lawing

A shilling for breakfast, three shillings for dinner, including a pint of old port, eighteen-pence for a snug supper — such were the charges of the inn of Saint Ronan's under this landlady of the olden world, even after the nineteenth century had commenced ; and they were ever tendered with the pious recollection, that her good father never charged half so much, but these weary times rendered it impossible for her to make the lawing less.

1824, Sir Walter Scott, St. Ronan's Well, page 9:

Late at e'en, drinking the wine, And ere they paid the lawing, They set a combat them between, To fight it in the dawing.

1925, George Wharton Edwards, The Book of Old English Ballads, →ISBN:

A Spanish legend has it, that there was a cave at Salamanca, where he constantly maintained seven scholars, on condition that when they had finished their studies, the seventh should pay the lawing.

2012, Jacob Grimm, Teutonic Mythology, →ISBN, page 1024:

(UK, Scotland, obsolete) Money owed for a service rendered.


mort

en-noun

mort (countable and uncountable, plural morts)

From Middle English mort, from Old French mort (“death”).

(UK, Scotland, dialect) The skin of a sheep or lamb that has died of disease.


mouser

From Middle English mousere (“a hunter of mice”), equivalent to mouse + -er (agent noun suffix) or + -er (occupational suffix). The “moustache” sense is apparently an extended usage (i.e., a cat’s whiskers, jocularly transferred to human beings), possibly with influence from moustache.

inh

He was a pretty man, well upstanding, with great shoulders on him and his hair was fair and fine and he had a broad brow and a gey bit coulter of a nose and he twisted his mouser ends up with wax like that creature the German Kaiser […].

1932, Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Sunset Song (A Scots Quair), Polygon, published 2006, page 20:

the official resident cat at 10 Downing Street


mull

the Mull of Kintyre


punter

He had stolen 'trannies' (transistor radios) and hub caps from cars outside the main hotels in Glasgow, turning the collection into money through dealing with a 'punter' at Charing Cross.

2013, James Patrick, A Glasgow Gang Observed:

(Scotland) A person who trades with a gang but is not a gang member.


ream

From Middle English reme, rem, from Old English rēam (“cream”), from Proto-West Germanic *raum, from Proto-Germanic *raumaz (“cream”), from Proto-Indo-European *réwgʰmn̥ (“to sour [milk]”).
Cognate with Dutch room (“cream”), German Rahm (“cream”) (whence German Wolfram), Norwegian rømme (“sour cream”), Icelandic rjómi (“cream”). See also ramekin.

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-ream.wav

(UK dialectal, Northern England, Scotland) Cream; also, the creamlike froth on ale or other liquor; froth or foam in general.


ream

en-verb

ream (third-person singular simple present reams, present participle reaming, simple past and past participle reamed)

reams (present singular third-person)
reaming (participle present)
reamed (participle past)
reamed (past)
reem (alternative)
raim (alternative)

a huge pewter measuring pot […] which, in the language of the hostess, reamed with excellent claret

1814 July 7, [Walter Scott], Waverley; or, ’Tis Sixty Years Since. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), Edinburgh: […] James Ballantyne and Co. for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, →OCLC:

(UK dialectal, Northern England, Scotland) To cream; mantle; foam; froth.


scaup

See scalp (“a bed of oysters or mussels”).

(Scotland) Alternative form of scalp (“a bed or stratum of shellfish”).


shaw

shore (Received Pronunciation, pour–poor merger)

shah (US, cot–caught merger, father-bother merger)

From Old English sċeaga, scaga. Cognate with Old Norse skógr (“forest, wood”), whence Danish skov (“forest”). Doublet of scaw.

Up here the hills were brave with the beauty and the heat of it, but the hayfield was still all a crackling dryness and in the potato park beyond the biggings the shaws drooped red and rusty already.

1932, Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Sunset Song (A Scots Quair), Polygon, published 2006, page 35:

(Scotland) The leaves and tops of vegetables, especially potatoes and turnips.

blast

the leaves and tops of vegetables, as of potatoes, turnips, etc.


sough

From Middle English *sough, swough, swogh, from Middle English swoȝen, swowen, from Old English swōgan (“to make a sound; move with noise; rush; roar”), from Proto-West Germanic *swōgan, from Proto-Germanic *swōganą from Proto-Indo-European *sweh₂gʰ-, same source as English echo (via Ancient Greek). Cognate with Scots souch (“sough”), Icelandic súgur (“a rushing sound, rustle”). Noun replaced Middle English swei, sweȝ from Old English swēg. More at swoon.

cog

(Scotland, obsolete) A cant or whining mode of speaking, especially in preaching or praying.


soy

Borrowed from French soie (“silk”), soye, from Middle French soye, from Old French soie, earlier seie, from Latin sēta, saeta, from Proto-Italic *saitā, from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂ito-, *sh₂éyto-, from *sh₂ey-, *seh₂i- (“to bind”). Doublet of seta.

GILDEROY was a bonnie boy, / Had roſes tull his ſhoone, / His ſtockings were of ſilken ſoy, / Wi' garters hanging doune: […]

1765, Thomas Percy, compiler, “Gilderoy”, in Reliques of Ancient English Poetry: […], volume I, London: […] J[ames] Dodsley […], →OCLC, book III, page 300:

Our tents are spread with gossamer thread, / More delicate far than silken soy.

1840, Walter Prideaux, Poems of Chivalry, Faery, and the Olden Time, London: Smith, Elder & Co., page 126:

Now two and two the host comes by; / And first the pikemen, stout and slow; / Next, under pennons flaunting high, / Barons in cloaks of silken soy / And caps of velvet go.

1850 April, “The Cymbalier's Bride”, in Sartain's Union Magazine of Literature and Art, volume VI, number 4, Philadelphia, P.A.: John Sartain & Co., →OCLC, page 267, column 2:


tusker

tuskers (plural)
tuskar (alternative)
toysker (alternative)
tushkar (alternative)
tushker (alternative)
twiscar (alternative)

From Old Norse torfskeri, from torf (“turf”) + skera (“to cut”), whence also Scottish Gaelic tairsgear, toirsgear and later forms like toirsgein (assimilated to sgian (“knife”)). Known in print from the early 19th century, but doubtless much older.

(UK, especially Scotland, Orkney, Shetland) A tool used in peat cutting, a type of spade similar to a cascrom.


vamper

en-verb

vamper (third-person singular simple present vampers, present participle vampering, simple past and past participle vampered)

vampers (present singular third-person)
vampering (participle present)
vampered (participle past)
vampered (past)

The temple of thy body, look with scorn,
Why doth that vamper'd glution eat no more

(UK, Scotland, dialect) To swagger; to make an ostentatious show.


wale

From Middle English wale, wal, from Old Norse val (“choice”), from Proto-Germanic *walą, *walō (“desire, choice”), from Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“to choose, want”). Akin to Old Norse velja (“to choose”), Old High German wala "choice" (German Wahl "choice"), Old English willan (“to want”). More at will.

der

(Scotland, Northern England) Something selected as being the best, preference; choice.


wale

en-verb

wale (third-person singular simple present wales, present participle waling, simple past and past participle waled)

wales (present singular third-person)
waling (participle present)
waled (participle past)
waled (past)
wail (alternative)

(Scotland, Northern England) To choose, select.


wean

Borrowed from Scots wean (literally “wee one”).

bor+

I, being but a yearling wean.

1856, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, “Third Book”, in Aurora Leigh, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1857, →OCLC:

And there were darker tales in the countryside, of weans stolen, of lassies misguided, of innocent beasts cruelly tortured, and in one and all there came in the name of the wife of the Skerburnfoot.

1902, John Buchan, The Outgoing of the Tide:

Pigs, cows and sheep and wee ducks, that was what he bought and it was just for weans and wee lasses. I said it to my maw.
Oh it is not weans it is children. Oh Kieron, it is children and girls, do not say weans and lasses.

2008, James Kelman, Kieron Smith, Boy, Penguin 2009, page 92:

(Scotland, Mid-Ulster, others) A young child.


yoke

From Middle English yok, yoke, ȝok from Old English ġeoc (“yoke”), from Proto-Germanic *juką (“yoke”), from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm (“yoke”), from *yewg- (“to join; to tie together, yoke”). Doublet of yuga, jugum, yoga and possibly yogh.
Senses 3.1 (“area of arable land”) and 3.2 (“amount of work done with draught animals”) probably referred to the area of land that could generally be ploughed by yoked draught animals within a given time.

poikkipuu

linking or supporting object that resembles a yoke

駕駛桿 /驾驶杆

device with crosspieces used to control an aircraft

iugum

unit of land area notionally equivalent to the area a team of yoked draft animals can work in a day

[…] I missed the train home and I couldn't get any kind of a yoke to give me a lift for, as luck would have it, there was a mass meeting that same day over in Castletownroche and all the cars in the country were there.

1916 December 29, James Joyce, chapter V, in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, New York, N.Y.: B[enjamin] W. Huebsch, →OCLC, page 212:

Senses relating to a pair of harnessed draught animals.

(Ireland, Scotland) A carriage, a horse and cart; (by extension, generally) a car or other vehicle.

to work two yokes

Senses relating to quantities, and other extended uses.

(chiefly England, especially Kent; also Scotland; historical) An amount of work done with draught animals, lasting about half a day; (by extension) an amount or shift of any work.


yoke

en-verb

yoke (third-person singular simple present yokes, present participle yoking, simple past and past participle yoked)

yokes (present singular third-person)
yoking (participle present)
yoked (participle past)
yoked (past)

From Middle English yoken, yoke, ȝoken (“to put a harness or yoke on a draught animal or pair of such animals, to yoke; to attach (an animal to a cart, plough, etc.) with a yoke; to lock (arms) in wrestling; to bind (oneself or someone) to something”) [and other forms], from Old English ġeocian, iucian, from Old English ġeoc (“yoke”) (see etymology 1) + -ian (suffix forming verbs from adjectives and nouns).

nb...

jocke, jockin, jockyn, oak, yioke, yocke, yok, ȝeoke, ȝeokyn, ȝoche, ȝoge, ȝok, ȝoke, ȝokke, ʒok, ʒoke, ʒoken, ʒokke, (Early Middle English) ȝokie

God ſir be a man, / Thinke euery bearded fellow, that's but yoak'd, / May draw with you, […]

c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, The Tragœdy of Othello, the Moore of Venice. […] (First Quarto), London: […] N[icholas] O[kes] for Thomas Walkley, […], published 1622, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i], page 63:

Be ye not vnequally yoked with vnbeleeuers: for what fellowſhip hath righteouſneſſe with vnrighteouſneſſe? and what communion hath light with darkneſſe?

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Corinthians 6:14, column 1:

In short, I have the honour to be yoked to a young lady, who is, in plain English, for her standing, a very eminent scold.

1712 August 23 (Gregorian calendar), [Richard Steele], “TUESDAY, August 12, 1712”, in The Spectator, number 455; republished in Alexander Chalmers, editor, The Spectator; a New Edition, […], volume V, New York, N.Y.: D[aniel] Appleton & Company, 1853, →OCLC, page 245:

My bride, / My wife, my life. O we will walk this world, / Yoked in all exercise of noble end, / And so thro' those dark gates across the wild / That no man knows.

1847, Alfred Tennyson, “Part VI”, in The Princess: A Medley, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, page 160:

(chiefly Scotland, archaic, passive voice) To be joined to (another person) in wedlock (often with the implication that it is a burdensome state); to be or become married to (someone).

God forbid, that I ſhould wiſh them ſeuer'd, / Whom God hath ioyn'd together: / I, and 'twere pittie, to ſunder them, / That yoake ſo well together.

c. 1591–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Third Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i], page 163, column 1:

Alt[ea]. Shee would faine marry. / 1. Tis a proper calling, / And well beſeemes her yeares, who would ſhe yoke with?

