccino." "Cappuccino! Is that true? Why don't they call one Cassaulet? Fettuccini? Alsace-Lorraine?"

1990, Alice Munro, Friend of My Youth, →ISBN, page 102:

Names of the times. Borrowed from soap opera characters of prominence fifteen years ago, who have since been replaced by spiffy new models: the social-climbing Brittany now an unscrupulous Burke, the generous Pamela a refitted, urbanized Parker.

1999, Andrew Pyper, chapter 10, in Lost Girls:

A female given name transferred from the place name, of 1980s and 1990s American usage.


Algiers

From French Algiers, from Arabic اَلْجَزَائِر (al-jazāʔir, “the islands”), plural of جَزِيرَة (jazīra, “island”), referring to the several small islands that once existed in the Bay of Algiers. Doublet of Algeria and Algeciras.

der

اَلْجَزَائِر

The capital and largest city of Algeria.


Bangkok

The Bangkok government indicated real concern over the developments in Communist China’s Yunnan province. Thai officials were afraid that Sibsongpanna would be a center where pro-Communist Thai in Southeast Asia would go and where subversive agitation could be directed against outside legitimate governments.

1958, Russell H. Fifield, The Diplomacy of Southeast Asia: 1945-1958, New York: Harper & Brothers, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 263:


Cairo

Borrowed from Italian Il Cairo, from Arabic الْقَاهِرَة (al-qāhira)

Caherah (alternative)
Al-Caherah (alternative)

Tippecanoe County
Tippecanoe County#English

An unincorporated community in Tippecanoe Township, Tippecanoe County, Indiana.

An unincorporated community in Pratt County, Kansas.

A small unincorporated community in Coal County, Oklahoma.

An unincorporated community in Malheur County, Oregon.

A town in Ritchie County, West Virginia.


Cologne

From Middle English Coloyne, from Old French Cologne, from Latin Colōnia Agrippīna (“Agrippine Colony”), a settlement named after Agrippina, the mother of Roman Emperor Nero; colōnia (“colony”) comes from colōnus (“farmer; colonist”). Doublet of Colonia, colony, and Köln, from German.

Collen (alternative)
Cologn (alternative)
Köln (alternative)

A city and town in Minnesota, United States.


Copenhagen

Norwegian Bokmål: Copenhagen

/ˌkəʊpənˈheɪɡən/

/ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːɡən/

From Low German Kopenhagen, a calque (perhaps modified by folk etymology) of Danish København.

Copenhagen (disambiguation)
Copenhagen County
Copenhagen, Louisiana

An unincorporated community in Caldwell Parish, Louisiana, United States.

A community of Malahide township, Elgin County, Ontario, Canada.


Crete

One of the thirteen peripheries of Greece, consisting of Chania, Iraklion, Lasithi and Rethymno.


Florence

Florence (disambiguation)
Florence Nightingale

Borrowed from French Florence, from Latin Flōrentia (as a given name, a feminine form of Flōrentius), from flōrens (“flowering, flourishing”), from flōs (“flower”), connected with English bloom and blossom. Doublet of Firenze.
The female given name gained popularity from Florence Nightingale who was born in the Tuscan city.

Los Angeles County
Los Angeles County#English

An unincorporated community in Los Angeles County, California.

Stephenson County
Stephenson County#English

An unincorporated community in Stephenson County, Illinois.

census-designated place
census-designated place

Switzerland County
Switzerland County#English

A number of places in the United States:

A census-designated place in York Township, Switzerland County, Indiana.

A census-designated place in Ravalli County, Montana.

Codington County
Codington County#English

A town in Codington County, South Dakota.

Snohomish County
Snohomish County#English

An unincorporated community in Snohomish County, Washington.


The Hague

From the French translation (confused with La Hague) of Dutch Den Haag, short form of 's-Gravenhage, from Middle Dutch des Graven hage (1400s), literally, "the Count's hedge[-enclosed hunting grounds]",

A city and capital of South Holland, Netherlands; the administrative capital of the Netherlands.

A municipality of South Holland, Netherlands.

International Court of Justice
International Court of Justice

(metonymically) The International Criminal Court or International Court of Justice.


The Hague

Those men deserve The Hague for what they did.

crimes against humanity
crimes against humanity

A conviction and/or punishment for crimes against humanity or war crimes delivered by the International Criminal Court.


Havana

Cacique
Habaguanex
Havana
Havana (disambiguation)

From Spanish La Habana, from Habaguanex, the native American chief (Cacique) who controlled the area, from Taíno sabana ("savanna"), with the h perhaps being an anthroponymic inflection.

Havanna (alternative)
Havannah (alternative)

A city, the county seat of Mason County, Illinois, United States.


Jerusalem

en-proper noun

Jerusalem (countable and uncountable, plural Jerusalems)

/d͡ʒəˈɹuːsələm/

/d͡ʒəˈɹuːzələm/

From Old English Hierusalem or Old French Jherusalem or Late Latin Ierusalem, Hierusalem, from Latin Hierosolyma, from Ancient Greek Ἰερουσαλήμ (Ierousalḗm), from Biblical Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלַיִם (Yərūšālayim).

der

יְרוּשָׁלַיִם

A number of places elsewhere, usually named after the city in the Holy Land:

A census-designated place in Conway County, Arkansas.

An unincorporated community in Harford County, Maryland.

An unincorporated community in Lima Township, Washtenaw County, Michigan.

Washtenaw County
Washtenaw County#English

Former name of Courtland, Southampton County, Virginia.


Kiev

en-noun

Kiev (countable and uncountable, plural Kievs)

From Russian Ки́ев (Kíjev), from Old East Slavic Кꙑевъ (Kyjevŭ), which folk-etymology derives from the name of city's legendary founder Kyi. Other proposals derive it from Proto-Slavic *kyjь (“stick, club, hammer”) (compare to Russian кий (kij)). See also at the article about Old East Slavic Кꙑевъ (Kyjevŭ).

der

For quotations using this term, see Citations:chicken Kiev.


