abatement

en-noun

abatement (countable and uncountable, plural abatements)

From Middle English abatement, from Anglo-Norman abatre (“to abate”) (from Old French abatre), + -ment; equivalent to abate + -ment.

The Dictionary of the Scots Language
w:Dictionary of the Scots Language

Scottish Language Dictionaries
w:Scottish Language Dictionaries

(Scotland) Waste of stuff in preparing to size.


abbreviate

From Middle English abbreviat(e) (“abbreviated”, used as the past participle of abbreviaten); the noun is derived by subtsantivization from the adjective. See -ate (adjective forming suffix), -ate (noun forming suffix) and Etymology 1 for more. Participial usage up until Early Modern English.

inh

used as the past participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">abbreviaten</i>


abide

en-verb

abide (third-person singular simple present abides, present participle abiding, simple past abode or abided or abid, past participle abode or abided or (rare) abidden)

abides (present singular third-person)
abiding (participle present)
abode (past)
abided (past)
abid (past)
abode (participle past)
abided (participle past)
abidden (participle past rare)

From Middle English abyden, from Old English ābīdan (“to abide, wait, remain, delay, remain behind; survive; wait for, await; expect”), from Proto-West Germanic *uʀbīdan, from Proto-Germanic *uzbīdaną (“to expect, tolerate”), equivalent to a- + bide.
Cognate with Scots abide (“to abide, remain”), Middle High German erbīten (“to await, expect”), Gothic 𐌿𐍃𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽 (usbeidan, “to expect, await, have patience”). The sense of pay for is due to influence from aby.

cog

One generation passeth away, and another generation commeth: but the earth abideth for euer.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Ecclesiastes 1:4:

Let euery man abide in the ſame calling wherein he was called.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 1 Corinthians 7:20:

But they constrained him, saying, Abide with vs, for it is towards euening, and the day is farre spent: And he went in, to tarrie with them.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Luke 24:29:

(intransitive, archaic, Scotland) To stay; to continue in a place; to remain stable or fixed in some state or condition; to be left.


ability

en-noun

ability (countable and uncountable, plural abilities)

abilities (plural)
abilitie (alternative obsolete)
hability (alternative obsolete)
habilitie (alternative obsolete)

First attested in the 1300s. From Middle English abilite (“suitability, aptitude, ability”), from Old French ableté, from Latin habilitās (“aptness, ability”), from habilis (“apt, fit, skillful, able”); equivalent to able + -ity.

inh

(now limited to Scotland dialects) Physical power.


aboon

From Middle English abone, abowne, from abuven, from Old English abūfan (“above”).


aboon

The ceiling fair that rose aboon.

1819, Joseph Rodman Drake, The Culprit Fay:

(Scotland, British, Cheshire dialect) Above.


aboon

The Sun ſhall change, the Moon to change ſhall ceaſe;
The Gaits to clim-----the Sheep to yield the Fleece,
Ere ought by me be either ſaid or done,
Shall do thee Wrang, I ſwear by all aboon.

1730, Allan Ramsay, “[https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/The_Gentle_Shepherd_Ec/Cs9ZAAAAcAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA22 [Act II, Scene IV]]”, in The Gentle Shepherd: A Scots Paſtoral-Comedy, page 23:

We'll a' meet aboon! We'll a' meet aboon!
Oh what a blithe meeting yon meeting aboon!

1871, James Ballantine, “We'll A' Meet Aboon”, in Lilias Lee and Other Poems, Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, page 180:


above

From Middle English above, aboven, abuven, from Old English ābufan, onbufan, from on (“on”) + bufan (“over”), (akin to Icelandic ofan (“from above”), Middle Dutch bōven, Old Frisian bova, Middle High German bobene) from bī (“by”) + ufan (“over”); also cognate with Danish oven, Dutch boven, German oben, Swedish ovan, Old Saxon oƀan, Old High German obana.
The preposition, adjective and the noun derive from the adverb.

above and beyond the call of duty

over and above


abreast

From Middle English abrest. By surface analysis, a- (“on, at”) + breast, meaning “breasts (chests) in line, side-by-side and exactly equally advanced”; roughly “breast-by-breast”.

surf

The west wind blew a tempest, and, according to the common expression, brought in the water [of the Solway] three foot abreast.

(Scotland) Breast high (of an advancing wave).


abroad

First attested in mid 13th century. From Middle English abrood (“broadly widely scattered”), from a- (“on, in”) + brood (“broad”). Equivalent to a- + broad.

inh

abrode (alternative obsolete)
overbroad (alternative obsolete)
abread (alternative Scotland)
abreed (alternative Scotland)
abrede (alternative Scotland)
abraid (alternative Scotland)

I hate abroad, abroad’s bloody.

1929, King George V, widely (and variously) quoted

I am not, however, a xenophobe: obviously, abroad has some good ideas—arranged marriages, violent revolutions and so on.

c. 1991, New Statesman & Society, volumes 3–4, page 180:

That is not a xenophobic remark. I am a xenophiliac; I love abroad. I love foreigners. I just do not like the way that they are running the European agricultural policy.

2001 March 13, The Earl of Onslow, speaking in the House of Lords, quoted in Hansard

(rare, Scotland) Countries or lands abroad.


on

From Old Norse ón, án (“without”), from Proto-Germanic *ēnu, *ēno, *ino (“without”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḗnu (“without”). Cognate with North Frisian on (“without”), Middle Dutch an, on (“without”), Middle Low German āne (“without”), German ohne (“without”), Gothic 𐌹𐌽𐌿 (inu, “without, except”).
Unlikely to be related to Ancient Greek ἄνευ (áneu, “without”), which likely akin to Proto-Germanic *sundraz instead (whence sunder).

Southern US, Midland US, Philadelphia, Baltimore


absent

From Middle English absent, from Middle French absent, from Old French ausent, and their source, Latin absens, present participle of absum (“to be away from”), from ab (“away”) + sum (“to be”).

(obsolete, Scotland) An absentee; a person who is not there.


aby

head

aby (simple past and past participle abought, no other forms attested in Modern English)

abought (participle past)
abought (past)
abye (alternative)
abuy (alternative)
abie (alternative)

From Middle English abyen, abien, abiggen, from Old English ābyċġan (“to buy; pay for; buy off; requite; recompense; redeem; perform; execute”), from Proto-Germanic *uzbugjaną, equivalent to a- + buy. Cognate with Gothic 𐌿𐍃𐌱𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (usbugjan). Not related to abide.

inh

The muckle black deil was father to the Frasers, a'body kens that; and as for the Gregara, I never could abye the reek of them since I could stotter on two feet.

1892, Robert Louis Stevenson, “The Wood by Silvermills”, in Catriona, London; Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson & Sons, →OCLC, page 131:

(obsolete except Scotland) To endure or tolerate (something); to experience.


een

(poetic or dialectal, Scotland) evening.


taghairm

en-noun

taghairm (usually uncountable, plural taghairms)

taghairms (plural)
taigheirm (alternative)

Borrowed from Scottish Gaelic taghairm, from Old Irish togairm, from Proto-Celtic *to-garrman, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵh₂r̥-smn̥, from *ǵeh₂r- (“to call, to shout”); compare Irish toghairm (“an invocation, a summons”), from gairm, gair (“to call; to invoke”), ultimately from the same Proto-Indo-European roots.
The Encyclopædia Britannica (3rd ed., 1797) suggests a derivation from Scottish Gaelic ta (“a ghost, a spirit”) + gairm (“to call, to cry”), while the editor of an 1871 edition of Sir Walter Scott’s The Lady of the Lake suggested tarbh (“a bull”) or targair (“to foretell”). These etymologies are no longer to be taken seriously.

cog

There were different kinds of taghairm, of which one was very lately practiſed in Sky. The diviner covered himſelf with a cow's hide, and repaired at night to ſome deep-ſounding cave, whither the perſon who conſulted him followed ſoon after without any attendants. At the mouth of the cave he propoſed aloud the queſtions of which he wanted ſolutions; and the man within pronounced the reſponſes in a tone of voice ſimilar to that which the obs, or pretended dæmons of antiquity, gave from beneath the ground their oracular anſwers. That in the latter days of taghairm the Gaelic diviners pretended to evocate ghoſts, and from them to extort ſolutions of difficulties propoſed, we have no poſitive evidence; […]

1797, “NECROMANCY”, in Encyclopædia Britannica; or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature; [...] In Eighteen Volumes, 3rd greatly enlarged edition, volume XII, Edinburgh: Printed for A[ndrew] Bell and C[olin] Macfarquhar, →OCLC, page 787, column 2:

[page 146] [L]ast evening-tide / Brian an augury hath tried, / Of that dread kind which must not be / Unless in dread extremity, / The Taghairm called; by which, afar, / Our sires foresaw the events of war. / Duncraggan's milk-white bull they slew, […] [page lxv] Notes to Canto Fourth. Note I. […] The Highlanders, like all rude people, had various superstitious modes of enquiring into futurity. One of the most noted was the Taghairm, mentioned in the text. A person was wrapped in the skin of a newly slain bullock, and deposited beside a water-fall, or at the bottom of a precipice, or in some other strange, wild, and unusual situation, where the scenery around him suggested nothing but objects of horror. In this situation he revolved in his mind the question proposed, and whatever was impressed upon him by his exalted imagination, passed for the inspiration of the disembodied spirits, who haunt these desolate recesses.

1810, Walter Scott, “Canto IV. The Prophecy.”, in The Lady of the Lake; […], Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for John Ballantyne and Co.; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, and William Miller, →OCLC, stanza IV, pages 146 and lxv:

A country where such traditions could pass current, and in which more unfortunate creatures, perhaps, passed to death through the torturing fire for the imaginary crime of witchcraft under laws framed and administered in the spirit of Moloch himself, then suffered on the same accursed account in any region of similar extent, was a soil well calculated to cherish the Taghairm and Second Sight. […] Those who slept on the skin of the sacrificial lamb at the temple of Amphiaraus, expectant of visions, were, in truth, trying the augury of the Taghairm; […]

1844 December, Gideon Shaddoe, “Recollections and Reflections of Gideon Shaddoe, Esq. No. VI.”, in [Thomas Hood], editor, Hood's Magazine and Comic Miscellany, volume II, number XII, London: Published for the proprietors, by H. Renshaw, 356. Strand; and sold by all booksellers, →OCLC, page 603:

In the taghairm the seer was bound in an animal's hide and left by the waters, the spirits of which inspired his dreams[…]. The hide was probably that of a sacrificial animal.

1911, J[ohn] A[rnott] MacCulloch, “CELTS”, in James Hastings, editor, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, volumes III (Burial–Confessions), New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner's Sons; London: T. & T. Clark, →OCLC, page 300, column 2:

(historical, Scotland) An ancient divination method of the Highland Scots involving animal sacrifice.

A method of divination involving wrapping a person in the hide of a freshly-killed ox which was then placed beside a waterfall or other desolate place, to enable the person to foresee the outcome of an impending battle; the oracle of the hide.

The last time the Taigheirm was performed in the Highlands, was in the island of Mull, in the beginning of the seventeenth century, and the place is still well known to the inhabitants. […] The institution was no doubt of pagan origin, and was a sacrifice offered to the Evil Spirit, in return for which the votaries were entitled to demand two boons. […] The sacrifice consisted of living cats roasted on a spit while life remained, and when the animal expired, another was put on in its place.

1824 March 13, “Traditions of the Western Highlands. No. II. The Taigheirm.”, in The Literary Gazette, and Journal of Belles Lettres, Arts, Sciences, &c., number 373, London: Printed by B. Bensley, Bolt Court, Fleet Street; published for the proprietors, at the Literary Gazette Office, Strand, →OCLC, page 172:

According to Horst's Deuteroscopy, black cats were indispensable to the incantation ceremony of the Taigheirm, and these were dedicated to the subterranean gods, or, later, to the demons of Christianity. […] When the Taigheirm was complete, the sacrificer demanded of the spirits the reward of his offering, which consisted of various things; as riches, children, food, and clothing. The gift of second-sight, which they had not had before, was, however, the usual recompense; and they retained it to the day of their death.