1624 (first performance), John Fletcher, Rule a Wife and Have a Wife. A Comoedy. […], Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Leonard Lichfield […], published 1640, →OCLC, Act I, scene [iii], page 8:

(chiefly Scotland, obsolete) To be or become joined in wedlock; to be married, to wed.


higher

(Scotland, education) A national school-leaving examination and university entrance qualification.

àrd-ìre

a non-compulsory examination taken in the final two years in Scottish high schools


blithe

en-adj

blithe (comparative blither, superlative blithest)

blither (comparative)
blithest (superlative)
blythe (alternative)

From Middle English blithe (“glad, happy, joyful; causing joy, joyous; gentle, mild; gracious, merciful; bright, shining; beautiful, fair”) [and other forms], from Old English blīþe (“happy, gentle”), from Proto-West Germanic *blīþī, from Proto-Germanic *blīþiz (“friendly; gentle, mild; pleasing”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰlī- (“fine; light; pleasant”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“shiny; white”).

nb...

blide, bligh, bliht, blith, bliðe, bliþ, bliþe, bliȝe, blyde, blyth, blythe, blyþe

der

And now ſweet Emperour be blithe againe,
And bury all thy feare in my deuiſes.

c. 1588–1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iv], page 47, column 2:

There on Beds of Violets blew,
And freſh-blown Roſes waſht in dew,
Fill'd her with thee a daughter fair,
So buckſom, blith, and debonair.

a. 1645, John Milton, “L’Allegro”, in Poems of Mr. John Milton, […], London: […] Ruth Raworth for Humphrey Mosely, […], published 1646, →OCLC, page 31:

For that fair femal Troop thou ſawſt, that ſeemd
Of Goddeſſes, ſo blithe, ſo ſmooth, ſo gay,
Yet empty of good wherein conſiſts,
Womans domeſtic honour and chief praiſe; […]

1667, John Milton, “Book X”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC, lines 610–613:

Shou'd he return, that troop ſo blithe and bold,
With purple robes inwrought, and ſtiff with gold,
Precipitant in fear, wou'd wing their flight,
And curſe their cumbrous pride's unwieldy weight.

1725, Homer, “Book I”, in [Elijah Fenton], transl., The Odyssey of Homer. […], volume I, London: […] Bernard Lintot, →OCLC, page 26, lines 211–214:

But not more blythe than sylvan court,
Than we have been at humbler sport;
Though small our pomp, and mean our game,
Our mirth, dear Marriot, was the same.

1808 February 22, Walter Scott, “Introduction to Canto Second: To the Rev. John Marriot, M.A.”, in Marmion; a Tale of Flodden Field, Edinburgh: […] J[ames] Ballantyne and Co. for Archibald Constable and Company, […]; London: William Miller, and John Murray, →OCLC, page 63:

Tarry, tarry, ye wha were aye sae blythe to be at the meetings of the saints, and wad ride every muir in Scotland to find a conventicle.

1816, Jedadiah Cleishbotham [pseudonym; Walter Scott], chapter IV, in Tales of My Landlord, […], volume III (Old Mortality), Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for William Blackwood, […]; London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, pages 85–86:

Hail to thee, blithe spirit!
Bird thou never wert,
That from heaven, or near it,
Pourest thy full heart
In profuse strains of unpremeditated art.

1820 June (date written), Percy Bysshe Shelley, “To a Skylark”, in Prometheus Unbound […], London: C[harles] and J[ames] Ollier […], published 1820, →OCLC, stanza 1, page 201:

He looked so irresistibly pleasant, in a word, that three or four good-humoured fellows said, "Good morning, sir! A merry Christmas to you!" And Scrooge said often afterwards, that of all the blithe sounds he had ever heard, those were the blithest in his ears.

1843 December 19, Charles Dickens, “Stave Five. The End of It.”, in A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, page 158:

I was feeling blithe, almost jocund.

1876 June, Mark Twain, “The Facts Concerning the Recent Carnival of Crime in Connecticut”, in The Atlantic:

To-night, however, she was even in a blither mood than usual. There was a dreaminess, a preoccupation, an exaltation, in the maternal look which the girl could not understand.

1891, Thomas Hardy, chapter III, in Tess of the d’Urbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented […], volume I, London: James R[ipley] Osgood, McIlvaine and Co., […], →OCLC, phase the first (The Maiden), page 31:

(chiefly Scotland, elsewhere dated or literary) Cheerful, happy.

无所谓

cheerful, happy — see also cheerful, happy


cadge

en-verb

cadge (third-person singular simple present cadges, present participle cadging or cadgin, simple past and past participle cadged)

cadges (present singular third-person)
cadging (participle present)
cadgin (participle present)
cadged (participle past)
cadged (past)

Possibly a corruption of cage, from Old French.

Another Atlas that will cadge a whole world of iniuries without fainting.

1607, Thomas Walkington, The Optick Glasse of Humors:

(UK, Scotland, dialect) To carry, as a burden.

(UK, Scotland, dialect) To hawk or peddle, as fish, poultry, etc.


canny

en-adj

canny (comparative cannier, superlative canniest)

cannier (comparative)
canniest (superlative)

Northern English dialect, from can (“to know”) ( + -y), from Middle English can, first and third person singular of cunnen, connen (“to be able, know how to”), from Old English cunnan (“to know how to, be able to”). Compare Scots canny, English cunny, Old English cann (“knowledge, assertion”). More at can, cunning.

cog

She’s a canny lass hor like!

But gie me a cannie hour at e’en,
My arms about my dearie O;
An’ warl’y cares, an’ warl’y men,
Mae a’ gae tapsalteerie O!

1783, Robert Burns, “Green Grow the Rashes O”, in Songs and Ballads:

(Scotland, Northumbria) Friendly, pleasant, fair, agreeable; (sometimes) funny.

a canny horse

Be canny with this letter.

(Scotland, Northumbria) Gentle, quiet, steady.


canny

he sits very canny

drive canny

(Scotland, Northumbria) Gently, quietly; carefully, skilfully.


crater

I then had the two best tarriers beneath the canopy; this poor crater is their daughter," and he patted the dog's head affectionately.

1843, William Hamilton Maxwell, Wild Sports of the West: With Legendary Tales, and Local Sketches, R. Bentley, page 77:

She is a charming crater; I would venture to say that, if I was not her father.

1772, David Garrick, “The Irish Widow”, in The British Drama: A Collection of the Most Esteemed Tragedies, Comedies ..., published 1859, page 611:

‘Then why not stop for fellow-craters—going to thy own father’s house too, as we be, and knowen us so well?’

1872, [Thomas Hardy], “I. Mellstock-Lane”, in Under the Greenwood Tree: A Rural Painting of the Dutch School, volume I, London: Tinsley Brothers, →OCLC, part I, page 6:

(Scotland, Ireland) Alternative form of creature.


firth

From Middle English fyrth, a metathetic variant of frith (“forest”), from Old English fyrhþe, fyrhþ (“forest, wooded country; game preserve, hunting ground”), from Proto-West Germanic *furhiþi (“forest, woodland”), Proto-Germanic *furhiþją (“forest, wooded country”), *furhiþǭ, from *furhu (“fir; pine”), from *furahō, *furhō (“fir; pine; (fir or pine) forest”), from Proto-Indo-European *pérkus (“oak”), from *perkʷ- (“oak”).

inh

(chiefly Northern England, Scotland) Alternative form of frith (“a forest used for hunting; a (small) wood; wooded country; land covered mainly by brushwood”).


freak

freaks (plural)
freake (alternative)
freik (alternative)
freke (alternative)
frick (alternative)

From Middle English freke, freike (“a bold man, warrior, man, creature”), from Old English freca (“a bold man, warrior, hero”), from Proto-Germanic *frekô (“an active or eager man, warrior, wolf”), from *frekaz (“active, bold, desirous, greedy”), from Proto-Indo-European *pereg-, *spereg- (“to shrug, be quick, twitch, splash, blast”).
Cognate with Old Norse freki (“greedy or avaricious one, a wolf”), Old High German freh (“eager”), German frech, Old English frēcne (“dangerous, daring, courageous, bold”).

cog

(UK dialectal, Scotland) A fellow; a petulant young man.


gang

en-verb

gang (third-person singular simple present gangs, present participle ganging, simple past and past participle ganged)

gangs (present singular third-person)
ganging (participle present)
ganged (participle past)
ganged (past)
gan (alternative)

From Middle English gangen, from Old English gangan (“to go, walk, turn out”), from Proto-West Germanic *gangan, from Proto-Germanic *ganganą (“to go, walk”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰengʰ- (“to step, walk”).
Cognate with Scots gang (“to go on foot, walk”), Swedish gånga (“to walk, go”), Faroese ganga (“to walk”), Icelandic ganga (“to walk, go”), Vedic Sanskrit जंहस् (jáṃhas). Ultimately related to Etymology 2, which see below.

der

(Colin alone) Ah, Colin, thou’rt a prodigal; a thriftless loon thou’st been, that cou’d na’ keep a little pelf to thysall when thou had’st got it; now thou may’st gang in this poor geer to thy live's end, and worse too for aught I can tell; ’faith, mon, ’twas a smeart little bysack of money thou hadst scrap’d together, an the best part of it had na’ being last amongst thy kinsfolk, in the Isles of Skey and Mull; muckle gude may it do the weams of them that ha’ it! There was Jamie MacGregor and Sawney MacNab, and the twa braw lads of Kinruddin, with old Charley MacDougall, my mother's first husband's second cousin: by my sol I cou’d na’ see such near relations, and gentlemen of sich auncient families gang upon bare feet, while I rode a horseback: I had been na’ true Scot, an I cou’d na’ ge’en a countryman a gude last upon occasion (as he is going out, Miss Aubrey enters.)

1772, Richard Cumberland, The Fashionable Lover. A Comedy., act III:

"And am I to meet my Mary at Moffat? Come away, little, dear, welcome body, thou blessed of heaven, come away, and taste of an auld shepherd's best cheer, and I'll gang foot for foot with you to Moffat, and my auld wife shall gang foot for foot with us too. I tell you, little, blessed, and welcome crile, come along with me."

(intransitive, Northern England, Scotland) To go; walk; proceed.


girdle

(Scotland, Northern English) Alternative form of griddle.


greet

en-adj

greet (comparative more greet, superlative most greet)

more greet (comparative)
most greet (superlative)

From Middle English greet, grete (“great”).


greet

en-verb

greet (third-person singular simple present greets, present participle greeting, simple past and past participle greeted or grat or grutten)

greets (present singular third-person)
greeting (participle present)
greeted (participle past)
greeted (past)
grat (participle past)
grat (past)
grutten (participle past)
grutten (past)

From a blend of two Old English verbs, grētan, grǣtan (itself from Proto-West Germanic *grātan); and of Old English grēotan (itself from *greutan), both meaning "to weep, lament".
Possibly reinforced in Northern England and Scotland by Old Norse gráta, whence also Danish græde, Norwegian gråte, Swedish gråta, all meaning "to cry, to weep".

And damn't! if he didn't take down her bit things and scone her so sore she grat like a bairn [...].

1933, Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Cloud Howe (A Scots Quair), Polygon, published 2006, page 312:

My maw went potty and started greeting.

2008, James Kelman, Kieron Smith, Boy, Penguin, published 2009, page 2:

(Scotland, Northern England) To weep; to cry.


lithe

Uncertain; perhaps an alteration of lewth.

So Cospatric got him the Pict folk to build a strong castle there in the lithe of the hills, with the Grampians dark and bleak behind it, and he had the Den drained and he married a Pict lady and got on her bairns and he lived there till he died.

