feature

→ German: Feature

→ Polish: ficzer

→ Ukrainian: фі́ча (fíča)

From Middle English feture, from Anglo-Norman feture, from Old French faiture, from Latin factūra, from Latin factus, from Latin faciō (“do, make”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place, set”). Doublet of facture.

feature

long, prominent article or item in the media

MIT researchers are striving to improve the interpretability of features so decision makers will be more comfortable using the outputs of machine-learning models. Drawing on years of field work, they developed a taxonomy to help developers craft features that will be easier for their target audience to understand.

2022 June 30, Adam Zewe, “Building explainability into the components of machine-learning models”, in MIT News:

(statistics, machine learning) An individual measurable property or characteristic of a phenomenon being observed; the input of a model.


ground

en-verb

ground (third-person singular simple present grounds, present participle grounding, simple past and past participle grounded)

grounds (present singular third-person)
grounding (participle present)
grounded (participle past)
grounded (past)
GND (alternative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem-der.
Proto-Germanic *grunduz
Old English grund
Middle English ground
English ground
From Middle English ground, from Old English grund, from Proto-West Germanic *grundu, from Proto-Germanic *grunduz. Cognate with West Frisian grûn, Dutch grond and German Grund.

etymon

We design WikiChat (Figure 1) to ground LLMs using Wikipedia to achieve the following objectives. While LLMs tend to hallucinate, our chatbot should be factual.

2023, Sina J. Semnani, Violet Z. Yao, Heidi C. Zhang, Monica S. Lam, “WikiChat: A Few-Shot LLM-Based Chatbot Grounded with Wikipedia”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name):

But the technology has evolved rapidly over the past year or so. Today’s systems can incorporate real-time search and use increasingly sophisticated methods for “grounding”—connecting AI outputs to specific, verifiable knowledge and sourced analysis.

2025 May 9, Mike Caulfield, “AI Is Not Your Friend”, in The Atlantic:

(machine learning) To complement a machine learning model with relevant information it was not trained on.


temperature

en-noun

temperature (countable and uncountable, plural temperatures)

/ˈtɛm.pəɹˌt͡ʃɚ/

/ˈtɛm.pɹəˌt͡ʃɚ/

[ˈtʰɛm.pʰəɹˌt͡ʃɚ]

[ˈtʰɛm.pʰɹəˌt͡ʃɚ]

/ʈɛmp(ə)ˈɾeːt͡ɕə(ɾ)/

Borrowed from Latin temperātūra (cf. also French température), from the past participle stem of tempero (“I temper”).

ջերմաստիճան

the temperature of the immediate environment

(machine learning) A parameter that controls the degree of randomness of the output.


train

en-verb

train (third-person singular simple present trains, present participle training, simple past and past participle trained)

trains (present singular third-person)
training (participle present)
trained (participle past)
trained (past)

[t̠ɹ̠̊˔e̞ɪ̯n]

From Middle English trayne (“train”), from Old French train (“a delay, a drawing out”), from traïner (“to pull out, to draw”), from Vulgar Latin *traginō, from *tragō, from Latin trahō (“to pull, to draw”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tregʰ- (“to pull, draw, drag”). The verb was derived from the noun in Middle English.
For the meaning to teach compare typologically Russian ната́скивать (natáskivatʹ) (akin to тащи́ть (taščítʹ)).

m+

ната́скивать

At least 10 lawsuits have been filed this year against A.I. companies, accusing them of training their systems on artists’ creative work without consent.

2023 July 15, Sheera Frenkel, Stuart A. Thompson, “‘Not for Machines to Harvest’: Data Revolts Break Out Against A.I.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(transitive, machine learning) To feed data into an algorithm, usually based on a neural network, to create a machine learning model that can perform some task.


attention

en-noun

attention (countable and uncountable, plural attentions)

From Middle English attencioun, borrowed from Latin attentio, attentionis, from attendere, past participle attentus (“to attend, give heed to”); see attend.

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

The attention mechanism is an important part of these models and plays a very crucial role. Before Transformer models, the attention mechanism was proposed as a helper for improving conventional DL models such as RNNs.

2021, Savas Yildirim, Meysam Asgari-Chenaghlu, Mastering Transformers […] , Packt Publishing Ltd, →ISBN, page 26:

(uncountable, machine learning) A kind of prioritisation technique in neural networks that assigns soft weights between tokens from two (or more) input sequences in order to compute the required output.


parameter

[pəˈɹæm.ə.ɾɚ]

/pəˈɾamˌiːʈə(ɾ)/

From French paramètre, from New Latin parametrum (“parameter”), from Ancient Greek παρα- (para-, “beside”) + μέτρον (métron, “measure”).

The parameter estimation problem considered in this chapter consists of estimating the unknown parameter, ū [a barred v, actually], given N samples of the observation process.

2012, Michael Lemmon, Competitively Inhibited Neural Networks for Adaptive Parameter Estimation, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 74:

Fundamental is the regulation of a for-profit OpenAI. The company initially delayed the launch of its earlier GPT-2, with a mere 1.5bn parameters, because the company fretted over its implications.

2020 August 11, “The Guardian view on artificial intelligence's revolution: learning but not as we know it”, in The Guardian:

(sciences) A variable that describes a property or characteristic of some system (material, object, event, etc.) or some aspect thereof.

(machine learning) A variable of a model that is trained by a machine learning algorithm.


epoch

From Medieval Latin epocha, from Ancient Greek ἐποχή (epokhḗ, “a check, cessation, stop, pause, epoch of a star, i.e., the point at which it seems to halt after reaching the highest, and generally the place of a star; hence, a historical epoch”), from ἐπέχω (epékhō, “I hold in, check”), from ἐπι- (epi-, “upon”) + ἔχω (ékhō, “I have, hold”). Doublet of epoche.

der

The neural network was trained over 500 epochs.

For now, let's test and evaluate our GAN by comparing the results from the first epoch with the generated images from the last epoch.

2021, Joe Papa, PyTorch Pocket Reference, O'Reilly Media, →ISBN:

(machine learning) One complete presentation of the training data set to an iterative machine learning algorithm.


distillation

en-noun

distillation (countable and uncountable, plural distillations)

/dɪstɪˈlæɪʃən/

From Middle English distillacioun, from Anglo-Norman distillacioun, from Latin distīllātiōnem, accusative of distīllātiō.

Distillation is often used to train new systems. If a company takes data from proprietary technology, the practice may be legally problematic. But it is often allowed by open source technologies.

2025 January 29, Cade Metz, “OpenAI Says DeepSeek May Have Improperly Harvested Its Data”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

large language model
large language model

(machine learning) The transformation of a complex large language model into a smaller one.


DFA

(machine learning) Initialism of direct feedback alignment.


prompt

The adjective is from Middle English prompte, from Middle French prompt and its etymon Latin prōmptus (“visible, apparent, evident”), past participle of prōmō (“to take or bring out or forth, produce, bring to light”), from prō (“forth, forward”) + emō (“to take, acquire, buy”). Doublet of pronto.
The verb is from Middle English prompen, apparently from the adjective. The noun is from the verb.

der

For instance, using the “instruct” mode, I once gave GPT-3 the prompt: “Write an essay discussing the role of metafiction in the work of Italo Calvino.”

2022 April 15, Steven Johnson, Nikita Iziev, “A.I. Is Mastering Language. Should We Trust What It Says?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(machine learning) Textual input given to a large language model or image model in order to have it generate a desired output.


prompt

en-verb

prompt (third-person singular simple present prompts, present participle prompting, simple past and past participle prompted)

prompts (present singular third-person)
prompting (participle present)
prompted (participle past)
prompted (past)

I want to prompt this new AI art generator to create an image of a panda riding a bike.

ordinary language
ordinary language#English

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence#English

(transitive, machine learning) To provide textual input in the form of ordinary language to (an artificial intelligence or language model) to have it generate a desired output.

prompter

to give instructions to an artificial intelligence system


prompt

prompt (indefinite nominative singular)
prompts (genitive indefinite singular)
prompten (definite nominative singular)
promptens (definite genitive singular)
promptar (indefinite nominative plural)
promptars (genitive indefinite plural)
promptarna (definite nominative plural)
promptarnas (definite genitive plural)


RSI

en-noun

RSI (countable and uncountable, plural RSIs)

recursive self-improvement
recursive self-improvement#English

(machine learning) Initialism of recursive self-improvement.


adapter

→ Japanese: アダプター (adaputā)

пре́ходник

device allowing plug to fit in an outlet of different type

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence

(machine learning, artificial intelligence) A collection of low-rank matrices which, when added to a base model, produces a fine-tuned model; a LoRA.

machine learning; artificial intelligence; machine learning; artificial intelligence


recall

recall (countable and uncountable, plural recalls)

recalls (plural)
recal (alternative obsolete)
re-call (alternative)

From re- + call, probably modelled on Latin revocāre, French rappeler, English withcall.

precision and recall

(information retrieval, machine learning) The fraction of (all) relevant material that is returned by a search.

information retrieval; machine learning; information retrieval; machine learning


transformer

transformers (plural)
tformer (alternative)
t-former (alternative)
transformator (alternative archaic)

/tɹɑːnsˈfɔːmə/

Transformer is a deep machine learning model based on the encoder–decoder network architecture and is used primarily in the field of NLP.

2021, Lei Chen, Deep Learning and Practice with MindSpore, Springer Nature, →ISBN, page 116:

The transformer helped machine-learning systems improve at a much faster pace, leading directly to last year’s release of ChatGPT and the attendant boom in interest around AI. (Transformers are the “T” in ChatGPT.)

2023 January 31, Casey Newton, “Instagram’s co-founders are back with Artifact, a kind of TikTok for text”, in The Verge:

Privately, many at Google have bristled at criticism of its AI credentials, in particular given that it incubated the underlying technology and released it publicly in the 2017 transformers paper.

2025 May 24, Stephen Morris, Melissa Heikkilä, Cristina Criddle, “Defending the high ground”, in FT Weekend, Big Read, page 7:

(machine learning) A neural network architecture composed of layers of attention which takes sequences of tokens (representing text, images, audio, or other modalities) as input.


BP

BP (countable and uncountable, plural BPs)

(machine learning) Initialism of backpropagation.


TD

TD (countable and uncountable, plural TDs)

(machine learning) Initialism of temporal difference.


neural network

A neural network is a computer system built to simulate, or act like, the human brain.

2019 February 3, “UN Study: China, US, Japan Lead World AI Development”, in Voice of America, archived from the original on 2019-02-07:

(machine learning) A real or virtual computer system designed to emulate the brain in its ability to "learn" to assess imprecise data.


DL

DL (countable and uncountable, plural DLs)

DLs (plural)
D.L. (alternative)
D. L. (alternative)
dl (alternative)
d/l (alternative)
D/L (alternative)

Before Transformer models, the attention mechanism was proposed as a helper for improving conventional DL models such as RNNs.

(machine learning) Initialism of deep learning.


embedding

word embeddings

“A major reason we chose to study word embeddings is that they have been spectacularly successful in the last few years in helping computers make sense of language,” said Arvind Narayanan, a computer scientist at Princeton University and the paper’s senior author.

2017 April 13, Hannah Devlin, quoting Arvind Narayanan, “AI programs exhibit racial and gender biases, research reveals”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

A few years ago, Dr. [Alexander] Huth noticed that particular pieces of these maps — so-called context embeddings, which capture the semantic features, or meanings, of phrases — could be used to predict how the brain lights up in response to language.

2023 May 1, Oliver Whang, “A.I. Is Getting Better at Mind-Reading”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-05-17:

(machine learning, artificial intelligence) A representation of a unit of text (such as a word or token) as a vector, which encodes the context in which it is used.