Lisbon

As the capital of Portugal, from French Lisbonne, from Arabic لِشْبُونَة (lišbūna), from Latin Olisīpō, the origin of which is uncertain. Older spellings include Ulixbona and Ulixbuna (in the Visigothic era); Ὀλισσιπών (Olissipṓn) or Ὀλισσιπόνα (Olissipóna) (by Greek writers), Olisippo (by Pliny the Elder), and Ulyssippo (by Pomponius Mela of Hispania), the last of which relates to the first-century Roman folk etymology that it was founded by and named after Ulysses; another common folk etymology is the Phoenician 𐤏𐤋𐤉𐤑 𐤏𐤁𐤀 (ʿlyṣ ʿbʾ /ʿaliṣ-ʿuboʾ/, “safe harbour”), but there is not much evidence for such words. Another possibility, based on hydronomy of the area, derives the name from a pre-Roman substrate of Iberia's appellation for the Tagus, Lisso or Lucio.
In other senses, with reference to the Portuguese city.
More at Lisbon.

noncog

A city, the county seat of Ransom County, North Dakota, United States.

Columbiana County
Columbiana County#English

A village, the county seat of Columbiana County, Ohio, United States.


Majorca

/məˈd͡ʒɔɹ.kə/

/məˈd͡ʒɔː.kə/

From Latin īnsula maior (“larger island”); the intermediate form was *Maiōrica.

Balearic Islands
Balearic Islands#English

An island in the Mediterranean; largest of the Balearic Islands.


Milan

Inherited from Middle English Milane, Melan, etc., from Old English Mæġelan, Megelan, Mediolanaburg, etc. under influence from early forms of French Milan, from Medieval Latin Mediolāna etc., from Latin Mediolānum, q.v. As American settlements, typically after the Italian city. Doublet of Milano.

A number of places in the United States:

A city in Dodge County and Telfair County, Georgia.

Rock Island County
Rock Island County#English

A village in Rock Island County, Illinois.

An unincorporated community in Spokane County, Washington.


Nicosia

/ˌnɪkəˈsiːə/

From Medieval Latin and Old French Nicosia, from Byzantine Greek Λευκωσία (Leukōsía), variant of Λευκουσία (Leukousía), equivalent to λευκός (leukós, “white”) or λεύκη (leúkē, “poplar”) + οὐσία (ousía, “property, estate”), but deriving from various Ancient Greek forms including Λευτεῶν (Leuteôn), Λευκοθέον (Leukothéon), and Λευκούπολις (Leukoúpolis) adapting an early or pre-Greek name variously recorded as Λέδραι (Lédrai), Λῆδρον (Lêdron), Λεδρῶν (Ledrôn), Λήδρα (Lḗdra), etc. Doublet of Lefkosia.

The capital city of Cyprus and Northern Cyprus.

A district of Cyprus and Northern Cyprus around the city.

A comune in Enna province, Sicily, Italy.


Normandy

From Middle English Normandie, Normandye, from Old English Normandiġ, from Old French Normendie, from normant + -ie. Compare Old Norse Norðmanndi (“Normandy”). Normant refers to the Germanic words for 'north' and 'man', as the original Normans were of Scandinavian origin. More at Norman.

A small settlement on St Mary's, Isles of Scilly, Cornwall, England (OS grid ref SV9211)

An unincorporated community in Bureau County, Illinois, named after the Norman family.

A number of other places:
In the United States:
A city in Saint Louis County, Missouri.

Saint Louis County
Saint Louis County#English

A neighbourhood in north-east Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A number of other places:
In the United States:
A town in Bedford County, Tennessee.

A census-designated place in Maverick County, Texas.


Padua

From Italian Padova, from Latin Patavium.


Piedmont

Derived from Italian Piemonte (“mountain foot”), from Medieval Latin Pedemontium, Pedemontis, from Latin ad pedem montium.

der+

A city in Alameda County, California, United States.


Rhodes

en-proper noun

Rhodes (countable and uncountable, plural Rhodeses)

Rhodeses (plural)
Rhoades (alternative)
Rhoads (alternative)
Rodes (alternative)
Roades (alternative)
Royds (alternative)
Rhode (alternative)

From rodes, the plural form of Middle English rode, from Old English rod, rodu.
The Rh- form—a 16th century spelling modification—was created by analogy with the unrelated Rhodes, Greece.

Vermillion County
Vermillion County#English

An unincorporated community in Clinton Township, Vermillion County, Indiana.

An unincorporated community in Bentley Township, Gladwin County, Michigan; named for Murry Bentley Rhodes.

A census-designated place in Flathead County, Montana.


Rome

→ Hindi: रोम (rom)

→ Thai: โรม (room)

From Middle English Rome, from Old English Rōm, from Proto-West Germanic *Rūmu, from Proto-Germanic *Rūmō and influenced by Late Latin Rōma (“Rome, Constantinople”), from Classical Latin Rōma (“Rome”). In Roman mythology, the name was said to derive from Romulus, one of the founders of the city and its first king.
The name appears in a wide range of forms in Middle English, including Rom, Room, Roome, and Rombe as well as Rome; by early modern English, it appeared as Rome, Room, and Roome, with the spelling Rome occurring in Shakespeare and common from the early 18th century on. The final spelling was influenced by Norman, Middle French, Anglo-Norman, and Old French Rome. Doublet of Roma and Rum.

der

Rom (alternative)
Roome (alternative)
Room (alternative)
Rhoome (alternative)
Romme (alternative)
Rowme (alternative)
Roym (alternative)
Rum (alternative)
Roma (alternative)

do not sit in Rome and strive with the Pope

A number of places in the United States:

A census-designated place in Peoria County, Illinois.