1854, Joseph Ennemoser, “The Magic of the Ancient Germans and of the Northern Nations”, in William Howitt, transl., edited by Mary Howitt, The History of Magic. … To which is Added an Appendix of the Most Remarkable and Best Authenticated Stories of Apparitions, Dreams, Second Sight, Somnambulism, Predictions, Divination, Witchcraft, Vampires, Fairies, Table-turning, and Spirit-rapping. … In Two Volumes (Bohn's Scientific Library), volume II, London: Henry G[eorge] Bohn, York Street, Covent Garden, →OCLC, pages 104 and 105:

Anthropology and National Psychology can tell us something about such things; we have heard of those horrible Taigheirms, when for days together Highland shepherds roasted living cats in front of a fire uninterruptedly, in order that, intoxicated with their frightful wailings, they might obtain the magic gift of 'second sight;' […]

1891, The Zoophilist and Animals' Defender, volume X, London: National Anti-Vivisection Society, →OCLC, page 93, column 2:

A method of divination in which cats were roasted alive to call up the spirit of the demon cat who would grant the wishes of the torturers.


clock

en-verb

clock (third-person singular simple present clocks, present participle clocking, simple past and past participle clocked)

clocks (present singular third-person)
clocking (participle present)
clocked (participle past)
clocked (past)

From Middle English clokken, from Old English cloccian, ultimately imitative; compare Dutch klokken, English cluck.

onomatopoeic

imitative

(Scotland, intransitive, dated) To make the sound of a hen; to cluck.

(Scotland, intransitive, dated) To hatch.


port

Inherited from the Old English port, from the Latin porta (“passage, gate”), reinforced by the Old French porte. Doublet of porta.

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

And whan he cam to the porte of the pavelon, Sir Palomydes seyde an hyghe, ‘Where art thou, Sir Trystram de Lyones?’

1485, Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur, book X:

Long were it to describe the goodly frame, / And stately port of Castle Joyeous […].

1590, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, III.1:

Him I accuse / The city ports by this hath enter'd

And from their ivory port the Cherubim, / Forth issuing at the accustomed hour

(now Scotland, historical) An entryway or gate.


cod

From Middle English cod, codde, from Old English cod, codd (“bag, pouch”), from Proto-Germanic *kuddô, from Proto-Indo-European *gewt- (“pouch, sack”), from *gew- (“to bend, bow, arch, vault, curve”). Cognate with Scots cod, codd, coad, kod (“pillow, cushion”), Low German Koden, Kon (“belly, paunch”), Middle Dutch codde (“scrotum”), Danish kodde (“testicle”), Swedish kudde (“cushion”), Faroese koddi (“pillow”), Icelandic koddi (“pillow”).

der

Provost Maccalzean, with the silver keys in his hand, and the eldest bailie with the crimson-velvet cod, whereon they were to be delivered to her Majesty, following as fast as any member of a city corporation could be reasonably be expected to do.

1823, John Galt, Ringan Gilhaize; or, The Covenanters, page 295:

Item , ane long velvet cod or cusheon ;

1889, Sir William Fraser, Memorials of the Earls of Haddington - Volume 2, page 299:

Elizabeth Pitt, wife of Thomas Pitt of Haldon, clothier, Elizabeth Clerke of the same, spinster, and Jane Topliffe, wife of James Topliffe of the same, laborer, for stealing there on 1ˢᵗ Nov., 1640, a petticoat (parvacidam) value 4s., two children's coats value 2s., a feather bed cod value 2s., the property of Richard Bradley.

1915 [1642 July 10], Yorkshire Archæological Society, edited by John Lister, West Riding Sessions Records, fol. 148:

(obsolete or UK dialectal, Scotland) A pillow or cushion.


policy

en-noun

policy (countable and uncountable, plural policies)

→ Burmese: ပေါ်လစီ (paula.ci)

From Middle English policie, from Old French policie, pollicie and police, from Late Latin politia (“citizenship; government”), classical Latin polītīa (in Cicero), from Ancient Greek πολιτεία (politeía, “citizenship; polis, (city) state; government”), from πολίτης (polítēs, “citizen”). Compare police and polity.

der

1775, Samuel Johnson, A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland section on Aberbrothick
Now and then about a gentleman’s house stands a small plantation, which in Scotch is called a policy, but of these there are few, and those few all very young.

There was but one thing happened worth narrating; and that is the visit I had of Robin Oig, one of the sons of the notorious Rob Roy. He was sought upon all sides on a charge of carrying a young woman from Balfron and marrying her (as was alleged) by force; yet he stepped about Balquhidder like a gentleman in his own walled policy.

1886 May 1 – July 31, Robert Louis Stevenson, Kidnapped, being Memoirs of the Adventures of David Balfour in the Year 1751: […], London; Paris: Cassell & Company, published 1886, →OCLC:

Next morning was so splendid that as he walked through the policies towards the mansion house despair itself was lulled.

1955, Robin Jenkins, The Cone-Gatherers, Canongate, published 2012, page 36:

The house and its policies (grounds) lie between what were once two or three separate hamlets.

1980, AA Book of British Villages, Drive Publications Ltd, page 277, about Strachur:

(Scotland, now chiefly in the plural) The grounds of a large country house.


big

en-verb

big (third-person singular simple present bigs, present participle bigging, simple past and past participle bigged)

bigs (present singular third-person)
bigging (participle present)
bigged (participle past)
bigged (past)

From Middle English biggen, byggen, from Old Norse byggja, byggva (“to build, dwell in, inhabit”), a secondary form of Old Norse búa (“to dwell”), related to Old English būan (“to dwell”). Cognate with Danish bygge, Swedish bygga.

(transitive, archaic, UK dialectal, Northern England, Scotland) To inhabit; occupy.

(reflexive, archaic, UK dialectal, Northern England, Scotland) To locate oneself.

(transitive, archaic, UK dialectal, Northern England, Scotland) To build; erect; fashion.

(intransitive, archaic, UK dialectal, Northern England, Scotland) To dwell; have a dwelling.


morning

From Middle English morwenyng, from morwen + -ing. By surface analysis, morn + ing. See also morrow (Middle English morwe).

mòàrgen (South Westphalian: Hemer; scientific spelling)

forget to take one's medication this morning

sure as the sun is going to come up tomorrow morning

sure as the sun is going to rise tomorrow morning

(chiefly Scotland) The first alcoholic drink of the day; a morning draught.


send

From Middle English senden, from Old English sendan (“to send, cause to go”), from Proto-West Germanic *sandijan, from Proto-Germanic *sandijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sont-eye- (“to cause to go”), causative of *sent- (“to walk, travel”). The noun derives from the verb.
Cognates
Cognate with Saterland Frisian seende (“to send”), Dutch zenden (“to send”), German senden (“to send”), Danish and Norwegian sende (“to send”), Swedish sända (“to send”), Icelandic senda (“to send”). Related also to Old English sand, sond (“a sending, mission, message”). See also sith.

inh

(Scotland) A messenger, especially one sent to fetch the bride.


but

From Middle English but, buten, boute, bouten, from Old English būtan (“without, outside of, except, only”), from Proto-West Germanic *biūtan, *biūtini, equivalent to be- + out. Cognate with Scots but, bot (“outside, without, but”), Saterland Frisian buute (“without”), West Frisian bûten (“outside of, apart from, other than, except, but”), Dutch buiten (“outside”), Dutch Low Saxon buten (“outside”), German Low German buuten, buute (“outside”), obsolete German baußen (“outside”), Luxembourgish baussen. Compare bin, about.

cog

Away but the hoose and tell me whae's there.


but

(Scotland) The outer room of a small two-room cottage.


standard

→ Catalan: estàndard

→ Danish: standard

→ French: standard

→ Italian: standard

→ Polish: standard

→ Spanish: estándar

→ Turkish: standart

From Middle English standard, from Old French estandart (“gathering place, battle flag”), from Frankish *standahard (literally “stand firm, stand hard”), equivalent to stand + -ard. Alternative etymology derives the second element from Frankish *oʀd (“point, spot, place”) (compare Old French ordé (“pointed”), Old English ord (“point, source, vanguard”), German Standort (“location, place, site, position, base”, literally “standing-point”)). Merged with Middle English standar, stander, standere (“flag, banner”, literally “stander”), equivalent to stand + -er. More at stand, hard, ord. As a hill-naming term possibly a calque from Cumbric; equivalent to Welsh lluman (“standard”), arising with confusion with the hill-naming element llumon (“chimney”).

cog

(in place names, chiefly Northern England, Scotland) a cairn or tumulus

a hill with a cairn or tumulus at its summit


skill

en-verb

skill (third-person singular simple present skills, present participle skilling, simple past and past participle skilled)

skills (present singular third-person)
skilling (participle present)
skilled (participle past)
skilled (past)

From Middle English skilen (also schillen), partly from Old English scilian (“to separate, part, divide off”); and partly from Old Norse skilja (“to divide, separate”); both from Proto-Germanic *skilōną, *skiljaną (“to divide, limit”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to split, cut”). Cognate with Danish skille (“to separate, discard”), Swedish skilja (“to distinguish, differentiate, part”), Icelandic skilja (“to understand”), Low German schelen (“to make a difference; to be squint-eyed”), Dutch schelen (“to make a difference”).

cog

l-vocalizing: UK, General Australian, New Zealand

As for the virginals I have none here that skill of them, except the young lord.

17th century, Isaac Barrow, “On Industry in Our Particular Calling as Scholars,”
[…] to skill the arts of expressing our mind and imparting our conceptions with advantage, so as to instruct or persuade others […]

(transitive, dialectal, Scotland, Northern England, rare) To know; to understand.


abuse

en-verb

abuse (third-person singular simple present abuses, present participle abusing, simple past and past participle abused)

abuses (present singular third-person)
abusing (participle present)
abused (participle past)
abused (past)

Guyanese Creole English: buse

From Middle English abusen, from Middle French abuser, from Latin abūsus (“misused, using up”), perfect active participle of abūtor (“to use up, misuse, consume”), from ab (“from, away from”) + ūtor (“to use”).

(transitive, obsolete, Scotland) Disuse.


abundance

en-noun

abundance (countable and uncountable, plural abundances)

abundances (plural)
abundaunce (alternative)
habundance (alternative)
boundance (alternative)
aboundance (alternative)
abondance (alternative)

From Middle English abundaunce, habaundance, from Old French habundance, abondance, from Latin abundantia (“fullness, plenty”), from abundō (“to overflow”). Equivalent to abound + -ance. Displaced Old English geniht (“abundance, plenty”).


access

en-noun

access (countable and uncountable, plural accesses)

From Middle English accesse, acces, borrowed from Middle French acces (“attack, onslaught”) or from its source Latin accessus, perfect passive participle of accēdō (“approach; accede”), from ad (“to, toward, at”) + cēdō (“move, yield”). Doublet of accessus. First attested in the early 14th century. The sense "entrance" was first attested about 1380.

der

(uncountable, Scotland) Complicity or assent.


accession

en-noun

accession (countable and uncountable, plural accessions)

Ultimately from Latin accessiō(n), from accēdō (English accede). Cognate to French accession. First attested in 1646.

