on

en-verb

on (third-person singular simple present ons, present participle oning or onning, simple past and past participle oned or onned)

ons (present singular third-person)
oning (participle present)
onning (participle present)
oned (participle past)
oned (past)
onned (participle past)
onned (past)

Etymology tree
Proto-West Germanic *ana
Old English on
Middle English on
English on
From Middle English on, from Old English on, an (“on, upon, onto, in, into”), from Proto-West Germanic *ana, from Proto-Germanic *ana (“on, at”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-.
Cognate with North Frisian a (“on, in”), Saterland Frisian an (“on, at”), West Frisian oan (“on, at”), Dutch aan (“on, at, to”), Low German an (“on, at”), German an (“to, at, on”), Swedish å (“on, at, in”), Faroese á (“on, onto, in, at”), Icelandic á (“on, in”), Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌰 (ana), Ancient Greek ἀνά (aná, “up, upon”), Albanian në (“in”); and from Old Norse upp á: Danish på, Swedish på, Norwegian på, see upon.

etymon

Southern US, Midland US, Philadelphia, Baltimore

Can you on the light?

(Singapore, Philippines, Malaysia, Nigeria, transitive, colloquial) To switch on.


accept

en-verb

accept (third-person singular simple present accepts, present participle accepting, simple past and past participle accepted)

accepts (present singular third-person)
accepting (participle present)
accepted (participle past)
accepted (past)
accept (infinitive)
accept (first-person present singular)
accepted (first-person past singular)
accept (present second-person singular)
acceptest (archaic present second-person singular)
accepted (past second-person singular)
acceptedst (archaic past second-person singular)
accepts (present singular third-person)
accepteth (archaic present singular third-person)
accepted (past singular third-person)
accept (plural present)
accepted (past plural)
accept (present subjunctive)
accepted (past subjunctive)
accept (imperative present)
accepting (participle present)
accepted (participle past)

First attested about 1380. From Middle English accepten, borrowed from Old French accepter, or directly from Latin acceptō, acceptāre (“receive”), frequentative of accipiō, formed from ad- + capiō (“to take”). Displaced native Old English onfōn.

We accept repairs.

We accept bookbinding.

(Philippines) To do a service done by an establishment.


color

colors (plural)
colour (alternative Commonwealth Ireland)
usage notes (alternative)

From Middle English colour, color, borrowed from Anglo-Norman colur, from Old French colour, color, from Latin color. Doublet of couleur.
Displaced English blee, Middle English blee (“color”), from Old English blēo. Also partially replaced Old English hīew (“color”) and its descendants (English hue), which is less often used in this sense.
The spelling color was popularized in modern American English by Noah Webster, to match the spelling of the word's Latin etymon, and make all American spellings of the derivatives consistent (colorimeter, coloration, colorize, colorless, etc).

колори́т

interest, especially in a selective area

(finance, uncountable) A third-order measure of derivative price sensitivity, expressed as the rate of change of gamma with respect to time, or equivalently the rate of change of charm with respect to changes in the underlying asset price.

Under color of law, he managed to bilk taxpayers of millions of dollars.

The only thing which this defendant is accused of doing is that he excluded this boy from the school, and he did it under the color of the statute relating to the subject, and did it because he was a colored boy.

1882, The Ohio Law Journal, volume 2, page 396:

no such action, suit, or any other process or proceeding thereupon shall at any time be impeached, stayed, or delayed by or under colour or pretence of any privilege of Parliament.

1770, “Parliamentary Privilege Act 1770”, in legislation.gov.uk:

An appearance of right or authority; color of law.

In other words, Brahms saves the higher violin color for the more important foreground statement and assigns the soft swirling background to middle-register violins and violas, while the cellos dominate in their best voice.

1982, Samuel Adler, The Study of Orchestration, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, published 1982, →ISBN, page 115:

(music) Timbre, often in relation to orchestration.


CIA

desc

→ Japanese: シー・アイ・エー

→ Japanese: シー・アイ・エー

→ Korean: 시아이에이 (siaiei)

/ˌsiːˌaɪˈeɪ/

Clark International Airport
w:Clark International Airport

(Philippines) Initialism of Clark International Airport.


BC

→ Chinese: 卑詩 /卑诗 (Bēishī)

B.C. (alternative)
b.c. (alternative)
bc (alternative)

(Philippines, chiefly Baguio) Initialism of Baguio City.


railway

His interest in railways is not the quality that marks Pearson out. Everyone was interested in railways. Over a thousand miles of them opened between 1837 and 1845, most of what would become the national network. [...] You needed an Act of Parliament to build a railway; but that wasn't very hard to obtain if you could give the appearance of adequately funded competence.

2012, Andrew Martin, Underground Overground: A passenger's history of the Tube, Profile Books, →ISBN, pages 14–15:

(chiefly UK, Ireland, Philippines and Commonwealth) A track, consisting of parallel rails, over which wheeled vehicles such as trains may travel.


BBC

Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation
w:Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation

(Philippines, broadcasting, historical) Initialism of Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation, a defunct Philippine television network active from 1973 to 1986.


fiscal

From Spanish fiscal, ultimately from Latin fiscus (“treasury”).

(Philippines, law) A public prosecutor (UK) or a district attorney (US).


open

en-verb

open (third-person singular simple present opens, present participle opening, simple past and past participle opened)

opens (present singular third-person)
opening (participle present)
opened (participle past)
opened (past)
open (infinitive)
open (first-person present singular)
opened (first-person past singular)
open (present second-person singular)
openest (archaic present second-person singular)
opened (past second-person singular)
openedst (archaic past second-person singular)
opens (present singular third-person)
openeth (archaic present singular third-person)
opened (past singular third-person)
open (plural present)
opened (past plural)
open (present subjunctive)
opened (past subjunctive)
open (imperative present)
opening (participle present)
opened (participle past)

Adjective from Middle English open, from Old English open (“open”), from Proto-West Germanic *opan, from Proto-Germanic *upanaz (“open”), from Proto-Indo-European *upo (“up from under, over”).
Cognates
* Scots apen (“open”)
* Saterland Frisian eepen (“open”)
* West Frisian iepen (“open”)
* Dutch open (“open”)
* Low German open, apen (“open”)
* German offen (“open”)
* Danish åben (“open”)
* Swedish öppen (“open”)
* Norwegian Bokmål åpen (“open”)
* Norwegian Nynorsk open (“open”)
* Icelandic opinn (“open”)
 Compare also Latin supinus (“on one's back, supine”), Albanian hap (“to open”). Related to up.
Verb from Middle English openen, from Old English openian (“to open”), from Proto-West Germanic *opanōn, from Proto-Germanic *upanōną (“to raise; lift; open”), from Proto-Germanic *upanaz (“open”, adjective). Cognate with Saterland Frisian eepenje (“to open”), West Frisian iepenje (“to open”), Dutch openen (“to open”), German öffnen (“to open”), Danish åbne (“to open”), Swedish öppna (“to open”), Norwegian Bokmål åpne (“to open”), Norwegian Nynorsk and Icelandic opna (“to open”). Related to English up.
Noun from Middle English open (“an aperture or opening”), from the verb. In the sports sense, however, a shortening of “open competition”.

inh

Please open the lights, the (electric) fan, the TV.

To make or become available for use or interaction.

(Manglish, Philippines, Quebec) To turn on; to switch on.


gas

en-noun

gas (countable and uncountable, plural gases or gasses)

Clipping of gasoline. Slang forms popularized on TikTok by Gen Z.

New York City, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Baltimore

(uncountable, Canada, US, New Zealand, Philippines) Gasoline, a light derivative of petroleum used as fuel.


french fries

french fries pl (normally plural, singular french fry)

french fry (singular)
French fries (alternative)

Clipping of earlier French fried potatoes (1856) and French-fried potatoes, potatoes supposedly prepared in the French style. The idea that the preparation was specific to French cuisine was more notional than otherwise; more at Wikipedia. Compare also French dressing.

French fries are our specialty.

“What's the matter?” she asked quickly. “Haven't we had all the things before? Soup, chops, peas, French fries, and the fruit pudding–there wasn't a thing new.”

1903, Lillian Pettengill, Toilers of the Home, New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, page 292:

His first official act was to order dinner. “A nice, juicy steak,” he is said to have called for, “French fries, apple pie and a cup of coffee.” It is probable that he really said “a coff of cuppee,” however, as he was a wag of the first water and loved a joke as well as the next king.

1922, Robert C. Benchley, chapter XXII, in Love Conquers All, Henry Holt & Company, page 111:

Levels of PFAS indicators in the 200s were found in a Sweetgreen paper bag for focaccia, additional items at Cava, and in bags for french fries, cookies and Chicken McNuggets at McDonald’s.

2022 March 25, Sandee LaMotte, “Dangerous chemicals found in food wrappers at major fast-food restaurants and grocery chains, report says”, in CNN:

(chiefly Canada, US, Philippines) Strips of deep-fried potatoes that have been frenched (cut into strips).

nímasii ádaałtsʼóózígo niheeshgizhgo akʼah bee shibézhígíí


board

board (countable and uncountable, plural boards)

→ Japanese: ボード (bōdo)

From Middle English bord, from Old English bord, from Proto-West Germanic *bord, from Proto-Germanic *burdą (“board; plank; table”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerdʰ- (“to cut”). The senses "food" and "council" are by metonymy from the sense "table."

inh

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

(Philippines, local government) A provincial assembly or council.


accomplish

en-verb

accomplish (third-person singular simple present accomplishes, present participle accomplishing, simple past and past participle accomplished)

accomplishes (present singular third-person)
accomplishing (participle present)
accomplished (participle past)
accomplished (past)

From Middle English accomplisshen, acomplissen, from Old French acompliss-, extended stem of acomplir (Modern French accomplir), from Vulgar Latin *(ac)complīre, from Latin complēre (“fill up/out, complete”, whence English complete).
First attested in the late 14th century.

der

whence English <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">complete</i>

(transitive, Philippines) To fill out a form.


accountancy

en-noun

accountancy (countable and uncountable, plural accountancies)

(uncountable, British, New Zealand, often Philippines, accounting) The function of compiling and providing financial information primarily by reports referred to as financial statements, including bookkeeping, systems design, analysis and interpretation of accounting information.


NAIA

Ninoy Aquino International Airport
w:Ninoy Aquino International Airport

(Philippines) Initialism of Ninoy Aquino International Airport.