1932, Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Sunset Song:


mend

mend (third-person singular simple present mends, present participle mending, simple past and past participle mended)

mends (present singular third-person)
mending (participle present)
mended (participle past)
mended (past)
mend (infinitive)
mend (first-person present singular)
mended (first-person past singular)
mend (present second-person singular)
mendest (archaic present second-person singular)
mended (past second-person singular)
mendedst (archaic past second-person singular)
mends (present singular third-person)
mendeth (archaic present singular third-person)
mended (past singular third-person)
mend (plural present)
mended (past plural)
mend (present subjunctive)
mended (past subjunctive)
mend (imperative present)
mending (participle present)
mended (participle past)

PIE word
 *h₁eǵʰs
From Middle English menden (“to cure; to do good to, benefit; to do or make better, improve; to get better, recover; to keep in a good state; to put right, amend; to reform, repent”), the aphetic form of amenden (“to alter, change (especially for the better); to atone; to chastise, punish; to correct, remedy, amend; to cure; to excel, surpass; to forgive; to get or make better, improve; to make ready; to mend, repair, restore; to get well, recover; to relieve”), or from its etymon Anglo-Norman amender and Old French amender (“to cure; to fix, repair; to set right, correct”) (modern French amender), from Latin ēmendāre, the present active infinitive of ēmendō (“to atone; to chastise, punish; to correct, remedy, amend; to cure”), from ē- (variant of ex- (prefix meaning ‘away; out’)) + mendum (“defect; error, fault”) (from Proto-Indo-European *mend- (“defect; fault”)) + -ō (suffix forming first-conjugation verbs).

der

(Northern Ireland, Scotland, figurative) To cause (a person or animal) to gain weight; to fatten.

(Scotland, figurative) Chiefly with the impersonal pronoun it: to provide a benefit to (someone); to advantage, to profit.

Let ſhame come vvhen it vvill, I doe not callit, / […] / Mend vvhen thou canſt, be better at thy leaſure, / I can be patient, […]

c. 1603–1606 (date written), [William Shakespeare], […] His True Chronicle Historie of the Life and Death of King Lear and His Three Daughters. […] (First Quarto), London: […] Nathaniel Butter, […], published 1608, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iv], signature F2, recto:

VVe have both of us our failings that vvay, […] but it is never over-late to mend: therefore I begin, and do penance in this vvhite ſheet for vvhat is paſs'd; I hope you vvill do the like, and ſo vve may abſolve one another vvithout a Ghoſtly Father.

1655, James Howell, “XXXVII. To R. Bowyer, Esq.”, in [Epistolæ Ho-Elianæ.] A Fourth Volume of Familiar Letters, upon Various Emergent Occasions, […], volume IV, London: […] Humphrey Mos[e]ley, […], →OCLC, section, pages 91–92:

But, fare you vveel, auld Nickie-ben! / O vvad ye tak a thought an’ men’!

[1785 (date written), Robert Burns, “Address to the Deil”, in Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect. […], 2nd edition, volume I, Edinburgh: […] T[homas] Cadell, […], and William Creech, […], published 1793, →OCLC, page 106:

But, fare you well, old Nickie-ben [the Devil]! / O would you take a thought and mend!

I am afraid that you are a very foolish boy, […] but I hope to see you mend when you marry.

1873, William Black, “‘Farewell, Mackrimmon!’”, in A Princess of Thule. […], New York, N.Y.; London: Harper & Brothers, →OCLC, page 151:

"Well, it's never too late to mend," said Anne roguishly.

1909 September, L[ucy] M[aud] Montgomery, “A Chapter of Accidents”, in Anne of Avonlea, Boston, Mass.: L[ouis] C[oues] Page & Company, →OCLC, page 195:

(chiefly Scotland) To become morally improved or reformed.

(Northern Ireland, Scotland, figurative) Of an animal: to gain weight, to fatten.

(Scotland, figurative) To advantage, to avail, to help.


peel

(Scotland, curling) An equal or match; a draw.


pend

en-verb

pend (third-person singular simple present pends, present participle pending, simple past and past participle pended)

pends (present singular third-person)
pending (participle present)
pended (participle past)
pended (past)

Borrowed from Middle French pendre (“to hang”), from Late Latin pendĕre, from Latin pendēre.

(obsolete, Scotland) To arch over (something); to vault.


pend

(Scotland) An archway; especially, a vaulted passageway leading through a tenement-style building from the main street, giving access to the rear of the building or an internal courtyard.


pout

pout (third-person singular simple present pouts, present participle pouting, simple past and past participle pouted)

pouts (present singular third-person)
pouting (participle present)
pouted (participle past)
pouted (past)


reek

en-noun

reek (countable and uncountable, plural reeks)

From Middle English rek, reke (“smoke”), from Old English rēc, from Proto-West Germanic *rauki, from Proto-Germanic *raukiz, from Proto-Indo-European *rowgi-.
See also West Frisian reek, riik, Dutch rook, Low German Röök, German Rauch, Danish røg, Norwegian Bokmål røyk; also Lithuanian rū̃kti (“to smoke”), rū̃kas (“smoke, fog”), Albanian regj (“to tan”).

Thou mightst as well say, I loue to walke by the
Counter-gate, which is as hatefull to me, as the reeke of
a Lime-kill.

c. 1597 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merry Wiues of Windsor”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):

1768, Alexander Ross (poet), "Helenore; or, the fortunate Shepherdess": a Poem in the Broad Scoth Dialect
Now, by this time, the sun begins to leam,
And lit the hill-heads with his morning beam;
And birds, and beasts, and folk to be a-steer,
And clouds o’ reek frae lum heads to appear.

The blue reeks of smoke from the cottages gave the whole widespread landscape an air of settled order and homely comfort.

1913, Arthur Conan Doyle, “(please specify the page)”, in The Poison Belt […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:


rout

en-verb

rout (third-person singular simple present routs, present participle routing, simple past and past participle routed)

routs (present singular third-person)
routing (participle present)
routed (participle past)
routed (past)

The verb is derived from Middle English routen (“to snore; to grunt, snort; to sleep; to dwell; to settle permanently”), [and other forms], from Old English hrūtan (“to snore; to make a noise”), from Proto-West Germanic *hrūtan (“to snore”), from Proto-Germanic *hrūtaną, *hreutaną (“to snore”), from *hruttōną (“to snore; to roar”), from Proto-Indo-European *ker-, *kor-, *kr- (“to croak, crow”), *krut- (“to snore; to roar”), probably ultimately imitative.
The English word is cognate with Icelandic rjóta, hrjóta (“to snore; to rattle, roar”), rauta (“to roar”), Middle Dutch ruyten (“to make a noise; to chatter, chirp”), Middle High German rūssen, rūzen (“to make a noise; to buzz; to rattle; to snore”), Norwegian Nynorsk ruta (“to make a loud noise; to roar, rumble”), Swedish ryta (“to bellow, roar; to scream or shout angrily”). Compare Old English rēotan, *hrēotan (“to make a noise; to make a noise in grief, lament, wail; to shed tears, weep”), from Proto-Germanic *reutaną; see further at etymology 4.
The noun is derived from the verb. It is cognate with Southern Norwegian rut (“loud noise, din, roar”).

nb...

rout, route, routte, routten, rowte, rowtte, ruten

onomatopoeic

imitative

cog

(intransitive, Scotland, archaic) Especially of the sea, thunder, wind, etc.: to make a loud roaring noise; to howl, to roar, to rumble.


rout

onomatopoeic

imitative

(chiefly Scotland) A loud, resounding noise, especially one made by the sea, thunder, wind, etc.; a roar.


rout

The verb is derived from Middle English routen (“to move quickly, rush; of waters: to churn, surge; to drag, pull; to throw; to agitate, shake; to beat, strike;”) [and other forms], from Old English hrūtan, from or cognate with Old Norse hrjóta (“to be flung; to fall; to fly”), from Proto-Germanic *hrūtaną, *hreutaną (“to fall; to fly; to move quickly”); further etymology uncertain, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kreu- (“to fall, plunge; to rush; to topple”).
The English word is cognate with Middle High German rûzen (“to move quickly, storm”), and is also related to Old English hrēosan (“to fall; to collapse; to rush”).
The noun is derived from Middle English rout, route (“a blow; suffering, woe (?); a jerk, sharp pull”) [and other forms], from routen; see above.

nb...

rout, route, rowte, (Northern English) rute, ruten, rutton, (Late Middle English) rought, rout (Scotland), rutte, rwte (East Anglia)

cog

(ambitransitive, chiefly Scotland, archaic) To beat or strike (someone or something); to assail (someone or something) with blows.


rout

(chiefly Scotland, archaic) A violent movement; a heavy or stunning blow or stroke.


rout

Uncertain; either imitative of the bird’s call, or possibly from Icelandic hrota (“brant; brent goose”), also probably imitative though perhaps influenced by hrot (“a snore; act of snoring”), from hrjóta (“to snore”), from Old Norse hrjóta (“to snore”), from Proto-Germanic *hrūtaną (“to snore”); see further at etymology 3.

Branta bernicla
Branta bernicla#Translingual

(Scotland, obsolete) The brant or brent goose (Branta bernicla).


scoot

en-verb

scoot (third-person singular simple present scoots, present participle scooting, simple past and past participle scooted)

scoots (present singular third-person)
scooting (participle present)
scooted (participle past)
scooted (past)


scoot

(Scotland) A sudden flow of water; a squirt.


scout

scout (third-person singular simple present scouts, present participle scouting, simple past and past participle scouted)

scouts (present singular third-person)
scouting (participle present)
scouted (participle past)
scouted (past)

Uncertain. The Dictionary of the Scots Language (DSL) groups the verb scout, scoot (/skut/, regionally /skʌut/) "cause liquid to gush" and a noun scout "sudden gush or flow of water, as from a spout or over rock", and consider it of Scandinavian origin, perhaps related to Old Norse skjóta (“shoot”); however, scout (or scut) was formerly also found as a word for "flow of water over rocks, waterfall; ridge or overhang of rocks" in various northern and central English dialects, and there suggested to be of Norse origin, but in this case related to Old Norse skúti (“cave formed by jutting rocks”); it is possible that noun and the verb are unrelated. It is also unclear whether the noun meaning "guillemot" is related; it might derive from their habit of pouring forth excrement.

m+

(Scotland) To pour forth a liquid forcibly, especially excrement; to cause a liquid to gush.


shy

en-verb

shy (third-person singular simple present shies, present participle shying, simple past and past participle shied)

shies (present singular third-person)
shying (participle present)
shied (participle past)
shied (past)

From Middle English shy (“shy”), from Old English sċēoh (“shy”), from Proto-West Germanic *skeuh (“shy, fearful”), from Proto-Germanic *skeuhaz (“shy, fearful”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian skjou (“shy”), Dutch schuw (“shy”), German scheu (“shy”), Danish sky (“shy”).
Etymology tree
Middle English shy
English shy

etymon

(Scotland, transitive, intransitive) To throw a ball with two hands above the head, especially when it has crossed the side lines in a football (soccer) match.

(Scotland) To hit the ball back into play from the sidelines in a shinty match.


shy

(Scotland, soccer) A throw-in from the sidelines, using two hands above the head.

(Scotland) In shinty, the act of tossing the ball above the head and hitting it with the shaft of the caman to bring it back into play after it has been hit out of the field.


skimp

en-verb

skimp (third-person singular simple present skimps, present participle skimping, simple past and past participle skimped)

skimps (present singular third-person)
skimping (participle present)
skimped (participle past)
skimped (past)

Perhaps of North Germanic origin, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *skimpijaną (“to skip, dance, gesture, mock”). Cognate with Icelandic skimpa (“to scoff at, scorn”), dialectal Swedish skimpa (“to skip, dance”), Faroese skumpa (“to shove, bump”), German schimpfen (“to grumble, scold”), Dutch schimpen (“to mock, make fun of, scold”). Possibly distantly related to change.

cog

I thought Adie was only skimpin' me.