Sunflower County
Sunflower County#English

An unincorporated community in Sunflower County, Mississippi.

An unincorporated community in Malheur County, Oregon.


Saint Petersburg

Peter the Great
Saint Peter
Saint Petersburg

Calque of Russian Санкт-Петербу́рг (Sankt-Peterbúrg) equivalent to Saint Peter + -s- + -burg, from German Sankt Petersburg (“Saint Peter's City”), referring to Saint Peter the Apostle and alluding to its founder Tsar Peter the Great. Doublet of Peterborough.

calque

Санкт-Петербу́рг

der

St. Petersburg (alternative)
St.-Petersburg (alternative)
St Petersburg (alternative)
St-Petersburg (alternative)
Saint-Petersburg (alternative)
St. Petersburgh (alternative)

Leningrad

still the name of the surrounding oblast

Alternative form of St. Petersburg
a city in Florida, United States.

An unincorporated community in Logan County, Colorado, United States.


Sardinia

Nora, Italy
Sea People
Sherden
en:Sardinia

Borrowing from Latin Sardinia and Ancient Greek Σαρδώ (Sardṓ), which in turn derive from a pre-Roman substrate language, *sard, *shard. It is connected by some scholars to the name of the Sherden or Shardana, an ethnic group amongst the Sea Peoples. A Phoenician inscription found in Nora and dated to the 9th century B.C.E. identifies the island as Shardan.

An island and autonomous region of Italy, in the Mediterranean Sea.


Seville

From (possibly through a Middle French form) Spanish Sevilla, from Arabic إِشْبِيلِيَة (ʔišbīliya), from Latin Hispalis, ultimately from Phoenician 𐤔𐤐𐤋𐤄 (šplh /sefela/, “plain, valley”). Compare Hebrew שפלה (shfela, “lowland”), Arabic سافل (safil, “lowly”).

إِشْبِيلِيَة

Arabic إِشْبِيلِيَة (ʔišbīliya)

A census-designated place in Tulare County, California, United States.


Sicily

From Middle English Sicilie, Sicilye, from Old English Sicilia, from Latin Sicilia, from Ancient Greek Σικελία (Sikelía), from Σίκελος (Síkelos, “Sicel”). Doublet of Sicilia.

The largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, an autonomous region of Italy, close to Africa and separated from Tunisia and Libya by the Strait of Sicily.

Kingdom of Sicily
Kingdom of Sicily#English

(historical) Synonym of Kingdom of Sicily, a former kingdom controlling the island and some of southern Italy in the medieval and early modern period

Kingdom of Sicily

Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies#English

(historical) Synonym of Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, a former kingdom controlling the island and most of southern Italy in the 19th century


Silesia

Uncertain. Two theories are prominent: a relation to the Germanic Silingi tribe, whose name is attested in Ancient Greek Σιλίγγαι (Silíngai). Or, from Old Polish ślęg, śląg meaning "dampness, humidity, moisture." More at Ślęża and Silesia.

A region in central Europe, now chiefly in Poland, with small portions in the Czech Republic and Germany, from early modernity until 1945 predominantly German-speaking with Slavic-speaking minorities (and local majorities).


Munich

Ultimately from German München or Münichen (the earliest attested form, common in the late Middle Ages), probably via French Munich, like many other city names (Cologne, etc). First attested in the early 1600s; compare the slightly earlier English form Miniken (whence minikin) which is attested prior to 1566 and derives directly from the German name.

München (alternative)
Münich (alternative)

The capital and largest city of Bavaria, Germany.


Bavaria

/bəˈvɛəɹi.ə/

From New Latin Bavaria, from Medieval Latin Baioarii (“Bavarians”), from Latin Boiuvarii (literally “Boii settlers”), a compound of a Gaulish word meaning “cattle owner” (from Proto-Celtic *bāus (“cow”)) + Proto-Germanic *warjaz (“settler”). Alternatively, Pokorny proposes that the first element is a word meaning “warrior”, derived from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyh₂- (“to hit, beat”). This name was adopted by the Marcomanni after defeating the Boii and settling Bohemia and parts of Bavaria.

One of the component states of Germany according to the current administrative division of the nation, which includes the historical Bavaria and parts of Swabia and Franconia.

Baden-Württemberg · Bavaria · Brandenburg · Hesse · Lower Saxony · Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania · North Rhine-Westphalia · Rhineland-Palatinate · Saarland · Saxony · Saxony-Anhalt · Schleswig-Holstein · Thuringia


Transylvania

Borrowed from Medieval Latin Trānsylvānia, alternative spelling of Trānssilvānia, from trāns (“across”) + silvānus (“forest”, relational adjective) + -ia (abstract noun suffix), i.e. “region across the forest”, a calque of Hungarian Erdély, from erdő (“forest”) + elü (“region beyond”). By surface analysis, trans- + sylvan + -ia.


Tripoli

From Italian Tripoli, from Latin Tripolis, from Ancient Greek Τρίπολις (Trípolis), from τρι- (tri-, “three”) + πολις (polis, “city, city-state”). In reference to American cities, after US actions off Tripoli in Libya during the First Barbary War. Doublet of Tripolis and Tirebolu.

Tripoly (alternative)
Tripolis (alternative)

A city in Bremer County, Iowa, United States.


Turin

en-proper noun

Turin (countable and uncountable, plural Turins)

From Piedmontese Turin, from the Roman name, Latin Augusta Taurinōrum, ultimately from the name of the Taurini tribe. Connections to Latin taurus (“bull”) are folk etymology. Doublet of Torino, the Italian name.

A hamlet in Lethbridge County, Alberta, Canada.