CDC

(Philippines, business) Clark Development Corporation.


ground

ground (countable and uncountable, plural grounds)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem-der.
Proto-Germanic *grunduz
Old English grund
Middle English ground
English ground
From Middle English ground, from Old English grund, from Proto-West Germanic *grundu, from Proto-Germanic *grunduz. Cognate with West Frisian grûn, Dutch grond and German Grund.

etymon

cut the ground from under someone's feet

know one's ass from a hole in the ground

know one's head from a hole in the ground

know the difference between one's ass and a hole in the ground

(electricity, Philippines) Electric shock.


ground

en-verb

ground (third-person singular simple present grounds, present participle grounding, simple past and past participle grounded)

grounds (present singular third-person)
grounding (participle present)
grounded (participle past)
grounded (past)
GND (alternative)


close

close (third-person singular simple present closes, present participle closing, simple past and past participle closed)

closes (present singular third-person)
closing (participle present)
closed (participle past)
closed (past)
close (infinitive)
close (first-person present singular)
closed (first-person past singular)
close (present second-person singular)
closest (archaic present second-person singular)
closed (past second-person singular)
closedst (archaic past second-person singular)
closes (present singular third-person)
closeth (archaic present singular third-person)
closed (past singular third-person)
close (plural present)
closed (past plural)
close (present subjunctive)
closed (past subjunctive)
close (imperative present)
closing (participle present)
closed (participle past)

From Middle English closen (“to close, enclose”), partly continuing (in altered form) earlier Middle English clusen (“to close”) from Old English clȳsan (“to close, shut”); compare beclose, foreclose, etc.), and partly derived from Middle English clos (“close, shut up, confined, secret”, adjective), from Old French clos (“close, confined”, adjective), from Latin clausus (“shut up”, past participle), from claudere (“to bar, block, close, enclose, bring an end to, confine”), from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂w- (“key, hook, nail”), related to Latin clāvis (“key, deadbolt, bar”), clāvus (“nail, peg”), claustrum (“bar, bolt, barrier”), claustra (“dam, wall, barricade, stronghold”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κλείς (kleís, “bar, bolt, key”), German schließen (“to close, conclude, lock”), Dutch sluiten (“to close, conclude, lock”). Partially replaced Old English lūcan (“to close, lock, enclose”), (whence English lock). Doublet of clause.

cog

close the stable door after the horse has bolted

Please close the lights, the (electric) fan, the TV.

To make or become non-operational or unavailable for use.

(Philippines, Quebec, Greece, Cyprus) To turn off; to switch off.


green

en-adj

green (comparative greener, superlative greenest)

greener (comparative)
greenest (superlative)

Bislama: grin

→ Marshallese: kūriin

Tok Pisin: grin

Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *grōniz
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂
Proto-Germanic *-į̄
Proto-West Germanic *-ī
Proto-West Germanic *grōnī
Old English grēne
Middle English grene
English green
From Middle English grene, from Old English grēne, from Proto-West Germanic *grōnī, from Proto-Germanic *grōniz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁- (“to grow”). More at grow. Doublet of Gruen.
See also North Frisian green, West Frisian grien, Dutch groen, Low German grön, green, greun, German grün, Danish and Norwegian Nynorsk grøn, Swedish grön, Norwegian Bokmål grønn, Icelandic grænn.
The sense of obscene, pornographic, or sexual in the Philippines is from a calque of Spanish verde.

der

the grass is always greener on the other side of the road

(Philippines, informal) Having a sexual connotation; indecent; lewd; risqué; obscene; profane.


tuba

(Philippines) A reddish palm wine made from coconut or nipa sap.


soccer

→ Afrikaans: sokker

→ French: soccer

→ Irish: sacar

→ Japanese: サッカー (sakkā)

→ Kannada: ಸಾಕರ್ (sākar)

→ Manx: soccar

Originally British English; as an abbreviation for association football, via abbreviation assoc. + -er (suffix); earlier socker (1885), also socca (1889), with soccer attested 1888.
Compare contemporary rugger, from Rugby. Similarly constructed coinages from the same period include: brekker (“breakfast”), fresher (“freshman”) and footer (“football”). See Oxford -er.

socker (alternative)
socca (alternative)

The 'Varsity played Aston Villa and were beaten after a very exciting game; this was pre-eminently the most important "Socker" game played in Oxford this term.

1885 December 10, “Our Oxford Letter”, in The Oldhallian, page 171:

Golf is perhaps seven or eight years old in Oxford, ... football, seu Rugger, sive Soccer, not more than sixteen or seventeen.

1888 February 15, “Charley Symonds”, in The Oxford Magazine, page 224:

Those who play under the "Socker" (Association) rules in the North of England, the Midlands, and Scotland take no heed of the warmness of the weather

1889 September 16, “Football Prospects in the West of England”, in The Western Daily Press, volume 63, number 9757, Bristol, page 7:

Socker (public schools), football played according to the Association Rules

1890, Albert Barrère, Charles Leland, A Dictionary of Slang, Jargon & Cant, volume 2, Ballantyne, page 275:

1987, Charles Hughes, The Football Association Coaching Book of Soccer: Tactics and Skills, London: BBC, →ISBN:

Association football
association football

ball

in all varieties of English and in all games called "football"

(originated, late 19th C, now often US, Australia, Ireland, Philippines, and other countries; see usage notes) Association football.

originated; late 19th C; and other countries; originated; late 19th C; and other countries


ate

ates (plural)
et (alternative informal pronunciation-spelling)

Borrowed from Tagalog ate (“elder sister”), from Hokkien 阿姊 (á-ché, “eldest sister”).

bor+

A respectful title or form of address for an older woman.


bird

→ Esperanto: birdo

From Middle English bird, brid, from Old English bridd (“chick, fledgling, chicken”), of uncertain origin (see Old English bridd for more). Originally from a term used of birds that could not fly (chicks, fledglings, chickens) as opposed to the general Old English term for flying birds, fugol (modern fowl). Gradually replaced fowl as the most common term starting in the 14th century.
The "booing/jeering" and "vulgar hand gesture" senses derived from the expression “to give the big bird”, as in “to hiss someone like a goose”, dated in the mid‐18th century.

inh

a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush

it's an ill bird that fouls its own nest

BUBBLES: One time I was making a model and I glued the wing to a B17 bomber to my bird by accident.

2004 May 9, Mike Clattenburg, Mike Smith (actor), 05:29 from the start, in Trailer Park Boys(Conky), season 4, episode 5 (TV series), spoken by Bubbles (Mike Smith):


bathroom

bathrooms (plural)
bath room (alternative)
bath-room (alternative)

→ Hindi: बाथरूम (bāthrūm)

→ Urdu: باتھ روم (bāth-rūm)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₁-
Proto-Germanic *baþą
Proto-West Germanic *baþ
Old English bæþ
Middle English bath
English bath
Proto-West Germanic *rūm
Old English rūm
Middle English roum
English room
English bathroom
From bath + room. Compare Dutch badkamer (“bathroom”), German Badezimmer (“bathroom”), Swedish badrum (“bathroom”), Faroese baðrúm (“bathroom”).

etymon

Most Americans don't know 'WC' and many Brits mock 'bathroom' but almost everyone understands 'toilet' or 'lavatory'.

(chiefly US, South Africa, Canada, Philippines, Australia, euphemistic) A lavatory (area where one washes or bathes): a room containing a toilet and (typically but not necessarily) a bathtub.


xerox

Genericized trademark from Xerox (“a photocopier”), from xerography, from Ancient Greek ξηρός (xērós, “dry”) and γραφή (graphḗ, “writing”).

Hand me that xerox, would you?

There were twenty pictures in the envelope, xeroxes but clear enough. They documented the scene pretty much as I imagined it.

2009, David Ebershoff, The 19th Wife, Random House, →ISBN, page 142:

(Philippines, India, dated in Canada, US, colloquial, informal) A photocopy.


xerox

en-verb

xerox (third-person singular simple present xeroxes, present participle xeroxing, simple past and past participle xeroxed)

xeroxes (present singular third-person)
xeroxing (participle present)
xeroxed (participle past)
xeroxed (past)
Xerox (alternative)

I xeroxed the report for all the people at the meeting.

(Philippines, India, dated in Canada, US, colloquial, informal) To make a paper copy or copies by means of a photocopier.


bold

en-adj

bold (comparative bolder or more bold, superlative boldest or most bold)

bolder (comparative)
more bold (comparative)
boldest (superlative)
most bold (superlative)

From Middle English bold, bolde, bald, beald, from Old English bald, beald (“bold, brave, confident, strong, of good courage, presumptuous, impudent”), from Proto-West Germanic *balþ, from Proto-Germanic *balþaz (“strong, bold”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel-, *bʰlē- (“to bloat, swell, bubble”).
Cognate with Dutch boud (“bold, courageous, fearless”), Middle High German balt (“bold”) (whence German bald (“soon”)), Swedish båld (“bold, dauntless”). Perhaps related to Albanian ballë (“forehead”) and Old Prussian balo (“forehead”). For semantic development compare Italian affrontare (“to face, to deal with”), sfrontato (“bold, daring, insolent”), both from Latin frons (“forehead”).

cog

The government warned bus operators against continuing to show bold content on buses.

(Philippines) Pornographic; depicting nudity.


boss

→ Cantonese: 波士 (bo¹ si⁶⁻²)

→ Danish: boss

→ French: boss

→ Indonesian: bos

→ Italian: boss

→ Japanese: ボス (bosu)

→ Korean: 보스 (boseu)

From Dutch baas, from Middle Dutch baes (“master of a household, friend”), from Old Dutch *baso (“uncle, kinsman”), from Proto-West Germanic *baswō, from Proto-Germanic *baswô (“uncle”), perhaps from Proto-Germanic *ba-, *bō- (“father, older male relative”), source also of the English terms babe, boy, bub, bully. Cognate with Middle Low German bās (“supervisor, foreman”), Old Frisian bas (“master”), hence Saterland Frisian Boas (“boss”), Old High German basa (“father's sister, cousin”), hence German Base (“aunt, cousin”). Originally a term of respect used to address an older relative. Later, in New Amsterdam, it began to mean a person in charge who is not a master. The representation of Dutch -aa- by English -o- is due to the older unrounded pronunciation of this letter, which is still used in North America and parts of Ireland, but was formerly found in some British accents as well. The video game sense is borrowed from Japanese ボス (bosu), in turn from English boss.

cog

Good to see you, boss.

(informal, especially India, MLE and Philippines) A term of address to a man, especially a customer, but also sometimes to a friend or acquaintance of equal standing.


ES

elementary school
elementary school#English

(Philippines) Initialism of elementary school.

(Philippines) Initialism of executive secretary.


PI

We're going back to the PI for a vacation this summer.

w:Insular Government of the Philippine Islands

(US, Philippines, historical, dated) Initialism of Philippine Islands.


PI

en-noun

PI (countable and uncountable, plural PIs)

People's Initiative
w:People's Initiative

(Philippines, politics) Initialism of People's Initiative.


baon

(Philippines) money, food, or other provisions taken to school, work, or on a journey.


NU

National University
w:National University (Philippines)

(Philippines) Initialism of National University.


QC

→ Tagalog: Kyusi

(Philippines) Initialism of Quezon City: a city in Metro Manila, Philippines; the former capital of the Philippines.


OA

en-adj

OA (comparative more OA, superlative most OA)

more OA (comparative)
most OA (superlative)

→ Tagalog: OA

He's even more OA than you.


SI

en-noun

SI (countable and uncountable, plural SIs)

(Philippines, accounting, business) Initialism of sales invoice.


CA

(Philippines) Abbreviation of Clark Airbase.

Commission on Appointments
w:Commission on Appointments

(Philippines) Abbreviation of Commission on Appointments.


IA

IA (countable and uncountable, plural IAs)

(Philippines, education) Initialism of industrial arts, one of the strands under the TVL track in senior high school.