(Scotland, Northern England) To mock, deride, scorn, scold, make fun of.


slake

en-verb

slake (third-person singular simple present slakes, present participle slaking, simple past and past participle slaked)

slakes (present singular third-person)
slaking (participle present)
slaked (participle past)
slaked (past)

Probably connected with Icelandic sleikja, "to lick", and German schlecken (“to lick”).


slater

From Middle English sclater, equivalent to slate + -er.

(Scotland, Australia, New Zealand) Any terrestrial isopod crustacean of the genus Porcellio and allied genera; a woodlouse.


stag

en-noun

stag (countable and uncountable, plural stags)

stags (plural)
steg (alternative)
staig (alternative)
stagg (alternative)
stagge (alternative)

From Middle English stagge, steg, from Old English stagga, stacga (“a stag”) and Old Norse steggi, steggr (“a male animal”), both from Proto-Germanic *staggijô, *staggijaz (“male, male deer, porcupine”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *stegʰ-, *stengʰ- (“to sting; rod, blade; sharp, stiff”). Cognate with Icelandic steggi, steggur (“tomcat, male fox”). Related to staggard, staggon.

(countable, chiefly Scotland) A young horse (colt or filly).


stang

en-verb

stang (third-person singular simple present stangs, present participle stanging, simple past and past participle stanged)

stangs (present singular third-person)
stanging (participle present)
stanged (participle past)
stanged (past)

From Middle English stangen, from Old Norse stanga (“prick, goad”).

(intransitive, Scotland) To shoot with pain, to sting.

(transitive, Scotland) To spear; to sting.


stuffy

en-adj

stuffy (comparative stuffier, superlative stuffiest)

stuffier (comparative)
stuffiest (superlative)


sober

sober (comparative soberer, superlative soberest)

soberer (comparative)
soberest (superlative)

From Old French sobre, from Latin sōbrius, from se- (“without”) + ebrius (“intoxicated”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁egʷʰ- (“drink”). In the sense "not drunk," displaced native undrunken, from Old English undruncen.

appeal from Philip drunk to Philip sober


syne

From Middle English syne, syn, sin, a contracted form of sithen (“since”). More at sithen.

At last he comes, and on his knee
The wee tots a'thegether cling,
An' ilk yen strives to catch his ee,
Syne tugs his cwoat an' bids him sing.

1866, Susanna Blamire, edited by Sidney Gilpin, Songs and Poems, page 17:

Sic a pair o' friends aa nivvor seed either before or syne.

1894, Howard Pease, The Mark o' The Deil And Other Northumbrian Tales, page 20:

Yet in two-three years they'd chaved and saved enough for gear and furnishings, and were married at last, and syne Will was born, and syne Chris herself was born, and the Guthries rented a farm in Echt […].

1932, Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Sunset Song (A Scots Quair; 1), Polygon, published 2006, page 38:

(Scotland, Northern England) Subsequently; then.

[Each rogue] shall be discovered either soon or syne.

"I had rather it came to-morrow than a month hence. Come, I know, it will; and, as your country folks say, better soon than syne […]

(Scotland, Northern England, chiefly in phrases like "soon as syne") Late.

I eat, drink, and sleep as sound as I did twenty years syne; yes, I laugh heartily too, and find as many subjects to employ that faculty upon as ever; fools, fops, and knaves, grow as rank as formerly, yet here and there, […]

1808, Allan Ramsay, The Gentle Sheperd, page 64:

Camden Lyde had come to dwell in Mapleblade, a long while syne. His father had been in times past the parish parson, and the son was kindly affectionate to the old village scenes, and to the faces that seemed in some sort to belong to him[…]

(Scotland, Northern England) Before now; ago.


syne

I've niver set fute i' Gibb's Ha' syne his father's death.

Shoo's […] gitten fair pratty, syne Maister Allen gat wed.


tent

From Middle English tente, borrowed from Old French tente, from Vulgar Latin *tenta (“tent”), from the feminine of Latin tentus, ptp. of tendere (“to stretch, extend”), or contracted from *tendita as an alternate past participle. Displaced native Middle English tild, tilt (“tent, tilt”), from Old English teld (“tent”). Compare Spanish tienda (“store, shop; tent”).

cog

A splendid tent was erected on the brae north of the town, and round that the countless congregation assembled.

1824, James Hogg, The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner:

(Scotland) A portable pulpit set up outside to accommodate worshippers who cannot fit into a church.


tent

en-verb

tent (third-person singular simple present tents, present participle tenting, simple past and past participle tented)

tents (present singular third-person)
tenting (participle present)
tented (participle past)
tented (past)

From Middle English tent (“attention”), aphetic variation of attent (“attention”), from Old French atente (“attention, intention”), from Latin attenta, feminine of attentus, past participle of attendere (“to attend”). Compare tend, from an aphetic variation of attend

der

14th century, anonymous, The Romance of Syr Tryamoure
He let hur have wemen at wylle,
To tent hur, and that was skylle,
And brought hur to bede

(archaic, UK, Scotland, dialect) To attend to; to heed

(archaic, UK, Scotland, dialect) to guard; to hinder.


tent

Lo ! lo ! my frend , take tent to this womman

a. 1451, John Lydgate, The Prohemy of a Marriage betwixt and Olde Man and a Yonge Wife, and the Counsail &c.:

(archaic, UK, Scotland, dialect) Attention; regard, care.


troll

en-verb

troll (third-person singular simple present trolls, present participle trolling, simple past and past participle trolled)

trolls (present singular third-person)
trolling (participle present)
trolled (participle past)
trolled (past)
troll (infinitive)
troll (first-person present singular)
trolled (first-person past singular)
troll (present second-person singular)
trollest (archaic present second-person singular)
trolled (past second-person singular)
trolledst (archaic past second-person singular)
trolls (present singular third-person)
trolleth (archaic present singular third-person)
trolled (past singular third-person)
troll (plural present)
trolled (past plural)
troll (present subjunctive)
trolled (past subjunctive)
troll (imperative present)
trolling (participle present)
trolled (participle past)
trowl (alternative)
trowle (alternative)

Spanish: trolear

The verb is derived from Middle English trollen (“to go about, wander; to move (something) to and fro, rock; to roll; to turn”) [and other forms], of uncertain origin; perhaps in part from Old French troller (“to run here and there; to walk aimlessly, ramble, stroll; (hunting) to wander about looking for game”) (modern French troller); further etymology uncertain, yet probably from or related to Middle High German trollen (“to stroll, walk with short strides”) (modern German trollen (“to move slowly, trundle; to push off, toddle off”)), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *truzlōną (“to lumber”), which is probably related to *trudaną (“to step on, tread”) (see further at etymology 1). Doublet of trull.
Verb sense 4.2.2 (“to fish using a line and bait or lures trailed behind a boat”) is possibly influenced by trail and/or trawl.
The noun is probably derived from the verb. Noun sense 4 (“person who makes or posts inflammatory or insincere statements in an attempt to lure others into combative argument”) is possibly influenced by troll (etymology 1).
Cognates
* Middle Low German drullen (“to stroll”) (Low German trullen (“to troll”))

unc

uncertain

laulaa vuoroin

(transitive, intransitive) to sing the parts of (a catch, round, or similar song) in succession

laulella

to sing (a song) freely or in a carefree way, or loudly

tokaista

(transitive, intransitive) to say (something) lightly and quickly

kalastama

(transitive, intransitive) to fish in (a place) using a running fishing line

Their young men […] trolled along the brooks that abounded in fish.

1834–1874, George Bancroft, History of the United States, from the Discovery of the American Continent, volume (please specify |volume=I to X), Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown and Company [et al.], →OCLC:

(fishing, Scotland, US) To fish using a line and bait or lures trailed behind a boat similarly to trawling.


wane

wanes (plural)
wain (alternative)
waine (alternative)
wean (alternative)


wane

From Middle English wōne, wāne (“dwelling," "custom”), of unclear origins, compare wont.

(chiefly Northern England and Scotland, obsolete) A house or dwelling.


waster

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-waster.wav

(obsolete, Scotland) A leister; a spear for catching fish.


wreathe

en-verb

wreathe (third-person singular simple present wreathes, present participle wreathing, simple past and past participle wreathed)

wreathes (present singular third-person)
wreathing (participle present)
wreathed (participle past)
wreathed (past)
wreathe (infinitive)
wreathe (first-person present singular)
wreathed (first-person past singular)
wreath'd (archaic first-person past singular)
wreathe (present second-person singular)
wreathest (archaic present second-person singular)
wreathed (past second-person singular)
wreathedst (archaic past second-person singular)
wreath'd (archaic past second-person singular)
wreathes (present singular third-person)
wreatheth (archaic present singular third-person)
wreathed (past singular third-person)
wreath'd (archaic past singular third-person)
wreathe (plural present)
wreathed (past plural)
wreath'd (archaic past plural)
wreathe (present subjunctive)
wreathed (past subjunctive)
wreath'd (archaic past subjunctive)
wreathe (imperative present)
wreathing (participle present)
wreathed (participle past)
wreath'd (archaic participle past)
wreath (alternative)

From Middle English wrethen (“to twist”), partly:
* from wrethen (“twisted, wreathed”) (whence modern English wreathen (“(obsolete) made into a wreath; twisted”, adjective)), the past participle of writhen, wrythen (“to twist into a braid, coil, or wreath; to twist out of position or shape, deform; to twist together, intertwine; to twist about, writhe; to bend; to swathe, wrap; etc.”), from Old English wrīþan (“to twist; to bind; to wrap”), from Proto-West Germanic *wrīþan (“to twist; to weave”), from Proto-Germanic *wrīþaną (“to twist; to weave”), from Proto-Indo-European *wreyt- (“to twist”); and
* from wreth, wrethe (“coiled or rounded shape; decorative garland, wreath; chaplet, crown; ring”, noun), from Old English wrǣd, wrǣþ, wriþa (“bandage”), from Proto-West Germanic *wrīþan (“to twist; to weave”) (see further above).

inh

[T]he French troops vvere to be employed as inſtruments for ſubduing the Scots, and vvreathing the yoke about their necks.

1759, William Robertson, “Book V”, in The History of Scotland, during the Reigns of Queen Mary and of King James VI, till His Accession to the Crown of England. […], volume I, London: […] A[ndrew] Millar […], →OCLC, page 154:

(also figurative) Senses relating to intertwining or twisting.

(obsolete, Scotland, figurative) Followed by on: to place (a yoke, symbolizing a burden) on someone's neck.

(obsolete, chiefly Scotland) Of snow: to form drifts.


weed

en-noun

weed (countable and uncountable, plural weeds)

From Scots weid, weed. The longer form weidinonfa, wytenonfa (Old Scots wedonynpha) is attested since the 1500s. Jamieson's Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language analyses the longer form as a compound meaning "onfa(ll) of a weed", whereas the Scottish National Dictionary/DSL considers the short form a derivative of the longer form, and derives its first element from Old English wēdan (“to be mad or delirious”), from wōd (“mad, enraged”).

der

The patient […] aborted between the second and third month; […] felt herself so well on the second day after, that she went to the washing-green; and, on her return home in the evening, was seized with a violent rigor, which, by herself and those around her, was considered as the forerunner of a weed.

1822, William Campbell, “Observations on the Disease usually termed Puerperal Fever, with Cases”, in The Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, volume 18:

(Scotland) A sudden illness or relapse, often attended with fever, which befalls those who are about to give birth, are giving birth, or have recently given birth or miscarried or aborted.


message

Tok Pisin: mesej

desc

→ Egyptian Arabic: ماسدچ (māsidž, “text message”)

→ Gulf Arabic: مسج (məsij, “text message”)

→ German: Message

→ Japanese: メッセージ (messēji)

→ Korean: 메시지 (mesiji)

→ Malay: mesej

→ Russian: ме́сседж (mɛ́ssɛdž)

From Middle English message, from Old French message, from Early Medieval Latin missāticum, derived from Latin mittere (“send”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *meyth₂- (“to exchange”). Partially displaced Old English ærende (whence errand).

der

(Ireland, Scotland, Northern England) See messages (“groceries, shopping”).


trip

From Middle English tryppe, from Old French trippe. Possibly related to troop.