Lethbridge County
Lethbridge County#English


Venice

Venice (countable and uncountable, plural Venices)

→ Japanese: ベニス (Benisu), ヴェニス (Venisu)

→ Korean: 베니스 (Beniseu)

→ Mandarin: 威尼斯 (Wēinísī)

→ Cantonese: 威尼斯 (wai1 nei4 si1)

→ Welsh: Fenis

→ Malay: Venis

Adriatic Veneti
Trojan War
Venice
Venice (disambiguation)

From Middle English Venyse, from Old French Venise or Old Italian, from Medieval Latin Venetia, from Latin Venetī + -ia (suffix forming place names), a local tribe in antiquity whose own little-attested language is now known as Venetic. Initial scholarly agreement that they were Illyrian was based on arguments since refuted. They worshipped Belenus and were possibly Celtic or heavily influenced by Celtic culture, despite repeatedly supporting the Romans against the Gauls. Compare the identical ethnonym Venetī used for Celts of Armorica (ancient Britanny) from Gaulish Uenetoi (“friendly ones, kinsmen”), from Proto-Celtic *wenet, a modified form of *wenyā (“kindred”). Widely but mistakenly derived by the ancient Greeks and Romans from the Eneti of Pamphylia, supposed to have fled to the Adriatic and become the Veneti after supporting the losing side of the Trojan War. As American places, named after the Italian city. Doublet of Venetia and Venezia.

A neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States.


Warsaw

Warsaw (countable and uncountable, plural Warsaws)

Kosciusko County
Kosciusko County#English

A city, the county seat of Kosciusko County, Indiana, United States.


Apulia

administrative region
administrative region

A peninsula and administrative region in southern Italy.


Cuneo

Cuneo (countable and uncountable, plural Cuneos)

Borrowed from Italian Cuneo, from Latin cuneus (“wedge”), after the shape of the city, which is at the confluence of two rivers. Doublet of coin.


Peloponnese

From Ancient Greek Πελοπόννησος (Pelopónnēsos) directly and via Latin Peloponnesus, from Πέλοψ (Pélops, “Pelops”) + νῆσος (nêsos, “island”).

der

Πελοπόννησος

A peninsula in Greece, separated from mainland Europe by the Gulf of Corinth and connected to it by the Isthmus of Corinth.


Thessaly

From Ancient Greek Θεσσαλία (Thessalía).

A region in north-central Greece; one of its 13 peripheries. It contains the prefectures of Karditsa, Larissa, Magnesia and Trikala.


Epirus

From Latin Ēpīrus, from Ancient Greek Ἤπειρος (Ḗpeiros, “mainland”).

A region in northwest Greece; one of the thirteen peripheries (administrative regions) of modern Greece.

伊庇鲁斯大区

Yībìlǔsī Dàqū


Thrace

From Latin Thrācia, from Ancient Greek Θρᾴκη (Thrā́ikē), from Θρᾷξ (Thrâix, “Thracian”), from base of θράσσω (thrássō, “to trouble, stir”) and -ιξ (-ix) (compare Φοῖνιξ (Phoînix, “Phoenician”) and Κίλιξ (Kílix, “Cilician”)).

A historical and geographic area in southeast Europe, now divided between Greece, Bulgaria and Turkey.


Cyclades

From Ancient Greek Κυκλάδες (Kukládes), plural of Κυκλάς (Kuklás), from κύκλος (kúklos, “circle, ring”).

An Aegean island chain in southeast-central Greece, surrounding the main island Delos, further including the islands of Andros, Naxos, Paros, Santorini, Syra, Tinos and Zea.


Dodecanese

From Greek Δωδεκάνησα (Dodekánisa, “twelve islands”), from δώδεκα (dṓdeka, “twelve”) + νῆσος (nêsos, “island”).

bor

An island chain consisting of twelve main islands including Rhodes, its capital.

Dodekanes

an island chain consisting of twelve main islands


Wallachia

From Romanian Valahia. Related to Vlach.

A former principality in Eastern Europe, now part of South Romania.


Wallonia

Federal Region of southern Belgium where French and German are the official languages, and where Lorrain, Luxembourgish, Picard, Franconian and Walloon languages are also spoken.


Antwerp

The second-largest city in Belgium, and the capital of its province.


Prague

From German Prag, from Slavic. See Czech Praha for further origin.

I said, I've always wanted to visit Prague.

1998 June 3, “Conjoined Fetus Lady”, in South Park, season 2, episode 5:

Kingdom of Bohemia
Kingdom of Bohemia#English

The capital city of the Czech Republic; the former capital of Czechoslovakia; the former capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia.


Lower Saxony

A component state of Germany, in existence since 1946


North Rhine-Westphalia

From North Rhine + Westphalia. The Allied occupation authorities created the state in 1947 by joining the northern half of the Prussian Rhine Province to the province of Westphalia (as well as the small Free State of Lippe).

The most populous of the 16 component states of Germany, located in the west of the country.

Free State of Lippe
North Rhine-Westphalia
Rhine Province


Rhineland-Palatinate

One of the component states of Germany according to the current administrative division of the nation.


Saxony

en-noun

Saxony (countable and uncountable, plural Saxonies)

Saxony yarn, or flannel made from this or similar yarn.


Thuringia

/θəˈɹɪnd͡ʒiə/

From Latin Thuringia, from German Thüringen.


Corfu

From Italian Corfù, from Ancient Greek Κορυφώ (Koruphṓ), from κορυφή (koruphḗ) ("summit", "mountain peak"). Named after the twin peaks of the Old Fortress of Corfu.

Κέρκυρα Κέρκυρα#Greek

An island in Greece, one of the Ionian Islands. The ancient name is Corcyra (Κόρκυρα (Kórkura)), in Modern Greek Kérkira (Κέρκυρα (Kérkyra)).