MN

(Philippines) Only used in 12 MN (“midnight”)


OR

OR (countable and uncountable, plural ORs)

(Philippines, accounting, business, countable) Initialism of official receipt.


pants

pants pl (plural only, attributive pant)

desctree

→ Japanese: パンツ (pantsu)
→ English: pantsu
→ Mandarin: 胖次 (pàngcì)
→ Korean: 빤스 (ppanseu)

Etymology tree
Ancient Greek πᾶς (pâs)
Ancient Greek ἔλεος (éleos)
Proto-Indo-European *-eti
Proto-Indo-European *-eyéti
Proto-Indo-European *-esyéti
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti
Ancient Greek -έω (-éō)
Ancient Greek ἐλεέω (eleéō)
Proto-Indo-European *-mṓ
Ancient Greek -μων (-mōn)
Ancient Greek ἐλεήμων (eleḗmōn)
Ancient Greek Παντελεήμων (Panteleḗmōn)bor.
Spanish Pantaleónder.
Italian Pantaloneder.
French pantalonbor.
English pantaloon
English pantaloons
English pants
Shortened from pantaloons (“trousers”): borrowed from French pantalon, itself derived from Italian Pantalone, one of the principal characters found in commedia dell'arte, who wore tight trousers. Doublet of pantsu. The verb is from the noun.

etymon

get glad in the same pants one got mad in

by the seat of one's pants

drive by the seat of one’s pants, fly by the seat of one’s pants

“But they cover the legs,” Joseph explained. “That is the only reason my people wear pants: to cover the legs in the winter, or when traveling through rough country, full of thorns. In warm weather, or in open country, pants are unnecessary, uncomfortable, and foolish.”

1933, Kenneth Roberts, Rabble in Arms, published 1996, page 220:

It's in the evening after dark when the blackleg miner creeps to work. With his moleskin pants and his dirty shirt, there goes the blackleg miner.

1970 June 10, traditional, “The Blackleg Miner” (track 4), in Hark! The Village Wait, performed by Steeleye Span:

Then he gave me a last desperate push and I tripped over the shorts caught around my ankles and fell down. I tried to pull my pants up with my boxing gloves but without success.[…]In those days nobody wore underpants and I was bare-arsed and fancy free in front of everyone.

1989, Bryce Courtenay, The Power of One, Penguin, published 2006, page 427:

Look for pants with reinforced seats and knees and full-length side zippers that make it possible to put the pants on while you are wearing boots, crampons, skis, or snowshoes.

2010, Ronald C. Eng, editor, Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills, 8th edition, US: The Mountaineers Books, page 24:

I rolled up the legs of the pants, then I went back into the trees.

2005, Octavia E. Butler, Fledgling, page 12:

The episode also opens with an inspired bit of business for Homer, who blithely refuses to acquiesce to an elderly neighbor’s utterly reasonable request that he help make the process of selling her house easier by wearing pants when he gallivants about in front of windows, throw out his impressive collection of rotting Jack-O-Lanterns from previous Halloweens and take out his garbage, as it’s attracting wildlife (cue moose and Northern Exposure theme song).

2012 May 27, Nathan Rabin, “TV: Review: THE SIMPSONS (CLASSIC): “New Kid On The Block” (season 4, episode 8; originally aired 11/12/1992)”, in The Onion AV Club:

Taylor was seen nearby and had a three foot machete down his pants.

2014 January 13, “Blackburn man hid machete down his trousers”, in The Lancashire Telegraph:

(chiefly Canada, US, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Philippines, Singapore, Northern England) An outer garment that covers the body from the waist downwards, covering each leg separately, usually as far as the ankles; trousers.

broek

garment covering the body from the waist downwards


juramentado

(Philippines, historical) A Moro swordsman who attacked and killed occupying and invading police and soldiers, expecting to be killed himself.


matadero

/ˌmɑːtəˈdɛəɹəʊ/

In connection with one of these markets a matadero has been built, in the form of a detached building.

1909, Report of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War ... 1900-1915 (part 2, page 491)

The two sheds originally intended for a matadero have been transformed into quarantine sheds except for a small portion of one which has been left for the slaughter of such crippled animals as are unable to walk to the Manila matadero […]

1913, The Philippine Agricultural Review, volume 5, page xix:

(Philippines) A slaughterhouse or abattoir.


PBB

en-noun

PBB (countable and uncountable, plural PBBs)

(Philippines) Initialism of performance-based bonus.


PBB

(Philippines) Initialism of Pinoy Big Brother.


traffic

en-adj

traffic (comparative more traffic, superlative most traffic)

more traffic (comparative)
most traffic (superlative)
traffick (alternative)
traffique (alternative)

From Middle French trafique, traffique (“traffic”), from Italian traffico (“traffic”) from trafficare (“to carry on trade”). Potentially from Vulgar Latin *trānsfrīcāre (“to rub across”); Klein instead suggests the Italian has ultimate origin in Arabic تَفْرِيق (tafrīq, “distribution, dispersion”), reshaped to match the native prefix tra- (“trans-”).
The adjectival sense is possibly influenced by Tagalog trapik and follows a general trend in Philippine English to construct a noun from an adjective.

der

It's super traffic here in Manila.


expressway

expressways (plural)
expy (alternative contraction)
expwy (alternative contraction)

(Canada, parts of the US, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, Philippines) Synonym of freeway.


sidewalk

→ Cebuano: saydwok

Stay on the sidewalk.

Morning commuters in parts of Texas, Oklahoma and Arkansas discovered slick sidewalks and icy roadways Monday.

2024 January 21, Elizabeth Wolfe, Robert Shackelford and Mary Gilbert, “Icy conditions make for hazardous travel across central US, but warmer air is on the horizon”, in CNN:

Ferguson Police Chief Troy Doyle said body camera video and footage from a nearby business appear to show the suspect charge at officer Travis Brown near a sidewalk during the Friday night protests.

2024 August 13, Emma Tucker and Cindy Von Quednow, “Ferguson police release videos showing officer pushed to sidewalk during protests marking decade since Michael Brown killing”, in CNN:

(US, Philippines) A paved footpath located at the side of a road, for the use of pedestrians.


saya

Borrowed from Tagalog saya, from Spanish saya.

And as she stalked in her long, loose stride toward the dressing-room to readjust her saya, somewhat in distress from the Maestro's last effort, it had suddenly flashed upon him where he had seen her before.


while

en-noun

while (plural (archaic or informal) whiles)

From Middle English whyle, from Old English hwīl, from Proto-West Germanic *hwīlu, from Proto-Germanic *hwīlō (compare Dutch wijl, Low German Wiel, German Weile, Danish hvile (“rest”), Norwegian Bokmål hvile (“rest”)), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷyeh₁- (“to rest”). Cognate with Albanian sillë (“breakfast”), Latin tranquillus, Sanskrit चिर (cirá), Persian شاد (šâd).

مُدَّة

even a blind pig can find an acorn once in a while

even a blind squirrel can find a nut once in a while

even a blind squirrel finds an acorn every once in a while

An uncertain duration of time, a period of time.


bet

From 16th-century criminal slang, perhaps from Middle English bet (“something better, advantage, luck”), from Old English bet, bett (“better”, adverb); or, alternatively from abet, from Middle English abet, abette, from Old French abet (“incitement to evil”), from Old French abeter (“to entice”), from a- (“to”) + beter (“hound on, urge, to bait”); ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *baitijan (“to bait, entice”), related to Old English bǣtan (“to bait”). More at abet.

der

(Philippines, figuratively, informal) A candidate (for elections and pageants) or competitor (in multinational sports).


entertain

en-verb

entertain (third-person singular simple present entertains, present participle entertaining, simple past and past participle entertained)

entertains (present singular third-person)
entertaining (participle present)
entertained (participle past)
entertained (past)
entertaine (alternative)

[ˌɛ̃ɾ̃ɚˈtʰeɪn]

From Middle English entertenen, from Middle French entretenir, from Old French entretenir, from entre (“among”) + tenir (“to hold”), from Latin inter + teneō (“hold, keep”). For the noun, compare French entretien.

(Philippines, Malaysia, India, sometimes in business) to help; to assist; to answer a phone call


tuition

en-noun

tuition (countable and uncountable, plural tuitions)

/t͡ʃʉːˈɪʃən/

From Old French [Term?], from Latin tuitiō (“guard, protection, defense”), from tuēri (“to watch, guard, see, observe”). Compare intuition, tutor.

обучение

training or instruction provided by a teacher or tutor

(Australia, Canada, New Zealand, UK)

These rosemaling workshops are no place for anyone who wants to pester me or the students with the "white privilege" card, inter alia. Therefore, I reserve the right to refund the tuition of such men and women, kick them out the door, and bar them from at least two of my future events.

(Canada, US, Philippines) A sum of money paid for instruction (such as in a high school, boarding school, university, or college); tuition fees.


graduate

student

antonym(s) of “person recognized for having finished studies”

/ˈɡɹæd͡ʒuət/

/ˈɡɹæd͡ʒuɪt/

From Middle English graduat(e) (“(noun) a graduate of a university; (adjective) graduate, having graduated”, also used as the past participle of graduaten (“to graduate”)), borrowed from Medieval Latin graduātus (“graduated, graduate”), perfect passive participle of graduō (“to graduate”) (see -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), from gradus (“step”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix). The noun is originally derived within Latin from the adjective via substantivization, see -ate (noun-forming suffix). Sense 10 of the verb, relating to Japanese entertainment, is a semantic loan from Japanese 卒業 (sotsugyō).

inh

also used as the past participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">graduaten</i> (“to graduate”)

sl

(Philippines) A person who is recognized as having completed any level of education.


circle

Pitcairn-Norfolk: sirkil

From Middle English circle, cercle, from Old French cercle and Latin circulus, diminutive of Latin circus (“circle, circus”), from Ancient Greek κίρκος (kírkos, “circle, ring”), related to Old English hring (“ring”). Compare also Old English ċircul (“circle, zodiac”), which came from the same Latin source.

der

He arrived at the lakefront and drove around the circle where the amusement park and beach used to be when he was a kid[…]

2011, Charles E. Webb, Downfall and Freedom, page 120:

(South Africa, Philippines, India) A traffic circle or roundabout.


card

en-noun

card (countable and uncountable, plural cards)

→ Bengali: কার্ড (karḍo)

→ Burmese: ကတ် (kat)

→ Chinese: 卡 (kǎ)

→ Gujarati: કાર્ડ (kārḍ)

→ Hausa: kati

→ Hindi: कार्ड (kārḍ)

→ Italian: card

→ Japanese: カード (kādo)

→ Korean: 카드 (kadeu)

→ Malay: kad

→ Pashto: کارډ (kārḍ)

Pitcairn-Norfolk: kaad

→ Sinhalese: කාඩ් (kāḍ)

→ Swahili: kadi

→ Tagalog: kard

→ Urdu: کارڈ (kārḍ)

From Middle English carde (“playing card”), from Old French carte, from Latin charta, from Ancient Greek χάρτης (khártēs, “paper, papyrus”). Doublet of chart.

der

Where's your card? I want to see your grades.

(Philippines, education) Ellipsis of report card.


cell

Ellipsis of cell phone, itself a clipping of cellular phone, from cellular + phone.