SVM

support vector machine
support vector machine#English

(machine learning) Initialism of support vector machine.


ensemble

(machine learning) A supervised learning algorithm combining multiple hypotheses.


distil

en-verb

distil (third-person singular simple present distils, present participle distilling, simple past and past participle distilled)

distils (present singular third-person)
distilling (participle present)
distilled (participle past)
distilled (past)
distill (alternative)
distill (alternative US)

PIE word
 *de
From Late Middle English distillen (“to fall, flow, or shed in drops, drop, trickle; to shed drops; to fill (the eyes) with tears; (alchemy, medicine) to subject (something) to distillation; to obtain (something) using distillation; to distil; to condense or vaporize; (figuratively) to give (good fortune) to; to say (slanderous words)”) [and other forms], from Old French distiller (modern French distiller (“to distil”)), and from its etymon Latin distīllāre, a variant of Latin dēstīllāre, the present active infinitive of dēstīllō (“to drip or trickle down; to distil”), from dē- (prefix meaning ‘down, down from, down to’) + stīllō (“to drip, drop, trickle; to distil”) (from stīlla (“drop of liquid; (figuratively) small quantity”), probably a diminutive of stīria (“ice drop; icicle”)).
Cognates
* French distiller (“to distil”)
* Italian distillare (“to distil”)
* Occitan distillar
* Portuguese destilar (“to distil; to drip”)
* Spanish destilar (“to distil; to exude; to filter”)

nb...

destillen, destylle, distall, distill, distille, dystyll

cog

“We are aware of and reviewing indications that DeepSeek may have inappropriately distilled our models, and will share information as we know more,” she said.

2025 January 29, Cade Metz, quoting Liz Bourgeois, “OpenAI Says DeepSeek May Have Improperly Harvested Its Data”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(machine learning) To transform a complex large language model into a smaller one.


RL

en-noun

RL (countable and uncountable, plural RLs)

This requires keeping track of many RL algorithms and architectures, which are used as part of the state space. By contrast, our approach only focuses on training a single RL architecture, taking advantage of MCTS search and powerful state representations.

2023 June 10, Daniel J. Mankowitz, Andrea Michi, Anton Zhernov, Marco Gelmi, Marco Selvi, “Faster sorting algorithms discovered using deep reinforcement learning”, in Nature, volume 618, number 7964, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 257–263:

reinforcement learning
reinforcement learning#English

(machine learning) Initialism of reinforcement learning.


SLM

Large language models work well because they’re so large. The latest models from OpenAI, Meta, and DeepSeek use hundreds of billions of “parameters” […] With more parameters, the models are better able to identify patterns and connections, which in turn makes them more powerful and accurate. But this power comes at a cost […] huge computational resources […] energy hogs […] In response, some researchers are now thinking small. IBM, Google, Microsoft, and OpenAI have all recently released small language models (SLMs) that use a few billion parameters—a fraction of their LLM counterparts. Small models are not used as general-purpose tools like their larger cousins. But they can excel on specific, more narrowly defined tasks, such as summarizing conversations, answering patient questions as a health care chatbot, and gathering data in smart devices. “For a lot of tasks, an 8 billion–parameter model is actually pretty good,” said Zico Kolter, a computer scientist at Carnegie Mellon University. They can also run on a laptop or cell phone, instead of a huge data center. (There’s no consensus on the exact definition of “small,” but the new models all max out around 10 billion parameters.) To optimize the training process for these small models, researchers use a few tricks. […]

2025 April 13, Stephen Ornes, “Small Language Models Are the New Rage, Researchers Say. Larger models can pull off a wider variety of feats, but the reduced footprint of smaller models makes them attractive tools”, in Wired:

small language model
small language model#English

(machine learning) Initialism of small language model.


LLM

Some skeptics argue that the software is capable only of blind mimicry — that it’s imitating the syntactic patterns of human language but is incapable of generating its own ideas or making complex decisions, a fundamental limitation that will keep the L.L.M. approach from ever maturing into anything resembling human intelligence.

Currently, large language models (LLM) are the base model for creating more specific natural language producers, like chatbots or personal assistants. BERT, GPT-3, and other LLM can be used to program all kinds of “semantic machines”, to create machines for almost any kind of linguistic purpose.

2022, Hendrik Kempt, Synthetic Friends: A Philosophy of Human-Machine Friendship, Springer Nature, →ISBN, page 22:

We design WikiChat (Figure 1) to ground LLMs using Wikipedia to achieve the following objectives. While LLMs tend to hallucinate, our chatbot should be factual.

2023, Sina J. Semnani, Violet Z. Yao, Heidi C. Zhang, Monica S. Lam, “WikiChat: A Few-Shot LLM-Based Chatbot Grounded with Wikipedia”, in arXiv:

Modern LLMs are fine-tuned for safety and instruction-following, meaning they are trained to refuse harmful requests. […] In this example, we'll use mlabonne/Daredevil-8B, a mega-merge created with DARE TIES (see my article about model merging) that has the highest MMLU score on the Open LLM Leaderboard in the 8B category.

2024 June 13, Maxime Labonne, “Uncensor any LLM with abliteration”, in Hugging Face Blog, retrieved 2025-05-29:

“In addition to the post’s content, LLMs were provided with personal attributes of the OP (gender, age, ethnicity, location, and political orientation), as inferred from their posting history using another LLM,” they write.

2025 April 28, Karissa Bell, “Researchers secretly experimented on Reddit users with AI-generated comments”, in Engadget:

large language model
large language model#English

(machine learning) Initialism of large language model.

logic learning machine
w:logic learning machine

(machine learning) Initialism of logic learning machine.


SAE

(machine learning) Initialism of sparse autoencoder.


muuntaja

muuntaja (nominative singular)
muuntajat (nominative plural)
muuntaja (accusative nominative singular)
muuntajat (accusative nominative plural)
muuntajan (accusative genitive singular)
muuntajat (accusative genitive plural)
muuntajan (genitive singular)
muuntajien (genitive plural)
muuntajain (genitive plural rare)
muuntajaa (partitive singular)
muuntajia (partitive plural)
muuntajassa (inessive singular)
muuntajissa (inessive plural)
muuntajasta (elative singular)
muuntajista (elative plural)
muuntajaan (illative singular)
muuntajiin (illative plural)
muuntajalla (adessive singular)
muuntajilla (adessive plural)
muuntajalta (ablative singular)
muuntajilta (ablative plural)
muuntajalle (allative singular)
muuntajille (allative plural)
muuntajana (essive singular)
muuntajina (essive plural)
muuntajaksi (singular translative)
muuntajiksi (plural translative)
muuntajatta (abessive singular)
muuntajitta (abessive plural)
muuntajin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
muuntajani (nominative singular)
muuntajani (nominative plural)
muuntajani (accusative nominative singular)
muuntajani (accusative nominative plural)
muuntajani (accusative genitive singular)
muuntajani (accusative genitive plural)
muuntajani (genitive singular)
muuntajieni (genitive plural)
muuntajaini (genitive plural rare)
muuntajaani (partitive singular)
muuntajiani (partitive plural)
muuntajassani (inessive singular)
muuntajissani (inessive plural)
muuntajastani (elative singular)
muuntajistani (elative plural)
muuntajaani (illative singular)
muuntajiini (illative plural)
muuntajallani (adessive singular)
muuntajillani (adessive plural)
muuntajaltani (ablative singular)
muuntajiltani (ablative plural)
muuntajalleni (allative singular)
muuntajilleni (allative plural)
muuntajanani (essive singular)
muuntajinani (essive plural)
muuntajakseni (singular translative)
muuntajikseni (plural translative)
muuntajattani (abessive singular)
muuntajittani (abessive plural)
muuntajineni (comitative plural)
muuntajasi (nominative singular)
muuntajasi (nominative plural)
muuntajasi (accusative nominative singular)
muuntajasi (accusative nominative plural)
muuntajasi (accusative genitive singular)
muuntajasi (accusative genitive plural)
muuntajasi (genitive singular)
muuntajiesi (genitive plural)
muuntajaisi (genitive plural rare)
muuntajaasi (partitive singular)
muuntajiasi (partitive plural)
muuntajassasi (inessive singular)
muuntajissasi (inessive plural)
muuntajastasi (elative singular)
muuntajistasi (elative plural)
muuntajaasi (illative singular)
muuntajiisi (illative plural)
muuntajallasi (adessive singular)
muuntajillasi (adessive plural)
muuntajaltasi (ablative singular)
muuntajiltasi (ablative plural)
muuntajallesi (allative singular)
muuntajillesi (allative plural)
muuntajanasi (essive singular)
muuntajinasi (essive plural)
muuntajaksesi (singular translative)
muuntajiksesi (plural translative)
muuntajattasi (abessive singular)
muuntajittasi (abessive plural)
muuntajinesi (comitative plural)
muuntajamme (nominative singular)
muuntajamme (nominative plural)
muuntajamme (accusative nominative singular)
muuntajamme (accusative nominative plural)
muuntajamme (accusative genitive singular)
muuntajamme (accusative genitive plural)
muuntajamme (genitive singular)
muuntajiemme (genitive plural)
muuntajaimme (genitive plural rare)
muuntajaamme (partitive singular)
muuntajiamme (partitive plural)
muuntajassamme (inessive singular)
muuntajissamme (inessive plural)
muuntajastamme (elative singular)
muuntajistamme (elative plural)
muuntajaamme (illative singular)
muuntajiimme (illative plural)
muuntajallamme (adessive singular)
muuntajillamme (adessive plural)
muuntajaltamme (ablative singular)
muuntajiltamme (ablative plural)
muuntajallemme (allative singular)
muuntajillemme (allative plural)
muuntajanamme (essive singular)
muuntajinamme (essive plural)
muuntajaksemme (singular translative)
muuntajiksemme (plural translative)
muuntajattamme (abessive singular)
muuntajittamme (abessive plural)
muuntajinemme (comitative plural)
muuntajanne (nominative singular)
muuntajanne (nominative plural)
muuntajanne (accusative nominative singular)
muuntajanne (accusative nominative plural)
muuntajanne (accusative genitive singular)
muuntajanne (accusative genitive plural)
muuntajanne (genitive singular)
muuntajienne (genitive plural)
muuntajainne (genitive plural rare)
muuntajaanne (partitive singular)
muuntajianne (partitive plural)
muuntajassanne (inessive singular)
muuntajissanne (inessive plural)
muuntajastanne (elative singular)
muuntajistanne (elative plural)
muuntajaanne (illative singular)
muuntajiinne (illative plural)
muuntajallanne (adessive singular)
muuntajillanne (adessive plural)
muuntajaltanne (ablative singular)
muuntajiltanne (ablative plural)
muuntajallenne (allative singular)
muuntajillenne (allative plural)
muuntajananne (essive singular)
muuntajinanne (essive plural)
muuntajaksenne (singular translative)
muuntajiksenne (plural translative)
muuntajattanne (abessive singular)
muuntajittanne (abessive plural)
muuntajinenne (comitative plural)
muuntajansa (nominative singular)
muuntajansa (nominative plural)
muuntajansa (accusative nominative singular)
muuntajansa (accusative nominative plural)
muuntajansa (accusative genitive singular)
muuntajansa (accusative genitive plural)
muuntajansa (genitive singular)
muuntajiensa (genitive plural)
muuntajainsa (genitive plural rare)
muuntajaansa (partitive singular)
muuntajiaan (partitive plural)
muuntajiansa (partitive plural)
muuntajassaan (inessive singular)
muuntajassansa (inessive singular)
muuntajissaan (inessive plural)
muuntajissansa (inessive plural)
muuntajastaan (elative singular)
muuntajastansa (elative singular)
muuntajistaan (elative plural)
muuntajistansa (elative plural)
muuntajaansa (illative singular)
muuntajiinsa (illative plural)
muuntajallaan (adessive singular)
muuntajallansa (adessive singular)
muuntajillaan (adessive plural)
muuntajillansa (adessive plural)
muuntajaltaan (ablative singular)
muuntajaltansa (ablative singular)
muuntajiltaan (ablative plural)
muuntajiltansa (ablative plural)
muuntajalleen (allative singular)
muuntajallensa (allative singular)
muuntajilleen (allative plural)
muuntajillensa (allative plural)
muuntajanaan (essive singular)
muuntajanansa (essive singular)
muuntajinaan (essive plural)
muuntajinansa (essive plural)
muuntajakseen (singular translative)
muuntajaksensa (singular translative)
muuntajikseen (plural translative)
muuntajiksensa (plural translative)
muuntajattaan (abessive singular)
muuntajattansa (abessive singular)
muuntajittaan (abessive plural)
muuntajittansa (abessive plural)
muuntajineen (comitative plural)
muuntajinensa (comitative plural)

[ˈmuːn̪t̪ɑ̝jɑ̝]

(machine learning) transformer (neural network architecture)


ANN

(machine learning) Initialism of artificial neural network.


derain

en-verb

derain (third-person singular simple present derains, present participle deraining, simple past and past participle derained)

derains (present singular third-person)
deraining (participle present)
derained (participle past)
derained (past)

From de- + rain. Compare deraining (noun).