(Scotland) Complicity, concurrence or assent in some action.


storm

→ Esperanto: ŝtormo

→ Irish: stoirm

→ Scottish Gaelic: stoirm

From Middle English storm (“disturbed state of the atmosphere; heavy precipitation; battle, conflict; attack”) [and other forms], from Old English storm (“tempest, storm; attack; storm of arrows; disquiet, disturbance, tumult, uproar; onrush, rush”) [and other forms], from Proto-West Germanic *sturm (“storm”), from Proto-Germanic *sturmaz (“storm”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)twerH- (“to agitate, stir up; to propel; to urge on”). Related to stir.
Cognates
* Danish storm (“storm”)
* Dutch storm (“storm”)
* German Sturm (“storm”)
* Icelandic stormur (“storm”)
* Low German storm (“storm”)
* Norwegian Bokmål storm (“storm”)
* Norwegian Nynorsk storm (“storm”)
* Scots storm (“storm”)
* Swedish storm (“storm”)
* West Frisian stoarm (“storm”)

nb...

starme, steorm, storem, storme, stourme, strom

storm

Any disturbed state of the atmosphere causing destructive or unpleasant weather, especially one affecting the earth's surface involving strong winds (leading to high waves at sea) and usually lightning, thunder, and precipitation; a tempest.

(by extension, Canada, Scotland, US, dated) A period of frosty and/or snowy weather.


ask

asks (plural)
asker (alternative)
ascar (alternative)
askerd (alternative)
askard (alternative)
aks (alternative)
ax (alternative)
aske (alternative)

From Middle English aske, arske, ascre, from Old English āþexe (“lizard, newt”), from Proto-West Germanic *agiþahsijā (“lizard”), a compound of *agiz (“snake, lizard”) + *þahsuz (“badger”). Cognate of German Echse (“lizard”).

inh

African-American Vernacular, Cajun, Nigeria, proscribed

He looked at the beast. It was not an eel. It was very like an ask.

(UK dialectal and Scotland) An eft; newt.


win

From Middle English wynne, winne, wunne, from Old English wynn (“joy, rapture, pleasure, delight, gladness”), from Proto-West Germanic *wunnju, from Proto-Germanic *wunjō (“joy, delight, pleasure, lust”), from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to strive, wish, desire, love”).
Cognate with German Wonne (“bliss, joy, delight”), archaic Dutch wonne (“joy”), Danish ynde (“grace”), Icelandic yndi (“delight”).

der

when (with both the wine–whine merger and pin–pen merger)


win

(transitive, Scotland) To dry by exposure to the wind.


stand

From Middle English stand, stande, stond, stonde, stoonde, probably from Middle Dutch stande, from Old Dutch *standan (“to stand”), from Frankish *standan.
Forms with -o- may show influence of stonden (“stand”, verb).

Item, for a ſtande of small ale - ii s.

1559, The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth. Among Which are Interspersed, Other Solemnities, Public Expenditures, and Remarkable Events, During the Reign of that Illustrious Princess. […], volume I, […] the Editor [John Nichols], […], published 1788, page 45:

[…]one gialfatte, 3 stannes 3s.,[…]

1582, Rural Economy in Yorkshire in 1641, Being the Farming and Account Books of Henry Best, of Elmswell, in the East Riding of the County of York (The Publications of the Surtees Society; volume XXXIII), Durham: […] for the Society by George Andrews, […]. London: Whittaker & Co., […]; T. & W. Boone, […]. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, published 1857, page 172:

Therefore at length sir Iefferie bethought him of a feat whereby he might both visit the alestond, and also keepe his othe.

1588, Martin Mar-prelate, An Epistle to the Terrible Priests of the Convocation House, London: John Petheram, published 1842, page 54:

Memp. Ile teach my wag-halter to know grapes from barley. Pris. And I mine to discerne a spigot from a faucet. Spe. And I mine, to iudge the difference between a blacke boule and a siluer goblet. Stel. And mine shall learne the oddes betweene a stand and a hogs-head; yet I cannot choose but laugh to see how my wag aunswered mee, when I stroke him for drinking sacke.

1594, John Lyly, “Mother Bombie”, in The Complete Works of John Lyly, published 1902, page 193:

As for the Tapſter, he fled into the Cellar, rapping out fiue or ſixe plaine Country oathes, that hée would drowne himſelfe in a moſt villanous Stand of Ale, if the ſicke Londoner ſtoode at the doore any longer.

1603, Thomas Dekker, “The VVonderfull Yeare”, in The Non-Dramatic Works of Thomas Dekker, volume I, published 1884, pages 123–124:

I have the rareſt Stand of Ale to drink out in the Afternoon, with three or four honeſt Country-fellows;

1672, Thomas Shadwell, “Epsom-Wells”, in The Works of Thomas Shadwell, volume the second, London: […] James Knapton, […]; and Jacob Tonson, […], published 1720, page 196:

[…]that he may have leave to meet ſome few Neighbours to duſt a ſtand of Ale[…]

1674, A Letter from a Gentleman of the Romish Religion to His Brother, a Person of Quality of the Same Religion; Perswading Him to Go to Church, and Take Those Oaths the Law Directs, Proving the Lawfulness Thereof by Arguments Not Disagreeable to Doctrines of the Roman Church, London: […] John Starkey, page 28:

All his war ſtore of proviſions conſiſted in three ſtands of barbicued veniſon, till he had an opportunity to revenge blood, and return home.

1775, James Adair, The History of The American Indians; Particularly Those Nations Adjoining to the Missisippi, East and West Florida, Georgia, South and North Carolina, and Virginia: […], London: […] Edward and Charles Dilly, page 395:

First dip me in a stand o milk, / And then a stand o water;

a. 1791, “Tam Lin”, in Francis James Child, editor, The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, part II, Boston, Mass.: Houghton, Mifflin and Company; New York: […]; The Riverside Press, Cambridge; London: Henry Stevens, […], published 1884, page 344:

(US, Scotland, dated) A container which stands upright, such as a barrel or cask.


close

→ Irish: clós

→ Welsh: clos

Borrowed from French clos, from Latin clausum, participle of claudō.

(Scotland) A very narrow alley between two buildings, often overhung by one of the buildings above the ground floor.

clobhsa

narrow alley between two buildings in Scotland

The woman nodded at a nearby flight of steps. 'This is my close. We can talk in here. Come on.'.

2022, Liam McIlvanney, The Heretic, page 279:

(Scotland) The common staircase in a tenement.


mither

Variant from Middle English muther, muthir, from Old English mōdor (“mother”). More at mother.


writer

[ˈɹ̠aɪtə(ɹ̠)]

[ˈɹ̠əjɾ̥(ə)ɹ̠]

rider (flapping but non-Canadian raising)

From Middle English writer, writere, from Old English wrītere (“draughtsman; painter; writer; scribe; copyist”) and ġewritere (“writer; composer”), equivalent to write + -er and writ + -er. Cognate with Icelandic ritari (“clerk, secretary”), Faroese ritari (“clerk, secretary”).

inh

(Scotland) An ordinary legal practitioner in Scottish country towns.


twig

en-verb

twig (third-person singular simple present twigs, present participle twigging, simple past and past participle twigged)

twigs (present singular third-person)
twigging (participle present)
twigged (participle past)
twigged (past)

Frank shall twig your Nose from your Face

1755, John Shebbeare, Lydia: Or, Filial Piety:


skew

From Middle English skeu, skew (“stone with a sloping surface forming the slope of a gable, offset of a buttress, etc.”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman eschu, escuwe, eskeu, or Old Northern French eschieu, eskieu, eskiu, from Old French escu, escut, eschif (“a shield”) (modern French écu), from Latin scūtum (“a shield”), from Proto-Indo-European *skewH- (“to cover, protect”) or *skey- (“to cut, split”).

refn

From [John Henry Parker] (1845) “Skew, Skew-table”, in A Glossary of Terms Used in Grecian, Roman, Italian, and Gothic Architecture, 4th enlarged edition, volume I, Oxford, Oxfordshire: John Henry Parker; London: David Bogue, →OCLC, page 340.

[John Henry Parker] (1850) “Skew, Skew-table, Scuwe, Scwe”, in A Glossary of Terms Used in Grecian, Roman, Italian, and Gothic Architecture, 5th enlarged edition, volume I (Text), Oxford, Oxfordshire: John Henry Parker; London: David Bogue, →OCLC, page 429.

nb...

skewe, skieu, scheu, scue, scuwe, scwe, scyue, skyue

der

Gable Copings or Skews are of various forms of section, the most common varieties being the parallel sided, Fig. 654; the weathered, or feather-edged, Fig. 655; and the saddle-backed, Fig. 656. [...] The skews at the eaves terminate in what is termed a club-skew or skew-corbel. This admits of an infinite variety of forms, according to the style of the building, but the object is the same in all—namely, to afford a support and abutment to the skew.

1855, J. N., “MASON WORK”, in John C[halmers] Morton, editor, A Cyclopedia of Agriculture, Practical and Scientific, […], volume II, Glasgow, Edinburgh: Blackie and Son […], →OCLC, page 389:

The architecture of the steadings given in Plates I. to IX. is of the simplest description—plain rubble-work, with broached ashlar corners, rebates, lintels, and skews, and the roofs extending in stretches, and terminating in gables, without points to be affected by the weather. [...] A somewhat more ornamental style is given in Plate XV. of the farm-steading at Coleshill, in Berkshire, the corners and rebates being in raised work, and the skews of the gables ridged and pinnacled.

1861, Henry Stephens, Robert Scott Burn, “Division Second—Plans of Existing Steadings”, in The Book of Farm-buildings: Their Arrangement and Construction, Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, 1st book (Principles of Arrangement), paragraph 276, page 50:

(chiefly Scotland, architecture) The coping of a gable.


our

head

our (first-person plural possessive determiner)

ow stripped-by-parse_pron_post_template_fn or Homophone: are

From Middle English oure, from Old English ūre, ūser (“our”), from Proto-Germanic *unseraz (“of us, our”), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-s-ero- (“our”). Cognate with Scots oor (“our”), West Frisian ús (“our”), Low German uns (“our”), Dutch onze (“our”), German unser, unsere (“our”) Danish vor (“our”), Norwegian vår (“our”), and more distantly Latin noster.

unsere (accusative feminine singular; accusative all plurals)

ἡμῶν (hēmôn) (genitive case of personal pronoun)

tā māua

singular dominant exclusive referring to two people

tō māua

singular subordinate exclusive referring to two people

tā tāua

singular dominant inclusive referring to two people

tō tāua

singular subordinate inclusive referring to two people

tā mātau/mātou

singular dominant inclusive referring to three or more people

tō mātau/mātou

singular subordinate inclusive referring to three or more people

tā māua

plural dominant exclusive referring to two people

ō māua

plural subordinate exclusive referring to two people

ā mātau/mātou

plural dominant exclusive referring to three or more people

ō mātau/mātau

plural subordinate exclusive referring to three or more people

ā tātau/tātou

plural dominant inclusive referring to three or more people

ō tātau/tātau

plural subordinate inclusive referring to three or more people

The following table shows a list of English personal pronoun

including archaic and dialectal forms. Dialectal and obsolete

archaic forms are in italics. 1 See Appendix:English third-person singular pronouns for attested neopronoun.

I'm going to see our Terry for tea.

(Northern England, Scotland) Used before a person's name to indicate that the person is in one's family, or is a very close friend.


quarrel

en-verb

quarrel (third-person singular simple present quarrels, present participle (UK) quarrelling or (US) quarreling, simple past and past participle (UK) quarrelled or (US) quarreled)

quarrels (present singular third-person)
quarrelling (UK participle present)
quarreling (US participle present)
quarrelled (UK participle past)
quarrelled (UK past)
quarreled (US participle past)
quarreled (US past)
quarrel (infinitive)
quarrel (first-person present singular)
quarrelled (first-person past singular)
quarrel (present second-person singular)
quarrelest (archaic present second-person singular)
quarrellest (archaic present second-person singular)
quarrelled (past second-person singular)
quarrelledst (archaic past second-person singular)
quarrels (present singular third-person)
quarreleth (archaic present singular third-person)
quarrelleth (archaic present singular third-person)
quarrelled (past singular third-person)
quarrel (plural present)
quarrelled (past plural)
quarrel (present subjunctive)
quarrelled (past subjunctive)
quarrel (imperative present)
quarrelling (participle present)
quarrelled (participle past)
quarrell (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English querelen (“to dispute, quarrel; to assert one's claims; to rebel”) [and other forms], from querele (noun); see etymology 1. Compare Anglo-Norman, Middle French, and Old French quereler, quereller (“to argue with, dispute; to criticize; to bring a legal suit”) (modern French quereller (“to quarrel, squabble”)).

cog

[T]hey would ſay [...] that I had quarrell'd / My brother purpoſely, thereby to finde / An apt pretext, to baniſh them my houſe.