(US, New Zealand, Australia, Philippines, informal) A cellular phone.

selfoon

informal: a cellular telephone — see also mobile phone


butterfly

From Middle English buterflie, butturflye, boterflye, from Old English buterflēoge, equivalent to butter + fly. Cognate with Dutch botervlieg, German Butterfliege (“butterfly”). The name may have originally been applied to butterflies of a yellowish color, or reflected a belief that butterflies ate milk and butter (compare German Molkendieb (“butterfly”, literally “whey-thief”) and Low German Botterlicker (“butterfly”, literally “butter-licker”)), or that they excreted a butter-like substance (compare Dutch boterschijte (“butterfly”, literally “butter-shitter”)). Compare also German Schmetterling from Schmetten (“cream”), German Low German Bottervögel (“butterfly”, literally “butter-fowl”). More at butter, fly.
An alternate theory suggests that the first element may have originally been Old English butor- (“beater”), a mutation of bēatan (“to beat”), but this would not explain the cognates in other languages or the other names formed with milk products.
Superseded non-native Middle English papilion (“butterfly”) borrowed from Old French papillon (“butterfly”).

cog

(Philippines, Philippine politics, often derogatory) party switcher; turncoat.


power

/ˈpʌʊ̯.(ə)ɹ/

From Middle English power, poer, from Old French poeir, from Vulgar Latin potēre, from Latin posse, whence English potent. Compare French pouvoir. Displaced the native Old English anweald.

(Philippines, colloquial) Used as a cheer to express support


batch

From Middle English bach, bache, bahche, from Old English *bæċċ (“something baked”), of uncertain origin, but possibly from Proto-West Germanic *bakku, from Proto-Germanic *bakkuz (“baking, baked goods”), cognate with Middle High German becke (“something baked, pastry, baking, bakery”). Related also to Old English bacan (“to bake”), Old English ġebæc (“something baked”), Dutch gebak, German Gebäck, Dutch baksel.

խմբաքանակ

quantity of baked goods made at one time

She was the valedictorian of Batch ’73.

(Philippines) A graduating class; school class.


attorney

en-noun

attorney (plural attorneys or (obsolete) attornies)

attorneys (plural)
attornies (obsolete plural)
actorney (alternative obsolete)

→ Punjabi: ਅਟਾਰਨੀ (aṭārnī)

→ Welsh: atwrnai

From Middle English attourne, from Old French atorné, past participle of atorner, atourner, aturner (“to attorn”), in the sense of "one appointed or constituted".

(Philippines, sometimes US) An honorific given to lawyers and notaries public, or those holders by profession who also do other jobs. Usually capitalized or abbreviated as Atty.


CEO

CEO (countable and uncountable, plural CEOs)

CEOs (plural)
C.E.O. (alternative)
C. E. O. (alternative)
ceo (alternative)

(Philippines, government) Initialism of city engineering office.


slingshot

‘Terry Madison. Instead of fiddling with that shanghai, give us a thought.’ ‘It’s a gongai,’ Swiftie said. ‘I mean that’s the name for a shanghai which is another name for a catapult...that Mr Delarue calls a slingshot.’

1982, Paul Radley, My Blue-Checker Corker and Me, Sydney: Fontana/Collins, page 61:

(chiefly US, Australia, Philippines) A Y-shaped stick with an elastic sling between the arms used for shooting small projectiles.

blorë

Y-shaped stick with an elastic sling between the arms used for shooting small projectiles — see also sling

tiragomas (specifically Cantabria, Basque Country, Soria, La Rioja and Aragon)

bean shooter

stick with elastic band for shooting projectiles


airplane

airplanes (plural)
aeroplane (alternative Commonwealth Ireland)
aëroplane (alternative Commonwealth Ireland)

/ˈɛːˌpleɪ̯n/

/ˈɛəˌpleɪ̯n/

/ˈɛɚˌpleɪ̯n/

From air + plane as an alteration of aeroplane.

(chiefly US, Canada, Philippines) A powered heavier-than-air aircraft with fixed wings.

飛行機 /飞行机

fî-hàng-kî, pî-hàng-kî, fî-yàng-kî, pî-yàng-kî

So, he'd take a spoon and he'd start playing airplane, circling the spoon around in the air until it was ready to land in the runway of my mouth.

1988, Matthew Linn, Sheila Fabricant, Dennis Linn, Healing the Eight Stages of Life, Paulist Press, →ISBN, page 66:

Willis wondered what this fellow wanted to do, spoon feed him? Play airplane?

1997 03, Maria Flook, Open Water, Ecco Press, →ISBN:

For instance, Jan has taken to playing airplane with the spoon to get Charley to attend to the spoon and want to take it into his mouth.

2013 May 13, Theo L. Dorpat, Michael L. Miller, Clinical Interaction and the Analysis of Meaning: A New Psychoanalytic Theory, Routledge, →ISBN:

(chiefly US, Canada, Philippines) A game to encourage small children to eat, in which the parent or carer pretends a spoonful of food is an aircraft flying into the child's mouth.


hardware

→ Amharic: ሃርድዌር (hardəwer)

From Middle English hardware; equivalent to hard + -ware; attested since the mid-15th century.

(Philippines) Ellipsis of hardware store.


ABM

ABM (countable and uncountable, plural ABMs)

(Philippines, education) Initialism of accountancy and business management, one of the strands under the academic track in senior high school.


feeler

From Middle English feler, feeler, felar, equivalent to feel + -er. Animal organ definition from 1660s. Transferred sense of "proposal put forth to observe the reaction it gets" is from 1830.

(Philippines) a presumptive person; someone who bases on gut feeling, such as assuming or imagining that something said or done, whether positive or negative, was for a person despite having no concrete confirmation but gut feeling, or someone who assumes one's affection is reciprocated, or indulges in one's own wishful thinking or flatters oneself


DOJ

DAR

executive departments of the Philippines

Department of Justice
w:Department of Justice (Philippines)

(Philippines) Initialism of Department of Justice.


GCC

* (GNU Compiler Collection): GCC was originally an acronym for "GNU C Compiler", now a backronym for "GNU Compiler Collection".
* (Gulf Cooperation Council): Initialism of Gulf Cooperation Council.

(Philippines, business) Initialism of Governance Commission for Government-Owned or Controlled Corporations.


CDA

Cooperative Development Authority
w:Cooperative Development Authority

(Philippines) Initialism of Cooperative Development Authority.


SM

(Philippines) SM Supermalls (a chain of shopping malls)


NYC

w:National Youth Commission (Philippines)

(Philippines) Initialism of National Youth Commision.


aluminum

aluminum (countable and uncountable, plural aluminums)

aluminums (plural)
aluminium (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-aluminum.wav

Coined by British chemist Humphry Davy in 1812, after the earlier 1807 New Latin form alumium. By surface analysis, Latin alumen + -um

coin

US, Canadian, and Philippines standard spelling of aluminium.


shopping cart

/ˈʃɑpɪŋ kɑɹt/

(US, Canada, Philippines) A conveyance used to carry groceries and other items while shopping in a store.

عَرَبَة

conveyance used to carry items while shopping


PC

Philippine Constabulary
w:Philippine Constabulary

(Philippines, law enforcement, historical) Initialism of Philippine Constabulary.


Audio (US)

You need to sleep na.

I have to go na.


PG

en-noun

PG (countable and uncountable, plural PGs)

I've had it. That's it George! For one year now, I've been providing X-rated entertainment and you reciprocate with PG! It's an iniquitous arrangement!

1979, Blake Edwards, 10, spoken by Neighbor:

(uncountable, film, British, US, Philippines) Initialism of parental guidance, a rating for a film that may be viewed by minors at their parents' discretion.


FX

(Philippines, automobiles) a Tamaraw FX vehicle

(Philippines, road transport) a public transport service typically using a Tamaraw FX vehicle


maintenance

maintenance (usually uncountable, plural maintenances)

From Middle English mayntenaunce, from Old French maintenance, from maintenir, from Latin manus tenēre (“to hold in the hand”). By surface analysis, maintain + -ance.
Note that maintain has undergone a sound and spelling change, hence is spelt with -tain-, rather than the -ten- still found in maintenance.

der

maintenance medicine
maintenance medicine#English

(Philippines, medicine, colloquial) Ellipsis of maintenance medicine.


Christianity

en-proper noun

Christianity (usually uncountable, plural Christianities)

Christianities (plural)
christianity (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English Cristiente, Cristente, borrowed from Old French crestienté, from Medieval Latin stem of Chrīstiānitās, from Latin christianus, Christianus, from Ancient Greek Χριστιανός (Khristianós), from Χριστός (Khristós, “Christ, anointed one”) + Latin -anus (“suffix for of, related to”) + one more suffix borrowed from Latin "ity" makes the final Christian + -ity. The term was respelled in the early modern English period to more closely reflect its Latin etymon.

(Hong Kong, Philippines) Protestantism (in contrast to Catholicism)


bless

en-verb

bless (third-person singular simple present blesses, present participle blessing, simple past and past participle blest or blessed)

blesses (present singular third-person)
blessing (participle present)
blest (participle past)
blest (past)
blessed (participle past)
blessed (past)

Sranan Tongo: blesi, bresi

From Middle English blessen, from Old English bletsian (“to consecrate (with blood)”), from Proto-West Germanic *blōdisōn (“to sprinkle, mark or hallow with blood”), from Proto-Germanic *blōþą (“blood”), of uncertain origin, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- (“to bloom”). Cognate with Old Norse bleza (“to bless”) (whence Icelandic blessa), Old English blēdan (“to bleed”). More at bleed.

der

You should bless your relatives, because they arrived here already.

(Philippines) To perform the mano gesture; taking of an elder's hand to press it to one's forehead or kiss it (as a sign of respect)


college

colleges (plural)
colledg (alternative obsolete)
colledge (alternative obsolete)

⇒ Bengali: কলেজ (kolej)

→ Finnish: college

⇒ Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: कालिज (kālij), कॉलेज (kŏlej), कालेज (kālej)

Urdu: کالِج (kālij)

→ Russian: ко́лледж (kólledž), колле́дж (kollédž)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀леџ

Latin script: kòledž

→ Slovene: koledž

→ Ukrainian: ко́ле́дж (kólédž)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-?
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Italic *kom
Old Latin com
Latin cum
Latin con-
Latin lēx
Latin -ō
Latin lēgō
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂
Proto-Italic *-ā
Latin -a
Latin collēga
Proto-Indo-European *-yós
Old Latin -ios
Latin -ius
Latin -ium
Latin collēgiumbor.
Old French college
Middle French collegebor.
Middle English college
English college
From Middle English college, from Middle French college, from Old French college, from Latin collēgium. Doublet of collegium.

大專 /大专

postsecondary institution that does not award bachelor's degrees

مَعْهَد

non-specialized, semi-autonomous division of a university

(education) An academic institution.
(Ireland, Philippines) A university.


public school

public schools (plural)
public-school (alternative)

From public (originally, "communal" and contrasted with personal tutors; later, "state-run" and contrasted with private schools) + school.

The Court voted for the erecting a Publick Schooll or Colledge in Cambridge.

1636, Harvard College Records, published 1925, I.171:

The Governor and Provincial Council shall erect and order all public Schooles.

1683, Pennsylvania Frame of Government, §10:

By Act of Parliament no school is to be kept within two miles of a publick school.

1702, Henry Paton, Minnigaff Parish Records: the Session Book of Minnigaff, 1694-1750, published 1939:

A subscription... by a great part of the settlers and others to build a Public School at the Green Hills.

1804 August 12, Sydney Gazette, section 1:

Hardly anywhere in France... can the private boys' schools, whether they be lay or congreganist, hold their own in the competition with the public schools.

1861, Matthew Arnold, The Popular Education of France, with Notices of that of Holland and Switzerland, x.105:

Every school under the management of the school board of a parish shall be deemed a parish school, and every school under the management of the school board of a burgh shall be deemed a burgh school, and all such schools are hereby declared to be public schools within the meaning of this Act.