Hence, in our proposed pipeline, we derain first, then followed by dehazing and at last finished with deraining.

2017, Yang, Wenhan, Robby T. Tan, Jiashi Feng, Jiaying Liu, Zongming Guo, and Shuicheng Yan, “Deep joint rain detection and removal from a single image.”, in Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition:

It is demonstrated that the proposed method yields in relatively higher performance in comparison to other state-of-the-art deraining models in terms of derained image quality and computing efficiency.

2018, Chen Li, Yecai Guo, Qi Liu, Xiaodong Liu, “DR-Net: A Novel Generative Adversarial Network for Single Image Deraining”, in Security and Communication Networks, →DOI:

(machine learning) To remove rain from an image.


deraining

In contrast to other common strategies that increase depth or breadth of the network, we use image processing domain knowledge to modify the objective function and improve deraining with a modestly sized CNN.

2017, Xueyang Fu, Jiabin Huang, Xinghao Ding, Yinghao Liao, John Paisley, “Clearing the Skies: A Deep Network Architecture for Single-Image Rain Removal”, in IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, →DOI:

Images captured in rainy days suffer from noticeable degradation of scene visibility. The goal of single image deraining algorithms is to generate sharp images from a rainy image input.

2019, S. Li, I. B. Araujo, W. Ren, Z. Wang, E. K. Tokuda, R. H. Junior, R. Cesar-Junior, J. Zhang, X. Guo, X. Cao, “Single image deraining: A comprehensive benchmark analysis”, in Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, page 3838:

(machine learning) The removal of rain from an image or video.


backpropagation

en-noun

backpropagation (countable and uncountable, plural backpropagations)

In machine learning, backpropagation of error (‘backprop’) is the algorithm most often used to train deep neural networks and is the most successful learning procedure for these networks.

2020, Timothy P. Lillicrap, Adam Santoro, Luke Marris, Colin J. Akerman, Geoffrey Hinton, “Backpropagation and the brain”, in Nature:

(machine learning) An error correction technique used in neural networks.


overfitting

overfitting (countable and uncountable, plural overfittings)

(statistics, machine learning) The production of a statistical model that, due to an excess of parameters relative to the sample size, fits the sample data extremely well but fails to fit new data.


LM

However, from the perspective of work on language technology, it is far from clear that all of the effort being put into using large LMs to ‘beat’ tasks designed to test natural language understanding, and all of the effort to create new such tasks, once the existing ones have been bulldozed by the LMs, brings us any closer to long-term goals of general language understanding systems.

2021 March 3, Emily M. Bender, Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, Shmargaret Shmitchell, “On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? 🦜”, in Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, Virtual Event Canada: ACM, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 610–623:

(machine learning) Initialism of language model.


hyperparameter

The ideal learning algorithm just takes a dataset and outputs a function, without requiring hand tuning of hyperparameters.

2016, Ian Goodfellow, Yoshua Bengio, Aaron Courville, chapter 11, in Deep Learning, MIT Press, →ISBN, page 420:

“Model behaviour is not determined by architecture, hyperparameters, or optimizer choices,” he said, referring to the technical difficulties of training a language model. “It’s determined by your dataset, nothing else. […]”

2024 May 4, Alex Hern, Dan Milmo, quoting James Betker, “Danger and opportunity for news industry as AI woos it for vital human-written copy”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(machine learning) A parameter whose value is set before the learning process begins.


SOM

self-organizing map
self-organizing map#English

(machine learning) Initialism of self-organizing map.


ohjattu

ohjattu (nominative singular)
ohjatut (nominative plural)
ohjattu (accusative nominative singular)
ohjatut (accusative nominative plural)
ohjatun (accusative genitive singular)
ohjatut (accusative genitive plural)
ohjatun (genitive singular)
ohjattujen (genitive plural)
ohjattua (partitive singular)
ohjattuja (partitive plural)
ohjatussa (inessive singular)
ohjatuissa (inessive plural)
ohjatusta (elative singular)
ohjatuista (elative plural)
ohjattuun (illative singular)
ohjattuihin (illative plural)
ohjatulla (adessive singular)
ohjatuilla (adessive plural)
ohjatulta (ablative singular)
ohjatuilta (ablative plural)
ohjatulle (allative singular)
ohjatuille (allative plural)
ohjattuna (essive singular)
ohjattuina (essive plural)
ohjatuksi (singular translative)
ohjatuiksi (plural translative)
ohjatutta (abessive singular)
ohjatuitta (abessive plural)
ohjatuin (instructive plural)
ohjattuine (comitative plural)
ohjattuni (nominative singular)
ohjattuni (nominative plural)
ohjattuni (accusative nominative singular)
ohjattuni (accusative nominative plural)
ohjattuni (accusative genitive singular)
ohjattuni (accusative genitive plural)
ohjattuni (genitive singular)
ohjattujeni (genitive plural)
ohjattuani (partitive singular)
ohjattujani (partitive plural)
ohjatussani (inessive singular)
ohjatuissani (inessive plural)
ohjatustani (elative singular)
ohjatuistani (elative plural)
ohjattuuni (illative singular)
ohjattuihini (illative plural)
ohjatullani (adessive singular)
ohjatuillani (adessive plural)
ohjatultani (ablative singular)
ohjatuiltani (ablative plural)
ohjatulleni (allative singular)
ohjatuilleni (allative plural)
ohjattunani (essive singular)
ohjattuinani (essive plural)
ohjatukseni (singular translative)
ohjatuikseni (plural translative)
ohjatuttani (abessive singular)
ohjatuittani (abessive plural)
ohjattuineni (comitative plural)
ohjattusi (nominative singular)
ohjattusi (nominative plural)
ohjattusi (accusative nominative singular)
ohjattusi (accusative nominative plural)
ohjattusi (accusative genitive singular)
ohjattusi (accusative genitive plural)
ohjattusi (genitive singular)
ohjattujesi (genitive plural)
ohjattuasi (partitive singular)
ohjattujasi (partitive plural)
ohjatussasi (inessive singular)
ohjatuissasi (inessive plural)
ohjatustasi (elative singular)
ohjatuistasi (elative plural)
ohjattuusi (illative singular)
ohjattuihisi (illative plural)
ohjatullasi (adessive singular)
ohjatuillasi (adessive plural)
ohjatultasi (ablative singular)
ohjatuiltasi (ablative plural)
ohjatullesi (allative singular)
ohjatuillesi (allative plural)
ohjattunasi (essive singular)
ohjattuinasi (essive plural)
ohjatuksesi (singular translative)
ohjatuiksesi (plural translative)
ohjatuttasi (abessive singular)
ohjatuittasi (abessive plural)
ohjattuinesi (comitative plural)
ohjattumme (nominative singular)
ohjattumme (nominative plural)
ohjattumme (accusative nominative singular)
ohjattumme (accusative nominative plural)
ohjattumme (accusative genitive singular)
ohjattumme (accusative genitive plural)
ohjattumme (genitive singular)
ohjattujemme (genitive plural)
ohjattuamme (partitive singular)
ohjattujamme (partitive plural)
ohjatussamme (inessive singular)
ohjatuissamme (inessive plural)
ohjatustamme (elative singular)
ohjatuistamme (elative plural)
ohjattuumme (illative singular)
ohjattuihimme (illative plural)
ohjatullamme (adessive singular)
ohjatuillamme (adessive plural)
ohjatultamme (ablative singular)
ohjatuiltamme (ablative plural)
ohjatullemme (allative singular)
ohjatuillemme (allative plural)
ohjattunamme (essive singular)
ohjattuinamme (essive plural)
ohjatuksemme (singular translative)
ohjatuiksemme (plural translative)
ohjatuttamme (abessive singular)
ohjatuittamme (abessive plural)
ohjattuinemme (comitative plural)
ohjattunne (nominative singular)
ohjattunne (nominative plural)
ohjattunne (accusative nominative singular)
ohjattunne (accusative nominative plural)
ohjattunne (accusative genitive singular)
ohjattunne (accusative genitive plural)
ohjattunne (genitive singular)
ohjattujenne (genitive plural)
ohjattuanne (partitive singular)
ohjattujanne (partitive plural)
ohjatussanne (inessive singular)
ohjatuissanne (inessive plural)
ohjatustanne (elative singular)
ohjatuistanne (elative plural)
ohjattuunne (illative singular)
ohjattuihinne (illative plural)
ohjatullanne (adessive singular)
ohjatuillanne (adessive plural)
ohjatultanne (ablative singular)
ohjatuiltanne (ablative plural)
ohjatullenne (allative singular)
ohjatuillenne (allative plural)
ohjattunanne (essive singular)
ohjattuinanne (essive plural)
ohjatuksenne (singular translative)
ohjatuiksenne (plural translative)
ohjatuttanne (abessive singular)
ohjatuittanne (abessive plural)
ohjattuinenne (comitative plural)
ohjattunsa (nominative singular)
ohjattunsa (nominative plural)
ohjattunsa (accusative nominative singular)
ohjattunsa (accusative nominative plural)
ohjattunsa (accusative genitive singular)
ohjattunsa (accusative genitive plural)
ohjattunsa (genitive singular)
ohjattujensa (genitive plural)
ohjattuaan (partitive singular)
ohjattuansa (partitive singular)
ohjattujaan (partitive plural)
ohjattujansa (partitive plural)
ohjatussaan (inessive singular)
ohjatussansa (inessive singular)
ohjatuissaan (inessive plural)
ohjatuissansa (inessive plural)
ohjatustaan (elative singular)
ohjatustansa (elative singular)
ohjatuistaan (elative plural)
ohjatuistansa (elative plural)
ohjattuunsa (illative singular)
ohjattuihinsa (illative plural)
ohjatullaan (adessive singular)
ohjatullansa (adessive singular)
ohjatuillaan (adessive plural)
ohjatuillansa (adessive plural)
ohjatultaan (ablative singular)
ohjatultansa (ablative singular)
ohjatuiltaan (ablative plural)
ohjatuiltansa (ablative plural)
ohjatulleen (allative singular)
ohjatullensa (allative singular)
ohjatuilleen (allative plural)
ohjatuillensa (allative plural)
ohjattunaan (essive singular)
ohjattunansa (essive singular)
ohjattuinaan (essive plural)
ohjattuinansa (essive plural)
ohjatukseen (singular translative)
ohjatuksensa (singular translative)
ohjatuikseen (plural translative)
ohjatuiksensa (plural translative)
ohjatuttaan (abessive singular)
ohjatuttansa (abessive singular)
ohjatuittaan (abessive plural)
ohjatuittansa (abessive plural)
ohjattuineen (comitative plural)
ohjattuinensa (comitative plural)

ohjattu oppiminen


VAE

variational autoencoder
w:variational autoencoder

(machine learning) Initialism of variational autoencoder.