1598, Beniamin Ionson [i.e., Ben Jonson], “Euery Man in His Humour. A Comœdie. […]”, in The Workes of Beniamin Ionson (First Folio), London: […] Will[iam] Stansby, published 1616, →OCLC, Act II, scene i, page 21:

(transitive, obsolete except Scotland) To argue or squabble with (someone).


all

From Middle English all, from Old English eall, from Proto-West Germanic *all, from Proto-Germanic *allaz, of uncertain origin but perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“beyond, other”). Cognate with West Frisian al (“all”), Dutch al (“all”), Scots a' (“all”), German all (“all”), Swedish all (“all”), Norwegian all (“all”), Icelandic allur (“all”), Welsh holl (“all”), Irish uile (“all”), Lithuanian aliái (“all, each, every”).
The dialectal sense “all gone” is a calque of German alle. The use in who all, where all etc. also has equivalents in German (see alles).

der

Q. Now, then, when you started to go to stake the claims, who all went along?

1904 October 10, Shea v. Nilima, [US] Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, in 1905, Reports Containing the Cases Determined in All the Circuits from the Organization of the Courts, page 266

A. I and Johan Peter Johansen, Otto Greiner, and Thorulf Kjelsberg.

"I mean, you could have called us—collect, o'course—jes' to let us know how-all it's a-goin'."

1998, Paul D. Staudohar, editor, Football's Best Short Stories, section 107:

"Where all did he go? What exactly was his job?" Gary shrugged and produced a weak laugh. "I reckon the Middle East. Ain't that where all the oil is?"

2002, Richard Haddock, Arkalalah, iUniverse, →ISBN, page 73:

"Do you ever ask me what I want to see? Or ask me about where all I've gone, who all I've met, what all I've done? Never. Not for one second. And why? Because you don't give two hoops about me."

2011, Moni Mohsin, Tender Hooks, Random House India, →ISBN:

(chiefly Southern US, South Midland US, Midland US, Scotland, Northern Ireland, India) Used after who, what, where, how and similar words, either without changing their meaning, or indicating that one expects that they cover more than one element, e.g. that "Who all attended?" is more than one person. (Some dialects only allow this to follow some words and not others.)


arm

en-adj

arm (comparative armer or more arm, superlative armest or most arm)

armer (comparative)
more arm (comparative)
armest (superlative)
most arm (superlative)

From Middle English arm (“poor, wretched”), from Old English earm (“poor, miserable, pitiful, wretched”), from Proto-West Germanic *arm, from Proto-Germanic *armaz (“poor”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁erm- (“poor, ill”).
Cognates
Akin to Dutch arm (“poor”), German arm (“poor”), Yiddish אָרעם (orem, “poor”), Swedish arm (“poor”).

der

(UK dialectal, chiefly Scotland) Poor; lacking in riches or wealth.

(UK dialectal, chiefly Scotland) To be pitied; pitiful; wretched.


good

en-verb

good (third-person singular simple present goods, present participle gooding, simple past and past participle gooded)

goods (present singular third-person)
gooding (participle present)
gooded (participle past)
gooded (past)

From English dialectal, from Middle English *goden, of North Germanic origin, related to Swedish göda (“to fatten, fertilise, battle”), Danish gøde (“to fertilise, battle”), ultimately from the adjective. See above.

cog

April 5 1628, Bishop Joseph Hall, The Blessings, Sins, and Judgments of God's Vineyard
Nature was like itself , in it , in the world : God hath taken it in from the barren downs , and gooded it : his choice did not find , but make it thus

(transitive, now chiefly dialectal, Scotland) To furnish with dung; manure; fatten with manure; fertilise.


pinky

From Dutch pinkje, diminutive of Dutch pink (“little finger”). Cognate with West Frisian pinke (“pinky”), dialectal English pink (“something small or tiny”), and perhaps to Old English pinca (“a point”). Compare also German Low German Pink (“penis”), English pintle (“penis”).

Everyday ^([sic]) as he passes them, the hookers wave at him with their pinkies and say, “Hi there, little boy!”

2003, Billoo Badhshah, The Unofficial Joke Book of Australia, page 126:

(US, Canada, Scotland, Australia, informal) The smallest finger or toe of a hand or foot.


hole

→ Japanese: ホール (hōru)

→ Korean: 홀 (hol)

Sranan Tongo: olo

Inherited from Middle English hole, hol, from Old English hol (“orifice, hollow place, cavity”), from Proto-West Germanic *hol, from Proto-Germanic *hulą (“hollow space, cavity”), noun derivative of Proto-Germanic *hulaz (“hollow”), which is of uncertain ultimate origin. Related to hollow.

отво́р

orifice (see anus etc. for specific body cavities)

know one's ass from a hole in the ground

know one's head from a hole in the ground

know the difference between one's ass and a hole in the ground


crew

Probably of Brythonic origin. Compare Middle Welsh creu (“pigsty, hovel, stockade”).

cog

Between the shippon and the pig-crew, with the wind blowing over from the vegetable ground.

2004, Gillian Cross, On the Edge, →ISBN, page 7:

(British, dialectal chiefly Scotland, Northern England, East Midlands) A pen for livestock such as chickens or pigs


silly

en-adj

silly (comparative sillier, superlative silliest)

sillier (comparative)
silliest (superlative)
sely (alternative)
seely (alternative)

From Middle English seely, sēlī, from Old English sǣliġ, ġesǣliġ (“lucky, fortunate”), from Proto-West Germanic *sālīg, from *sāli; equivalent to seel (“happiness, bliss”) + -y. Doublet of Seelie.
The semantic evolution is “lucky” to “innocent” to “naive” to “foolish”. Compare the similar evolution of daft (originally meaning “accommodating”), and almost the reverse with nice (originally meaning “ignorant”).

The sylyman lay and herde, / And hys wyf answerd.

The King of Spaine is counted very ſtrong, and the Pope is counted very ſtrong, because they haue a ſtrong hand to perſecute the ſilly ones of leſus Chriſt.

c. 1600, Robert Rollo[c]k, chapter I, in Lectvres Vpon The Epistle Of Pavl To The Colossians, London: Felix Kyngston, page 27:

(chiefly Scotland, obsolete) Blessed, particularly:

... thrie Saturdayes befor Lambas and thrie efter called the six silie Saturdayes.

1650 in 1885, W. Cramond, Church of Rathven, 21

There is no best in þe word, I wene... / That suffuris halfe so myche tene / As doth þe sylly wat.

a. 1475, in 1925, Rossell Hope Robbins, Secular Lyrics of the 14th & 15th Centuries, 109

In the silly lambis skin He crap als far as he micht win.

a. 1513, William Dunbar, Poems, section 247:

(now chiefly Scotland and Northern England, rare) Pitiful, inspiring compassion, particularly:

(now literary) Innocent; suffering undeservedly, especially as an epithet of lambs and sheep.

scared silly

Wherfore Christe must soo moche the more instantelye be sought vpon, that he may vouchsafe to defende vs sylly wretches.

1539, Juan Luis Vives, translated by Richard Morison, Introduction to Wysedome:

Ah Shepheard, pity my diſtreſſed plight, / (If as thou ſeem’ſt, thou art ſo meane a man) / And ſeeke not to inrich thy followers, / By lawleſſe rapine from a ſilly maide, […]

c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act I, scene ii:

There remained fresh Examples of their Barbarism against weak Sea-men, and silly Fisher-men.

1665, Hugo Grotius, translated by Thomas Manley, De Rebus Belgicis, section 938:

Pitiful, inspiring compassion
Helpless, defenseless.

Ane sillie scheill vnder ane erdfast stane

a. 1500, Aesop, translated by Robert Henryson, Two Mice:

[…]A pettigree / Of threescore and two yeares a sillie time, / To make prescription for a kingdomes worth.

c. 1591–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Third Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iii], line 93:

It is naturally very poor, ‘silly’ land.

1907, Transactions of the Highland & Agricultural Society, 19, 172:

Insignificant, worthless, (chiefly Scotland) especially with regard to land quality.

Here we see that a smal sillie Bird knoweth how to match with so great a Beast.

[Christ] leaueth neither Children nor kinsfolke behind him to vphold his sillie kingdome.

1587, Philippe de Mornay, translated by Philip Sidney et al., A Woorke Concerning the Trewnesse of the Christian Religion, xxxii, 596:

That'll never grow. It's ower silly.

1946, Scottish National Dictionary, published 1971, Vol. VIII, 234/3:

Weak, frail; flimsy (use concerning people and animals is now obsolete).

To doe the thing we can / To please... / This silly sickly man.

1636, Alexander Montgomerie, The Cherrie & the Slae, line 1512:

Is there ony thing you would particularly fancy, as your health seems but silly?

1818, Heart of Mid-Lothian, Walter Scott, section V:

Pitiful, inspiring compassion
Sickly; feeble; infirm.

The fire raging upon the silly Carcase.

1556 in 1880, William Henry Turner, Selections from the Records of the City of Oxford... 1509–83, 246

Silly... in the same sense as E. poor is often used, denoting a state which excites compassion.

1808, John Jamieson, An Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language:

Fow ȝellow ȝellow wes hir heid bot scho of lufe wes sillie.

Davie's no just like other folk... but he's no sae silly as folk tak him for.

1814, Waverley, Walter Scott, III, xvi, 237:

Mentally simple, foolish, particularly:
(Scotland) Mentally retarded.

Mentally simple, foolish
Mentally retarded.

onnosel

foolish, showing a lack of good sense and wisdom

pitomý

irresponsible, showing irresponsible behaviors

sølle

pejorative: simple, not intelligent, unrefined


rice

From Middle English ris, rys, from Old English hrīs (“branch; twig”), from Proto-Germanic *hrīsą (“bush; twig”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreys- (“to turn; bend; wind; move; shake”). Cognate with Scots reise, rice (“twigs; brushwood”), West Frisian riis, rys, Dutch rijs (“little branch; twig; osier; whip”), German Low German Ries, German Reis (“twig; sprig; shoot”), Swedish ris (“twigs; brush; rod”), Icelandic hrís.

cog

To guard the bank from the impression of the water, a fence, OF STAKE AND RICE, may be made along the bottom of it next the sea, which will last till the surface on that side is sufficiently swarded, and the mound properly consolidated.

1834, John Johnstone, A systematic treatise on the theory and practice of draining land:

Another form of dead-hedge is the stake-and-rice, and it is formed of the branches of forest trees; and where these are plentiful and thorns scarce, it is an economical dead fence.

1851, Henry Stephens, The Book of the Farm, volume 1:

"Gilbert White, the well-known naturalist, in a letter dated Selborne, Oct. 4th, 1775, says, 'Our people here, you know, call coppice-wood or hedge-wood rice or rise. Is this word still in use in that neighbourhood? And is it also known in Surrey?"