Alexandria

From Middle English Alexandria, from Old English Alexandria, from Latin Alexandrīa, from Ancient Greek Ἀλεξάνδρεια (Alexándreia), from Ἀλέξανδρος (Aléxandros, “Alexander”) + -εια (-eia, “-ia: forming place names”), initially chiefly places founded by Alexander the Great of Macedonia and subsequently usually with reference to Alexandria in Egypt, a major Hellenistic cultural center, center of early Christianity, and continuing major international port. Compare Antioch, Seleucia, and Ptolemais. Doublet of Kandahar, Iskenderun, Scandaroon, and Alexandretta.

亞歷山卓 /亚历山卓

any of a number of cities bearing the same name

A number of places in the United States:

A town in Grafton County, New Hampshire.

Hunterdon County
Hunterdon County#English

A township in Hunterdon County, New Jersey.

An unincorporated community in Scioto County, Ohio.

Huntingdon County
Huntingdon County#English

A borough of Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania.


Corinth

From Latin Corinthus, from Ancient Greek Κόρινθος (Kórinthos). Doublet of currant.

An unincorporated community in Bullock County, Alabama.

An unincorporated community in Cullman County, Alabama.

An unincorporated community in Osborne County, Kansas.

An unincorporated community in Lincoln Parish, Louisiana.

Penobscot County
Penobscot County#English

An unincorporated community in Nash County, North Carolina.

An unincorporated community in Trumbull County, Ohio.

A ghost town in Saluda County, South Carolina.

An unincorporated community in Milam County, Texas.

An unincorporated community in Montague County, Texas.

Southampton County
Southampton County#English

An unincorporated community in Southampton County, Virginia.


Iraklion

Borrowed from Greek Ηράκλειο (Irákleio).

Heraklion (alternative)
Iráklion (alternative)


Salonica

From Medieval Latin Salonica, from Byzantine Greek Σαλονίκη (Saloníkē), clipping of Ancient Greek Θεσσαλονίκη (Thessaloníkē), named for Thessalonike daughter of Philip II, half-sister of Alexander the Great, and wife of Cassander of Macedonia, from Θεσσᾰλός (Thessălós, “Thessalian”) + νῑ́κη (nī́kē, “victory”), possibly named for her birth on the anniversary of the Battle of Crocus Field. Sometimes parsed as a clipping within English of Thessalonica. Originally and still chiefly as a calque of Ottoman Turkish سلانیك (Selânik); now with occasional reference to modern Greek Σαλονίκη (Saloníki).

der

Sleeping-car passengers, however, will know little of their entry into Greece until, at 6 a.m. on the third morning after leaving Paris, the short train runs over the Vardar plain, with dawn glimpses of Mount Athos to the east and of cloud-capped Olympus across the gulf to the south, past the rebuilt yard and into the new passenger station at Salonica.

1951 November, 'Pausanias', “To Greece by the "Simplon-Orient Express"”, in Railway Magazine, page 731:

(now chiefly historical) Synonym of Thessaloniki, a port city in northern Greece.

Alexander the Great
Battle of Crocus Field
Cassander
Philip II of Macedonia
Thessalonike of Macedon


Azores

Borrowed from Spanish Azores, from Portuguese Açores (“Azores”), from açores, plural of açor (“goshawk”).

Autonomous Region of the Azores
Autonomous Region of the Azores

An archipelago of nine volcanic islands in the North Atlantic and an autonomous region of Portugal comprising this archipelago, officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores.


Bucharest

Borrowed from Russian Бухаре́ст (Buxarést), from Romanian București, from Bucur (personal name) + -ești (patronymic, personal name suffix).

bor+

The capital and largest city of Ilfov County, Romania


Danube

Hindi: डेन्यूब (ḍenyūb)

Korean: 다뉴브 (danyubeu)

Marathi: डॅन्यूब (ḍĕnyūb)

Thai: ดานูบ (daa-núup)

Urdu: ڈینیوب (ḍēn'yūb)

Vietnamese: Đa Nuýp

Attested since at least 1598 (also note Middle English Danby (“Danube”) att. in 15th c. Mandeville's Travels).
Borrowed from Middle French Danube, from Old French Danube, from Latin Dānubius, from Proto-Celtic *Dānowyos (compare Welsh river name Donwy), an extended form of the river-name *Dānu, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₂nu (“river, river goddess”), akin to *dʰenh₂- (“to set in motion; to flow”).
Cognate with Latin fōns (“spring”), Persian دنیدن (danidan, “to hasten, run”), Ossetian дон (don, “water, river”), Sanskrit धन्वति (dhánvati, “it flows, runs”). More at Danube.

cog

A river in Europe; flowing 2850 kilometers from the confluence of the Breg and Brigach at Donaueschingen, Germany, into the Black Sea in Romania.

Donou

river of Europe that flows to the Black Sea

A locale in the United States, named for the river.


Geneva

Mentioned in Latin texts as Genava. Probably via a Proto-Celtic *genwā from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénw-eh₂ (“knee”), a derivative of *ǵónu in the sense of a bending river or estuary, possibly akin to Genoa.

/d͡ʒəˈniːvə/

A number of places in the United States, including:

A city, the county seat of Geneva County, Alabama.

A city, the county seat of Kane County, Illinois.

A city, the county seat of Fillmore County, Nebraska.

A city and town in Ontario County, New York, an area of water in the city is in Seneca County.

A town in Walworth County, Wisconsin; see also Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, a city nearby.

A female given name transferred from the place name or confused with Genevieve or Ginevra.