1872, Acts of Parliament 35 & 36 under Victoria (Scotland), c.62, §25

Public Schools... are distinguished from those which until recently were entitled Grammar Schools.

As to the two races involved in this question of public schools the difference is this: the negroes do not wish mixed schools; the white people will not have them.

If our public schools fail to furnish an education fully as good as can be obtained in private schools, intelligent, conscientious, and well-to-do parents will withdraw their children.

Public Schools. Course of Instruction... Class III. To include at least reading, writing, arithmetic, outlines of history and geography, and lessons on natural objects.

1904, Cape of Good Hope C.S. List, section 267:

The term ‘public school’ has a different connotation in New Zealand. It implies the Borough or County school; the school provided by the State.

1932, Nelle Scanlan, Pencarrow, section 256:

(Canada, US, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Philippines, formerly Scottish) A publicly funded and administered school; (UK, Ireland) such schools in the context of other countries


side

en-noun

side (countable and uncountable, plural sides)

From Middle English side, from Old English sīde (“side, flank”), from Proto-Germanic *sīdǭ (“side, flank, edge, shore”), from Proto-Indo-European *sēy- (“to send, throw, drop, sow, deposit”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Siede (“side”), West Frisian side (“side”), Dutch zijde, zij (“side”), German Low German Sied (“side”), German Seite (“side”), Danish and Norwegian side (“side”), Swedish sida (“side”).
The LGBTQ slang sense was coined by sex therapist and author Joe Kort in 2010 and popularized in 2013. The sense was coined by analogy with top and bottom and based on the metaphor of a box which has a top, bottom, and sides.

coinage

know which side one's bread is buttered on

laugh out of the other side of one's mouth

not be able to hit the broad side of a barn

the apples on the other side of the wall are the sweetest

the grass is always greener on the other side of the fence

Do you want a side of cole-slaw with that?

(US, Canada, Philippines, colloquial) A dish that accompanies the main course; a side dish.


switch

→ Gulf Arabic: سويچ (swīč)

→ German: Switch

Perhaps from Middle Dutch swijch (“twig”), first attested in c. 1592. The mechanical device for altering the direction of something sense is first attested in c. 1797, pertaining to pivoted rails on minecart railways, which were once wooden.

камута́тар

system allowing the interconnection of telephone lines

(rail transport, US, Philippines) A movable section of railroad track which allows the train to be directed down one of two destination tracks; (set of) points.


proctor

proctors (plural)
proctour (alternative obsolete)

Inherited from Middle English procatour, contraction of procuratour; compare proxy. Doublet of procurator.

(Canada, US, Philippines) A person who supervises students as they take an examination, in the United States at the college/university level; often the department secretary, or a fellow/graduate student; an invigilator.


proctor

en-verb

proctor (third-person singular simple present proctors, present participle proctoring, simple past and past participle proctored)

proctors (present singular third-person)
proctoring (participle present)
proctored (participle past)
proctored (past)
proctour (alternative obsolete)

(Canada, US, Philippines) to function as a proctor


lemonade

en-noun

lemonade (countable and uncountable, plural lemonades)

→ Japanese: レモネード (remonēdo)

→ Korean: 레모네이드 (remoneideu)

→ Welsh: lemonêd

From French limonade, equivalent to lemon + -ade.

Tobacco and the plant valerian are also considered to be anaphrodisiac in their effects, diminishing sexual inclination. Also vinegar, dried coriander, potassium bromide, cocaine, vervain, acid drinks, lemonade.

1961, Harry E. Wedeck, Dictionary of Aphrodisiacs, New York: The Citadel Press, page 11:

(US, Canada, India, Philippines) A flavoured beverage consisting of water, lemon, and sweetener, sometimes ice, served mainly as a refreshment.

നാരങ്ങാവെള്ളം

nāraṅṅāveḷḷaṁ


railroad

Jersey Dutch: railroad

Many railroads roughly follow the trace of older land - and/or water roads

(chiefly US, Philippines) A permanent track consisting of fixed metal rails to drive trains or similar motorized vehicles on.


bar

bar (countable and uncountable, plural bars)

→ Albanian: bar m

→ Arabic: بَار m (bār)

→ Armenian: բար (bar)

→ Bulgarian: бар (bar)

→ Burmese: ဘား (bha:)

→ Chichewa: bála

→ Cantonese: 吧 (baa¹)

→ Czech: bar m

→ Danish: bar c

→ Dutch: bar m

→ Esperanto: baro

→ Estonian: baar

→ French: bar m
→ Romanian: bar

→ Galician: bar m

→ Georgian: ბარი (bari)

→ German: Bar f

→ Greek: μπαρ n (bar)

→ Gulf Arabic: بار (bār)

→ Hebrew: בָּר (bar), בָּאר (bár)

→ Hungarian: bár (also via German)

→ Icelandic: bar m

→ Irish: beár m

→ Italian: bar m

→ Japanese: バー (bā)

→ Khmer: បារ (baa)

→ Korean: 바 (ba)

→ Lithuanian: bãras m

→ Macedonian: бар m (bar)

→ Malagasy: ba

→ Mandarin: 吧 (bā)

→ Norwegian:

Bokmål: bar m

Nynorsk: bar m

→ Persian: بار (bâr)

→ Polish: bar m

→ Portuguese: bar m

→ Russian: бар m (bar)

→ Serbo-Croatian: ба̑р m, bȃr m

→ Slovene: bȃr m

→ Spanish: bar m

→ Swahili: baa

→ Swedish: bar c (see there for further descendants)

→ Thai: บาร์ (baa)

→ Turkish: bar

→ Xhosa: íbhári

→ Zulu: ibha

From Middle English barre, from Old French barre (“beam, bar, gate, barrier”), from Vulgar Latin *barra, of uncertain origin. Doublet of barre.

der

He's studying hard to pass the Bar this time; he's failed it twice before.

(US, Philippines, law, usually with the) The bar exam, the legal licensing exam.


import

en-noun

import (countable and uncountable, plural imports)

export

antonym(s) of “something brought in from a foreign country”

From Middle English importen, from Old French emporter, importer, from Latin importō (“bring in from abroad, import”, verb), from in (“in, at, on; into”) + portō (“I carry, bear; convey”).

der

(countable, Philippines) A foreigner playing in a sports league.


crossing

en-noun

crossing (countable and uncountable, plural crossings)

pedestrian crossing
pedestrian crossing#English

(Philippines) Ellipsis of pedestrian crossing.


village

From Middle English village, from Old French village, from Latin villāticus, ultimately from Latin villa (English villa).
Broadly overtook Old English wic, þorp, and ham.
The Philippine sense is due to its frequent use in the names of gated communities.

There are six blocks in our village, each having ten lots.

(Philippines) An exclusive gated community; a subdivision.


tricycle

(Philippines) An autorickshaw; A motorized cycle rickshaw (usually a roofed motorcycle with sidecar, often available for hire in the manner of a taxi)


tricyclist

(Philippines, uncommon) A person who drives or rides an autorickshaw.


prep

prep (countable and uncountable, plural preps)

(Philippines) Preparatory level; the last two levels or the fourth and fifth years of preschool; the two levels before first grade.


course

→ Gulf Arabic: كورس (kōrs)

From Middle English cours, from Old French cours, from Latin cursus (“course of a race”), from currō (“run”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱers- (“to run”). Doublet of cursus and cour.

polku

path that something or someone moves along

the course of true love never did run smooth

What's your course in university?
—Business studies. And you?

During the whole time of his abode in the university he generally spent thirteen hours of the day in study; by which assiduity besides an exact dispatch of the whole course of philosophy, he read over in a manner all classic authors that are extant[…]

1661, John Fell, The Life of the most learned, reverend and pious Dr. H. Hammond:

(UK, Ireland, Philippines) an educational programme at a college or university leading to an academic degree or vocational qualification.


oughtn't

We ought to wake dad, oughtn't we?

(UK, Ireland, Commonwealth) (US, Philippines, dated, rare) ought not (negative auxiliary).


cot

Borrowed from Hindi खाट (khāṭ), from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀔𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀸 (khaṭṭā), from Sanskrit खट्वा (khaṭvā, “bedstead”).

There was a flickering of lanterns about the camp that night, and a rumor that brought men out of their cots to the tent doors, a paddling of the naked feet of doolie-bearers and the rush of a galloping horse.

1889, Rudyard Kipling, “Only A Subaltern”, in Under the Deodars, Boston: The Greenock Press, published 1899, page 153:

(Canada, US, Philippines) A simple bed, especially one for portable or temporary purposes.


pirate

en-verb

pirate (third-person singular simple present pirates, present participle pirating, simple past and past participle pirated)

pirates (present singular third-person)
pirating (participle present)
pirated (participle past)
pirated (past)
pyrate (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English pirate, pirat, pyrat, from Old French pirate, from Latin pīrāta (“pirate”), from Ancient Greek πειρατής (peiratḗs), from πεῖρα (peîra, “trial, attempt, plot”). Displaced native Old English wīċing, which was the word for both "pirate" and "viking".

(transitive, intransitive, Philippines) To entice an employee to switch from a competing company to one's own.


bottomless

From Middle English botemles, botmeles, equivalent to bottom + -less.

(Philippines) refillable (usually for iced tea or other such cold beverages)


top

en-noun

top (countable and uncountable, plural tops)

From Middle English top, toppe, from Old English top (“top, highest part; summit; crest; tassel, tuft; (spinning) top, ball; a tuft or ball at the highest point of anything”), from Proto-West Germanic *topp, from Proto-Germanic *tuppaz (“braid, pigtail, end”), of unknown ultimate origin.
Cognate with Scots tap (“top”), North Frisian top, tap, tup (“top”), Saterland Frisian Top (“top”), West Frisian top (“top”), Dutch top (“top, summit, peak”), Low German Topp (“top”), German Zopf (“braid, pigtail, plait, top”), Swedish topp (“top, peak, summit, tip”), Icelandic toppur (“top”).
The sense of a spinning toy is separated from this, obscurely related to Dutch top and dop in this sense, against Standard Dutch tol, and French toupie having this sense.

suprulo

BDSM: dominant partner in a BDSM relationship or roleplay

one's elevator doesn't go all the way to the top

(Philippines, usually in the plural) a shoot (eaten as a vegetable).


wrench

wrenches (plural)
wrenche (alternative obsolete)
wrinche (alternative obsolete)
wringe (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English wrench, from Old English wrenċ. Compare German Rank (“plot, intrigue”).

(US, Canada, Philippines) A hand tool for making rotational adjustments, such as fitting nuts and bolts, or fitting pipes.


final

→ Japanese: ファイナル (fainaru)

→ Korean: 파이널 (paineol)

→ Swahili: fainali

From Middle English final, fynal, fynall, from Old French final, from Latin fīnālis (“of or relating to the end or to boundaries”), from fīnis (“end”); see fine. Replaced native English endly (“final”).

der

It was tough cramming for those midterms and finals, staying up 72 hours straight hepped up on caffeine and pizza.

2005 April 13, Robert MacMillan, “Steal This Song”, in The Washington Post, retrieved 2008-10-03:

(Canada, US, Philippines) A final examination; a test or examination given at the end of a term or class; the test that concludes a class.


puso

(Philippines) Rice wrapped and boiled in a casing made of woven coconut leaves.


automobile

→ Alabama: mobìlika

→ Hawaiian: ʻokomopila

→ Unami: hatëmopil

From French automobile, from Ancient Greek αὐτός (autós, “self”) + French mobile (“moving”), from Latin mōbilis (“movable”), equivalent to auto- (“self”) + mobile.