1881 July 16, Notes and Queries (6), volume 6:

(now chiefly, dialectal, Scotland, Ireland) A twig or stick.


posh

en-adj

posh (comparative posher or more posh, superlative poshest or most posh)

posher (comparative)
more posh (comparative)
poshest (superlative)
most posh (superlative)

Unknown.
Most likely derived from Romani posh (“half”), either because posh-kooroona (“half a crown”) (originally a substantial sum of money) was used metaphorically for anything pricey or upper-class, or because posh-houri (“half-penny”) came to refer to money generally.
A period slang dictionary defines "posh" as a term used by thieves for "money : generic, but specifically, a halfpenny or other small coin". An example is given from James Payn's The Eavesdropper (1888): "They used such funny terms: 'brads,' and 'dibbs,' and 'mopusses,' and 'posh' ... at last it was borne in upon me that they were talking about money."
Evidence exists for a slang sense from the 1890s meaning dandy, which is quite possibly related.
A popular folk etymology holds that the term is an acronym for "port out, starboard home", describing the cooler, north-facing cabins taken by the most aristocratic or rich passengers travelling from Britain to India and back. However, there is no evidence for this claim.
It could also possibly be a clipping of polished.
See also the articles mentioned in the References section below for additional discussion.

We have a right posh git moving in next door.

(usually offensive, especially in Ireland, Scotland, Northern England) Snobbish, materialistic, prejudiced, under the illusion that one is better than everyone else.


haar

en-noun

haar (countable and uncountable, plural haars)

haars (plural)
harr (alternative)
har (alternative)

Attested since the late 17th century, alongside Scots haar (“cold easterly wind; misty wind; cold fog or mist”).
Perhaps ultimately from Middle Dutch hare (“cold wind”) or a related Low German word; compare Dutch harig (“windy; foggy, misty”), Saterland Frisian harig (“misty”).
Alternatively, perhaps simply a northern English or Scottish variant of hoar, or a borrowing of Old Norse hárr (“hoary”).

cog

The traffic noise used to be constant, at times as thick as the haar, the sea fog that sometimes rolls in here from the North Sea.

2020, David Farrier, “The Insatiable Road”, in Footprints, 4th estate, →ISBN:

(especially Northern England, Scotland) Thick, cold, wet fog along the northeastern coast of Northern England and Scotland.

[…] westerly haar, which wraps everything up in white wool, and blots out sea and sky, and chokes the depressed wayfarer-not to speak of the penetrating chill which even in June goes down into the marrow of your bones, and makes the[…]

1873, Mrs. Oliphant (Margaret), May. [A Novel.], page 73:

[An] easterly haar was blowing in off the sea, the cold wind bringing with it a thick fog that crawled under the collar and clung to the skin. Ahead, the road disappeared as the fog hid anything on either side of the hedges save for the[…]

2024 February 29, Samantha SoRelle, The Gentleman's Gentleman, Balcarres Books LLC, →ISBN, page 168:

(especially Scotland) A wind, especially one from the east, which blows in this fog.


friend

stranger

antonym(s) of “person with whom you are acquainted”

enemy

antonym(s) of “person who provides assistance”

Jamaican Creole: fren

Krio: frɛn

→ Cantonese: friend (fen¹)

→ Finnish: frendi

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Latin script: frȅnd

Cyrillic script: фре̏нд

→ Spanish: friend

From Middle English frend, freend, from Old English frēond (“friend”, literally “loving[-one], lover”), from Proto-West Germanic *friund, from Proto-Germanic *frijōndz (“lover, friend”), from Proto-Indo-European *preyH- (“to like, love”), equivalent to free + -nd.
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Fjund, Früünd (“friend”), West Frisian freon, froen, freondinne (“friend”), Dutch vriend (“friend”), Low German Frund, Fründ (“friend, relative”), Luxembourgish Frënd (“friend”), German Freund (“friend”), Danish frænde (“kinsman”), Swedish frände (“kinsman, relative”), Icelandic frændi (“kinsman”), Welsh ffrind (“friend”), Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃 (frijōnds, “friend”). More at free.
Other cognates include Romanian prieten, Russian прия́тель (prijátelʹ, “friend”), and Sanskrit प्रिय (priyá-, “beloved”).

der

with friends like these who needs enemies

Friends agree best at a distance.

Make friends of framet folk.

He was not a drop's blood to me, though him and my wife were far-out friends.

(Scotland, obsolete) A relative, a relation by blood or marriage.


handfast

en-verb

handfast (third-person singular simple present handfasts, present participle handfasting, simple past and past participle handfasted)

handfasts (present singular third-person)
handfasting (participle present)
handfasted (participle past)
handfasted (past)

From Middle English hondfast, past participle of Middle English hondfesten (“to betroth”), from Old Norse handfesta (“to strike a bargain, pledge”), itself from hönd (“hand”) + festa (“to fasten, fix, affirm”), perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European root *pHst-.

der

No, Sir Priest or Sir Preacher, Catherine is not my wife— […] she is not my wife, but she is handfasted with me, and that makes her as honest a woman. [...] When we are handfasted, as we term it, we are man and wife for a year and a day—that space gone by, each may chuse another mate, or, at their pleasure, may call the priest to marry them for life—and this we call handfasting.

1820 March, [Walter Scott], chapter XI, in The Monastery. A Romance. […], volume II, Edinburgh: […] Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […]; and for Archibald Constable and Co., and John Ballantyne, […], →OCLC, pages 311–312:

Would the lass but consent to go abroad in the unhallowed place at this awful season and hour of the night, she was as firmly handfasted to the Devil as if she had signed a bond with her own blood; […]

1902, John Buchan, The Outgoing of the Tide:

(transitive, Scotland, archaic or historical except Wicca) To betroth by joining hands, in order to allow for cohabitation before the celebration of marriage; to marry provisionally.


bat

From Middle English bat, batte, from Old English batt (“bat, club, cudgel”), probably of Celtic origin, compare Old Breton bath (“club, cudgel”) and modern Breton bazh (“swagger stick”), ultimately from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰh₂- (“to strike, beat, pierce”), similar to the Gaulish source of Latin battuo (“I beat, pound”).

(UK, Scotland, dialect) A stroke of work.

(UK, Scotland, dialect) Manner; rate; condition; state of health.


CA

en-noun

CA (countable and uncountable, plural CAs)

chartered accountant
chartered accountant#English

(Scotland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, accounting) Initialism of chartered accountant.


ben

From Middle English ben, bene, variation of bin, binne (“within”), from Old English binnan (“within, in, inside of, into”), equivalent to be- + in.

der

And he was waving to me to creep in, so I just did and then just to skip ben the front and then in the lobby.

2008, James Kelman, Kieron Smith, Boy, Penguin, published 2009, page 32:


ben

Bert Kerston was awakened by a steady tap on the ben window.

1972, George Mackay Brown, Greenvoe, Polygon, published 2019, page 25:

(Scotland, Northern England) The inner room of a two-room cottage (as opposed to the but); the ben room.


piece

pieces (plural)
peece (alternative obsolete)

Belizean Creole: pees

Sranan Tongo: pisi

→ Finnish: biisi

→ Irish: píosa

→ Japanese: ピース (pīsu)

→ Scottish Gaelic: pìos

From Middle English pece, peece, peice, from Old French piece, from Late Latin petia, pettia, possibly from Gaulish *pettyā, from Proto-Celtic *kʷezdis (“piece, portion, quota”); doublet of English fit, fytte, fytt (“musical piece, chapter”), Icelandic fit (“web”), German Fitze (“skein”), from Old High German *fitjâ. Compare Welsh peth, Breton pez (“thing”), Irish cuid. Compare French pièce, Portuguese peça, Spanish pieza, Italian pezza, Italian pezzo.

My grannie came and gived them all a piece and jam and cups of water then I was to bring them back out to the street and play a game.

2008, James Kelman, Kieron Smith, Boy, Penguin, published 2009, page 46:

(Scotland, Ireland, UK, US, dialectal) A slice or other quantity of bread, eaten on its own; a sandwich or light snack.


draw

en-verb

draw (third-person singular simple present draws, present participle drawing, simple past drew, past participle drawn or (colloquial and nonstandard) drew)

draws (present singular third-person)
drawing (participle present)
drew (past)
drawn (participle past)
drew (colloquial nonstandard participle past)
draw (infinitive)
draw (first-person present singular)
drew (first-person past singular)
draw (present second-person singular)
drawest (archaic present second-person singular)
drew (past second-person singular)
drewest (archaic past second-person singular)
draws (present singular third-person)
draweth (archaic present singular third-person)
drew (past singular third-person)
draw (plural present)
drew (past plural)
draw (present subjunctive)
drew (past subjunctive)
draw (imperative present)
drawing (participle present)
drawn (participle past)

The verb is derived from Middle English drauen, drawen, draȝen, dragen (“to drag, pull; to draw (out); to attract; to entice, lure; to lead; to make a drawing; to move, travel; etc.”), from Old English dragan (“to drag, draw”), from Proto-West Germanic *dragan (“to carry; to haul”), from Proto-Germanic *draganą (“to carry; to pull, draw”); further etymology uncertain, often said to be from Proto-Indo-European *dʰregʰ- (“to pull, draw”), but possibly from a non-Indo-European substrate root which is also the source of Latin trahō (“to pull, draw; etc.”). Doublet of drag and draught.
The noun is derived from Middle English drau, draue (“action of shooting with a bow”), from drauen, drawen (verb).
cognates
* Albanian dredh (“to turn, spin”)
* Danish drage
* Dutch dragen
* German tragen (“to carry”)
* Old Armenian դառնամ (daṙnam, “to turn”)
* Sanskrit ध्रजस् (dhrájas, “gliding course or motion”)
* West Frisian drage

vyluhovávat

of drinks: to leave temporarily so as to allow the flavour to increase

изтеглям

cardgames: to take the top card of a deck into hand

every miller draws water to his own mill

one hair of a woman can draw more than a hundred pair of oxen

Senses relating to exerting force or pulling.

(intransitive, Scotland, figurative, archaic) To work together towards a common aim; to cooperate, to pull together; also, to have a good relationship with; to get on with.

Senses relating to extracting or selecting.

(transitive, northern Scotland) To take milk from (a cow); to milk.


twit

[I]s't a cursed wab o' yarn / That winna work, for knots and twits, / Spun by some thoughtless drabby sluts, / Whase minds on naething else is carried, / But thinking when they will be married; […]

1819, James Thomson, “Verses Addressed to Mr John Wright, Tailor in Collington, on the Author’s Being Invited to the Wedding of Mr Joseph Thomson, Builder”, in Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect, new edition, Leith, Edinburgh: […] William Reid & Co. for the author, →OCLC, page 27:

(Northern England, Scotland, weaving, archaic) Clipping of twitter (“a knot or other defect in a thread or yarn which hinders spinning or weaving”).


banshee

banshees (plural)
banshie (alternative dated)
benshee (alternative obsolete)

desc

→ Arabic: بَانْشِي (bānšī)

→ Arabic: بَانْشِي (bānšī)

→ Catalan: banshee

→ Dutch: banshee

→ Esperanto: banŝio

→ Finnish: banshee

→ French: banshee, banshie

→ German: Banshee

→ Japanese: バンシー (banshī)

→ Korean: 반시 (bansi)

→ Northern Kurdish: banşî

→ Portuguese: banshee

→ Russian: ба́нши (bánši), банши́ (banší), ба́ньши (bánʹši), баньши́ (banʹší)

→ Spanish: banshee

Borrowed from Irish bean sí, from Old Irish ben síde (literally “woman of the fairy mound”). The term banshee entered English in 1771.

der

Late had he heard, in prophet's dream, / The fatal Ben-Shie's boding scream […].