(obsolete, UK, Scotland, dialect) A herd or flock of sheep, goats, etc.


ugsome

en-adj

ugsome (comparative more ugsome, superlative most ugsome)

more ugsome (comparative)
most ugsome (superlative)

From Middle English ugsom, equivalent to ug + -some.

This is hell, this is the image of death, this is hell, ſuch an euil fauored face, ſuch an ugſom countenance, ſuche an horrible viſage our ſauiour Chriſt ſaw of death and hell in the gardein.

1553, Hughe Latymer [i.e., Hugh Latimer], Augustine Bernher, compiler, “[Certayn Other Sermons Preached … in Lincolneshyre …] Edward VI 7”, in Certayn Godly Sermons, Made uppon the Lords Prayer, […], London: […] John Day, […], published 1562, →OCLC, folio 81, recto:

Still, it's a cosy country, / unracked by riots or strikes / and backward at drug-taking: / I've heard of a dozen lands / where life sounds far more ugsome, / fitter goals for your disgust.

1972, W. H. Auden, Epistle to a Godson: and Other Poems, page 28:

We have italicised the more ugsome parts of the S.S.C. paper so that those of our readers who are too busy mountaineering to read the whole thing may grasp the fundamental psychopathology of the unattractive predators that have battened onto us.

1975, Scottish Mountaineering Club Journal, volume 30, numbers 163-166, page 397:

(chiefly UK dialectal, Scotland, Northern England) Ugly; horrible; disgusting; offensive, loathsome, repellent.


clip

→ Japanese: クリップ (kurippu)

→ Portuguese: clipe

From Middle English clippen, cleppen, clüppen, from Old English clyppan (“to hug, embrace, cherish, clasp”), from Proto-Germanic *klumpijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *glemb-, *glembʰ- (“lump, clump, clod, clamp”). Cognate with Old Frisian kleppa, klippa (“to hug, embrace”), Middle High German klimpen, klimpfen (“to contract tightly, constrict, squeeze”).

inh

(fishing, UK, Scotland) A gaff or hook for landing the fish, as in salmon fishing.


taciturnity

en-noun

taciturnity (countable and uncountable, plural taciturnities)

From taciturn + -ity, from Latin taciturnitās.

(law, Scotland) Failure to assert a legal right in a way that implies that it is being given up.


mandate

en-verb

mandate (third-person singular simple present mandates, present participle mandating, simple past and past participle mandated)

mandates (present singular third-person)
mandating (participle present)
mandated (participle past)
mandated (past)

First attested in 1623; partly directly borrowed from Latin mandātus (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and Etymology 1 for more), partly from the above noun by metanalysis.

After I have mandated my exercices.

1724, Robert Wodrow, Life of James Wodrow:

He [sc. Archbishop Secker] then proceeds to express his disapprobation of what is called Mandating of Sermons, or repeating them from memory. This custom prevails much among foreign Divines, and throughout the whole Church of Scotland.

1796, Charles Simeon, The Gospel Message:

He rose and walked his study, ‘mandating’ his opening sentences with appropriate gestures.

1893, Samuel Rutherford Crockett, Stickitt Minister:

I had only from that evening at six till Sabbath to mandate my two discourses.

1951, Robert James Drummond, Lest We Forget:

(Scotland, especially Christianity) To repeat, rehearse sermons or speeches aloud.


cookie

cookies (plural)
cookey (alternative uncommon)
cooky (alternative uncommon)

→ Arabic: كُوكِي (kuki)

→ Armenian: կուկի (kuki)

→ Cantonese: 曲奇 (kuk¹ kei⁴)

→ Mandarin: 曲奇 (qūqí)

→ Catalan: cookie

→ Cebuano: kokis

→ Dutch: cookie

→ French: cookie

→ Georgian: ქუქი (kuki)

→ German: Cookie

→ Gujarati: કૂકી (kūkī)

→ Hawaiian: kuki

→ Hindi: कुकी (kukī)

→ Italian: cookie

→ Japanese: クッキー (kukkī)

→ Kannada: ಕುಕಿ (kuki)

→ Khmer: ខូគី (khoukii)

→ Korean: 쿠키 (kuki)

→ Malay: kuki

→ Polish: cookie

→ Portuguese: cookie

→ Russian: ку́ки (kúki)

→ Spanish: cookie

→ Swahili: kuki

→ Swedish: cookie

→ Tagalog: kuki

→ Telugu: కుకీ (kukī)

→ Thai: คุกกี้ (kúk-gîi)

→ Tigrinya: ኩኪ (kuki)

→ Ukrainian: ку́ки (kúky)

→ Yiddish: קוקי (kuki)

→ Yoruba: kúkì

Borrowed from Dutch koekie, dialectal diminutive of koek (“cake”), from Proto-Germanic *kōkô (compare German Low German Kookje (“biscuit, cookie, cracker”), Low German Kook (“cake”), German Kuchen (“cake”)). More at cake. Not related to English cook.
The computing senses derive from magic cookie.

koekie

small, flat baked good — see also biscuit


waw

waws (plural)
wo (alternative)
waugh (alternative)

From Middle English wawe, wowe, waugh, wough, from Old English wāh, wāg (“a wall, partition”), from Proto-Germanic *waigaz (“wall”), from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to bend, twist”).
Cognate with Scots wauch, vauch, Saterland Frisian Wooge (“indoor wall, partition”).

cog

She hath been at London to call a strea a straw, and a waw a wall.

1678, John Ray, A Collection of English Proverbs, section 75:

T'ootside waws was whitewesh't.

1886, Thomas Farrall, Betty Wilson's Cummerland Teals, section 41:

(Northern England, Scotland, dialectal) A wall.


rame

From Northern Middle English ramen (“to cry out, scream”), from Old English *hrāmian, from Proto-West Germanic *hraimōn, from Proto-Germanic *hraimōną (“to scream”), *hraimaz (“a scream”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerey- (“to scream, screech”). Cognate with Old Norse hreimr (“a scream, cry”), and possibly to Old English hrēam (“a cry, outcry, tumult, noise”).

cog

raim (alternative)
rane (alternative)
rhame (alternative)

"Does he ever mention the king in his prayer?"
 "O yes: always."
 "What does he say about him?"
 "Something about the sceptre of righteousness, and the standard of truth. I ken he has some rhame about him."

1818, James Hogg, The Brownie of Bodsbeck:

(Scotland) A remark or complaint repeated incessantly.


rame

en-verb

rame (third-person singular simple present rames, present participle raming, simple past and past participle ramed)

rames (present singular third-person)
raming (participle present)
ramed (participle past)
ramed (past)
raim (alternative)
rane (alternative)
rhame (alternative)

The münelicht sea—It rugs at the he'rt o' me, An' rames an' rames eternally.

(Northern England, Scotland) To complain or cry incessantly.

Yiss, ramin, ravin mad at Betty sood be abune her edder wan wye or da idder.

1919, Thomas Manson, Humours of a Peat Commission:

(Northern England, Scotland) To talk nonsensically.


acquaint

From Middle English aqueynten, acointen, from Old French acointier, from Early Medieval Latin accognitāre, from Late Latin accognitus, past participle of accognoscō, from Latin cognoscō, from nōscō. See also quaint, know.

[I]f you have skimmed through even a paragraph of my poor neglected little magnum opus you will know I am unusually acquaint with my inner workings.

1992, Alasdair Gray, Poor Things, Bloomsbury, published 2002, page 317:


police

en-noun

police pl (normally plural, singular police)

Southern US, African-American Vernacular, Indic

From Middle French police, from Latin polītīa (“state, government”), from Ancient Greek πολιτεία (politeía). Doublet of policy and polity.

Pearlman: Very clever, Lester. You got it all figured, huh?
Freamon: Me? I'm just a police.

2006 Sept. 17, David Mills, "Soft Eyes", The Wire, 00:06:50

This time it is the worst kind of call a murder police can get.

2006, David Simon, Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets, →ISBN, page 440:

(usually plural only) The staff of such a department or agency, particularly its officers; (regional, chiefly US, Caribbean, Jamaica, Scotland, countable) an individual police officer.


dunny

dunnies (plural)
danna (alternative)
dunnee (alternative)

A clipped form of English cant dunnakin (“outhouse”) + -y (suffix forming affectionate diminutives). Dunnakin, dunnekin, etc. are of uncertain etymology, but probably from some form of English cant danna (“dung”) + ken (“house”, pejorative slang). The Scottish and North English senses may derive from Etymology 4 below, either under influence from English cant or as its original source.

There was one leaning dunny down the back and, if you stayed very quiet, on a very still day you could hear the white ants as they chewed the wood.The bottom boards were already eaten through, and I avoided using the dunny at all costs.

2008, Judith L. McNeil, No One's Child, page 95:

‘Until you wake up to yourself, you can live in the old dunny for all I care.’
‘All right, I will,’ said Tony.

2010, Christopher Milne, “The Boy Who Lived in a Dunny”, in The Day Our Teacher Went Mad and Other Naughty Stories for Good Boys and Girls, page 108:

(Australia and New Zealand slang, also dated Scotland and Northern England) An outhouse: an outbuilding used as a lavatory.

(Scotland, Northern England, slang, dated) A passageway, particularly those connecting an outhouse to the main building.


dunny

A clipped form of English dungeon + -y (“forming affectionate diminutives”).

(Scotland, Northern England, slang, dated) A cellar, basement, or underground passage.


worry

en-verb

worry (third-person singular simple present worries, present participle worrying, simple past and past participle worried)

worries (present singular third-person)
worrying (participle present)
worried (participle past)
worried (past)

General American, Canada, hurry–furry merger

From Middle English worien, werien, wirien, wirwen, wyryȝen (“to choke, strangle”), from Old English wyrġan, from Proto-Germanic *wurgijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *werǵʰ- (“bind, squeeze”).
Cognate with Dutch worgen, wurgen, German würgen. Compare Latin urgere (“to press, push”), Sanskrit वृहति (vṛhati, “to tear out, pluck”), Lithuanian ver̃žti (“to string; squeeze”), Russian (poetic) отверза́ть (otverzátʹ, “to open”, literally “to untie”). Related to wring.

cog

We read (Law's Memor. Pref. lix.) that "one John Brugh, a notorious warlock (wizard) in the parochin of Fossoquhy, by the space of thirty-six years, was worried at a stake and burned, 1643."

1891, “Journal of Jurisprudence and Scottish Law Magazine”, in Execution of the Judgment of Death, page 397:

(transitive, obsolete, Scotland) To strangle.


dobber

He puts a hand around it, tries to mind what it means, the having of a penis. Nothing's doing but. His dobber's no sure about it either, and the two of them dither there for a while, waiting for something to happen, a connection.

2011 July 7, Ross Raisin, Waterline, Penguin UK, →ISBN:

"Yes, but to jump into bed with another woman right after being with you. That's just plain disgusting. He needs to keep his dobber in his bloody pants.' Caitlin huffed indignantly.

2021 July 8, Lisa Hobman, Under An Italian Sky: Escape to beautiful Italy with bestseller Lisa Hobman, Boldwood Books Ltd, →ISBN:

"You should ha'e cut his dobber off," Inan opined with disgust. "I can'y stand men like that. Tryin' to take what isna on offer."