DRL

The primary learning algorithm in AlphaDev is an extension of AlphaZero, a well-known DRL algorithm, in which a neural network is trained to guide a search to solve AssemblyGame.

(machine learning) Initialism of deep reinforcement learning.


CNN

convolutional neural network
convolutional neural network#English

(machine learning) Initialism of convolutional neural network.


minibatch

Attested since 1993, mini- + batch. Quickly displaced original term "blockupdate" coined by Martin Møller in 1992.

Interestingly, unlike the vanilla SGD algorithm, the stochastic normalized gradient descent algorithm provably requires a minimal minibatch size.

2015, Elad Hazan, Kfir Y. Levy, Shai Shalev-Shwartz, “Beyond Convexity: Stochastic Quasi-Convex Optimization”, in arXiv:

(machine learning) A batch less than one epoch


pretrain

en-verb

pretrain (third-person singular simple present pretrains, present participle pretraining, simple past and past participle pretrained)

pretrains (present singular third-person)
pretraining (participle present)
pretrained (participle past)
pretrained (past)
pre-train (alternative)

Our algorithm pretrains a CNN using a large set of videos with tracking ground-truths to obtain a generic target representation.

2015, Hyeonseob Nam, Bohyung Han, “Learning Multi-Domain Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Tracking”, in arXiv:

(machine learning) To train (a neural network) on some data set (typically a large generic data set, the output of which one is not directly interested in) before fine-tuning the network on another dataset one is interested in.


pretrained

(machine learning, of a model) Trained on a (usually large) dataset by someone else.


RAG

retrieval-augmented generation
w:retrieval-augmented generation

(machine learning) Initialism of retrieval-augmented generation: a method of augmenting performance of LLMs (large language models) by serving them a curated selection of data input, via a combination of relevant data libraries and on-the-fly but relevant search results.


MLP

multilayer perceptron
multilayer perceptron#English

(machine learning) Initialism of multilayer perceptron.


MoE

GLaM [51] is an autoregressive mixture-of-experts (MoE) model with up to 1200B parameters.

2023, Gerhard Paaß, Sven Giesselbach, Foundation Models for Natural Language Processing: Pre-trained Language Models Integrating Media, Springer Nature, →ISBN, page 130:

(machine learning) Initialism of mixture of experts.


convolutional neural network

en-noun

convolutional neural network (plural convolutional neural networks)

(machine learning) A neural network in which the connectivity pattern between its neurons is modelled on the organization of the animal visual cortex.


DCNN

(machine learning) Initialism of deep convolutional neural network.


GPT

generative pretrained transformer
w:generative pretrained transformer

(machine learning) Initialism of generative pretrained transformer.

In today's session I'll be showing you how you can create GPTs that are tailored to your own work.

We will use a 345M parameter GPT-2 transformer in TensorFlow from OpenAI's repository. We must get our hands dirty to understand GPT models.

2022, Denis Rothman, Antonio Gulli, Transformers for Natural Language Processing […] , Packt Publishing Ltd, →ISBN, page 168:

(machine learning, by extension) A saved chat, project, or (especially) agentic persona within a gen AI workspace, functioning as a reusable and sharable tool.


recurrent neural network

recurrent neural network (plural recurrent neural networks)

(machine learning) An artificial neural network where the connections between units give them a kind of internal memory useful for processing arbitrary sequences of inputs as in speech recognition.


input neuron

(machine learning) A neuron in the input layer of a neural network, outputting only a constant.


hidden layer

(machine learning) The layer or layers of neurons between the input layer and the output layer in a neural network.


multilayer perceptron

multilayer perceptron (plural multilayer perceptrons)

multilayer perceptrons (plural)
MLP (alternative initialism)

(machine learning) A neural network having at least one hidden layer, and whose neurons use a nonlinear activation function (e.g. sigmoid).


feedforward neural network

feedforward neural network (plural feedforward neural networks)

(machine learning) A neural network in which the outputs are not used as input in a previous layer.


online learning

stochastic gradient descent
stochastic gradient descent

(machine learning) The training of a neural network using stochastic gradient descent with a mini-batch size of one; only one input is used for training at a time.


Platt scaling

probability distribution
probability distribution

(machine learning) A technique for transforming the outputs of a classification model into a probability distribution over classes, based on a logistic regression model.


support vector machine

support vector machine (plural support vector machines)

(machine learning) A supervised learning model with associated algorithms that analyse data used for classification and regression analysis.


GAN

GAN (countable and uncountable, plural GANs)

The GAN we look at in the next exercise is a vanilla GAN with convolution.

2020, Micheal Lanham, Practical AI on the Google Cloud Platform, O'Reilly Media, →ISBN, page 248:

generative adversarial network
generative adversarial network#English

(machine learning) Acronym of generative adversarial network.


generative adversarial network

generative adversarial network (plural generative adversarial networks)

generative adversarial networks (plural)

(machine learning) A system used in machine learning, consisting of two neural networks, one of which generates candidate solutions to a problem while the other evaluates and accepts or rejects them.


image matting

(machine learning) Extraction of an object in the foreground of an image from its background.


self-attention

(machine learning) A form of attention (machine learning method) where input sequence is compared with itself, i.e. the keys and queries are the same.


graduate student descent

Modeled on gradient descent. Attributed to David A. McAllester.

Phrase of the day, "Graduate Student Descent." Optimization through graduate student tweaking.

[2011 April 6, Kat Scott, Twitter, archived from the original on 2022-07-04:

[…] people without real-world experience often ignore systematic approaches to hyperparameter tuning in favor of manual, gut-feeling approach. The most popular method is arguably 'Graduate Student Descent (GSD) […]

2019, Chip Huyen, “Design a machine learning system”, in Chip Huyen [personal website], retrieved 2021-09-27:

Instead of hypothesis-forming based on theory, extensive research on previous studies and/or reflection against the existing domain knowledge, grad student descent […] is applied.

2019 April 17, Oguzhan Gencoglu with Mark van Gils, Esin Guldogan, Chamin Morikawa, Mehmet Süzen, Mathias Gruber, Jussi Leinonen, and Heikki Huttunen, “HARK Side of Deep Learning - From Grad Student Descent to Automated Machine Learning”, in arXiv, page 2:

(machine learning, humorous) The process of choosing hyperparameters manually and in an ad-hoc manner, typical of work assigned to a graduate student.


language model

Although unigram language models are simple, they clearly make unrealistic assumptions about word occurrences in text.

2022 [2009], Chengxiang Zhai, Statistical Language Models for Information Retrieval, Springer Nature, →ISBN, page 9:

(machine learning) A machine learning model that assigns probabilities to sequences of characters or words, and/or is capable of generating plausible subsequent text from a given prompt.


concept drift

concept drift (countable and uncountable, plural concept drifts)

Concept refers to the hidden relationship between the inputs and outputs of the model.

Regarding collection usage, frecency metrics are employed, combining frequency and recency, to effectively capture concept drift and temporal trends.

2010, Mounia Lalmas et al., editors, Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries […] , Springer, →ISBN, page 544:

Concept drift is an important issue to be considered in data stream mining. In a real environment, the data distribution is constantly changing, and the model needs to be continuously updated to adapt to the new environment.

2020, Zhiwen Yu et al., editors, Green, Pervasive, and Cloud Computing […] , Springer Nature, →ISBN, page 115:

(statistics, machine learning) The tendency of a statistical model to become less and less accurate over time in real-world conditions.


L.L.M.

(machine learning) Alternative form of LLM (“large language model”).


large language model

large language model (plural large language models)

GPT-3 belongs to a category of deep learning known as a large language model, a complex neural net that has been trained on a titanic data set of text: in GPT-3’s case, roughly 700 gigabytes of data drawn from across the web, including Wikipedia, supplemented with a large collection of text from digitized books. GPT-3 is the most celebrated of the large language models, and the most publicly available, but Google, Meta (formerly known as Facebook) and DeepMind have all developed their own L.L.M.s in recent years.

2022 April 15, Steven Johnson, “A.I. Is Mastering Language. Should We Trust What It Says?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

GPT-2 is a large language model with 1.5 billion parameters, trained on a dataset of 8 million web pages scraped from the internet.

2023, Mohak Agarwal, Generative AI for Entrepreneurs in a Hurry, Notion Press, →ISBN:

Less charitable observers (like this columnist) see two alternative interpretations. One is that it’s an attempt to consolidate OpenAI’s lead over the rest of the industry in large language models (LLMs), because history suggests that regulation often enhances dominance.

2023 May 20, John Naughton, “When the tech boys start asking for new regulations, you know something’s up”, in The Observer, →ISSN:

Large language models work well because they’re so large. The latest models from OpenAI, Meta, and DeepSeek use hundreds of billions of “parameters” […] With more parameters, the models are better able to identify patterns and connections, which in turn makes them more powerful and accurate. But this power comes at a cost […] huge computational resources […] energy hogs […] In response, some researchers are now thinking small. IBM, Google, Microsoft, and OpenAI have all recently released small language models (SLMs) that use a few billion parameters—a fraction of their LLM counterparts.

2025 April 13, Stephen Ornes, “Small Language Models Are the New Rage, Researchers Say. Larger models can pull off a wider variety of feats, but the reduced footprint of smaller models makes them attractive tools”, in Wired:

(machine learning) A type of neural network specialized in language, typically including billions of parameters.


multi-armed bandit

multi-armed bandit (plural multi-armed bandits)

From one-armed bandit, by analogy with a gambler at a row of slot machines who has to decide how best to play them.

(probability theory, machine learning) An algorithm that allocates a fixed limited set of resources between competing alternative choices so as to maximize the expected gain, when each choice's properties are only partially known at the time of allocation, and may become better understood as time passes or allocations are made.


zero-shot

zero-shot object detection

detection of objects not in training data

zero-shot translation

translation between two languages without bilingual data

Ask yourself if there is a way to get a zero-shot solution. If you think that you need external examples to prime the model for your use case, think really hard.

2022, Sandra Kublik, Shubham Saboo, GPT-3, O'Reilly, →ISBN, page 20:

No additional prompts for getting the responses were used, i.e. the data was created with a basic prompt in a zero-shot scenario.

2023 October 30, Herbold et al., “A large-scale comparison of human-written versus ChatGPT-generated essays”, in Scientific Reports, volume 13, page 4:

(machine learning, attributive) Relating to zero-shot learning; performing without specialized training data.


過適

/ku̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ku̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

(statistics, machine learning) overfitting


NMT

NMT (countable and uncountable, plural NMTs)

Such wonderful guidance assists models in specific tasks such as NMT, which is a many-to-many task.

2021, Savas Yildirim, Meysam Asgari-Chenaghlu, Mastering Transformers […] , Packt Publishing Ltd, →ISBN, page 26:

neural machine translation
w:neural machine translation

(machine learning) Initialism of neural machine translation.


one-shot learning

(machine learning) An object categorization problem, mainly in computer vision, involving the classification of objects based on one, or only a few, examples.


few-shot learning

(machine learning) An object categorization problem, mainly in computer vision, involving the classification of objects based on only a few examples.


zero-shot learning

(machine learning) A problem setup in machine learning, where, at test time, a learner observes samples from classes that were not observed during training and attempts to predict the class that they belong to, typically based on auxiliary information.


random neural network

random neural network (plural random neural networks)

(machine learning) A mathematical representation of an interconnected network of neurons or cells which exchange spiking signals.