1810, The Lady of the Lake, Walter Scott, 3.VII:

(Scotland, Ireland, folklore) A female spirit, usually taking the form of a woman whose mournful wailing warns of an impending death.


slim

en-adj

slim (comparative slimmer, superlative slimmest)

slimmer (comparative)
slimmest (superlative)

Borrowing from Low German or Dutch slim (“bad, sly, clever”), from Middle Dutch slim (“bad, crooked”), from Old Dutch *slimb, from Proto-West Germanic *slimb, from Proto-Germanic *slimbaz (“oblique, crooked”). The sense development would have been "slanting, cunning" (Dutch) > "insignificant, slight" and then "thin, graceful" in English, a shift that Liberman calls an "incredible amelioration" of word meaning.
The pejorative sense found in Low German and Dutch is also found preserved in the archaic English noun slim (“worthless or lazy person”), also comparable to the South African use of the adjective as "crafty, sly."
Compare Dutch slim (“smart, clever, crafty”), Middle High German slimp (“slanting, awry”), German schlimm (“bad”), West Frisian slim (“bad, dire”).

cog

A slimly-shod lad;

a slimly-made cart.

(rustic, Northern England, Scotland) Bad, of questionable quality; not strongly built, flimsy.


heel

From Middle English hele, from Old English hēla, from Proto-West Germanic *hą̄hilō, from Proto-Germanic *hanhilaz, diminutive of Proto-Germanic *hanhaz (“heel, hock”), equivalent to hock + -le. More at hock.
Compare North Frisian haiel, West Frisian hyl, Dutch hiel, German Low German Hiel, Danish and Norwegian hæl, Swedish häl.

couldn't pour water out of a boot with the instructions on the heel

the heel of the white loaf

1814 July 7, [Walter Scott], Waverley; or, ’Tis Sixty Years Since. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), Edinburgh: […] James Ballantyne and Co. for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, →OCLC:

Boiled mutton was in one, and the heel of a damper in another.

1902, Barbara Baynton, edited by Sally Krimmer and Alan Lawson, Bush Studies (Portable Australian Authors: Barbara Baynton), St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, published 1980, page 32:

`Have ye seen,' said Uncle Jobson with basilisk severity, `what's become of the heel of to-day's loaf?'

1930, Norman Lindsay, Redheap, Sydney, N.S.W.: Ure Smith, published 1965, →OCLC, page 42:

(US, Ireland, Scotland, Australia) A crust end-piece of a loaf of bread.


turnpike

From Middle English turnpyke (“spiked barrier across a road”), originally used to block access to such a road until toll was paid. Equivalent to modern turn + pike (“shaft”).

inh

Ramsay stabbed Ruthven accordingly and James lending his assistance they thrust the wounded man down the turnpike by which Ramsay had ascended Voices and steps were now heard advancing upwards and Ramsay knowing the accents called out to sir Thomas Erskine to come up the turnpike stair even to the head Sir Thomas Erskine was accompanied by sir Hugh Harris the king's physician a lame man and unfit for fighting Near the bottom of the turnpike sir Thomas Erskine in his ascent met Ruthven bleeding in the face and neck and called out Fie strike I this is the traitor l on which Alexander Ruthven was run through the body having only breath remaining to say Alas I had no blame of it

1830, Sir Walter Scott, History of Scotland in two volumes Vol II, A AND W GALIGNANI, pages 463-464


while

From Middle English whyle, from Old English hwīl, from Proto-West Germanic *hwīlu, from Proto-Germanic *hwīlō (compare Dutch wijl, Low German Wiel, German Weile, Danish hvile (“rest”), Norwegian Bokmål hvile (“rest”)), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷyeh₁- (“to rest”). Cognate with Albanian sillë (“breakfast”), Latin tranquillus, Sanskrit चिर (cirá), Persian شاد (šâd).

der

I'll wait while you've finished painting.

To dark is still used in Swaledale (Yorkshire) in the sense of to lie hid, as, 'Te rattens [rats] mun ha bin darkin whel nu [till now]; we hannot heerd tem tis last fortnith'.

1873, Richard Morris, Walter William Skeat, “Glossarial Index”, in Specimens of Early English, volumes II: From Robert of Gloucester to Gower, A.D. 1298—A.D. 1393, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 490:


while

I may be conveyed into your chamber; I'll lie under your bed while midnight.

c. 1613, Thomas Middleton, William Rowley, “Wit at Several Weapons. A Comedy.”, in Comedies and Tragedies […], London: […] Humphrey Robinson, […], and for Humphrey Moseley […], published 1647, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):


law

From Middle English lawe, from Old English hlāw (“burial mound”). Also spelled low. See also Scots law.

[Y]ou might climb the Law, where the whale's jawbone stood landmark in the buzzing wind, and behold the face of many counties, and the smoke and spires of many towns, and the sails of distant ships.

1892, Robert Louis Stevenson, “The Lantern-bearers”, in Across the Plains: With Other Memories and Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, […], →OCLC, part I, page 209:

(Northern England, Scotland, archaic) A hill.


wife

Sranan Tongo: wefi

desctree

→ Japanese: ワイフ (waifu)
→ English: waifu

→ Korean: 와이프 (waipeu)

Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *wībą
Proto-West Germanic *wīb
Old English wīf
Middle English wyf
English wife
Inherited from Middle English wyf, wif, from Old English wīf (“woman, wife”), from Proto-West Germanic *wīb, from Proto-Germanic *wībą (“woman, wife”).
Germanic cognates include Scots wife (“wife”), West Frisian wiif (“wife, woman”), Saterland Frisian Wieuw (“woman, lady, female”), North Frisian wüf (“wife, woman”), Dutch wijf (“woman, female”), Low German Wief (“woman, female”), German Weib (“woman, wife, female”), Danish viv (“wife, woman”), Norwegian viv (“wife, woman, girl”), Swedish viv (“woman”), Faroese vív (“wife, woman”), Icelandic víf (“woman”).
The further etymology is unknown, with a number of disputed suggestions. One suggestion connects Tocharian A/B kip/kwīpe (“genitals, female pudenda”), for a hypothetical Indo-European *gʰwíbʰ- (“pudenda”).
Another suggestion connects Old English wǣfan (“wrap, clothe”), Old Norse vífa (“wrap, veil”) for a suggested original motive of "married woman wearing a scarf".
Yet another suggestion connects Old High German weibōn (“move to and fro”), Old Norse veifa (“swing, throw”), for a motive of "one who is moving busily; housekeeper, maidservant" (cf. German Weibel (“manservant, usher”)).

cog

devil is beating his wife and marrying his daughter

William Dwight Whitney
w:William Dwight Whitney

Benjamin E[li] Smith
w:Benjamin Eli Smith

(Scotland, puristic elsewhere) Synonym of woman.


braid

braids (plural)
brade (alternative)
brad (alternative)
bread (alternative)
bred (alternative)
breid (alternative)
breyd (alternative)

From Middle English brede, bræd, bred, from Old English bred (“board, plank, tablet, table”), from Proto-West Germanic *bred, from Proto-Germanic *bredą (“board, plank”), e-grade byform of *burdą (“board, plank”). Cognate with Scots bred, braid, brad (“board, plank, wooden tablet”), Saterland Frisian Brääd (“board, plank”), West Frisian bret (“board, plank”), Dutch bred, berd (“plank, table”), German Low German Bredd (“board, plank”), German Brett (“board, plank”), Danish bræt (“board, plank”)..

cog

(UK dialectal, Northern England, Scotland, Ireland) A shelf or board for holding objects.

(UK dialectal, Northern England, Scotland, Ireland) A board to press curd for cheese.

(UK dialectal, Northern England, Scotland, Ireland) A flat board attached to a beam, used for weighing.


ilk

Inherited from Middle English ilke, from Old English ilca, conjectured as from Proto-Germanic *ilīkaz, a compound of *iz and *-līkaz from the noun *līką (“body”).
The sense of “type”, “kind” is from the application of the phrase of that ilk to families: the word thus came to mean family.

By semblaunt, was that ilke image

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto IV”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

(Scotland and Northern England) Very; same.


wabbit

en-adj

wabbit (comparative more wabbit, superlative most wabbit)

more wabbit (comparative)
most wabbit (superlative)

Scots wabbit, ultimate origin uncertain.


burn

From Middle English burn, bourne, from Old English burne, burna (“spring, fountain”), Proto-West Germanic *brunnō, from Proto-Germanic *brunnô, *brunō.
Cognate with West Frisian boarne, Dutch bron, German Brunnen; also Albanian burim (“spring, fountain”), Ancient Greek φρέαρ (phréar, “well, reservoir”), Old Armenian աղբիւր (ałbiwr, “fount”). Doublet of bourn. More at brew.

cog

This darksome burn, horseback brown, / His rollrock highroad roaring down, / In coop and in comb the fleece of his foam / Flutes and low to the lake falls home.

1881, Gerard Manley Hopkins, “Inversnaid”, in Robert Bridges, editor, Poems of Gerard Manley Hopkins: Now First Published […], London: Humphrey Milford, published 1918, →OCLC, stanza 1, page 53:

He may pitch on some tuft of lilacs over a burn, and smoke innumerable pipes to the tune of the water on the stones.

1881, Robert Louis Stevenson, Virginibus Puerisque:

At this place, the clay in the 52 ft. embankment had been under water pressure for some weeks before the water level could be lowered, and the burn diverted through a temporary culvert.

1950 October, “Completion of Flood-Damage Repairs, East Coast Main Line”, in Railway Magazine, pages 708-709:

When it was too heavy rain the burn ran very high and wide and ye could never jump it.

2008, James Kelman, Kieron Smith, Boy, Penguin, published 2009, page 105:

(Northern England, Scotland) A large stream.


choose

From Middle English chose, chos, chooce, a Northern dialectal form of Middle English chois (“choice”). Cognate with Scots chose, choose, chuse (“choosing, choice, selection”). Doublet of choice, which see for more.

(obsolete, Northern England, Scotland) The act of choosing; selection.

(obsolete, Northern England, Scotland) The power, right, or privilege of choosing; election.


done

en-adj

done (comparative more done, superlative most done)

more done (comparative)
most done (superlative)

From Middle English don, idon, ydon, ȝedon, gedon, from Old English dōn, ġedōn, from Proto-West Germanic *dān, from Proto-Germanic *dēnaz (past participle of *dōną (“to do”)). Equivalent to do + -en (past participle ending). Cognate with Scots dune, deen, dene, dane (“done”), Saterland Frisian däin (“done”), West Frisian dien (“done”), Dutch gedaan (“done”), German Low German daan (“done”), German getan (“done”). More at do.

suffix

en<id:past participle><pos:past participle ending>

I'm done my homework.

(Canada, Philadelphia, Scotland, predicative) Finished with (something).


fell

From Middle English fell, felle (“hill, mountain”), from Old Norse fell, fjall (“rock, mountain”), compare Norwegian Bokmål fjell 'mountain', Danish fjeld 'mountain', from Proto-Germanic *felzą, *fel(e)zaz, *falisaz (compare German Felsen 'boulder, cliff', Middle Low German vels 'hill, mountain'), from Proto-Indo-European *pels-; compare Irish aill (“boulder, cliff”), Ancient Greek πέλλα (pélla, “stone”), Pashto پرښه (parṣ̌a, “rock, rocky ledge”), Sanskrit पाषाण (pāṣāṇa, “stone”). Doublet of fjeld.

cog

Every now and then the sea calls some farmer or shepherd, and the restless drop in his veins gives him no peace till he has found his way over the hills and fells to the port of Whitehaven, and gone back to the cradling bosom that rocked his ancestors.

1886, Amelia Edith Huddleston Barr, The Squire of Sandal-Side : A Pastoral Romance:

The dwarves of yore made mighty spells, / While hammers fell like ringing bells, / In places deep, where dark things sleep, / In hollow halls beneath the fells.

I got out and from where I stood, high at the head, I could see all of the strangely formed cleft in the hills, its steep sides grooved and furrowed by countless streams feeding the boisterous Halden Beck which tumbled over its rocky bed far below. Down there, were trees and some cultivated fields, but immediately behind me the wild country came crowding in on the bowl where the farmhouse lay. Halsten Pike, Alstang, Birnside—the huge fells with their barbarous names were very near.