Euphrates

From Latin Euphrātēs, from Ancient Greek Εὐφράτης (Euphrátēs), from Old Persian 𐎢𐎳𐎼𐎠𐎬𐎢 (u-f-r-a-tu-u /ʰUfrātuš/), from Akkadian 𒀀𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣 (^(ÍD)Purattu), from Sumerian 𒀀𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣 (^(ÍD)Buranun) (compare Elamite 𒌑𒅁𒊏𒌅𒅖 (ú-ip-ra-du-iš), Classical Syriac ܦܪܬ (P(ə)rāṯ)). The Elamite, Akkadian, and possibly Sumerian forms are either from an unrecorded substrate language, or from Proto-Sumerian *𒁍𒍏 burudu "copper" (Sumerian 𒍏 (urudu)) with an explanation that Euphrates was the river by which the copper ore was transported in rafts, since Mesopotamia was the center of copper metallurgy at the period.

der

A river in the Middle East, 2780 kilometers in length, flowing southwest from Turkey, then southeast, and uniting with the Tigris before entering the Persian Gulf. It forms the Western edge of classical Mesopotamia.


Tigris

From Latin Tigris, from Ancient Greek Τίγρις (Tígris), an alternative form of Τίγρης (Tígrēs), from Old Persian 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎠 (Tigrā), from Akkadian 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 (Idiglat), from Sumerian 𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼 (Idigna, literally “fast as an arrow”).

uder

A river in Southwest Asia flowing 1,150 miles east-southeast from the Armenian Highland in Turkey through Iraq. It forms the eastern edge of classical Mesopotamia. It unites with the Euphrates River to form the Shatt al-Arab before flowing into the Persian Gulf.


Belgrade

From French Belgrade, from Medieval Latin Belgradum and Belogradum, ultimately from South Slavic forms of Proto-Slavic *bělъ (“white”) and *gȏrdъ (“fortress, city”), after the white walls of its medieval fortress. Doublet of Beograd, Berat, and Belgorod.

Serbia and Montenegro
Serbia and Montenegro#English

The capital city of Serbia; the former capital of Yugoslavia; the former capital of Serbia and Montenegro.


Amazon

From Spanish, Río Amazonas. It is common belief that the Spanish explorer Francisco de Orellana fought a battle against a tribe of Tapuya natives, in which the women fought alongside the men, and that he derived the name from the Amazons in Greek mythology.

Amazon milk frog

(sometimes attributive) A region including much of this river; specifically, the region of the Amazon Rainforest, or of the Amazon River Basin.


Chechen

From Russian чечен- (čečen-), the root in чече́нец (čečénec, “a Chechen man”) or чече́нский (čečénskij, “Chechen (adjective)”).

The language of the Chechens, a member of the Nakh family.


gorger

"The majority of these young people were interrelated and a number were of 'mixed' Gypsy/gorger (non-Gypsy) ancestry."

2010, Margaret Greenfields and David Martin Smith, "Housed Gypsy Travellers, Social Segregation and the Reconstruction of Communities", published in Housing Studies volume 25, issue 3 p. 397, April 27, 2010

Someone who is not a Romani, Sinti, Gypsy, or Traveller.


gorger

(UK, slang, obsolete) A well-dressed man; a swell; sometimes an employer, or principal, as the manager of a theatre.


Mecca

From Arabic مَكَّة (Makka) of uncertain etymology. In American place names, in reference to the Arabian city.

Macca (alternative)
Makka (alternative)
Makkah (alternative)
Mekka (alternative)
Makkah al-Mukarramah (alternative)

A large city, the provincial capital of Mecca Province in the in the Hejaz region, Saudi Arabia, the holiest place in Islam, location of the sacred Ka'ba, and to which Muslims are required to make a hajj at least once in their lifetime, if possible.

census-designated place
census-designated place

Riverside County
Riverside County#English

A number of places in the United States:

A census-designated place in Riverside County, California.

A town in Wabash Township, Parke County, Indiana.

An unincorporated community in Clinton County, Missouri.

A township and unincorporated community in Trumbull County, Ohio.


Damascus

From Latin Dāmascus, from Ancient Greek Δαμασκός (Damaskós), from a Semitic form akin to Hebrew דַּמֶּשֶׂק. Doublet of Dimashq.
The etymology of the ancient name Damascus is uncertain. It is attested as Imerišú (𒀲𒋙) in Akkadian, T-m-ś-q (𓍘𓄟𓊃𓈎𓅱) in Egyptian, Dammaśq (𐡃𐡌𐡔𐡒) in Old Aramaic and Dammeśeq (דַּמֶּשֶׂק) in Biblical Hebrew. A number of Akkadian spellings are found in the Amarna letters, from the 14th century BC: Dimasqa (𒁲𒈦𒋡), Dimàsqì (𒁲𒈦𒀸𒄀), and Dimàsqa (𒁲𒈦𒀸𒋡).

cog

Hebrew דַּמֶּשֶׂק


Vistula

/ˈvɪst͡ʃʊlə/

The longest river in Poland, which flows into the Baltic Sea.


Jaffa

Jaffas (plural)
Joppa (alternative)
Yafo (alternative)

Borrowed from Arabic يَافَا (yāfā), borrowed from Biblical Hebrew יָפוֹ (yāfō), equivalent to Hebrew יָפָה (yafá) "beautiful", related to Akkadian 𒅀𒁍 (yapu) "beautiful".

They were together, at the flicks on Saturday night, eating Jaffas and smiling at each other occasionally in the dark.

2005, Barbara Anderson, Collected stories:


Indus

Borrowed from Latin Indus, from Ancient Greek Ἰνδός (Indós), from Old Persian 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (h-i-du-u-š /hiⁿduš/), from Proto-Iranian *hínduš (compare Avestan 𐬵𐬌𐬧𐬛𐬎 (hiṇdu)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš or borrowed from Sanskrit सिन्धु (síndhu) (whence Sindh).
Another explication relates the origin of Indus to Indra which itself derives from the root indu, i.e. " water place or water spirit".

Floods in the river Sutlej – which originates in Tibet and crosses India before merging into the Indus river – has completely cut off several villages and areas in Pakistan, submerging hundreds of hectares of farmland.