Surprisingly, this analysis revealed that acute exposure to solvent vapors at concentrations below those associated with long-term effects appears to increase the risk of a fatal automobile accident.

2013 July-August, Philip J. Bushnell, “Solvents, Ethanol, Car Crashes & Tolerance”, in American Scientist:

(US, Canada, Philippines, Australia, New Zealand) A type of motor vehicle designed to move on the ground under its own stored power and intended to carry a driver, a small number of additional passengers, and a very limited amount of other load. A car or motorcar.


flashlight

→ Cebuano: plaslayt

→ Tagalog: plaslayt

→ Tausug: plaslayt

find one's ass with both hands and a flashlight

At school he used to do Dr. Jekyll turning into Mr. Hyde, shining a flashlight into his face.

1997, Saul Bellow, The Actual, New York: Viking, page 32:

(Canada, US, Philippines) A battery-powered hand-held light source.


Final Four

(sports, Philippines, informal) The semifinal round, or an appearance in it generally.


maniac

maniacs (plural)
maniack (alternative obsolete)

→ Cebuano: manyak, manyakis

→ Malay: maniak

→ Tagalog: manyak, manyakis

From mania + -ac. Borrowed from French maniaque, from Late Latin maniacus, from Ancient Greek μανιακός (maniakós), adjectival form of μανία (manía, “madness”). Compare manic.


actually

A: That was a pretty good movie.

B: Actually!

(Philippines, informal) Indicating affirmation, agreement.


advanced

en-adj

advanced (comparative more advanced or further advanced, superlative most advanced or furthest advanced)

more advanced (comparative)
further advanced (comparative)
most advanced (superlative)
furthest advanced (superlative)

(Philippines, of a clock or watch) Indicating a time ahead of the correct time.


adviser

(Philippines, education) Ellipsis of class adviser.


apartment

apartments (plural)
APT (alternative)
apt. (alternative)

→ Japanese: アパートメント (apātomento), アパート (apāto)

→ Hokkien: a-phá-tò

→ Korean: 아파트 (apateu)

→ Malay: اڤرتمن (apartmen)

desc

→ Thai: อพาร์ทเมนท์ (à-páat-mén)

→ Thai: อพาร์ทเมนท์ (à-páat-mén)

From French appartement, from Italian appartamento, from Spanish apartamiento (“separation, seclusion”). See apart.

der

apartment dwellers

I am Jonathan. I am in apartment B4. — I am in apartment C2.

2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)

(chiefly Canada, US, Australia, Philippines) A complete domicile occupying only part of a building, especially one for rent; a flat.

雅柏文

ngaa⁵ paak³ man⁴, aa⁶ paat¹ man⁴, aa⁶ paat¹ man⁴⁻²

condominium

domicile occupying part of a building; compare with


fraternity

en-noun

fraternity (countable and uncountable, plural fraternities)

PIE word
 *bʰréh₂tēr
From Middle English fraternite, borrowed from Old French fraternité, from Latin frāternitās, ultimately from frāter (“brother”).

(US, Philippines) A social organization of male students at a college or university; usually identified by Greek letters.


UPS

United Parañaque Subdivision
United Parañaque Subdivision#English

San Martin De Porres
San Martin De Porres

Marcelo Green Village
Marcelo Green Village

(Philippines, chiefly Parañaque) Initialism of United Parañaque Subdivision: several subdivisions in barangays San Martin De Porres, San Isidro, BF Homes, and Marcelo Green Village, in Parañaque, Metro Manila, Philippines.


NTC

(Philippines) Initialism of National Telecommunications Commission.


PAL

Philippine Airlines
w:Philippine Airlines

(Philippines, aviation) Acronym of Philippine Airlines, a flag carrier of the Philippines


IC

(Philippines) Initialism of Iligan City.


kuya

From Tagalog kuya, from Hokkien 哥仔 (*ko-iá).

(Philippines) A respectful title or form of address for an older man.


period

periods (plural)
per. (alternative abbreviation)

frequency

antonym(s) of “length of time of recurrence of a periodic phenomenon”

/ˈpɪə.ɹɪ.əd/

From Middle English periode, from Middle French periode, from Medieval Latin periodus, from Ancient Greek περίοδος (períodos, “circuit, orbit, a recurring interval of time, path around”), from περι- (peri-, “around”) + ὁδός (hodós, “way”). Displaced native Middle English tide (“interval, period, season”), from Old English tīd (“time, period, season”), as well as Middle English elde (“age, period”), from Old English ieldu (“age, period of time”).

periudhë

history: period of time seen as coherent entity

periodike

length of time during which something repeats

‘You know, a period? The black spot at the end of a sentence — what do you call them over there?’

2002, Zadie Smith, The Autograph Man, Penguin Books (2003), page 299:

(now chiefly Canada, US, Philippines) The punctuation mark “.” (indicating the ending of a sentence or marking an abbreviation).


lone

tlb

(chiefly attributively, otherwise archaic or poetic)

lone congressional district

(Philippines, politics, of an election or elected position) Not divided into multiple districts.


express

From French exprès, from Latin expressus, past participle of exprimere (see Etymology 2, below).

public utility vehicle
public utility vehicle

A mode of transportation, often a train, that travels quickly or directly, either on a regular schedule or as a special or excursion. Express trains often pass through stations along the way without stopping at them.

(Philippines, chiefly Metro Manila) a public utility vehicle, typically a jeepney, that traverses through an expressway


toga

togas (plural)
togae (plural)
togæ (plural)

Borrowed directly from Latin toga, from tegō (“I clothe”). Doublet of toge.
The Philippine (and Indonesian) senses are due to the resemblance of the white ceremonial gowns worn by graduates of institutions to the loose outer garment worn by the citizens of Ancient Rome.

(Philippines, Indonesia) cap and gown; ceremonial gown or robe (worn by a graduate, lawyer, judge, professor etc.)


wanton

Borrowed from Cantonese 雲吞 /云吞 (wan⁴ tan¹).

bor+

Add wanton, chives and vegetables to broth and season with 1 tablespoon salt, ½ teaspoon sesame oil, and 1 chicken cube.

1979, Lucy Lo, “Wanton Soup with Vegetable”, in Chinese Cooking with Lucy Lo: Authentic Mouth-watering Recipes You Can Prepare at Home by a Leading Hong Kong Chef, Sydney, N.S.W.: Horwitz Publications, published 1981, →ISBN, “Beef and Pork” section, page 22, column 2:

Spread mayonnaise sparingly on one side of each of the wantons. Now make a stepped sandwich so that you can see about one-third of each type of fish on your serving plate. Start with one wanton, mayonnaise-side up, cover with a slice of tuna add another wanton, mayonnaise-side up, leaving one-third of the tuna showing.

1993, George Mure, Jill Mure, “Sashimi Mille Feuille”, in Mures Fish Tales & Tasmanian Seafood, Hobart, Tasmania: Platypus Publishing, →ISBN, “Starters” section, page 63:

Dumplings, wanton, and spring rolls are typical Han foods.

2005, Meri Meredith, “Taiwan”, in Dealing with an International Clientele: Communications, Diplomacy and Etiquette (Information Services Management Series), Munich: K. G. Saur Verlag, →ISBN, chapter 10 (Cultures of the World, J–W), page 199:

I settled on Chinese takeout for dinner—vegetable lo mein, beef and broccoli, hot and sour soup with wantons and egg rolls.

2013, Cambria Hebert, “Piper”, in Recalled (Death Escorts; 1), →ISBN, page 104:

Also in 2012, he [Joey Chestnut] consumed 390 shrimp wantons in eight minutes at the finale of the CP Biggest Eater Competition in Bangkok, Thailand.

2013, Geoff Tibballs, “Chestnut Champ”, in Ripley’s Believe It or Not! 2014: Dare to Look!, Orlando, Fla.: Ripley Publishing, →ISBN, “Food” section, page 219, column 3:

(Philippines, Singapore) wonton (Chinese dumpling)


pasta

en-noun

pasta (countable and uncountable, plural pastas or (rare) paste)

→ Indonesian: pasta

→ Hindi: पास्ता (pāstā)

→ Marathi: पास्ता (pāstā)

→ Thai: พาสตา (páas-dtâa)

→ Welsh: pasta

pastor (Australia, New Zealand, Northern England)

Borrowed from Italian pasta (“paste; pasta, noodles”), from Late Latin pasta (“dough, pastry cake, paste”), from Ancient Greek παστά (pastá, “barley porridge”), neuter plural of παστός (pastós, “sprinkled with salt”), from Ancient Greek πάσσω (pássō, “to sprinkle”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₁t- (“to shake”). Doublet of paste.
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *(s)kweh₁t-der.
Ancient Greek πάσσω (pássō)
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Ancient Greek -τός (-tós)
Ancient Greek παστός (pastós)
Ancient Greek παστά (pastá)bor.
Late Latin pasta
Italian pastabor.
English pasta

па́ста

considered non-standard and has other meanings

Italian pasta - short-cut extruded noodles

(Philippines, dentistry, uncountable) dental filling.


banca

From Philippine Spanish banca, from Tagalog bangka.

In towns on plains near the sea it is difficult to secure good water. The rivers are salt and water has to be carried in bancas many miles. An open banca is neither a clean nor a safe way to carry water.

1908, W. W. Pettit, “Fourth Grade Civics: 13th Meeting—Water Supply”, in Philippine Education, volume 5, number 1, Manila, page 29:

(Philippines, nautical) A canoe; an outrigger canoe or dugout.


closet

→ Czech: klozet

→ Polish: klozet

→ Spanish: clóset

→ Welsh: closet

From Middle English closet, from Old French closet, from clos (“private space”) + -et (diminutive suffix), from Latin clausum. Equivalent to close + -et, but generally applied in French solely to small open-air enclosures.

cupboard

storage area set into a wall, used for storing food or dishware

wardrobe

piece of furniture, used for storing clothes

cupboard

piece of furniture, used for storing food or dishware

(now chiefly Scotland, Ireland) Any small room or side room.

(US, Philippines) One intended for storing clothes or bedclothes.


PRC

Professional Regulatory Commission
w:Professional Regulatory Commission

(Philippines) Initialism of Professional Regulatory Commission.

Philippine Red Cross
w:Philippine Red Cross

(Philippines) Initialism of Philippine Red Cross.


pax

Abbreviation of passenger; -x is an abbreviation marker as in DX, TX, Dx, Rx, etc.

$30 per pax

(Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, by extension, restaurant industry) A restaurant guest, when counting; person.


mart

From Middle Dutch mart, markt (“market”) (Modern Dutch markt), from Old Dutch *markat, from Late Latin marcātus, an alternative form of Classical Latin mercātus. See market.

FedMart, Walmart, Kmart, Kwik-E-Mart

(Canada, US, Philippines, usually only in combination) A shop, a store, a market.


off

en-verb

off (third-person singular simple present offs, present participle offing, simple past and past participle offed)

offs (present singular third-person)
offing (participle present)
offed (participle past)
offed (past)
offn (alternative)

(older Received Pronunciation, General American) -ɔːf

From Middle English of, from Old English of, af, æf (“from, off, away”), from Proto-West Germanic *ab, from Proto-Germanic *ab (“from”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epo (“from, off, back”). Doublet of of.
Cognates
Cognate with Scots of, af (“off, away”), West Frisian af, ôf (“off, away”), Dutch af (“off, from”), German Low German of (“off, from”), German ab (“off, from”), Danish af (“of, off”), Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk and Swedish av (“of, off”), Icelandic af (“of, off”), Gothic 𐌰𐍆 (af, “of, from”); and with Latin ab (“of, from, by”), Ancient Greek ἀπό (apó, “from”), and others.

inh

Can you off the light?