1970, James Herriot, If Only They Could Talk:

She didn't know at first why she stepped off the road and climbed the bank on to the fells; it wasn't until she found herself skirting a disused quarry that she realised where she was making for, and when she reached the place she stood and gazed at it. It was a hollow within an outcrop of rock, not large enough to call a cave but deep enough to shelter eight people from the rain, and with room to spare.

1971, Catherine Cookson, The Dwelling Place:

(archaic outside Northern England, Scotland) A rocky ridge or chain of mountains, particularly in the British Isles or Fennoscandia.

As over Holt and Heath, as thorough Frith and Fell;

1612, Michael Drayton, Poly-Olbion, song 11 p. 174:

The night continued beautifully clear and fine, and as we came into the fell country the outlines of the hills showed up dark against the starlit sky.

1948 March and April, O. S. Nock, “Scottish Night Mails of the L.M.S.R.—2”, in Railway Magazine, page 77:

I remember the sudden drop in the note of the station bell, as we roar through, perhaps with 16 coaches; sweep up to milepost 9½, and then, with increasing thunder from the exhaust, fairly rush the fells at Milnthorpe at the foot of the climb to Grayrigg, until the steady thunderous beat re-echoes past Mosedale Hall, still at 40 m.p.h.

1955 April, W. J. Alcock, “Unforgettable Moments”, in Railway Magazine, page 271:

And there are few better ways to enjoy the rugged bleakness of the fells than from a nice warm train, especially when the weather's constantly changing as the day slips away.

2022 November 2, Paul Bigland, “New trains, old trains, and splendid scenery”, in RAIL, number 969, page 57:

An artist dubbed the Borrowdale Banksy has created this slate work on a Lake District fell after past efforts were vandalised.

2023 June 29, Metro, London, page 15, column 3:

(archaic outside Northern England, Scotland) A wild field or upland moor.


fell

en-adj

fell (comparative feller, superlative fellest)

feller (comparative)
fellest (superlative)

From Middle English fel, fell (“strong, fierce, terrible, cruel, angry”), either from Old French fel or from Old English *fel, *felo, *fæle (“cruel, savage, fierce”) (only in compounds, wælfel (“bloodthirsty”), ealfelo (“evil, baleful”), ælfæle (“very dire”), etc.), from Proto-West Germanic *fali, *falu, from Proto-Germanic *faluz (“wicked, cruel, terrifying”). Cognate with Old Frisian fal (“cruel”), Middle Dutch fel (“wrathful, cruel, bad, base”), German Low German fell (“rash, swift”), Danish fæl (“disgusting, hideous, ghastly, grim”). Compare also Middle High German vālant (“imp”) and Dutch fel (“fierce, feisty, bitter”). See felon.

cog

(UK dialectal, Scotland) Strong and fiery; biting; keen; sharp; pungent

ärhäkkä

strong and fiery; biting; keen; sharp; pungent

(UK dialectal, Scotland) Very large; huge.


fly

Related to German Flügel (“a wing”), Dutch vleugel (“a wing”), Swedish flygel (“a wing”).

The bullet barely grazed the wild fowl's fly.

(rustic, Scotland, Northern England) A wing.


natter

en-verb

natter (third-person singular simple present natters, present participle nattering, simple past and past participle nattered)

natters (present singular third-person)
nattering (participle present)
nattered (participle past)
nattered (past)

From a Northern England dialectal variant of gnatter (also knatter) ("to chatter, grumble; nibble away at"), ultimately of imitative origin. Cognate with German Low German gnattern (“to mumble, grumble, be grouchy”).

onomatopoeic

imitative


make

makes (plural)
meck (alternative Scotland)

the last we shall have, I take it; for a make to a million, but we trine to the nubbing cheat to-morrow.

1826, Sir Walter Scott, Woodstock; Or, the Cavalier:

Only as he climbed the steps did he mind that he hadn't even a meck upon him, and turned to jump off as the tram with a showd swung grinding down to the Harbour […]

1934, Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Grey Granite, Polygon 2006 (A Scots Quair), page 606

(Scotland, Ireland, Northern England, now rare) A halfpenny.


rake

en-verb

rake (third-person singular simple present rakes, present participle raking, simple past and past participle raked)

rakes (present singular third-person)
raking (participle present)
raked (participle past)
raked (past)
rake (infinitive)
rake (first-person present singular)
raked (first-person past singular)
rake (present second-person singular)
rakest (archaic present second-person singular)
raked (past second-person singular)
rakedst (archaic past second-person singular)
rakes (present singular third-person)
raketh (archaic present singular third-person)
raked (past singular third-person)
rake (plural present)
raked (past plural)
rake (present subjunctive)
raked (past subjunctive)
rake (imperative present)
raking (participle present)
raked (participle past)

The verb is partly derived from rake (“tool with a row of pointed teeth”) (see etymology 1) and from Middle English raken (“to rake; to gather by raking; to rake away (debris); to cover with something; (figurative) to conceal, hide; to destroy”) [and other forms], from Old Norse raka (“to scrape”), from Proto-Germanic *raką, probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten, right oneself”).
Cognates
The English word is cognate with Middle Dutch rāken (modern Dutch raken (“to rake”) (regional)), Middle Low German rāken, Old Danish raghæ, rakæ (modern Danish rage (“to shave”)), Old Swedish raka (modern Swedish raka (“to rake; to shave”)).
The noun is derived from the verb.

يجمع الحشائش

to act upon with a rake, or as if with a rake

kulkea edestakaisin

to move across (something) with a long side-to-side motion

tulittaa edestakaisin

to use a weapon to fire at (something) with a side-to-side motion

To act upon with a rake, or as if with a rake.

(transitive, chiefly Ireland, Northern England, Scotland, also figurative) To cover (something) by or as if by raking things over it.


rake

Jim has had a rake of trouble with his new car.

(chiefly Ireland, Scotland, slang) A lot, plenty.


rake

From Middle English rake, rakke (“pass, path, track; type of fencing thrust; pasture land (?)”), and then partly:
* probably from Old English racu (“bed of a stream; path; account, narrative; explanation; argument, reasoning; reason”) (compare Old English hrace, hraca, hracu (“gorge”)), from Proto-Germanic *rakō (“path, track; course, direction; an unfolding, unwinding; account, narrative; argument, reasoning”) [and other forms], from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten, right oneself”); and
* from Old Norse rák (“strip; stripe; furrow; small mountain ravine”), further etymology uncertain but probably ultimately from Proto-Germanic *rakō, as above.
Cognates
The English word is cognate with Icelandic rák (“streak, stripe; notch in a rock; vein in stone or wood”), Norwegian råk (“channel (in ice); cow path; trail”), Norwegian Nynorsk råk (“channel (in ice); cow path; trail; furrow; stripe”), Swedish råk (“crack or channel in ice; river valley”); and probably cognate with Old Danish rag (modern Danish rag (“stiff; taut”) (regional)), Old Norse rakr (“straight”), Swedish rak (“straight”).

tehdas

puffer that emits a stream of spaceships

The train was formed of a locomotive and a rake of six coaches.

On February 21 Class "O4/1" 2-8-0 No. 63635 passed through Manchester (Victoria) heading in the Rochdale direction with a rake of empty wagons.

1959 April, “Motive Power Miscellany: London Midland Region”, in Trains Illustrated, London: Ian Allan Publishing, →OCLC, page 222:

(British, originally Northern England, Scotland) A series, a succession; specifically (rail transport) a set of coupled rail vehicles, normally coaches or wagons.


rake

rakes (present singular third-person)
raking (participle present)
raked (participle past)
raked (past)

Alternative spelling of raik (“(intransitive, Midlands, Northern England, Scotland) to walk; to roam, to wander; of animals (especially sheep): to graze; (transitive, chiefly Scotland) to roam or wander through (somewhere)”)


rake

The verb is derived from Middle English raken (“to go, proceed; to move quickly, hasten, rush; to roam, wander”) [and other forms], from Old English racian (“to go forward, move, run; to hasten; to take a course or direction; to control, direct, govern, rule”), from Proto-West Germanic *rakōn (“to take a course or direction; to run”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten; to direct oneself”).
Cognates
The English word is cognate with Middle Dutch rāken (“to acquire; to hit (not miss); to reach; to touch”) (modern Dutch raken (“to hit (not miss); to touch; to become”)), Middle Low German rāken, rōken (“to hit (not miss); to reach; to touch”), Old High German rahhōn (“to narrate, speak”), and probably Swedish raka (“to rush off”).
The noun is derived from the verb.

cog

(intransitive, chiefly Midlands, Northern England, Scotland) To move swiftly; to proceed rapidly.


rake

(Scotland) Rate of progress; pace, speed.


factor

factors (plural)
factour (alternative archaic)

From Middle French facteur, from Latin factor (“a doer, maker, performer”), from factus (“done or made”), perfect passive participle of faciō (“do, make”).

uder

incremental power transfer distribution factor

granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor

the factor was so scrupulous, as to keep the whole thing from his master, the lord chamberlain

1822, [Walter Scott], The Pirate. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co., →OCLC:

(Scotland) A steward or bailiff of an estate.


spelt

The noun is from Middle English spelt, from Old English spelt, connected with the verb. Compare speld and German Spelze (“husk”).
The adjective is from Middle English spelt, probably a contraction of spelked, past participle of spelken (“to bruise (beans)”), itself of obscure origin. Compare Scots spilkings (“split peas”), the later verb, and perhaps also splet.
The verb is probably from the adjective. Compare earlier spald, speld.

(dialect, Northern England, Scotland) A thin piece of wood or metal; a splinter.


overcome

/ˌəʊ.vəˈkʌm/

/ˌəʉ.vəˈkɐm/

/ˌɐʉ.vɐˈkɐm/

Inherited from Middle English overcomen, inherited from Old English ofercuman (“to overcome, subdue, compel, conquer, obtain, attain, reach, overtake”). By surface analysis, over- + come. Cognate with Dutch overkomen, German überkommen, Danish overkomme, Swedish överkomma.

inh

ofercuman<t:to overcome, subdue, compel, conquer, obtain, attain, reach, overtake>

inh+

(Scotland) The burden or recurring theme in a song.


leet

From Scots leet, leit, of uncertain origin. Perhaps from Old French lite, litte, variant of liste (“list”); or from Old Norse leiti, hleyti (“a share, portion”) (compare Old English hlēt (“share, lot”)); or an aphaeretic shortening of French élite.

(Scotland) A portion or list, especially a list of candidates for an office; also the candidates themselves.


bell

→ Fiji Hindi: belo

→ Japanese: ベル (beru)

→ Korean: 벨 (bel)

From Middle English belle, from Old English belle (“bell”), from Proto-Germanic *bellǭ. Cognate with West Frisian belle, bel, Dutch bel, Low German Belle, Bel, Danish bjelde, Swedish bjällra, Norwegian bjelle, Icelandic bjalla.