2023 August 29, “Pakistan raises flood alert in eastern region as over 128,000 evacuated”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2024-04-24:

A major river in China, India and Pakistan, rising in Tibet and flowing into the Arabian Sea.


Basque Country

autonomous community
autonomous community


Serbia

Borrowed from Medieval Latin Serbia, equivalent to modern Serb + -ia.

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English


Montenegro

→ Japanese: モンテネグロ (Monteneguro)

/mɒn.tɪˈnɛɡ.ɹəʊ/

Borrowed from Venetan Montenegro (from monte + negro, literally “black mountain”), a calque of Serbo-Croatian Cȓnā Gòra, referring to Mt Lovćen.

bor+

A man shot dead 12 people in a rampage in a small town in Montenegro before dying from self-inflicted injuries early on Thursday, authorities said, in one of the tiny Balkan nation’s worst mass killings.

2025 January 1, Reuters, “Suspect in Montenegro shooting dies from self-inflicted injuries after killing at least 12 people”, in CNN:

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Serbia and Montenegro
Serbia and Montenegro

A country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. Capital and largest city: Podgorica. Part of Yugoslavia until 2003, then part of Serbia and Montenegro until 2006.


Archangel

We bore her down to the boat and aboard our vessel, and then getting up anchor we sailed away across the White Sea until the spires of Archangel sank down behind the horizon.

1885, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Man From Archangel:

Dated form of Arkhangelsk (city in northwestern Russia).


Burgundy

From Late Latin Burgundia, from Burgundiones (“highlanders”), from Proto-Germanic *bergundijô, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰérǵʰonts (“high, mighty”). Doublet of Bourgogne.
Burgundy (wine) is an abbreviation of the attributive use of the regional name, in Burgundy wine.

der

A region and former administrative region of France; since 2016, part of the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.


Canton

The town in Oklahoma was named for a nearby cantonment.

El Dorado County
El Dorado County#English

A former settlement in El Dorado County, California.

Several places in the United States:
A town in Hartford County, Connecticut.

Broadwater County
Broadwater County#English

A submerged ghost town in Broadwater County, Montana.

Doddridge County
Doddridge County#English

An unincorporated community in Doddridge County, West Virginia.

An unincorporated community in Barron County, Wisconsin.


Turkey

desc

→ Chinese: 土雞 /土鸡 (tǔjī) (phono-semantic matching)

→ Hindi: तुर्की (turkī) (phono-semantic matching)

→ Korean: 터키 (Teoki)

→ Manx: Turkee

→ Urdu: تُرْکی (turkī) (phono-semantic matching)

From Middle English Turkye, from Anglo-Norman Turkye, Medieval Latin Turcia, from Turcus (“Turk”), from Byzantine Greek Τοῦρκος (Toûrkos), from Classical Persian ترک (turk), from Middle Persian [script needed] (twlk' /Turk/), from Old Turkic 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜 (t²ür²k̥).

der

Republic of Türkiye
Republic of Türkiye#English

A country located in eastern Thrace in southeastern Europe and Anatolia in southwestern Asia. Official name: Republic of Türkiye. Capital: Ankara

Ҭырқтәыла

country at intersection of Europe and Asia


Bohemia

Latinized translation of French Bohême, from Late Latin Boiohaemum, compound of Boio- (“the Boii”), the Celtic tribe previously inhabiting the area and Germanic *haimaz (“home”) (more at home). The endonym is from Proto-Celtic *boyos and could ultimately be from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws (“cattle”) (compare Proto-Celtic *bāus (“cattle”), genitive *bowos), a reference to cattle owners, or from *bʰeyh₂- (“to hit”), i.e. “warrior, strong hitter” (compare Proto-Celtic *binati (“to strike, hit”)).
Bohemia was abandoned by the Boii c. 60 BCE and settled by the Germanic Marcomanni shortly thereafter. Related to Bavaria.

An inner suburb of Hastings, East Sussex (OS grid ref TQ8010).

A hamlet in Redlynch parish, south-east Wiltshire (OS grid ref SU2019).

Plaquemines Parish
Plaquemines Parish#English

An unincorporated community in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana.

Ontonagon County
Ontonagon County#English

A township in Ontonagon County, Michigan.

A place name elsewhere:
A place in the United States:
A township in Knox County, Nebraska.

A township in Saunders County, Nebraska.

A hamlet and census-designated place in the town of Islip, Suffolk County, Long Island, New York.


Corsica

Borrowed from Latin Corsica, from Ancient Greek Κορσική (Korsikḗ).

administrative region
administrative region

An island, department, and administrative region of France, in the Mediterranean to the north of Sardinia.


Rhineland

From the German Rheinland, equivalent to English Rhine + -land.

An unincorporated community in Knox County, Texas, United States.


Carinthia

Ultimately from Latin Carantania. Possibly of Celtic origin; compare Proto-Celtic *karants (“friend”). The Latin toponym was also borrowed into Slavic as Proto-Slavic *korǫtanъ (with an adjective *korǫtьskъ); compare Czech Korutany and Slovene Koroška (“Carinthia”).

Since the reign of Charlemagne, this country is divided into High and Low Germany: the firſt, towards the ſouth, comprehending the Palatinate of the Rhine, Franconia, Suabia, Bavaria, Bohemia, Moravia, Auſtria, Carinthia, Carniola, Stiria, Tyrol, the Swiſs, and the Griſons...

1759, George Sale et al., “The Modern Part of an Universal History”, in History of the German Empire, volume XXIX, page 2:

(historical) A region of the Holy Roman and Austrian empires.


Nazareth

Via Latin Nāzareth and Koine Greek Νᾱζᾰρέθ (Nāzăréth) from Hebrew נָצְרַת (nāṣraṯ), of uncertain origin.