2023 September 28, Lynsay Sands, Bad Luck Vampire: Book Thirty-Six, Hachette UK, →ISBN:

(Ireland, UK, especially Northern England and Scotland, slang) A penis, especially a relatively large one.


ned

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-ned.wav

Unknown. The suggested initialism from "non-educated delinquent" is a backronym and folk etymology. Several other suggestions include a contraction of ne'er-do-well, neanderthal, or some kind of relationship with Teddy Boy although its use much predates the 1950s origin of that phrase. Ostensibly unrelated to "Ned" as a diminutive of the personal name "Edward" but the Scottish use of 'ned' for hooligan or lout is cited by the Oxford English Dictionary as dating from the early 19th century. The OED also attributes a possible derivation from the 'Edward' diminutive.

The mindless behaviour of drunken neds and nuisance neighbours brings misery to tens of thousands of honest folk.

2007 (Scotland), RecordView in Daily Record, 14 Feb 07, Scottish Daily Record and Sunday Mail, p. 8

You could live in a place for twenty years, you could clean up its streets and lock up its neds.

2022, Liam McIlvanney, The Heretic, page 28:

(Scotland, slang, derogatory, offensive) A person, usually a youth, of low social standing and education, a violent disposition and with a particular style of dress (typically sportswear or Burberry), speech and behaviour.


breeks

From Middle English breke, Northern variant of brechis (“trousers”), from Old English brēċ (“breeches”), plural of brōc (“covering for the leg; trouser”). More at breeches.

— Ah, poor dogsbody, he said in a kind voice. I must give you a shirt and a few noserags. How are the secondhand breeks?

1922 February, James Joyce, “[Episode 1: Telemachus]”, in Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC, part I [Telemachia], page 6:

He was a loutish fellow, much bent in the shoulders, with leggings, which lacked most of the buttons, over his disreputable breeks.

1930 July, John Buchan, “The First Day of the Hegira—The Inn at Watermeeting”, in Castle Gay, Boston, Mass.; New York, N.Y.: Houghton Mifflin Company; Cambridge, Mass.: The Riverside Press, →OCLC, page 140:

Tane unfolded and rose to his full height. Naked, his tanned flesh glistening with sweat, he held out his arms and stretched out the kinks in his body. […] "Loan me some breeks."

2002, Mickee Madden, Midnight Sun, page 144:


lade

From Middle English laden, from Old English hladan and Old English hleadan, from Proto-West Germanic *hlaþan, from Proto-Germanic *hlaþaną (“to load”), from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂- (“to put, lay out”).


lade

From Middle English lad, from Old English lād, from Proto-Germanic *laidō (“a way, course”). Related to lode, lead (“to conduct”).

It was also found that scouring had occurred in the bed of the mill lade, which passes between the first and second piers.

1950 January, “Re-Opening of the Eyemouth Branch”, in Railway Magazine, page 11:

(Scotland) Water pumped into and out of mills, especially woolen mills.


scalp

→ Danish: skalp

→ Dutch: scalp

→ Esperanto: skalpo

→ German: Skalp

→ Hungarian: skalp

→ Italian: scalpo

→ Latvian: skalps

→ Macedonian: скалп (skalp)

→ Portuguese: escalpo

→ Russian: скальп (skalʹp)

→ Serbo-Croatian: ска̏лп (skȁlp)

→ Swedish: skalp

From Middle English scalp, skalp, scalpe (“crown of the head; skull”). Originally a northern word, and therefore probably from a North Germanic source, although the sense-development is unclear; compare Sylt North Frisian Skolp (“dandruff”), Old Norse skálpr (“sheath”), Old Swedish skalp, Dutch schelp (“shell”).

(Scotland) A bed or stratum of shellfish.


besom

besoms (plural)
beesom (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English besme, beseme, from Old English besma, besema (“besom, broom, rod”), from Proto-West Germanic *besmō (“broom”).

"Eh, but she was a besom, if a' tales be true !"

1903, Samuel Rutherford Crockett, The Dark O' the Moon: A Novel, page 130:

Janet's eyes began to look dim, and I had to frown at her very hard; then I had to turn my frown on Jean ... and Janet, the besom, took advantage of my divided attention.

1917, A.S. Neill., A Dominie Dismissed, page 10:

Uncle Angus went on about the behavior of the car. "She's a besom, a proper besom, her and her gears. She'll be the death of me yet one of these days."

1963, Margaret McLean MacPherson, The Shinty Boys, page 187:

"She's a besom but no' bad at times, like now," Agnes said as she bit into a dough-ring.

(Scotland, Northern England, derogatory) A troublesome woman.


sip

en-verb

sip (third-person singular simple present sips, present participle sipping, simple past and past participle sipped)

sips (present singular third-person)
sipping (participle present)
sipped (participle past)
sipped (past)

Inherited from Middle English sippen, of uncertain origin. Compare with Low German sippen (“to sip”). Possibly from a variant of Middle English suppen (“to drink, sip”) (see sup) or perhaps from Old English sipian, sypian (“to take in moisture, soak, macerate”), from Proto-Germanic *sipōną (“to drip, trickle”), from Proto-Indo-European *seyb- (“to pour out, trickle, leak out”). Compare also Old High German supfen (“to drink, sip”), from Proto-Germanic *sūpaną (“to sip, intake”).

noncog

(Scotland, US, dated) Alternative form of seep.


winch

en-verb

winch (third-person singular simple present winches, present participle winching, simple past and past participle winched)

winches (present singular third-person)
winching (participle present)
winched (participle past)
winched (past)

They “clicked” each other, kidded each other, and by and by they would “winch” and marry each other.

It was common knowledge that he'd winched dozens of girls while she had been sharing a bedroom with her two brothers.

2020, Douglas Stuart, Shuggie Bain, page 59:

(Scotland, colloquial, ambitransitive) to court

She turned and looked at me, amused, gave a wee chuckle, kissed me on the mouth hard and quick, and again, and we were kissing for real, lingering, soft and moist and warm, me and Jeannie winching, and I wanted it not to stop.

Up at the cinema Campbell Cameron had been all slithering hands, like a dirty octopus. Even his tenderest winching had felt entitled and demanding.

2020, Douglas Stuart, Shuggie Bain, page 58:

(Scotland, colloquial, ambitransitive) to kiss, snog


howdy

It's a beautiful point of presumptive murder, and there's been nane like it in the Justiciar Court since the case of Luckie Smith the howdie, that suffered in the year saxteen hundred and seventy-nine.

1818 July 25, Jedediah Cleishbotham [pseudonym; Walter Scott], chapter IV, in Tales of My Landlord, Second Series, […] (The Heart of Mid-Lothian), volume I, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Company, →OCLC, pages 121–122:


boll

From Middle English bolle (“pod; shell”) and Middle Dutch bolle (“round object”); both ultimately from Proto-Germanic *bullô (“round object; bowl”). More at bowl.

inh

I ſowed on this Ground, without any Dung or Manure, a Lippy of Oats, from which I had a Boll wanting a Chopin.

1742, Virgil, “Appendix to the Georgicks”, in James Hamilton, transl., Virgil’s Pastorals Translated into English Prose; as also His Georgicks, […], Edinburgh: Printed by W. Cheyne, […]; [s]old by J. Traill and G. Crawford, […]; and by J. Barry […], →OCLC, page 43:

The farmers ſervants who have families, and engage by the year, are called hinds, and receive 10 bolls oats, 2 bolls barley, and 1 boll peas, which two laſt articles are called hummel corn, […]

1792, Robert Bowmaker, “Number LI. Parish of Dunse, (County of Berwick.)”, in John Sinclair, editor, The Statistical Account of Scotland. Drawn Up from the Communications of the Ministers of the Different Parishes, volume IV, Edinburgh: Printed and sold by William Creech [et al.], →OCLC, page 386:

The waggons are deep and square; wider at the top than at the bottom, and are fast at all sides. The bottom has hinges, and can be let down to discharge the coals, of which these waggons contain about three bolls each.

1944 September and October, Charles E. Lee, “An Ancient Underground Railway”, in Railway Magazine, page 274, text from early 19th century:

(Scotland) An old dry measure equal to six bushels.


bond

en-noun

bond (countable and uncountable, plural bonds)

From Middle English bond, a variant of band, from Old English beand, bænd, bend (“bond, chain, fetter, band, ribbon, ornament, chaplet, crown”), from Proto-Germanic *bandaz, *bandiz (“band, fetter”). Cognate with Dutch band, German Band, Swedish band. Doublet of Bund. Related to bind.


screen

screens (plural)
skreen (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English scren, screne (“windscreen, firescreen”), from Anglo-Norman escren (“firescreen, the tester of a bed”), Old French escren, escrein, escran (modern French écran (“screen”)), from Middle Dutch scherm, from Old Dutch *skirm, from Proto-West Germanic *skirmi, from Proto-Germanic *skirmiz (“fur, shelter, covering, screen”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut, divide”).
Cognate with Dutch scherm (“screen”), German Schirm (“screen”). Doublet of scherm.
An alternative etymology derives Old French escren, escran from Old Dutch *scranc (“barrier”) (compare Middle Dutch schranc, schranke (“palisade, trellis, grid”), German Schrank (“cupboard, cabinet”), German Schranke (“fence”)), from Proto-West Germanic *skrank, from Proto-Germanic *skrankaz.

skerm

viewing area of electronic output device


sundry

The adjective is derived from Middle English sondri, sondry, syndry (“individually; occasionally; separately; variously”) [and other forms], from Old English syndriġ (“alone, distinct, separate, single; sundry, various; concerning a single person, own, particular, peculiar, private; exceptional, remarkable, set apart, special; (distributive) one each”) [and other forms], from sundor (“differently; privately; separate, separately”) (from Proto-Germanic *sundraz (“alone, isolated; separate”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *senH- (“apart; for oneself; without”)) + -iġ (“suffix forming adjectives”). The English word is analysable as sunder + -y.
The noun and pronoun are derived from the adjective.
Cognates
* Dutch zonderlijk (“separate”) (rare), Dutch afzonderlijk (“separate”)
* Low German sunderig (“single; special”)
* Middle High German sunderig (“private; separate; special”)
* Swedish söndrig (“broken; tattered”)

nb...

sindre, sindrey, sindri, sindrie, sindry, sondery, sondrẹ̄, sondree, sondrei, sondrey, sondrie, sondry, sondrye, sonndry, soondry, soundri, soundrie, soundry, sum-dri, sunderi, sundery, sundrei, sundrey, sundri, sundrie, sundrii, sundry, syndre, (Early Middle English) sindri, sindriȝ

nb...

sindrig, syndrie, syndryg, (Northumbria) suindrig

cog

The diſtance of place doth not lett nor hinder the Spiritual Communion vvhich is betvveen one and another, ſo that John and Thomas vvhereſoever they be, far and ſundry, or near together, being both lively Members of Chriſt, receive either of others Goodneſs ſome Commodity; […]

1681, Gilbert Burnet, “[A Collection of Records, and Original Papers; with Other Instruments Referred to in the Second Part of the History of the Reformation of the Church of England.] Book I. Number 25. Queries Put Concerning Some Abuses of the Mass; with the Answers that were Made by Many Bishops and Divines to Them.”, in The History of the Reformation of the Church of England. The Second Part, […], London: […] T[homas] H[odgkin] for Richard Chiswell, […], →OCLC, page 148:

(except Scotland) Not attached or connected to anything else; physically separate.


sundry

The not underſtanding of which has made ſundry in vain attempt to predict events foretold, in the Apocalypſe to the accurateneſs of a Prophetical Day, […]

1680, Henry More, “Notes. Chapter XII. Vers[e] 6.”, in Apocalypsis Apocalypseos; or The Revelation of St John the Divine Unveiled. […], London: […] J. M. for J[ohn] Martyn, and W. Kettilby, […], →OCLC, page 123:

To be the bride of Christ was the thought that filled her heart; and when, at the fencing of the tables Doctor Chrystal preached from Matthew nine and fifteen, "Can the children of the bride-chamber mourn as long as the bridegroom is with them?" it was remarked by sundry that Ailie's face was liker the countenance of an angel than of a mortal lass.