(transitive, Singapore, Philippines, Nigeria) To switch off.


sub

* Shortened form of any of various words beginning with sub-.

(Philippines, colloquial) Clipping of subject (“particular area of study”)


senior

seniors (plural)
seniour (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English senior, from Latin senior (“older”), comparative form of senex (“old”); see senate. Doublet of seigneur, seignior, senhor, señor, senyor, signore, sir, and sire.

doublet

(US, Philippines) A final-year student at a high school or university; a finalist.


junior

en-noun

junior (countable and uncountable, plural juniors)

Borrowed from Latin junior, a contraction of iuvenior (“younger”) which is the comparative of iuvenis (“young”); see juvenile.

(countable, chiefly US, Philippines) A third-year student at a high school or university.


zucchini

zucchinis (plural)
zucchini (plural)
zucchina (alternative)
zucchino (alternative)

→ Japanese: ズッキーニ

Borrowed from Italian zucchini, plural of zucchino, diminutive of zucca (“squash”). Ultimately related to courgette through the original Latin cucurbita. Compare Sicilian cucuzza.

Cucurbita pepo
Cucurbita pepo#Translingual

(Australia, New Zealand, Canada, US, Philippines) A courgette; a variety of squash, Cucurbita pepo, which bears edible fruit.

(Australia, New Zealand, Canada, US, Philippines) The edible fruit of this variety of squash.


zee

tlb

(chiefly US, Newfoundland, Philippines, increasingly in Canada, UK, Australia)

→ Tagalog: zi

1670s US variant of zed (which see for more), by analogy with other letters such as bee, dee, tee and vee, and standardized by Noah Webster.

zee-bar.

Time to get some zees.

(colloquial, usually in the plural) Sleep.


zee

en-verb

zee (third-person singular simple present zees, present participle zeeing, simple past and past participle zeed)

zees (present singular third-person)
zeeing (participle present)
zeed (participle past)
zeed (past)

(intransitive, informal) To sleep or nap. (Compare zzz, catch some z's.)


dime

From Middle English dime, from Anglo-Norman disme (“one tenth, tithe”) (modern French dîme), from Medieval Latin decima, from Latin decima (pars) (“tenth (part)”). Doublet of decim, decima, and decime.

(US, Philippines, basketball) An assist.


jab

Originally a Scottish (unclear if Scots or Scottish English) form of English job (“peck, poke, thrust”), from Middle English jobben.

A 'painless' sticking plaster flu jab that delivers vaccine into the skin has passed important safety tests in the first trial in people.

2017 June 28, Michelle Roberts, “Painless flu jab patch for people scared of injections”, in BBC News:

(British, Australia, New Zealand, sometimes Philippines) A vaccination, whether or not delivered via conventional injection.


story

Our shop was on the fourth story of the building, so we had to install an elevator.

The lower story of the market-house was open on all four of its sides to the public square.

1900, Charles W[addell] Chesnutt, chapter I, in The House Behind the Cedars, Boston, Mass.; New York, N.Y.: Houghton, Mifflin and Company […], →OCLC:

An astonishing proportion of village people had replaced their old houses with new ones built of better materials, often two stories high.

1994, David K. Jordan, “The Popular Practice of Religion”, in Cultural Change in Postwar Taiwan, Westview Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 139:

The Wooden Pagoda in Ying County of Shanxi, built 1,000 years ago, has nine stories and is 234 feet high.

2016, Xiaobing Li, “Art and Architecture”, in Modern China, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 292:

(chiefly US, Philippines) Alternative spelling of storey.


NP

(Philippines) Initialism of Nacionalista Party.


architect

From Middle French architecte, from Latin architectus, from Ancient Greek ἀρχιτέκτων (arkhitéktōn, “master builder”), from ἀρχι- (arkhi-, “chief”) + τέκτων (téktōn, “builder”).

der

every man is the architect of his own fortune

(Philippines) An honorific given to architects. Usually capitalized or abbreviated as Arch./Ar. before the person's name.


professor

professors (plural)
professour (alternative archaic)

→ Chickasaw: pofessa'

→ Fijian: parofesa

→ Hawaiian: polopeka

→ Hindi: प्रोफ़ेसर (profesar)

→ Malay: profesor

→ Niuean: palōfesa

→ Samoan: polofesa

→ Swahili: profesa

→ Tok Pisin: profesa

→ Tongan: palofesa

→ Urdu: پروفیسر (profesar)

Derived from Anglo-Norman proffessur, from Latin professor (“declarer, person who claims knowledge”), from the past participle stem of profiteor (“profess”).

(US, Philippines, informal) A teacher or faculty member at a college or university regardless of formal rank.

professor

higher ranking for a teacher or faculty member at a college or university

dosent

teacher or faculty member at a college or university, regardless of formal rank


math

en-noun

math (countable and uncountable, plural maths)

maths (plural)
maths (alternative Australia New-Zealand UK)

Clarke stumbled into music by way of a high school course he took to raise his grades. "Music was a bird course. I had more interest in math, science, and women", he divulged.

2002 October 26, Nathalie Younglai, “Conducting without boundaries”, in Guelph Mercury, page C3:

(informal, uncountable, Canada, US, Philippines) Clipping of mathematics.

If you do the math, you'll see that it’s not such a bargain.

$170 a month? That doesn’t sound right. Let me check your math.

(informal, uncountable, Canada, US, Philippines) Arithmetic calculations; (see do the math).

They needed to take two more maths in order to graduate.

Did you take math today? / What did you do in math today?

Then, I further worked myself into an A+ panic attack with the realization that on top of the algebra, I would have to take three more maths, from a choice of calculus, finite math, statistics, logic, or differential equation.

2010, Claude Regis Vargo, Beyond My Horizon, →ISBN, page 108:

(informal, countable, Canada, US, Philippines) A math course or class.


bookstore

bookstores (plural)
book store (alternative)


circumcision

circumcision (countable and uncountable, plural circumcisions)

/ˌsɜː(ɹ)kəmˈsɪʒən/

From Latin circumcīsiō, from circumcīdō (“cut around”), from circum (“about, around; through”) + caedō (“cut, hew”).

The ancient Egyptians practiced circumcision by creating a dorsal incision in the foreskin.

The surgical excision of the foreskin and usually all or most of the penile frenulum.

(chiefly historical or Philippines) Other surgeries involving the incision or partial excision of the foreskin or penile frenulum without total posthetomy.


elevator

→ Hawaiian: ʻeleweka

→ Japanese: エレベーター

→ Korean: 엘리베이터 (ellibeiteo)

/ˈɛləˌveɪtə/

/ˈɛləˌveɪtəɹ/

(Canada, US, Australia, Philippines) A permanent construction with a built-in platform or cab that can be raised and lowered, used to transport people and goods, as between different floors of a building.


diaper

diaper (countable and uncountable, plural diapers)

From Middle English dyaper, from Old French dyapre, diaspre, from Medieval Latin diaspra, diasprum from Byzantine Greek δίασπρος (díaspros, adjective), from δια- (dia-, “across”) + ἄσπρος (áspros, “white”).

der

(Canada, US, Philippines, India) An absorbent garment worn by a baby, by a young child not yet toilet trained, or by an adult who is often also incontinent; a nappy.

doek

absorbent garment worn by a baby, or by someone who is incontinent


section

From Middle English seccioun, from Old French section, from Latin sectiō (“cutting, cutting off, excision, amputation of diseased parts of the body, etc.”), from sectus, past participle of secāre (“to cut”). More at saw.

разрэ́з

surgery: incision or the act of making an incision

(Philippines, education) A class in a school; a group of students in a regularly scheduled meeting with a teacher in a certain school year or semester or school quarter year.


boundary

From bound + -ary, Old French, from Latin.

(Philippines) commission paid by a bus or jeepney driver to a public transportation operator for taking passengers, or the excess collected fares taken as daily wage


nursery

en-noun

nursery (countable and uncountable, plural nurseries)

Carolina Stanley
Fritz von Uhde
Kunsthalle Hamburg
María Eugenia Vidal

From Middle English noricerie, norserye (“children's nursery; state of being fostered or nursed; education, upbringing”) [and other forms], from Old French norricerie, nourricerie, from norrice, nourrice (modern French nourrice (“childminder, nanny; wet nurse”)) + -erie (suffix forming feminine nouns). Norrice and nourrice are derived from Late Latin nūtrīcia (“wet nurse”), from Latin nūtrīcius (“that nurses or suckles; nourishing”), from nūtriō (“to breastfeed, nurse, suckle”), possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₂- (“to flow”). The English word may be analysed as nourice, nurse + -ery (suffix forming nouns meaning ‘place of’).

refn

From the collection of the Kunsthalle Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.

nb...

norceri, norcerie, norcery, norcerye, norisri, norisrie, norisserie, norisserye, norserie, norserye, norsheri, norshery, norysrye, nursery

де́тска я́сла

place where nursing or the raising of children is carried out

разса́дник

place where anything is fostered and growth promoted

(countable) A place where nursing (“breastfeeding”) or the raising of children is carried on.

(Philippines) The first year of pre-school.


load

The sense of “burden” first arose in the 13th century as a secondary meaning of Middle English lode, loade, which had the main significance of “way, course, journey”, from Old English lād (“course, journey; way, street, waterway; leading, carrying; maintenance, support”) (ultimately from Proto-Germanic *laidō (“leading, way”), Proto-Indo-European *leyt- (“to go, go forth, die”).
Cognate with Middle Low German leide (“entourage, escort”), German Leite (“line, course, load”), Swedish led (“way, trail, line”), Icelandic leið (“way, course, route”)). As such, load is a doublet of lode, which has preserved the older meaning.
Most likely, the semantic extension of the Middle English substantive arose by conflation with the (etymologically unrelated) verb lade; however, Middle English lode occurs only as a substantive; the transitive verb load (“to charge with a load”) is recorded only in the 16th century (frequently in Shakespeare),
and (except for the participle laden) has largely supplanted lade in modern English.
For the meaning development from PIE, compare Latin carrus (whence carry) akin to currō.


load

en-verb

load (third-person singular simple present loads, present participle loading, simple past loaded, past participle loaded or (archaic) loaden)

loads (present singular third-person)
loading (participle present)
loaded (past)
loaded (participle past)
loaden (archaic participle past)

(Philippines) to top up or purchase phone credits


Cory

(Philippines) A diminutive of the female given name Corazón, from Spanish.


terror

en-adj

terror (comparative more terror, superlative most terror)

more terror (comparative)
most terror (superlative)
terrour (alternative hypercorrect obsolete)

From late Middle English terrour, from Old French terreur f (“terror, fear, dread”), from Latin terror m (“fright, fear, terror”), from terrēre (“to frighten, terrify”), from Old Latin tr̥reō, from Proto-Italic *trozeō, from Proto-Indo-European *tre- (“to shake”), *tres- (“to tremble”).

der

I have a terror math teacher.