A barangay of General Tinio, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.

Sergio Osmeña Sr.
Sergio Osmeña Sr.#English

Zamboanga del Norte
Zamboanga del Norte#English

A barangay of Sergio Osmeña Sr., Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines.

Zamboanga Sibugay
Zamboanga Sibugay#English

A barangay of Kabasalan, Zamboanga Sibugay, Philippines.

Misamis Oriental
Misamis Oriental#English

A barangay of Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Oriental, Philippines.


Minorca

From Late Latin Minorca, Minorica, from Latin Balearis Minor. Compare Majorca.

Balearic Islands
Balearic Islands#English


Tiber

They traversed the Tiber without remarking it; they arrived at Rome by the gate of the people, which conducts immediately to the Corso, to the largest street of the modern city; […]

1807, [Germaine] de Staël Holstein, translated by D[ennis] Lawler, “[Book I. Oswald.] Chap[ter] V.”, in Corinna; or, Italy. […], volume I, London: […] Corri, […]; and sold by Colburn, […], and Mackenzie, […], →OCLC, page 51:

The river that flows through Rome in Italy.


Pomerania

/ˌpɒməˈɹeɪniə/

Borrowed from Latin Pomerania, from German Pommern, from Proto-Slavic *pomorьjane pl (“coast dwellers”), from Proto-Slavic *pomorьje (“seaboard”).

Since the reign of Charlemagne, this country is divided into High and Low Germany... the provinces of Lower Germany towards the north conſiſt of the Low Country of the Rhine, Triers, Cologn, Mentz, Weſtphalia, Heſſe, Brunſwic, Miſnia, Luſatia, High Saxony upon the Elbe, Low Saxony upon the Elbe, Mecklenburg, Lauenburg, Brandenburg, Magdeburg, and Pomerania.

A former duchy, historical province of Prussia, and now a region split between Germany and Poland on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea.

Պոմերանիա

region of Europe on the southern shores of the Baltic Sea


Leghorn

Among the light breeds there are probably more good strains of White Leghorn than any other variety. The Brown Leghorn is not quite so popular but is capable of high yields …. The Black Leghorn is another breed which has enjoyed popularity.

1962, C. Arthur Pearson, Pictorial Poultry-Keeping, 2nd edition, Cox & Wyman Ltd, page 42:


Livonia

From Latin Livonia, from Estonian liiv (“sand”).

Pointe Coupee Parish
Pointe Coupee Parish#English

Any of various towns that share this name in the USA:

A town in Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana.


Picardy

A former administrative region and historical province of France; since 2016, part of the administrative region of Hauts-de-France.


Bethlehem

Inherited from Middle English Bethleem, from Old French Bethleem, from Latin Bēthlehēmum, from Ancient Greek Βηθλεέμ (Bēthleém), from Hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם (bēṯ lɛ́ḥɛm, literally “house of bread”). Doublet of bedlam and Belém.

A number of other places around the world:

A number of places in the United States:

A town in Litchfield County, Connecticut.

Litchfield County
Litchfield County#English

An unincorporated community in Winn Parish, Louisiana.


Anasazi

/ˌɑːnəˈsɑːziː/

From Navajo anaasází (“enemy ancestors, ancient enemy”), from anaaʼí (“enemy”) + bizází (“their ancestors”).

Ancestral Puebloan
Ancestral Puebloan#English

Anasazi

member of a Native American people who once lived in Utah and Colorado


Ganges

Borrowed from Latin Gangēs, from Ancient Greek Γάγγης (Gángēs), from Sanskrit गङ्गा (gáṅgā, literally “swift-goer”), from the verbal root गम् (gam, “to go”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷem- (“to come”) (whence Latin veniō, Ancient Greek βαίνω (baínō), and English come). Doublet of Ganga.

...the Yellow Riuer... is the other famous Riuer of that Kingdome, in greatneſſe and note, which ariſesth without the Kingdome to the Weſt, out of the Hill Cunlun, conjectured to bee the ſame whence Ganges ariſeth, or one neere to it.

1625, Samuel Purchas, Pvrchas His Pilgrimes, volume III, London, →OCLC, page 340:

...their master... was no ad for anybody but the most arcane Black Power, he was an old prince of a witch doctor—insult him at your peril—but the other ten musicians with their trumpets and snares and assorted brass would prove no pull for Nixon on TV with any Black votes watching, for they were old and meek, naught but elderly Black Southern musicians, a veritable Ganges of Uncle Toms. They had disappeared with Tom Swift and Little Lord Fauntleroy.

1968, Norman Mailer, “Nixon in Miami”, in Harper's, §6:

A river in India and Bangladesh, sacred within Hinduism

គង្គ

kɔɔkŭəngkĕəʼ


Nuremberg

/ˈnjʊəɹəmbəɡ/

From German Nürnberg, from Medieval Latin Norinberga. The second element is from Berg, origins of the first element unclear.

The trial of Nazi criminals that took place there, after World War II.


Vesuvius

From Latin Vesuvius, of uncertain origin.

Hecla bellowed until the Icelanders feared a cataclysm. Vesuvius blew its head off.

1928 February 25 – March 3, Arthur Conan Doyle, “When the World Screamed”, in The Professor Challenger Stories […], London: John Murray, […], published [1952], →OCLC, page 577:

A volcanic mountain located on the Gulf of Naples in Italy.


Galilee

Inherited from Middle English Galilee, from Old French Galilee, from Medieval Latin Galilea, from Ancient Greek Γᾰλῑλαίᾱ (Gălīlaíā), from Hebrew גָּלִיל (galíl).


Gothenburg

/ˈɡɒθn̩bɜːɡ/

Ultimately from Swedish Göteborg, probably via German Gothenburg (now archaic).

A city in Dawson County, Nebraska, United States, originally settled by Swedish people.