SFT

I also show in the paper that LLMs are easily steerable into target locations of the political spectrum via supervised fine-tuning (SFT) requiring only modest compute and customized data, suggesting the critical role of SFT to imprint political preferences onto LLMs.

2024 February 2, David Rozado, “The Political Preferences of LLMs”, in Rozado’s Visual Analytics:

(machine learning) Initialism of supervised fine-tuning.


Sprachmodell

de-noun

Sprachmodell n (strong, genitive Sprachmodells, plural Sprachmodelle)

Sprachmodells (genitive)
Sprachmodelle (plural)
Sprachmodell (nominative singular)
Sprachmodelle (definite nominative plural)
Sprachmodells (genitive singular)
Sprachmodelle (definite genitive plural)
Sprachmodell (dative singular)
Sprachmodellen (dative definite plural)
Sprachmodell (accusative singular)
Sprachmodelle (accusative definite plural)


RLHF

ChatGPT and reinforcement learning with human feedback (RLHF) have revolutionized the AI landscape, providing an accessible and reliable platform for AI-enabled applications.

RLHF now seems more like a process by which machines learn humans, including our weaknesses and how to exploit them. Chatbots tap into our desire to be proved right or to feel special.

2025 May 9, Mike Caulfield, “AI Is Not Your Friend”, in The Atlantic, retrieved 2025-05-10:

The “yeasayer effect” arises in AI models trained using reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF)—human “data labellers” rate the answer generated by the model as being either acceptable or not.

2025 June 14, Melissa Heikkilä, “AI leaders rein in ‘sycophantic’ chatbots that flatter users”, in FT Weekend, Companies & Markets, page 12:

w:reinforcement learning from human feedback

(machine learning) Initialism of reinforcement learning from human feedback.


latent space

If we truly want to use the decoder of an autoencoder-type structure to generate images, then we need to develop a way to organize or regularize the latent space.

2021, Valliappa Lakshmanan, Martin Görner, Ryan Gillard, Practical Machine Learning for Computer Vision, O'Reilly, →ISBN:

A chilling discovery by an AI researcher finds that the “latent space” comprising a deep learning model’s memory is haunted by least one horrifying figure — a bloody-faced woman now known as “Loab.”

2022 September 13, Devin Coldewey, “A terrifying AI-generated woman is lurking in the abyss of latent space”, in TechCrunch, retrieved 2023-03-31:

As can be observed, the central idea of anomaly detection using GAN revolves around learning the latent space representation of data samples, which is then used to compute reconstruction losses to arrive at an anomaly score.

2023, Roshani Raut et al., editors, Generative Adversarial Networks and Deep Learning: Theory and Applications, CRC Press, →ISBN:

(machine learning) A multidimensional spatial representation of latent variables, where related concepts are positioned closer to one another.


self-play

Self-play was used by the AlphaZero program to improve its performance in the games of chess, shogi and go.

(machine learning) A technique for improving the performance of reinforcement learning agents by having them play against themselves.


reinforcement learning

Reinforcement learning can be seen as somewhere between supervised and unsupervised learning. The learning system receives a feedback for its actions, but it is not provided with examples to learn from.

2010, Lutz Frommberger, Qualitative Spatial Abstraction in Reinforcement Learning, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 10:

Let us look more deeply at reinforcement learning, to see what it means to learn from our own actions. Reinforcement learning is a field in which an agent learns by interacting with an environment.

2022, Aske Plaat, Deep Reinforcement Learning, Springer Nature, →ISBN, page 3:

(machine learning) A type of explorative learning via feedback in a simulated environment.

RLHF

reinforcement learning from human feedback


stochastic parrot

en-noun

stochastic parrot (plural stochastic parrots)

Coined by American linguist Emily M. Bender in 2021 as a reminder of the limitations of language models, see quotations.

coinage

[…] an LM is a system for haphazardly stitching together sequences of linguistic forms it has observed in its vast training data, according to probabilistic information about how they combine, but without any reference to meaning: a stochastic parrot.

2021 March 3, Emily M. Bender, Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, Shmargaret Shmitchell, “On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? 🦜”, in Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, ACM, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 610–623:

i am a stochastic parrot, and so r u

2022 December 4, @sama (Sam Altman), x.com:

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence

(machine learning, derogatory) A language model that uses artificial intelligence to generate seemingly coherent or contextually relevant text but does not truly understand the meaning of the language it is processing


MLOps

Blend of ML (“machine learning”) + DevOps.

blend

The goal of MLOps is to minimize the technical friction to get the model from an idea to production in the shortest possible time with high-quality predictive power and with as little risk as possible.

2021, Hien Luu, Beginning Apache Spark 3, 2nd edition, Apress, →ISBN:

(machine learning) A paradigm that aims to deploy and maintain machine learning models in production reliably and efficiently.


tree kernel

(machine learning) A tree data structure based on the more general concept of the positive-definite kernel, used in the parsing and classification of sentences.


ნეირონული ქსელი

ka-noun

ნეირონული ქსელები

ნეირონული ქსელი • (neironuli kseli) (plural ნეირონული ქსელები)

neironuli kseli (romanization)
ნეირონული ქსელები (plural)
ნეირონული ქსელი (nominative singular)
ნეირონული ქსელები (nominative plural)
ნეირონული ქსელნი (archaic nominative plural)
ნეირონულმა ქსელმა (ergative singular)
ნეირონულმა ქსელებმა (ergative plural)
ნეირონულ ქსელთ (archaic ergative plural)
ნეირონულ ქსელთ (archaic ergative plural)
ნეირონულ ქსელთაt) (archaic ergative plural)
ნეირონულ ქსელთაta) (archaic ergative plural)
ნეირონულ ქსელს (dative singular)
ნეირონულ ქსელს (dative singular)
ნეირონულ ქსელსაs) (dative singular)
ნეირონულ ქსელსაsa) (dative singular)
ნეირონულ ქსელებს (dative plural)
ნეირონულ ქსელებს (dative plural)
ნეირონულ ქსელებსაs) (dative plural)
ნეირონულ ქსელებსაsa) (dative plural)
ნეირონულ ქსელთ (archaic dative plural)
ნეირონულ ქსელთ (archaic dative plural)
ნეირონულ ქსელთაt) (archaic dative plural)
ნეირონულ ქსელთაta) (archaic dative plural)
ნეირონული ქსელის (genitive singular)
ნეირონული ქსელის (genitive singular)
ნეირონული ქსელისაs) (genitive singular)
ნეირონული ქსელისაsa) (genitive singular)
ნეირონული ქსელების (genitive plural)
ნეირონული ქსელების (genitive plural)
ნეირონული ქსელებისაs) (genitive plural)
ნეირონული ქსელებისაsa) (genitive plural)
ნეირონულ ქსელთ (archaic genitive plural)
ნეირონულ ქსელთ (archaic genitive plural)
ნეირონულ ქსელთაt) (archaic genitive plural)
ნეირონულ ქსელთაta) (archaic genitive plural)
ნეირონული ქსელით (instrumental singular)
ნეირონული ქსელით (instrumental singular)
ნეირონული ქსელითაt) (instrumental singular)
ნეირონული ქსელითაta) (instrumental singular)
ნეირონული ქსელებით (instrumental plural)
ნეირონული ქსელებით (instrumental plural)
ნეირონული ქსელებითაt) (instrumental plural)
ნეირონული ქსელებითაta) (instrumental plural)
ნეირონულ ქსელად (adverbial singular)
ნეირონულ ქსელად (adverbial singular)
ნეირონულ ქსელადაd) (adverbial singular)
ნეირონულ ქსელადაda) (adverbial singular)
ნეირონულ ქსელებად (adverbial plural)
ნეირონულ ქსელებად (adverbial plural)
ნეირონულ ქსელებადაd) (adverbial plural)
ნეირონულ ქსელებადაda) (adverbial plural)
ნეირონულო ქსელო (singular vocative)
ნეირონულო ქსელებო (plural vocative)
ნეირონული ქსელნო (archaic plural vocative)
ნეირონულ ქსელზე (singular)
ნეირონულ ქსელებზე (plural)
ნეირონულ ქსელთან (singular)
ნეირონულ ქსელებთან (plural)
ნეირონულ ქსელში (singular)
ნეირონულ ქსელებში (plural)
ნეირონულ ქსელივით (singular)
ნეირონულ ქსელებივით (plural)
ნეირონული ქსელისთვის (singular)
ნეირონული ქსელებისთვის (plural)
ნეირონული ქსელისებრ (singular)
ნეირონული ქსელებისებრ (plural)
ნეირონული ქსელისკენ (singular)
ნეირონული ქსელებისკენ (plural)
ნეირონული ქსელისგან (singular)
ნეირონული ქსელებისგან (plural)
ნეირონული ქსელისადმი (singular)
ნეირონული ქსელებისადმი (plural)
ნეირონული ქსელიდან (singular)
ნეირონული ქსელებიდან (plural)
ნეირონული ქსელითურთ (singular)
ნეირონული ქსელებითურთ (plural)
ნეირონულ ქსელამდე (singular)
ნეირონულ ქსელებამდე (plural)

ნე‧ი‧რო‧ნუ‧ლი

ნე‧ი‧რო‧ნუ‧ლი


ჩატბოტი

ჩატბოტი • (čaṭboṭi) (plural ჩატბოტები)

čaṭboṭi (romanization)
ჩატბოტები (plural)
ჩატბოტი (nominative singular)
ჩატბოტები (nominative plural)
ჩატბოტნი (archaic nominative plural)
ჩატბოტმა (ergative singular)
ჩატბოტებმა (ergative plural)
ჩატბოტთ (archaic ergative plural)
ჩატბოტთ (archaic ergative plural)
ჩატბოტთაt) (archaic ergative plural)
ჩატბოტთაta) (archaic ergative plural)
ჩატბოტს (dative singular)
ჩატბოტს (dative singular)
ჩატბოტსაs) (dative singular)
ჩატბოტსაsa) (dative singular)
ჩატბოტებს (dative plural)
ჩატბოტებს (dative plural)
ჩატბოტებსაs) (dative plural)
ჩატბოტებსაsa) (dative plural)
ჩატბოტთ (archaic dative plural)
ჩატბოტთ (archaic dative plural)
ჩატბოტთაt) (archaic dative plural)
ჩატბოტთაta) (archaic dative plural)
ჩატბოტის (genitive singular)
ჩატბოტის (genitive singular)
ჩატბოტისაs) (genitive singular)
ჩატბოტისაsa) (genitive singular)
ჩატბოტების (genitive plural)
ჩატბოტების (genitive plural)
ჩატბოტებისაs) (genitive plural)
ჩატბოტებისაsa) (genitive plural)
ჩატბოტთ (archaic genitive plural)
ჩატბოტთ (archaic genitive plural)
ჩატბოტთაt) (archaic genitive plural)
ჩატბოტთაta) (archaic genitive plural)
ჩატბოტით (instrumental singular)
ჩატბოტით (instrumental singular)
ჩატბოტითაt) (instrumental singular)
ჩატბოტითაta) (instrumental singular)
ჩატბოტებით (instrumental plural)
ჩატბოტებით (instrumental plural)
ჩატბოტებითაt) (instrumental plural)
ჩატბოტებითაta) (instrumental plural)
ჩატბოტად (adverbial singular)
ჩატბოტად (adverbial singular)
ჩატბოტადაd) (adverbial singular)
ჩატბოტადაda) (adverbial singular)
ჩატბოტებად (adverbial plural)
ჩატბოტებად (adverbial plural)
ჩატბოტებადაd) (adverbial plural)
ჩატბოტებადაda) (adverbial plural)
ჩატბოტო (singular vocative)
ჩატბოტებო (plural vocative)
ჩატბოტნო (archaic plural vocative)
ჩატბოტზე (singular)
ჩატბოტებზე (plural)
ჩატბოტთან (singular)
ჩატბოტებთან (plural)
ჩატბოტში (singular)
ჩატბოტებში (plural)
ჩატბოტივით (singular)
ჩატბოტებივით (plural)
ჩატბოტისთვის (singular)
ჩატბოტებისთვის (plural)
ჩატბოტისებრ (singular)
ჩატბოტებისებრ (plural)
ჩატბოტისკენ (singular)
ჩატბოტებისკენ (plural)
ჩატბოტისგან (singular)
ჩატბოტებისგან (plural)
ჩატბოტისადმი (singular)
ჩატბოტებისადმი (plural)
ჩატბოტიდან (singular)
ჩატბოტებიდან (plural)
ჩატბოტითურთ (singular)
ჩატბოტებითურთ (plural)
ჩატბოტამდე (singular)
ჩატბოტებამდე (plural)

(machine learning, Internet slang, neologism) chatbot


data poisoning

en-noun

data poisoning (countable and uncountable, plural data poisonings)

While data sanitization shows promise to defend against data poisoning, it is often impossible to validate every data source [14].