1902 January, John Buchan, “The Outgoing of the Tide”, in The Watcher by the Threshold, and Other Tales, Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, published 1902, →OCLC, page 234:

(Northern England, Scotland) Various people or things; several.


rector

rectors (plural)
rectour (alternative obsolete)

Inherited from Middle English rectour, rector, from Old French rector, rectour and Latin rēctor.

(Scotland) An official in Scottish universities who heads the university court and is elected by and represents the student body.


feck

en-noun

feck (countable and uncountable, plural fecks)

Borrowed from Scots, aphetic form of effect.

I hae been a devil the feck o' my life

a. 1786, Robert Burns, The Carle of Kellyburn Braes:


stable

From Middle English stable, borrowed from Anglo-Norman stable, singular derived from the plural Latin stab(u)la (“dwellings, stables”).

close the stable door after the horse has been stolen

close the stable door after the horse has bolted

lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen

lock the stable door after the horse has bolted

shut the stable door after the horse has bolted

(Scotland) A set of advocates; a barristers' chambers.


chuck

chucks (plural)
chack (alternative Scotland)

(Scotland, obsolete, slang, in the plural) Money.


bye

Variant form of by, from Old English bī (“being near”).

Frank Kennedy will shew you the penalties in the act, and ye ken yoursell they used to put their run goods into the auld Place of Ellangowan up bye there.

This was lattin at me, ye ken, for inveetin the coachman an' the gamekeeper up bye.

No word of a new house-keeper down bye, Wull?

There's a friend of yours up bye that would be blithe to see you—up the rig from the auld aik on the road to the Greenshiel.


obligate

en-verb

obligate (third-person singular simple present obligates, present participle obligating, simple past and past participle obligated)

obligates (present singular third-person)
obligating (participle present)
obligated (participle past)
obligated (past)

Borrowed from Latin obligātus, past participle of obligō. Doublet of oblige, taken through French.

(transitive, Canada, US, Scotland) To cause to be grateful or indebted; to oblige.

(transitive, Canada, US, Scotland) To commit (money, for example) in order to fulfill an obligation.

obrigação

to commit (money, for example) in order to fulfill an obligation


mistress

mistresses (plural)
mistris (alternative obsolete)

→ Japanese: ミストレス (misutoresu)

From Middle English maistresse, from Old French maistresse (whence French maîtresse), feminine of maistre (“master”). By surface analysis, mist(e)r + -ess.

Several of the neighbouring mistresses […] had assembled to witness the event of this memorable evening.

1815 February 24, [Walter Scott], Guy Mannering; or, The Astrologer. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), Edinburgh: […] James Ballantyne and Co. for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […]; and Archibald Constable and Co., […], →OCLC:


outwith

From Middle English outwith, outewith, a transposed variant of Middle English withoute (“without”). Cognate to Scots ootwi. By surface analysis, out + with.

All at once he’d wanted to buy a place there, but it had been too isolated for his wife – and outwith their means anyway.

1990, Ian Rankin, Dead Souls: An Inspector Rebus Novel, page 159:

2004, Official Journal of the European Union, 24.7.2004, C190/10, reporting on a judgment of the European Court of Justice.
Finally, the Court failed to examine, and thus to show, in what way such differentiated treatment is objectively justified. The fact that it is the result of circumstances outwith the control of the Communities does not constitute such justification […] .

It is not acceptable to have EU-US deals on extradition, information collection and exchange, and border controls which are cooked up in secret and outwith the democratic control of the European and national parliaments.

2009, Sarah Ludford MEP, Letters, The Guardian, 17 Jun 09

Although Burton’s work lies outwith the scope of the current book, Cockburn’s response reveals a great deal about how Hume and his works were received in Scotland in the half century after his death […].

2010, Mark Towsey, Reading the Scottish Enlightenment, Leiden: Brill, page 263:

These spent convictions for most purposes only fall outwith the scope of the exception of section 4(3)(b) if they are not included in a higher level disclosure sent in connection with the profession, office, type of employment, occupation, decision or proposed decision to which the exception would otherwise apply.

2018, The Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 (Exclusions and Exceptions) (Scotland) Amendment Order 2018

To others, it is an escape, a chance to think of ways of life outwith those we experience now […].

2022, Thomas Halliday, Otherworlds, Penguin, published 2023, page xix:

Trams are one of the easiest ways to get to and from the airport with fast and frequent services to Edinburgh city centre. Trams depart every 7 minutes, between 7am and 7pm, and every 15 minutes outwith these hours, with an end-to-end journey of just 30 minutes.

2023, Website of Edinburgh Airport, version dated 2023, accessed 12.04.2023

(now chiefly Scotland) Outside; beyond; outside of.


tinsel

tinsel (third-person singular simple present tinsels, present participle tinselling, simple past and past participle tinselled)

tinsels (present singular third-person)
tinselling (participle present)
tinselled (participle past)
tinselled (past)

The noun is derived from Middle English tinsel (“destruction, loss; damnation, spiritual loss; state of damnation”) [and other forms], probably from Old Norse *týnsla (modern Norwegian tynsla (“damage, destruction”)), from týna (“to destroy; to lose; to perish”) (whence Middle English tinen (“to be deprived of, lose; to fail to maintain; to forfeit; to lose track of; to mislay; to be separated from; to escape; to be defeated or forced to withdraw; to waste; to consume, use up; to be destroyed, perish; to damn; to remove, take”)) + -sla (suffix forming nouns from verbs, either denoting the action of the verb or the medium or product of the action). Týna is derived from tjón (“damage; loss”), from Proto-Germanic *teuną (“damage; destruction, ruin; lack”); further etymology uncertain, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dū- (“to torment, vex”) or *dāw- (“to burn”).
The verb is derived from the noun.

nb...

tensale, tenselle, tinsail, tinsaill, tinsale, tinsall, tinsell, tinselle, tinsil, tinsill, tynsal, tynsall, tynsel, tynsele, tynsell, tynsil, tynsyll,

der

(transitive, Scotland, obsolete, rare) To cause (someone) damage or loss; also, to impose a fine on (someone); to mulct.


utter

PIE word
 *úd
The adjective is derived from Middle English outre, utter, uttre (“situated on the outside of, exterior, external, outer; more advanced, further; farthest, outermost; complete, utter; of a person: inferior; not mental or spiritual, bodily, physical”), from Old English ūtera (“exterior, outer”, literally “more out”), the comparative form of ūt (“out”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *úd (“away; out, outward; upwards”). Piecewise doublet of outer.
The noun is derived from the adjective.

inh

There could not then be any other eſtimate made of the loſs VValler ſuſtain'd, than by the not purſuing the viſible advantage he had, and by the utter refuſal of the Auxiliary Regiments of London and Kent, to march farther; […]

1702–1704, Edward [Hyde, 1st] Earl of Clarendon, “Book VIII”, in The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, Begun in the Year 1641. […], volume II, part II, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed at the [Sheldonian] Theater, published 1707, →OCLC, page 475:

(originally Scotland) Of decisions, replies, etc.: made in an unconditional or unqualified manner; decisive, definite.


randy

en-adj

randy (comparative randier, superlative randiest)

randier (comparative)
randiest (superlative)
randie (alternative)
ranty (alternative)

First use appears c. 1665 in a letter by the Earl of Argyll. From Scottish randy (“boisterous, aggressive”), of uncertain origin. Probably from rand (“to storm, rave”, verb), a variant of rant, see rant; or from rand (“edge”, noun), in the sense of "edgy, on edge", from Middle English rand (“edge, brink, margin, border”), from Old English rand (“edge, border, margin, rim”). Related to randan.

inh

(chiefly Scotland) Rude or coarse in manner.


bunker

→ Catalan: búnquer

desctree

→ German: Bunker
→ Polish: bunkier
→ Romanian: buncăr

The origin of the noun is uncertain; the earliest sense is sense 6.1 (“box or chest, the lid of which serves as a seat”), from Scots bunker (“bench; pew; window-seat; sand pit (especially in golf); coal receptacle; sleeping berth, bunk”), from Early Scots bunker, bunkur, bonker (“a chest or box, often serving as a seat”), probably from Old Norse bunki (“a heap”) (probably whence bunk (“sleeping berth in a ship, train, etc.”)), from Proto-Germanic *bunkô (“a heap, pile; a bump, lump, a crowd”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰenǵʰ- (“thick”) or *bʰeg- (“to billow, swell; to arch, bend, curve (?)”). Compare Middle Low German bunge (“drum, container”), Middle High German bunge (“drum”). Sense 1 (“hardened shelter designed to protect the inhabitants from falling bombs or other attacks”) was derived from German Bunker during World War II, which was itself from bunker (“large bin or container for storing coal”) (sense 5).
The verb is derived from the noun.

cog

A winnock-bunker in the eaſt, / There ſat auld Nick, in ſhape o' beaſt; […]

1790 (date written; published 1791), Robert Burns, “Tam o’ Shanter. A Tale.”, in Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect, 2nd edition, volume II, Edinburgh: […] T[homas] Cadell, […], and William Creech, […], published 1793, →OCLC, page 202:

There was no seat accommodated him so well as the "bunker" at Woodend, and no face he loved so much to gaze on as Jeanie Deans's.

1818 July 25, Jedediah Cleishbotham [pseudonym; Walter Scott], chapter VIII, in Tales of My Landlord, Second Series, […] (The Heart of Mid-Lothian), volume I, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Company, →OCLC, page 234:

A sort of box or chest, as in a window, the lid of which serves as a seat.


twin

en-verb

twin (third-person singular simple present twins, present participle twinning, simple past and past participle twinned)

twins (present singular third-person)
twinning (participle present)
twinned (participle past)
twinned (past)
twynne (alternative)

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Middle English twinne, twynne, from Old English ġetwin, ġetwinn (“twin, multiple”, noun) and twinn (“twin, two-fold, double, two by two”, adjective), from Proto-Germanic *twinjaz, *twinahz (“two each”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwino- (“twin”), from *dwóh₁ (“two”). Cognate with Scots twyn (“twin”), Dutch tweeling (“twin”), German Zwilling (“twin”), Danish tvilling (“twin”), Swedish tvilling (“twin”), Faroese tvinnur (“a double set”), Icelandic tvenna (“duo, pair”), Lithuanian dvynys (“twin”), Russian двойня (dvojnja, “twin”).

(transitive, obsolete outside Scotland) To separate, divide.

(intransitive, obsolete outside Scotland) To split, part; to go away, depart.


victual

victuals (plural)
victuall (alternative)
vittle (alternative)

From Middle English vitaile, vitaylle (“food; food and drink, especially as needed for sustenance; (usually in the plural) food and drink stores or supplies; rations; provision of food and drink as a military stipend; crops”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman vitaile, vitaille [and other forms] and Old French vitaile, vitaille, victaille (“food, provisions, victuals”) [and other forms] (modern French victuaille), from Late Latin victuālia, the neuter plural of victuālis (“nutritional”), from Latin vīctus (“that which sustains life, diet, nourishment, provision”) + -ālis (suffix forming adjectives of relationship from nouns). Vīctus is derived from vīvō (“to live; to be alive, survive; to reside in”) (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”)) + -tus (suffix forming action nouns from verbs).
The spelling of the modern English and French words has been influenced by Late Latin victuālia, though the pronunciation of the Middle English, Anglo-Norman, and Middle French words has been retained.

nb...

wetale, wetel, wetell, wetil, wettaile, wetyl, wictale, witale, wittale, wytale, vetail, vetaile, vetaille, vetal, vetale, vetalle, vetel, vetell, victaile, victaille, victuaile, vitail, vitaill, vitaille, vital, vitall, vitale, vitayle, vitayll, viteil, vitel, vitell, vittaile, vittaille, vittale, vittal, vittall, vittell, vytaile, vytaille, vytale, vytall, vytayl, vytayle, vytayll, vytaylle, (Scotland) wictaill, wittail, wittaile, wittaill, wytaill, wytaylle

victoaille, vitail, vitale, vitalle, vittalle

der

But if the beast and branks be spar'd / Till kye be gaun without the herd, / An' a' the vittel in the yard, / An' theckit right, / I mean your ingle-side to guard / Ae winter night.