He swam to the place where Mary disappeared but there was neither boil nor gurgle on the water, nor even a bell of departing breath, to mark the place where his beloved had sunk.


bubble

en-verb

bubble (third-person singular simple present bubbles, present participle bubbling, simple past and past participle bubbled)

bubbles (present singular third-person)
bubbling (participle present)
bubbled (participle past)
bubbled (past)

Partly imitative, also influenced by burble. Compare Middle Dutch bobbe (“bubble”) > Dutch bubbel (“bubble”), Low German bubbel (“bubble”), Danish boble (“bubble”), Swedish bubbla (“bubble”). The word was first used in its economic sense in association with the collapse of the South Sea Company in 1720, based on the metaphor of an inflated soap bubble bursting.

onom

imitative

(intransitive, Scotland and Northern England) To cry, weep.


bread

From Middle English brede (“breadth, width, extent”), from Old English brǣdu (“breadth, width, extent”), from Proto-Germanic *braidį̄ (“breadth”). Cognate with Scots brede, breid (“breadth”), Dutch breedte (“breadth”), German Breite (“breadth”), Swedish bredd (“breadth”), Icelandic breidd (“breadth”).

inh

(obsolete or UK dialectal, Scotland) Breadth.


overlay

/ˈəʊ.vəˌleɪ/

From Middle English overleyen, from Old English oferleċġan, from Proto-West Germanic *obarlaggjan, from Proto-Germanic *uberlagjaną, equivalent to over- + lay. Cognate with Saterland Frisian uurläze, úurlääse, Dutch overleggen, German Low German overleggen, överleggen, German überlegen, Swedish överlägga, Norwegian overlegge. Compare overlie.


stay

en-verb

stay (third-person singular simple present stays, present participle staying, simple past and past participle stayed or (obsolete) staid)

stays (present singular third-person)
staying (participle present)
stayed (participle past)
stayed (past)
staid (obsolete participle past)
staid (obsolete past)

From Middle English steyen, staien, from Old French estayer, estaier (“to fix, prop up, support, stay”), from estaye, estaie (“a prop, stay”), from Middle Dutch staeye (“a prop, stay”), a contracted form of staede, stade (“a prop, stay, help, aid”) (compare Middle Dutch staeyen, staeden (“to make firm, stay, support, hold still, stabilise”)), from Proto-West Germanic *stadi (“a site, place, location, standing”), from Proto-Germanic *stadiz (“a standing, place”), from Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂tis (“standing”). Influenced by Old English stæġ ("a stay, rope"; see below). Cognate with Old English stede (“a place, spot, locality, fixed position, station, site, standing, status, position of a moving body, stopping, standing still, stability, fixity, firmness, steadfastness”), Swedish stödja (“to prop, support, brace, hold up, bolster”), Icelandic stöðug (“continuous, stable”). More at stead, steady.
Sense of "remain, continue" may be due to later influence from Old French ester, esteir (“to stand, be, continue, remain”), from Latin stāre (“stand”), from the same Proto-Indo-European root above; however, derivation from this root is untenable based on linguistic and historical grounds.
An alternative etymology derives Old French estaye, estaie, from Frankish *stakā, *stakō (“stake, post”), from Proto-Germanic *stakô (“stake, bar, stick, pole”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“rod, pole, stick”), making it cognate with Old English staca (“pin, stake”), Old English stician (“to stick, be placed, lie, remain fixed”). Cognate with Albanian shtagë (“a long stick, a pole”). More at stake, stick.

cog

the family that lays together stays together

the family that prays together stays together

the more things change, the more they stay the same

what happens on the road stays on the road

Hey, where do you stay at?

(intransitive, Scotland, South Africa, India, Southern US, African-American Vernacular, Singapore, colloquial) To live; reside.


set

en-verb

set (third-person singular simple present sets, present participle setting, simple past set, past participle set or (dialectal) setten)

sets (present singular third-person)
setting (participle present)
set (past)
set (participle past)
setten (dialectal participle past)

desctree

→ Japanese: セット (setto)
→ Hokkien: siat-to͘h

From Middle English setten, from Old English settan, from Proto-West Germanic *sattjan, from Proto-Germanic *satjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sodéyeti, causative of *sed- (“to sit”).

set a beggar on horseback and he'll ride to the Devil

It sets him ill.


shear

en-verb

shear (third-person singular simple present shears, present participle shearing, simple past sheared or shore, past participle shorn or sheared)

shears (present singular third-person)
shearing (participle present)
sheared (past)
shore (past)
shorn (participle past)
sheared (participle past)

From Middle English sheren, scheren, from Old English sċieran (“to shear; to shave”), from Proto-West Germanic *skeran, from Proto-Germanic *skeraną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”).
Cognate with West Frisian skarre, Low German scheren, Dutch scheren, German scheren, Danish skære, Norwegian Bokmål skjære, Norwegian Nynorsk skjera, Swedish skära, Finnish keritä; and (from Indo-European) with Ancient Greek κείρω (keírō, “I cut off”), Latin caro (“flesh”), Albanian shqerr (“to tear, cut”), harr (“to cut, to mow”), Lithuanian ski̇̀rti (“separate”), Welsh ysgar (“separate”). See also sharp.

inh

Soon as the bending Scythe,
And Sickle keen, have shear'd the golden Grain,
Array'd in all the Equipage of Death,
Forth the stern Sportsman stalks

1769, John Aldington, A Poem on the Cruelty of Shooting etc.:


swear

en-adj

swear (comparative swearer or more swear, superlative swearest or most swear)

swearer (comparative)
more swear (comparative)
swearest (superlative)
most swear (superlative)
sweer (alternative)
sweir (alternative)
swere (alternative)

From Middle English swere, swer, swar, from Old English swǣr, swār (“heavy, heavy as a burden, of great weight, oppressive, grievous, painful, unpleasant, sad, feeling or expressing grief, grave, slow, dull, sluggish, slothful, indolent, inactive from weakness, enfeebled, weak”), from Proto-West Germanic *swār, from Proto-Germanic *swēraz (“heavy”), from Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“heavy”).
Cognate with West Frisian swier (“heavy”), Dutch zwaar (“heavy, hard, difficult”), German schwer (“heavy, hard, difficult”), Danish svær (“heavy, hard, severe”), Swedish svår (“heavy, hard, severe”), Latin sērius (“earnest, grave, solemn, serious”) and Albanian varrë (“wound, plague”).

cog

(Northern England, Scotland) Top-heavy; too high.

Rise up gueedewife, an dinna be sweer, / B'soothan, b'soothan, / An deal yir chirity t' the peer, / An awa b'mony a toon.

1881, Walter Gregor, chapter XXII, in Notes on the Folk-lore of the North-east of Scotland, London: Folk-Lore Society, page 161:

(Northern England, Scotland) Dull; lazy; slow.

But faith, to glump ye I'd be sweer / I wish ye luck o' this new year

1805, John Stagg, “A New Year's Epistle”, in Miscellaneous Poems, Workington: W. Borrowdale, page 139:

My father will maybe be a wee sweer to take ye in, but ye maun make your way on him the best gate ye can; he has the best stockit pantry on Teviot head, but a bit of a Laidlaw's fault, complaining aye maist when he has least reason.

1822, James Hogg, The Three Perils of Man:

(Northern England, Scotland) Reluctant; unwilling.

For if my Pen shall turn as Sweir's their Purse / I fear this is the last I'll write in Verse

1714, Robert Smith, Poems of Controversy Betwixt Episcopacy and Presbytery, 2nd edition, Edinburgh: R. Syme & Son, published 1853, page 61:


swear

swears (plural)
sweer (alternative)
sweir (alternative)
swere (alternative)

(Northern England, Scotland) A lazy time; a short rest during working hours (especially field labour); a siesta.


swear

en-verb

swear (third-person singular simple present swears, present participle swearing, simple past and past participle sweared)

swears (present singular third-person)
swearing (participle present)
sweared (participle past)
sweared (past)
sweer (alternative)
sweir (alternative)
swere (alternative)

(Northern England, Scotland) To be lazy; rest for a short while during working hours.


throw

throw (third-person singular simple present throws, present participle throwing, simple past threw or (nonstandard) throwed, past participle thrown or (nonstandard) throwed or (nonstandard) threw)

throws (present singular third-person)
throwing (participle present)
threw (past)
throwed (nonstandard past)
thrown (participle past)
throwed (nonstandard participle past)
threw (nonstandard participle past)
throw (infinitive)
throw (first-person present singular)
threw (first-person past singular)
throw (present second-person singular)
throwest (archaic present second-person singular)
threw (past second-person singular)
threwst (archaic past second-person singular)
throws (present singular third-person)
throweth (archaic present singular third-person)
threw (past singular third-person)
throw (plural present)
threw (past plural)
throw (present subjunctive)
threw (past subjunctive)
throw (imperative present)
throwing (participle present)
thrown (participle past)
thrun (dialectal participle past)

From Middle English throwen, thrawen, from Old English þrāwan (“to turn, twist”), from Proto-West Germanic *þrāan, from Proto-Germanic *þrēaną (“to twist, turn”), from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub, rub by twisting, twist, turn”).
Cognate with Scots thraw (“to twist, turn, throw”), West Frisian triuwe (“to push”), Dutch draaien (“to turn”), Low German draien, dreien (“to turn (in a lathe)”), German drehen (“to turn”).
Displaced warp as the word for hurling and was displaced by warp as the word for twisting.

der

dip me in chocolate and throw me to the lesbians

people who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones

throw enough mud at the wall and some of it will stick

throw enough mud at the wall, some of it will stick

throw nickels around like manhole covers

throw oneself on someone's mercy not have a pot to piss in or a window to throw it out of

throw one's hotdog down someone's hallway

throw things at the wall and see what sticks

trust someone as far as one could throw them

a thrown nail

(obsolete, Scotland, Northern England) To twist or turn.


wed

en-verb

wed (third-person singular simple present weds, present participle wedding, simple past and past participle wed or wedded)

weds (present singular third-person)
wedding (participle present)
wed (participle past)
wed (past)
wedded (participle past)
wedded (past)

From Middle English wedden, weddien, from Old English weddian (“to pledge; wed”), from Proto-West Germanic *waddjōn, from Proto-Germanic *wadjōną (“to pledge”), from *wadją (“pledge”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wedʰ- (“to pledge”).
Cognate with Scots wed, wod, wad (“to wed”), Saterland Frisian wädje (“to bet, wager”), West Frisian wedzje (“to bet, wager”), Low German and Dutch wedden (“to bet”), German wetten (“to bet”), Danish vædde (“to bet”), Swedish vädja (“to appeal”), Icelandic veðja (“to bet”); more distantly, to Sanskrit वधू (vadhū́, “bride”). Related also to gage, engage, and wage.

cog

I'd wed my head on that.

(Northern England, Scotland) To wager, stake, bet, place a bet, make a wager.


shape

en-verb

shape (third-person singular simple present shapes, present participle shaping, simple past shaped or (obsolete) shope, past participle shaped or (archaic) shapen)

shapes (present singular third-person)
shaping (participle present)
shaped (past)
shope (obsolete past)
shaped (participle past)
shapen (archaic participle past)
shape (infinitive)
shape (first-person present singular)
shaped (first-person past singular)
shope (archaic first-person past singular)
shape (present second-person singular)
shapest (archaic present second-person singular)
shaped (past second-person singular)
shapedst (archaic past second-person singular)
shope (archaic past second-person singular)
shapes (present singular third-person)
shapeth (archaic present singular third-person)
shaped (past singular third-person)
shope (archaic past singular third-person)
shape (plural present)
shaped (past plural)
shope (archaic past plural)
shape (present subjunctive)
shaped (past subjunctive)
shope (archaic past subjunctive)
shape (imperative present)
shaping (participle present)
shaped (participle past)
shapen (archaic participle past)

From Middle English shap, schape, from Old English ġesceap (“shape, form, created being, creature, creation, dispensation, fate, condition, sex, gender, genitalia”), from Proto-West Germanic *ga- + *skap, from Proto-Germanic *ga- + *skapą (“shape, nature, condition”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kep- (“to split, cut”).
The verb is from Middle English shapen, schapen, from Old English scieppan (“to shape, form, make, create, assign, arrange, destine, order, adjudge”), from Proto-West Germanic *skappjan, from Proto-Germanic *skapjaną (“to create”), from the noun.
The noun is cognate with Middle Dutch schap (“form”), Middle High German geschaf (“creature”), Icelandic skap (“state, condition, temper, mood”). The verb is cognate with Dutch scheppen, German schaffen, Swedish skapa (“create, make”), Norwegian Bokmål skape (“create”). Doublet of -ship.

cog

Earth was shapen by God for God's folk.

1685, Satan's Invisible World Discoveredː
Which the mighty God of heaven shope.

(Northern England, Scotland, rare) To create or make.