2019, Simon N. Foley, editor, Data and Applications Security and Privacy XXXIII […] , Springer, →ISBN, page 4:

Similarly, the Tay chatbot suffered from data poisoning. To mitigate data poisoning, it is important not to let any one group contribute too much data to a model.

2022, Alfred Z. Spector, Peter Norvig, Chris Wiggins, Jeannette M. Wing, Data Science in Context: Foundations, Challenges, Opportunities, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 148:

Data poisoning is one type of adversarial attack—where a user or group of users submit false data to influence the model toward a particular or incorrect prediction.

2023, Katharine Jarmul, Practical Data Privacy, O'Reilly, →ISBN:

Some forms of data poisoning are undetectable. Attackers can insert adversarial noise into the training data, altering the training data in a way that is hidden to human observers.

2023, Paul Scharre, Four Battlegrounds: Power in the Age of Artificial Intelligence, W. W. Norton & Company, →ISBN:

(machine learning, computer security) The deliberate use of a training dataset with data designed to increase errors in the output of a machine learning model.

machine learning; computer security; machine learning; computer security


poisoning attack

poisoning attack (plural poisoning attacks)

Just like how you can poison a village by poisoning its water source, poisoning attacks corrupt the AI system from functioning by poisoning the input data.

2023, Ram Shankar Siva Kumar, Hyrum Anderson, Not with a Bug, But with a Sticker […] , John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN:

(machine learning, computer security) Synonym of data poisoning.


დამალული შრე

ka-noun

დამალული შრეები

დამალული შრე • (damaluli šre) (plural დამალული შრეები)

damaluli šre (romanization)
დამალული შრეები (plural)
დამალული შრე (nominative singular)
დამალული შრეები (nominative plural)
დამალული შრენი (archaic nominative plural)
დამალულმა შრემ (ergative singular)
დამალულმა შრეებმა (ergative plural)
დამალულ შრეთ (archaic ergative plural)
დამალულ შრეთ (archaic ergative plural)
დამალულ შრეთაt) (archaic ergative plural)
დამალულ შრეთაta) (archaic ergative plural)
დამალულ შრეს (dative singular)
დამალულ შრეს (dative singular)
დამალულ შრესაs) (dative singular)
დამალულ შრესაsa) (dative singular)
დამალულ შრეებს (dative plural)
დამალულ შრეებს (dative plural)
დამალულ შრეებსაs) (dative plural)
დამალულ შრეებსაsa) (dative plural)
დამალულ შრეთ (archaic dative plural)
დამალულ შრეთ (archaic dative plural)
დამალულ შრეთაt) (archaic dative plural)
დამალულ შრეთაta) (archaic dative plural)
დამალული შრის (genitive singular)
დამალული შრის (genitive singular)
დამალული შრისაs) (genitive singular)
დამალული შრისაsa) (genitive singular)
დამალული შრეების (genitive plural)
დამალული შრეების (genitive plural)
დამალული შრეებისაs) (genitive plural)
დამალული შრეებისაsa) (genitive plural)
დამალულ შრეთ (archaic genitive plural)
დამალულ შრეთ (archaic genitive plural)
დამალულ შრეთაt) (archaic genitive plural)
დამალულ შრეთაta) (archaic genitive plural)
დამალული შრით (instrumental singular)
დამალული შრით (instrumental singular)
დამალული შრითაt) (instrumental singular)
დამალული შრითაta) (instrumental singular)
დამალული შრეებით (instrumental plural)
დამალული შრეებით (instrumental plural)
დამალული შრეებითაt) (instrumental plural)
დამალული შრეებითაta) (instrumental plural)
დამალულ შრედ (adverbial singular)
დამალულ შრედ (adverbial singular)
დამალულ შრედაd) (adverbial singular)
დამალულ შრედაda) (adverbial singular)
დამალულ შრეებად (adverbial plural)
დამალულ შრეებად (adverbial plural)
დამალულ შრეებადაd) (adverbial plural)
დამალულ შრეებადაda) (adverbial plural)
დამალულო შრევ (singular vocative)
დამალულო შრეებო (plural vocative)
დამალული შრენო (archaic plural vocative)
დამალულ შრეზე (singular)
დამალულ შრეებზე (plural)
დამალულ შრესთან (singular)
დამალულ შრეებთან (plural)
დამალულ შრეში (singular)
დამალულ შრეებში (plural)
დამალულ შრესავით (singular)
დამალულ შრეებივით (plural)
დამალული შრისთვის (singular)
დამალული შრეებისთვის (plural)
დამალული შრისებრ (singular)
დამალული შრეებისებრ (plural)
დამალული შრისკენ (singular)
დამალული შრეებისკენ (plural)
დამალული შრისგან (singular)
დამალული შრეებისგან (plural)
დამალული შრისადმი (singular)
დამალული შრეებისადმი (plural)
დამალული შრიდან (singular)
დამალული შრეებიდან (plural)
დამალული შრითურთ (singular)
დამალული შრეებითურთ (plural)
დამალულ შრემდე (singular)
დამალულ შრეებამდე (plural)


artificial immune system

en-noun

artificial immune system (plural artificial immune systems)

(machine learning) Any of a class of computationally intelligent, rule-based machine learning systems inspired by the principles and processes of the vertebrate immune system.


few-shot

No additional prompts for getting the responses were used, i.e. the data was created with a basic prompt in a zero-shot scenario. This is in contrast to the benchmarks by OpenAI, who used an engineered prompt in a few-shot scenario to guide the generation of essays.

2023 October 30, Herbold et al., “A large-scale comparison of human-written versus ChatGPT-generated essays”, in Scientific Reports, volume 13, page 4:

(machine learning, attributive) A machine learning paradigm where a model is trained on a very small amount of data, typically less than that required for traditional machine learning approaches.


proompt

An alteration of prompt, possibly on the pattern of coom, influenced by the 4chan -oomer suffix for forming Wojak names and derogatory agent nouns.
In modern usage, the misspelling is deliberate, but accidental errors can be found much before the widespread adoption of AI.

It’s no wonder Proompt engineers get payed^([sic]) so much. The difference in output in ChatGPT when combined with automations can mean millions for companies.

this guy is really taking proompt engineering to the next level

We will all either become proompters or the people who create the proompt tools 😉

2023 April 13, jmeintjesn, Katalon Community:

proompt: wukong pops into xaiotian’s apartment one night as a wholesome surprise only to find him drunk because he was stressed

2023 January 13, Fics Written in the Stars, Tumblr:


proompt

en-verb

proompt (third-person singular simple present proompts, present participle proompting, simple past and past participle proompted)

proompts (present singular third-person)
proompting (participle present)
proompted (participle past)
proompted (past)

I like image proompting, but I don't always have a bot idea for every image I make.

2023 July 8, crikeymcdoodle, “CRIKEY'S COOMBOT CORNER”, in Rentry:

That’s why you proompt the AI to give you more specific ideas.

2023 May 23, foodman54, “Introducing GameIdeaGenerator: Unleash Your Creativity in Roblox!”, in Roblox Developer Forum:

"Catastrophic Forgetting" is a well researched topic in GAN and diffusion models, where the more training you perform, it "forgets" prior training: this is most visible in some of the lower quality ""finetunes"" floating around, where the model output reliably reflects a certain style, but contains very little flexibility to produce anything but standing/leaning cowboy shots of medium bust girls facing the camera. I'm not sure that this could ever be "beaten" (and if so, it would be by some research team at harvard, not some rando trying to proompt the biggest horkiest tiddies on their 3090) ..^([sic])

2023 February 8, bury_she, “Custom huge dohonkerbonkeros diffusion model v(-1) (Patreon)”, in Kemono:

(humorous, machine learning) To prompt; to write a prompt for an AI model.


SNN

spiking neural network
spiking neural network#English

(machine learning) Initialism of spiking neural network.


SOFM

self-organizing feature map
self-organizing feature map#English

(machine learning) Initialism of self-organizing feature map.


Kohonen map

Introduced by the Finnish professor Teuvo Kohonen in the 1980s.

(machine learning) Synonym of self-organizing map.


Kohonen network

en-noun

Kohonen network (plural Kohonen networks)


self-organizing map

self-organizing map (plural self-organizing maps)

(machine learning) A kind of artificial neural network trained using competitive learning rather than error correction, and producing a low-dimensional (typically two-dimensional) representation of a higher-dimensional data set while preserving the topological structure of the data.