1785 September 13, Robert Burns, “Epistles in Verse. To J. Lapraik.”, in R[obert] H[artley] Cromek, compiler, Reliques of Robert Burns; Consisting Chiefly of Original Letters, Poems, and Critical Observations on Scottish Songs, London: […] J. M’Creery, for T[homas] Cadell, and W[illiam] Davies, […], published 1808, →OCLC, page 391:

(specifically, obsolete)
(Scotland) Grain of any kind.


dander

(chiefly Scotland) A cinder; (in the plural) the refuse of a furnace


sheugh

(Ireland, Scotland) A ditch, especially a field boundary ditch usually used to drain fields and mark their boundaries.

The sweat is running down the sheugh of my arse.

(Scotland, colloquial, Northern Ireland, especially coastal) The space between the buttocks.


coop

Possibly from coop, above. Sense 2 may be from English coup (“to tilt, overturn, upset”).

cog

Fan Coops an' Carts were unco rare, / An' Creels, an' Corrocks boot to ſair. […]

1794, “The lamb-leader” [pseudonym; William Anderson], The Piper of Peebles. A Tale, Dundee: Printed by T. Colvill for the author, →OCLC, page 5:

(regional, England, Scotland) A cart with sides and ends made from boards, enabling it to carry manure, etc.

COOP, […] A cart, the box of which moves upon its shafts by hinges, by which means it may be emptied of its load without unyoking the horse, S. "The body of the cowp-cart is attached to the shafts by a peculiar kind of hinges, which allow of elevating it before, either partially or entirely, to facilitate the discharge of its load backwards, either by degrees into small heaps, or at once, without the trouble of unyoking the shaft horse." Agr. Surv. of Berw. p. 167. As used in the latter sense, the term is obviously from the v. to Coup, to overturn.

[1825, John Jamieson, “COOP”, in Supplement to the Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language: […], volume I (A–J) (in Scots), Edinburgh: […] University Press; for W[illiam] & C[harles] Tait, […]; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, →OCLC, page 248, column 1:

(regional, England, Scotland) A cart which opens at the back to release its load; a tumbril.


coop

Uncertain; compare English cop (“top, summit (especially of a hill); head”).

COOP, s[ubstantive] A small heap, as, "A coop of muck," a heap of dung; Lanarks[hire].

[1825, John Jamieson, “coop”, in Supplement to the Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language: Illustrating the Words in their Different Significations, by Examples from Ancient and Modern Writers; Shewing their Affinity to Those of Other Languages, and Especially the Northern; Explaining Many Terms, which, though Now Obsolete in England, were Formerly Common to Both Countries; and Elucidating National Rites, Customs, and Institutions, in their Analogy to Those of Other Nations. … In Two Volumes, volumes I (A–JUX), Edinburgh: Printed at the University Press; for W[illiam] & C[harles] Tait, 78, Prince's Street; and Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, London, →OCLC, page 248:


meridian

The noun is derived from Late Middle English meridian, meridien (“midday, noon; position of the sun at noon; the south; longitude of a place; (astronomy) celestial meridian”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman meridien (“midday”), Middle French meridien (“midday; the south; terrestrial meridian; (astronomy) celestial meridian”) (modern French méridien), and Old French meridiane, meridiiene, and from their etymon Latin merīdiānum (“midday; position of the sun at noon; the south”), a noun use of the neuter form of merīdiānus (“relating to midday; southern”); see further at etymology 1.
Sense 1.1 (“celestial meridian”) is ultimately modelled after Latin merīdiāna līnea (“meridian line”). Sense 5.2 (“midday rest; siesta”) is modelled after Late Latin meridiana (“midday; midday rest”), probably short for Latin merīdiāna hōra (“midday time”).
The verb is derived from the noun.

nb...

meridene, meridiane, meridien, meridyan, meridyen, merydien, merydyen,

cog

Plumdamas joined the other two gentlemen in taking their meridian (a bumper-dram of brandy), as they passed the well-known low-browed shop in the Lawn-Market, where they were wont to take that refreshment.

1818 July 25, Jedediah Cleishbotham [pseudonym; Walter Scott], chapter III, in Tales of My Landlord, Second Series, […] (The Heart of Mid-Lothian), volume I, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Company, →OCLC, page 110:

(Scotland) An alcoholic drink taken at midday.


downcast

en-verb

downcast (third-person singular simple present downcasts, present participle downcasting, simple past and past participle downcast or downcasted)

downcasts (present singular third-person)
downcasting (participle present)
downcast (participle past)
downcast (past)
downcasted (participle past)
downcasted (past)

From Middle English doun-casten, *adoun-casten (“to cast or throw (something) downwards; to break down (something); to overcome (someone); to overturn (something)”), from down (“in a downward direction; (figurative) to destruction”), adoun (“downward”) + casten (“to throw (something), fling, hurl; to overcome (someone), defeat, overpower; [etc.]”): see etymology 1. The English word is analysable as down- (prefix meaning ‘lower direction or position’) + cast (“to throw”, verb).

prefix

(Scotland) To reproach or upbraid (someone); also, to taunt (someone).


pickle

Perhaps from Scottish pickle, apparently from pick + -le (diminutive suffix). Compare Scots pickil.

(Northern England, Scotland) A kernel; a grain (of salt, sugar, etc.)

[…] ill things are like guid—they baith come bit by bit, a pickle at a time […]

1881, Robert Louis Stevenson, Thrawn Janet:

I mind him well, and the burn we fished and the pickle things we took out, and your mother that played with us in her cutty sark, and not a shoe between us nor a bodle of money; but the green hills round us, and all we knew of the world that it lay beyond them.

1897, Stanley John Weyman, chapter XXVI, in Shrewsbury:

(Northern England, Scotland) A small or indefinite quantity or amount (of something); a little, a bit, a few. Usually in partitive construction, frequently without "of"; a single grain or kernel of wheat, barley, oats, sand or dust.


pickle

en-verb

pickle (third-person singular simple present pickles, present participle pickling, simple past and past participle pickled)

pickles (present singular third-person)
pickling (participle present)
pickled (participle past)
pickled (past)

(Northern England, Scotland, ambitransitive) To eat sparingly.

(Northern England, Scotland, ambitransitive) To pilfer.


scheme

→ Irish: scéim

→ Malay: skim

Borrowed from Medieval Latin schēma (“figure, form”), from Ancient Greek σχῆμα (skhêma, “form, shape”), from ἔχω (ékhō, “I hold”). Doublet of schema. Compare sketch.

der

It was all too dear. They all just put their prices up because it was out in the scheme.

2008, James Kelman, Kieron Smith, Boy, Penguin, published 2009, page 101:

“You can’t really say to the kids in the schemes [Scottish council estates]^([sic]): don’t do drugs, they’ll wreck your life, you’ll never get a job or a house or buy nice things.”

2023 July 2, David Barnett, quoting Irvine Welsh, “‘Choose drugs?’ 30 years after he wrote Trainspotting, Irvine Welsh says life is tougher now”, in The Observer, →ISSN:

(UK, chiefly Scotland, colloquial) A council housing estate.


rig

(Northern England, Scotland, dialect) A ridge.


molasses

molass (singular)
mollasses (alternative)
malasses (alternative)
merlaasses (alternative)
molassey (alternative)
molassy (alternative)
melasus (alternative)
molassos (alternative)
malassoes (alternative)
malassos (alternative)
molossus (alternative)
melasses (alternative)
mallassus (alternative)
malosses (alternative)
mellasses (alternative)
milasses (alternative)
molassers (alternative)
molossoes (alternative)
molossos (alternative)
mullasses (alternative)
molosses (alternative)
melossus (alternative)
mollossus (alternative)
molossas (alternative)
molases (alternative)
mellosses (alternative)
moloses (alternative)
merlassers (alternative)
millasses (alternative)
molassisis (alternative)

From Portuguese melaços or Spanish melazos, from Late Latin mellacium (“must, honey-sweet thing”), from mel (“honey”) + -āceus (“-aceous”) + -ium, q.v. Some alternative forms derived or influenced by Spanish melaza and French mélasse, conjectured to derive from unattested Late Latin mellacea, from mel + -ācea.

(Scotland, rare, obsolete) Synonym of molass: whiskey made from molasses.


kink

From Middle English kinken, kynken, from Old English *cincian (attested in cincung), from Proto-West Germanic *kinkōn, from Proto-Germanic *kinkōną (“to laugh”), from Proto-Indo-European *gang- (“to mock, jeer, deride”), related to Old English canc (“jeering, scorn, derision”). Cognate with Dutch kinken (“to kink, cough”).

cog

(Scotland, dialect) A convulsive fit of coughing or laughter; a sonorous indraft of breath; a whoop; a gasp of breath caused by laughing, coughing, or crying.


shore

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

Emptie olde receptacles, or common-shores of filthe.

c. 1607–1608 (date written), William Shakespeare, [George Wilkins?], The Late, and Much Admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. […], London: […] [William White and Thomas Creede] for Henry Gosson, […], published 1609, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene vi]:

I need not mention the old common-shore of Rome.

1705, J[oseph] Addison, Remarks on Several Parts of Italy, &c. in the Years 1701, 1702, 1703, London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:

w:Webster's Dictionary#Webster's New International Dictionary 1909


caddie

caddies (plural)
cady (alternative)
cadie (alternative)
cadie (alternative)
caddy (alternative)
cadie (alternative)
caddy (alternative)

The noun is borrowed from Scots caddie (“military cadet; young man; ragamuffin; person engaged to run errands; person hired to assist a golfer”), from French cadet (“army cadet; younger sibling”), from capdet (“captain; chief”) (Gascony, archaic), from Late Latin capitettum, from Latin caput (“head”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kap- (“head”). Doublet of cadel, cadet, capital, capitellum, caudillo, and Kadet.
The verb is derived from the noun.

doublet

(also attributively, obsolete) Synonym of cadet (“a gentleman (often a younger son from a noble family) who joined the military without a commission as a career”).

cadet

But gie him't het, my hearty cocks! / E'en cowe the cadie!

[1786, Robert Burns, “The Author’s Earnest Cry and Prayer, to the Right Honorable and Honorable, the Scotch Representatives in the House of Commons”, in Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect, volume I, Kilmarnock, Scotland: […] John Wilson, →OCLC; reprinted Kilmarnock, Scotland: […] James M‘Kie, 1867, →OCLC, page 35:

(by extension, archaic) A young man; a boy, a lad; specifically (derogatory), one regarded as of low social status; a ragamuffin.

A tattered cadie, or errand porter, whom David Deans had jostled in his attempt to extricate himself from the vicinity of the scorners, exclaimed in a strong north-country tone, "Ta de'il ding out her Cameronian een—what gi'es her titles to dunch gentlemans about?"

1818 July 25, Jedediah Cleishbotham [pseudonym; Walter Scott], chapter IX, in Tales of My Landlord, Second Series, […] (The Heart of Mid-Lothian), volume II, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Company, →OCLC, page 222:

There would be a prosperity such as might seem fabulous, a prosperity of which every Scotchman, from the peer to the cadie, would partake.

1861, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter XXIV, in Lady Trevelyan (Hannah More Macaulay), editor, The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, volume V, London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, →OCLC, page 209:

(by extension, historical) A person engaged to run errands such as carrying goods and messages; a commissionaire, an errand boy or errand girl, a gofer; specifically, a member of an organized group of such persons working in large Scottish cities and towns in the early 18th century.