kielimalli

kielimalli (nominative singular)
kielimallit (nominative plural)
kielimalli (accusative nominative singular)
kielimallit (accusative nominative plural)
kielimallin (accusative genitive singular)
kielimallit (accusative genitive plural)
kielimallin (genitive singular)
kielimallien (genitive plural)
kielimallia (partitive singular)
kielimalleja (partitive plural)
kielimallissa (inessive singular)
kielimalleissa (inessive plural)
kielimallista (elative singular)
kielimalleista (elative plural)
kielimalliin (illative singular)
kielimalleihin (illative plural)
kielimallilla (adessive singular)
kielimalleilla (adessive plural)
kielimallilta (ablative singular)
kielimalleilta (ablative plural)
kielimallille (allative singular)
kielimalleille (allative plural)
kielimallina (essive singular)
kielimalleina (essive plural)
kielimalliksi (singular translative)
kielimalleiksi (plural translative)
kielimallitta (abessive singular)
kielimalleitta (abessive plural)
kielimallein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
kielimallini (nominative singular)
kielimallini (nominative plural)
kielimallini (accusative nominative singular)
kielimallini (accusative nominative plural)
kielimallini (accusative genitive singular)
kielimallini (accusative genitive plural)
kielimallini (genitive singular)
kielimallieni (genitive plural)
kielimalliani (partitive singular)
kielimallejani (partitive plural)
kielimallissani (inessive singular)
kielimalleissani (inessive plural)
kielimallistani (elative singular)
kielimalleistani (elative plural)
kielimalliini (illative singular)
kielimalleihini (illative plural)
kielimallillani (adessive singular)
kielimalleillani (adessive plural)
kielimalliltani (ablative singular)
kielimalleiltani (ablative plural)
kielimallilleni (allative singular)
kielimalleilleni (allative plural)
kielimallinani (essive singular)
kielimalleinani (essive plural)
kielimallikseni (singular translative)
kielimalleikseni (plural translative)
kielimallittani (abessive singular)
kielimalleittani (abessive plural)
kielimalleineni (comitative plural)
kielimallisi (nominative singular)
kielimallisi (nominative plural)
kielimallisi (accusative nominative singular)
kielimallisi (accusative nominative plural)
kielimallisi (accusative genitive singular)
kielimallisi (accusative genitive plural)
kielimallisi (genitive singular)
kielimalliesi (genitive plural)
kielimalliasi (partitive singular)
kielimallejasi (partitive plural)
kielimallissasi (inessive singular)
kielimalleissasi (inessive plural)
kielimallistasi (elative singular)
kielimalleistasi (elative plural)
kielimalliisi (illative singular)
kielimalleihisi (illative plural)
kielimallillasi (adessive singular)
kielimalleillasi (adessive plural)
kielimalliltasi (ablative singular)
kielimalleiltasi (ablative plural)
kielimallillesi (allative singular)
kielimalleillesi (allative plural)
kielimallinasi (essive singular)
kielimalleinasi (essive plural)
kielimalliksesi (singular translative)
kielimalleiksesi (plural translative)
kielimallittasi (abessive singular)
kielimalleittasi (abessive plural)
kielimalleinesi (comitative plural)
kielimallimme (nominative singular)
kielimallimme (nominative plural)
kielimallimme (accusative nominative singular)
kielimallimme (accusative nominative plural)
kielimallimme (accusative genitive singular)
kielimallimme (accusative genitive plural)
kielimallimme (genitive singular)
kielimalliemme (genitive plural)
kielimalliamme (partitive singular)
kielimallejamme (partitive plural)
kielimallissamme (inessive singular)
kielimalleissamme (inessive plural)
kielimallistamme (elative singular)
kielimalleistamme (elative plural)
kielimalliimme (illative singular)
kielimalleihimme (illative plural)
kielimallillamme (adessive singular)
kielimalleillamme (adessive plural)
kielimalliltamme (ablative singular)
kielimalleiltamme (ablative plural)
kielimallillemme (allative singular)
kielimalleillemme (allative plural)
kielimallinamme (essive singular)
kielimalleinamme (essive plural)
kielimalliksemme (singular translative)
kielimalleiksemme (plural translative)
kielimallittamme (abessive singular)
kielimalleittamme (abessive plural)
kielimalleinemme (comitative plural)
kielimallinne (nominative singular)
kielimallinne (nominative plural)
kielimallinne (accusative nominative singular)
kielimallinne (accusative nominative plural)
kielimallinne (accusative genitive singular)
kielimallinne (accusative genitive plural)
kielimallinne (genitive singular)
kielimallienne (genitive plural)
kielimallianne (partitive singular)
kielimallejanne (partitive plural)
kielimallissanne (inessive singular)
kielimalleissanne (inessive plural)
kielimallistanne (elative singular)
kielimalleistanne (elative plural)
kielimalliinne (illative singular)
kielimalleihinne (illative plural)
kielimallillanne (adessive singular)
kielimalleillanne (adessive plural)
kielimalliltanne (ablative singular)
kielimalleiltanne (ablative plural)
kielimallillenne (allative singular)
kielimalleillenne (allative plural)
kielimallinanne (essive singular)
kielimalleinanne (essive plural)
kielimalliksenne (singular translative)
kielimalleiksenne (plural translative)
kielimallittanne (abessive singular)
kielimalleittanne (abessive plural)
kielimalleinenne (comitative plural)
kielimallinsa (nominative singular)
kielimallinsa (nominative plural)
kielimallinsa (accusative nominative singular)
kielimallinsa (accusative nominative plural)
kielimallinsa (accusative genitive singular)
kielimallinsa (accusative genitive plural)
kielimallinsa (genitive singular)
kielimalliensa (genitive plural)
kielimalliaan (partitive singular)
kielimalliansa (partitive singular)
kielimallejaan (partitive plural)
kielimallejansa (partitive plural)
kielimallissaan (inessive singular)
kielimallissansa (inessive singular)
kielimalleissaan (inessive plural)
kielimalleissansa (inessive plural)
kielimallistaan (elative singular)
kielimallistansa (elative singular)
kielimalleistaan (elative plural)
kielimalleistansa (elative plural)
kielimalliinsa (illative singular)
kielimalleihinsa (illative plural)
kielimallillaan (adessive singular)
kielimallillansa (adessive singular)
kielimalleillaan (adessive plural)
kielimalleillansa (adessive plural)
kielimalliltaan (ablative singular)
kielimalliltansa (ablative singular)
kielimalleiltaan (ablative plural)
kielimalleiltansa (ablative plural)
kielimallilleen (allative singular)
kielimallillensa (allative singular)
kielimalleilleen (allative plural)
kielimalleillensa (allative plural)
kielimallinaan (essive singular)
kielimallinansa (essive singular)
kielimalleinaan (essive plural)
kielimalleinansa (essive plural)
kielimallikseen (singular translative)
kielimalliksensa (singular translative)
kielimalleikseen (plural translative)
kielimalleiksensa (plural translative)
kielimallittaan (abessive singular)
kielimallittansa (abessive singular)
kielimalleittaan (abessive plural)
kielimalleittansa (abessive plural)
kielimalleineen (comitative plural)
kielimalleinensa (comitative plural)

From kieli (“language”) + malli (“model”). Calque of English language model.

suuri kielimalli


ohjaamaton

ohjaamaton (nominative singular)
ohjaamattomat (nominative plural)
ohjaamaton (accusative nominative singular)
ohjaamattomat (accusative nominative plural)
ohjaamattoman (accusative genitive singular)
ohjaamattomat (accusative genitive plural)
ohjaamattoman (genitive singular)
ohjaamattomien (genitive plural)
ohjaamatonten (genitive plural rare)
ohjaamatonta (partitive singular)
ohjaamattomia (partitive plural)
ohjaamattomassa (inessive singular)
ohjaamattomissa (inessive plural)
ohjaamattomasta (elative singular)
ohjaamattomista (elative plural)
ohjaamattomaan (illative singular)
ohjaamattomiin (illative plural)
ohjaamattomalla (adessive singular)
ohjaamattomilla (adessive plural)
ohjaamattomalta (ablative singular)
ohjaamattomilta (ablative plural)
ohjaamattomalle (allative singular)
ohjaamattomille (allative plural)
ohjaamattomana (essive singular)
ohjaamattomina (essive plural)
ohjaamattomaksi (singular translative)
ohjaamattomiksi (plural translative)
ohjaamattomatta (abessive singular)
ohjaamattomitta (abessive plural)
ohjaamattomin (instructive plural)
ohjaamattomine (comitative plural)
ohjaamattomani (nominative singular)
ohjaamattomani (nominative plural)
ohjaamattomani (accusative nominative singular)
ohjaamattomani (accusative nominative plural)
ohjaamattomani (accusative genitive singular)
ohjaamattomani (accusative genitive plural)
ohjaamattomani (genitive singular)
ohjaamattomieni (genitive plural)
ohjaamatonteni (genitive plural rare)
ohjaamatontani (partitive singular)
ohjaamattomiani (partitive plural)
ohjaamattomassani (inessive singular)
ohjaamattomissani (inessive plural)
ohjaamattomastani (elative singular)
ohjaamattomistani (elative plural)
ohjaamattomaani (illative singular)
ohjaamattomiini (illative plural)
ohjaamattomallani (adessive singular)
ohjaamattomillani (adessive plural)
ohjaamattomaltani (ablative singular)
ohjaamattomiltani (ablative plural)
ohjaamattomalleni (allative singular)
ohjaamattomilleni (allative plural)
ohjaamattomanani (essive singular)
ohjaamattominani (essive plural)
ohjaamattomakseni (singular translative)
ohjaamattomikseni (plural translative)
ohjaamattomattani (abessive singular)
ohjaamattomittani (abessive plural)
ohjaamattomineni (comitative plural)
ohjaamattomasi (nominative singular)
ohjaamattomasi (nominative plural)
ohjaamattomasi (accusative nominative singular)
ohjaamattomasi (accusative nominative plural)
ohjaamattomasi (accusative genitive singular)
ohjaamattomasi (accusative genitive plural)
ohjaamattomasi (genitive singular)
ohjaamattomiesi (genitive plural)
ohjaamatontesi (genitive plural rare)
ohjaamatontasi (partitive singular)
ohjaamattomiasi (partitive plural)
ohjaamattomassasi (inessive singular)
ohjaamattomissasi (inessive plural)
ohjaamattomastasi (elative singular)
ohjaamattomistasi (elative plural)
ohjaamattomaasi (illative singular)
ohjaamattomiisi (illative plural)
ohjaamattomallasi (adessive singular)
ohjaamattomillasi (adessive plural)
ohjaamattomaltasi (ablative singular)
ohjaamattomiltasi (ablative plural)
ohjaamattomallesi (allative singular)
ohjaamattomillesi (allative plural)
ohjaamattomanasi (essive singular)
ohjaamattominasi (essive plural)
ohjaamattomaksesi (singular translative)
ohjaamattomiksesi (plural translative)
ohjaamattomattasi (abessive singular)
ohjaamattomittasi (abessive plural)
ohjaamattominesi (comitative plural)
ohjaamattomamme (nominative singular)
ohjaamattomamme (nominative plural)
ohjaamattomamme (accusative nominative singular)
ohjaamattomamme (accusative nominative plural)
ohjaamattomamme (accusative genitive singular)
ohjaamattomamme (accusative genitive plural)
ohjaamattomamme (genitive singular)
ohjaamattomiemme (genitive plural)
ohjaamatontemme (genitive plural rare)
ohjaamatontamme (partitive singular)
ohjaamattomiamme (partitive plural)
ohjaamattomassamme (inessive singular)
ohjaamattomissamme (inessive plural)
ohjaamattomastamme (elative singular)
ohjaamattomistamme (elative plural)
ohjaamattomaamme (illative singular)
ohjaamattomiimme (illative plural)
ohjaamattomallamme (adessive singular)
ohjaamattomillamme (adessive plural)
ohjaamattomaltamme (ablative singular)
ohjaamattomiltamme (ablative plural)
ohjaamattomallemme (allative singular)
ohjaamattomillemme (allative plural)
ohjaamattomanamme (essive singular)
ohjaamattominamme (essive plural)
ohjaamattomaksemme (singular translative)
ohjaamattomiksemme (plural translative)
ohjaamattomattamme (abessive singular)
ohjaamattomittamme (abessive plural)
ohjaamattominemme (comitative plural)
ohjaamattomanne (nominative singular)
ohjaamattomanne (nominative plural)
ohjaamattomanne (accusative nominative singular)
ohjaamattomanne (accusative nominative plural)
ohjaamattomanne (accusative genitive singular)
ohjaamattomanne (accusative genitive plural)
ohjaamattomanne (genitive singular)
ohjaamattomienne (genitive plural)
ohjaamatontenne (genitive plural rare)
ohjaamatontanne (partitive singular)
ohjaamattomianne (partitive plural)
ohjaamattomassanne (inessive singular)
ohjaamattomissanne (inessive plural)
ohjaamattomastanne (elative singular)
ohjaamattomistanne (elative plural)
ohjaamattomaanne (illative singular)
ohjaamattomiinne (illative plural)
ohjaamattomallanne (adessive singular)
ohjaamattomillanne (adessive plural)
ohjaamattomaltanne (ablative singular)
ohjaamattomiltanne (ablative plural)
ohjaamattomallenne (allative singular)
ohjaamattomillenne (allative plural)
ohjaamattomananne (essive singular)
ohjaamattominanne (essive plural)
ohjaamattomaksenne (singular translative)
ohjaamattomiksenne (plural translative)
ohjaamattomattanne (abessive singular)
ohjaamattomittanne (abessive plural)
ohjaamattominenne (comitative plural)
ohjaamattomansa (nominative singular)
ohjaamattomansa (nominative plural)
ohjaamattomansa (accusative nominative singular)
ohjaamattomansa (accusative nominative plural)
ohjaamattomansa (accusative genitive singular)
ohjaamattomansa (accusative genitive plural)
ohjaamattomansa (genitive singular)
ohjaamattomiensa (genitive plural)
ohjaamatontensa (genitive plural rare)
ohjaamatontaan (partitive singular)
ohjaamatontansa (partitive singular)
ohjaamattomiaan (partitive plural)
ohjaamattomiansa (partitive plural)
ohjaamattomassaan (inessive singular)
ohjaamattomassansa (inessive singular)
ohjaamattomissaan (inessive plural)
ohjaamattomissansa (inessive plural)
ohjaamattomastaan (elative singular)
ohjaamattomastansa (elative singular)
ohjaamattomistaan (elative plural)
ohjaamattomistansa (elative plural)
ohjaamattomaansa (illative singular)
ohjaamattomiinsa (illative plural)
ohjaamattomallaan (adessive singular)
ohjaamattomallansa (adessive singular)
ohjaamattomillaan (adessive plural)
ohjaamattomillansa (adessive plural)
ohjaamattomaltaan (ablative singular)
ohjaamattomaltansa (ablative singular)
ohjaamattomiltaan (ablative plural)
ohjaamattomiltansa (ablative plural)
ohjaamattomalleen (allative singular)
ohjaamattomallensa (allative singular)
ohjaamattomilleen (allative plural)
ohjaamattomillensa (allative plural)
ohjaamattomanaan (essive singular)
ohjaamattomanansa (essive singular)
ohjaamattominaan (essive plural)
ohjaamattominansa (essive plural)
ohjaamattomakseen (singular translative)
ohjaamattomaksensa (singular translative)
ohjaamattomikseen (plural translative)
ohjaamattomiksensa (plural translative)
ohjaamattomattaan (abessive singular)
ohjaamattomattansa (abessive singular)
ohjaamattomittaan (abessive plural)
ohjaamattomittansa (abessive plural)
ohjaamattomineen (comitative plural)
ohjaamattominensa (comitative plural)

[ˈo̞xjɑ̝ːˌmɑ̝t̪o̞n]

ohjata (“to control”) + -maton (negative participle)

suffix

ohjaamaton oppiminen


konvoluutioverkko

konvoluutioverkko (nominative singular)
konvoluutioverkot (nominative plural)
konvoluutioverkko (accusative nominative singular)
konvoluutioverkot (accusative nominative plural)
konvoluutioverkon (accusative genitive singular)
konvoluutioverkot (accusative genitive plural)
konvoluutioverkon (genitive singular)
konvoluutioverkkojen (genitive plural)
konvoluutioverkkoa (partitive singular)
konvoluutioverkkoja (partitive plural)
konvoluutioverkossa (inessive singular)
konvoluutioverkoissa (inessive plural)
konvoluutioverkosta (elative singular)
konvoluutioverkoista (elative plural)
konvoluutioverkkoon (illative singular)
konvoluutioverkkoihin (illative plural)
konvoluutioverkolla (adessive singular)
konvoluutioverkoilla (adessive plural)
konvoluutioverkolta (ablative singular)
konvoluutioverkoilta (ablative plural)
konvoluutioverkolle (allative singular)
konvoluutioverkoille (allative plural)
konvoluutioverkkona (essive singular)
konvoluutioverkkoina (essive plural)
konvoluutioverkoksi (singular translative)
konvoluutioverkoiksi (plural translative)
konvoluutioverkotta (abessive singular)
konvoluutioverkoitta (abessive plural)
konvoluutioverkoin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
konvoluutioverkkoni (nominative singular)
konvoluutioverkkoni (nominative plural)
konvoluutioverkkoni (accusative nominative singular)
konvoluutioverkkoni (accusative nominative plural)
konvoluutioverkkoni (accusative genitive singular)
konvoluutioverkkoni (accusative genitive plural)
konvoluutioverkkoni (genitive singular)
konvoluutioverkkojeni (genitive plural)
konvoluutioverkkoani (partitive singular)
konvoluutioverkkojani (partitive plural)
konvoluutioverkossani (inessive singular)
konvoluutioverkoissani (inessive plural)
konvoluutioverkostani (elative singular)
konvoluutioverkoistani (elative plural)
konvoluutioverkkooni (illative singular)
konvoluutioverkkoihini (illative plural)
konvoluutioverkollani (adessive singular)
konvoluutioverkoillani (adessive plural)
konvoluutioverkoltani (ablative singular)
konvoluutioverkoiltani (ablative plural)
konvoluutioverkolleni (allative singular)
konvoluutioverkoilleni (allative plural)
konvoluutioverkkonani (essive singular)
konvoluutioverkkoinani (essive plural)
konvoluutioverkokseni (singular translative)
konvoluutioverkoikseni (plural translative)
konvoluutioverkottani (abessive singular)
konvoluutioverkoittani (abessive plural)
konvoluutioverkkoineni (comitative plural)
konvoluutioverkkosi (nominative singular)
konvoluutioverkkosi (nominative plural)
konvoluutioverkkosi (accusative nominative singular)
konvoluutioverkkosi (accusative nominative plural)
konvoluutioverkkosi (accusative genitive singular)
konvoluutioverkkosi (accusative genitive plural)
konvoluutioverkkosi (genitive singular)
konvoluutioverkkojesi (genitive plural)
konvoluutioverkkoasi (partitive singular)
konvoluutioverkkojasi (partitive plural)
konvoluutioverkossasi (inessive singular)
konvoluutioverkoissasi (inessive plural)
konvoluutioverkostasi (elative singular)
konvoluutioverkoistasi (elative plural)
konvoluutioverkkoosi (illative singular)
konvoluutioverkkoihisi (illative plural)
konvoluutioverkollasi (adessive singular)
konvoluutioverkoillasi (adessive plural)
konvoluutioverkoltasi (ablative singular)
konvoluutioverkoiltasi (ablative plural)
konvoluutioverkollesi (allative singular)
konvoluutioverkoillesi (allative plural)
konvoluutioverkkonasi (essive singular)
konvoluutioverkkoinasi (essive plural)
konvoluutioverkoksesi (singular translative)
konvoluutioverkoiksesi (plural translative)
konvoluutioverkottasi (abessive singular)
konvoluutioverkoittasi (abessive plural)
konvoluutioverkkoinesi (comitative plural)
konvoluutioverkkomme (nominative singular)
konvoluutioverkkomme (nominative plural)
konvoluutioverkkomme (accusative nominative singular)
konvoluutioverkkomme (accusative nominative plural)
konvoluutioverkkomme (accusative genitive singular)
konvoluutioverkkomme (accusative genitive plural)
konvoluutioverkkomme (genitive singular)
konvoluutioverkkojemme (genitive plural)
konvoluutioverkkoamme (partitive singular)
konvoluutioverkkojamme (partitive plural)
konvoluutioverkossamme (inessive singular)
konvoluutioverkoissamme (inessive plural)
konvoluutioverkostamme (elative singular)
konvoluutioverkoistamme (elative plural)
konvoluutioverkkoomme (illative singular)
konvoluutioverkkoihimme (illative plural)
konvoluutioverkollamme (adessive singular)
konvoluutioverkoillamme (adessive plural)
konvoluutioverkoltamme (ablative singular)
konvoluutioverkoiltamme (ablative plural)
konvoluutioverkollemme (allative singular)
konvoluutioverkoillemme (allative plural)
konvoluutioverkkonamme (essive singular)
konvoluutioverkkoinamme (essive plural)
konvoluutioverkoksemme (singular translative)
konvoluutioverkoiksemme (plural translative)
konvoluutioverkottamme (abessive singular)
konvoluutioverkoittamme (abessive plural)
konvoluutioverkkoinemme (comitative plural)
konvoluutioverkkonne (nominative singular)
konvoluutioverkkonne (nominative plural)
konvoluutioverkkonne (accusative nominative singular)
konvoluutioverkkonne (accusative nominative plural)
konvoluutioverkkonne (accusative genitive singular)
konvoluutioverkkonne (accusative genitive plural)
konvoluutioverkkonne (genitive singular)
konvoluutioverkkojenne (genitive plural)
konvoluutioverkkoanne (partitive singular)
konvoluutioverkkojanne (partitive plural)
konvoluutioverkossanne (inessive singular)
konvoluutioverkoissanne (inessive plural)
konvoluutioverkostanne (elative singular)
konvoluutioverkoistanne (elative plural)
konvoluutioverkkoonne (illative singular)
konvoluutioverkkoihinne (illative plural)
konvoluutioverkollanne (adessive singular)
konvoluutioverkoillanne (adessive plural)
konvoluutioverkoltanne (ablative singular)
konvoluutioverkoiltanne (ablative plural)
konvoluutioverkollenne (allative singular)
konvoluutioverkoillenne (allative plural)
konvoluutioverkkonanne (essive singular)
konvoluutioverkkoinanne (essive plural)
konvoluutioverkoksenne (singular translative)
konvoluutioverkoiksenne (plural translative)
konvoluutioverkottanne (abessive singular)
konvoluutioverkoittanne (abessive plural)
konvoluutioverkkoinenne (comitative plural)
konvoluutioverkkonsa (nominative singular)
konvoluutioverkkonsa (nominative plural)
konvoluutioverkkonsa (accusative nominative singular)
konvoluutioverkkonsa (accusative nominative plural)
konvoluutioverkkonsa (accusative genitive singular)
konvoluutioverkkonsa (accusative genitive plural)
konvoluutioverkkonsa (genitive singular)
konvoluutioverkkojensa (genitive plural)
konvoluutioverkkoaan (partitive singular)
konvoluutioverkkoansa (partitive singular)
konvoluutioverkkojaan (partitive plural)
konvoluutioverkkojansa (partitive plural)
konvoluutioverkossaan (inessive singular)
konvoluutioverkossansa (inessive singular)
konvoluutioverkoissaan (inessive plural)
konvoluutioverkoissansa (inessive plural)
konvoluutioverkostaan (elative singular)
konvoluutioverkostansa (elative singular)
konvoluutioverkoistaan (elative plural)
konvoluutioverkoistansa (elative plural)
konvoluutioverkkoonsa (illative singular)
konvoluutioverkkoihinsa (illative plural)
konvoluutioverkollaan (adessive singular)
konvoluutioverkollansa (adessive singular)
konvoluutioverkoillaan (adessive plural)
konvoluutioverkoillansa (adessive plural)
konvoluutioverkoltaan (ablative singular)
konvoluutioverkoltansa (ablative singular)
konvoluutioverkoiltaan (ablative plural)
konvoluutioverkoiltansa (ablative plural)
konvoluutioverkolleen (allative singular)
konvoluutioverkollensa (allative singular)
konvoluutioverkoilleen (allative plural)
konvoluutioverkoillensa (allative plural)
konvoluutioverkkonaan (essive singular)
konvoluutioverkkonansa (essive singular)
konvoluutioverkkoinaan (essive plural)
konvoluutioverkkoinansa (essive plural)
konvoluutioverkokseen (singular translative)
konvoluutioverkoksensa (singular translative)
konvoluutioverkoikseen (plural translative)
konvoluutioverkoiksensa (plural translative)
konvoluutioverkottaan (abessive singular)
konvoluutioverkottansa (abessive singular)
konvoluutioverkoittaan (abessive plural)
konvoluutioverkoittansa (abessive plural)
konvoluutioverkkoineen (comitative plural)
konvoluutioverkkoinensa (comitative plural)

From konvoluutio (“convolution”) + verkko (“network”).

compound

(machine learning) synonym of konvoluutioneuroverkko