(Philippines, slang) A strict teacher who fails most of the students.


butt

From Middle English but, butte (“goal, mark, butt of land”), from Old English byt, bytt (“small piece of land”) and *butt (attested in diminutive Old English buttuc (“end, small piece of land”) > English buttock), from Proto-West Germanic *butt, from Proto-Germanic *buttaz (“end, piece”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰnós (“bottom”), later thematic variant of Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn ~ *bʰudʰn-, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (“deep”). Cognate with Norwegian butt (“stump, block”), Icelandic bútur (“piece, fragment”), Low German butt (“blunt, clumsy”). Influenced by Old French but, butte (“but, mark”), ultimately from the same Germanic source. Compare also Albanian bythë (“buttocks”), Ancient Greek πυθμήν (puthmḗn, “bottom of vessel”), Latin fundus (“bottom”) and Sanskrit बुध्न (budhná, “bottom”), from the same Proto-Indo-European root. Related to bottom, boot.
 PIE word
 *bʰudʰmḗn

приклад

larger or thicker end of anything; blunt end

perä

end of something, often distinguished from other end

I can see your butt.

(countable) The larger or thicker end of something; the blunt end, in distinction from the sharp or narrow end

(Canada, US, Philippines, slang) The buttocks or anus (used as a minced oath in idiomatic expressions; less objectionable than arse/ass).

(slang) The whole buttocks and pelvic region that includes one's private parts.

Get your butt to the car.

We can't chat today. I have to get my butt to work before I'm late.

Get up off your butt and get to work.


bloom

en-noun

bloom (countable and uncountable, plural blooms)

From Middle English blome, from Old Norse blóm, from Proto-Germanic *blōmô (“flower”). Doublet of bloom (“spongy mass of metal”); see there for more.

(Philippines, fandom slang, usually in the plural) A fan of Filipino girl group BINI.


strand

Origin uncertain. Cognate with Scots stran, strawn, strand (“strand”). Perhaps the same as strand ("rivulet, stream, gutter"; see Etymology 1 above); or from Middle English *stran, from Old French estran (“a rope, cord”), from Middle High German stren, strene (“skein, strand”), from Old High German streno, from Proto-West Germanic *strenō, from Proto-Germanic *strinô (“strip, strand”), from Proto-Indo-European *strēy-, *ster- (“strip, line, streak, ray, stripe, row”); related to Dutch streng (“skein, hank of thread, strand, string”), German Strähne (“skein, hank of thread, strand of hair”). Compare also Old High German stranga (“strand of hair”), modern German Strang (“strand, thread, cord”).

cog

(formal) A specialization of a senior high school track.

(Philippines, education)
(informal) Synonym of track.


TNT

All senses by acronymy or initialism formation or by metonymic relation thereto. The third sense is an initialism of the Tagalog phrase, tago nang tago (literally, “hide and hide”).

These illegal immigrants are popularly known as “TNTs,” or tago ng tago (literally, “hide and hide”). Some married American citizens to legalize their stay, while others paid for “green card” marriages.

2009, Joaquin Jay Gonzalez, Filipino American Faith in Action: Immigration, Religion, and Civic Engagement, NYU Press, →ISBN, page 24:

(Philippines, informal) An illegal immigrant.


morning star

en-noun

morning star (countable and uncountable, plural morning stars)

morning stars (plural)
morningstar (alternative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-morning star.wav

From morning + star. Compare West Frisian moarnstjer, Dutch morgenster, German Morgenstern, Swedish morgonstjärna, Icelandic morgunstjarna. Application to Satan derives, like the corresponding sense of Lucifer (which see), from what is probably a misinterpretation of Isaiah 14:12 (NIV: "How you have fallen from heaven, morning star, son of the dawn! You have been cast down to the earth, you who once laid low the nations!").

2019, PlaysPH, "What is the official name of the crusty stuff we develop around our eyes during sleep? And what causes it?", Quora
We call it “morning star”. Funny name though. The real name is “eye crusts”.

(uncountable, Hong Kong, Philippines, uncommon) Sleep or rheum, particularly that which is discharged at the eyes during sleep.


owner

→ Japanese: オーナー (ōnā)

owner-type jeepney
owner-type jeepney#English

(Philippines) Ellipsis of owner-type jeepney.


principal

principal (countable and uncountable, plural principals)

principals (plural)
principall (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English principal, from Old French principal, from Latin prīncipālis.

Principal (education)
Principal value
principal

The important administrative figure to the teacher is the school principal.

1971, Louis Kaplan, Education and Mental Health, page 413:

The problem was neatly summed up by one principal in Australia who said recently: ‘There is no incentive for me to develop my best teachers to become my successor.[…]’

2008, Brian Dive, The Accountable Leader: Developing Effective Leadership Through Managerial Accountability, page 212:

Now renamed Teaching Australia, its officers are undertaking exploratory steps in developing professional standards for school leaders. A National Standards Drafting Group of volunteer principals is currently drafting principal standards (Teaching Australia, 2007).

2009, Colin J. Marsh, Key Concepts for Understanding Curriculum, page 132:

2011, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook 2011-2012, page 45,
Principals are now being held more accountable for the performance of students and teachers, while at the same time they are required to adhere to a growing number of government regulations.

(Canada, US, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines) The chief administrator of a school.


RP

Republic of the Philippines
Republic of the Philippines#English

(Philippines) Initialism of Republic of the Philippines (former two-letter country code).


marketing

marketing (countable and uncountable, plural marketings)

→ Catalan: màrqueting

→ French: marketing

→ German: Marketing

→ Greek: μάρκετινγκ (márketingk)

→ Hungarian: marketing

→ Italian: marketing

→ Polish: marketing

→ Portuguese: marketing

→ Romanian: marketing

desctree

→ Russian: маркетинг (marketing)
→ Kazakh: маркетинг (marketiñ)
→ Mongolian: маркетинг (marketing)

→ Serbo-Croatian: marketing

→ Spanish: marketing

→ Turkish: marketing

→ Ukrainian: маркетинг (marketynh)

Although Miss Pross, through her long association with a French family, might have known as much of their language as of her own, if she had had a mind, she had no mind in that direction […] So her manner of marketing was to plump a noun-substantive at the head of a shopkeeper without any introduction in the nature of an article […]

1859, Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities:

[Wife to husband:] I'm going out to do my marketing – keep out of the kitchen, while I'm gone.

1926, George Herriman, comic strip Us Husbands, June 12th, 1926 (reprinted in the back of Krazy & Ignatz, vol. 1922–1924, Fantagraphics, 2012, p. 223)

We did everything from laundry to house cleaning, washing dishes to cooking, and even marketing. Since I was gifted with the skills to cook, I volunteered to help out in the kitchen and do the marketing.

2022 May 14, Fr. Roger Solis, SVD, The Word in Other Words, University of San Carlos:

Buying and/or selling in a market (street market or market fair).

(archaic or Philippines) Shopping, going to market as a buyer.

пазаруване

(archaic) earlier (until the 1920s), shopping, going to market


CFO

Commission on Filipinos Overseas
w:Commission on Filipinos Overseas

(Philippines) Initialism of Commission on Filipinos Overseas.


helper

From Middle English helpere, from Old English *helpere, from Proto-West Germanic *helpārī (“helper”), equivalent to help + -er. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Hälper (“helper”), West Frisian helper (“helper”), Dutch helper (“helper”), German Low German Helper (“helper”), German Helfer (“helper”), Danish hjælper (“helper”), Swedish hjälpare (“helper”), Icelandic hjálpar (“helper”).

(Singapore, Hong Kong, Philippines) A person who does cleaning and cooking in a family home, or in a market; domestic employee.


anyways

From any + adverbial genitive of way (compare always).

"Anyways," said the damsel, "I am glad punishment followed, and I say so."

1864 May – 1865 November, Charles Dickens, “book 2, chapter 12”, in Our Mutual Friend. […], volume I, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1865, →OCLC:

(conjunctive, informal, chiefly Canada, US, Philippines) Anyway, anyhow, in any case.


anew

From Middle English onew, of newe, from Old English of niowe. By surface analysis, a- (“of, from”) + new.

surf

Each morning, opportunity—like the sun—dawns anew.

Then they set somewhat of food before me, whereof I ate my fill, and gave me somewhat of clothes wherewith I clad myself anew and covered my nakedness; after which they took me up into the ship, […]

1885, Richard F. Burton, “Night 558”, in The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night:

(literary, poetic or formal, especially Philippines) Again, once more; afresh, in a new way, newly.


rugby

Genericized trademark from Rugby, a brand of rubber cement by Bostik.

(Philippines) Rubber cement, contact cement; commonly associated with solvent abuse, as it is often used as an inhalant.


ref

→ Tagalog: ref

Please close the ref.

(Philippines, informal) Clipping of refrigerator.


cager

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-cager.wav

In 1946, Athletic Director Chandler reliquished his position as head basketball coach at the school to one of his most proficient former players, Julius Rubin. Despite the fact that Rubin had never coached a cager squad before, he became a well-liked leader for the players assembled to start the 1946-1947 season.

2007, Thomas R. Garrett, Clay Shampoe, Old Dominion University Men's Basketball:

(dated everywhere, currently Philippines) A basketball player.

dated everywhere; currently Philippines; dated everywhere; currently Philippines


skate

Back-formation from Dutch schaats, from Middle Dutch schāetse, from Old Northern French escache (“a stilt, trestle”) (compare French échasse and English scatch), from a Germanic language, perhaps Frankish *skakkjā (“stilt”, literally “thing that moves”), related to *skakan (“to shake, swing”).

der

(rail transport, Philippines, chiefly Bicol) A makeshift handcar.


spandrel

spandrels (plural)
spandril (alternative)

From a diminutive in -el of Anglo-Norman spaundre, of uncertain origin, perhaps from Old French espandre (“to expand, extend, spread”). More at spawn, expand.
In the field of biology first used by Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Lewontin.

(Philippines, construction, architecture) soffit (usually used to describe metal or corrugated plastic types of roof soffit)


squirt

en-noun

squirt (countable and uncountable, plural squirts)

From Middle English squirten, squyrten, of uncertain origin; probably onomatopoeic. Akin to swirl. Compare Low German swirtjen (“to squirt”) and Swedish water onomatopoeias skvala, skvalp, skvimpa, and skvätta; Icelandic skvetta; and Norwegian skvette.

Hey squirt! Where you been?

1986, Alethea Helbig, Agnes Perkins, Cutlass Island, entry in Dictionary of American Children′s Fiction, 1960-1984: Recent Books of Recognized Merit, page 137,
Hurd returns with Mal, Mr. Eph, and Gumbo, the “town squirt” of twelve, and the boys′ activities come out.

2010, Karen Witemeyer, A Tailor-Made Bride, Bethany House Publishers, US, page 66,
How the child managed to converse and fold at the same time was a marvel, yet the shirt lay in a tidy rectangle by the time she came up for air.
“Thanks, squirt.” He winked at her and she giggled.

(UK, Ireland, US, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, slang) A small child.


tasty

From taste + -y.
The Philippine sense is due to a genericized trademark from Taystee Bread Company, a defunct American company.


track

→ Kashubian: trak (Canada)

From Middle English trak, tracke, from Old French trac (“track of horses, trail, trace”), of uncertain origin. Likely from a Germanic source, either Old Norse traðk ("a track; path; trodden spot"; > Icelandic traðk (“a track; path; tread”), Faroese traðk (“track; tracks”), Norwegian tråkke (“to trample”)) or from Middle Dutch trec, *trac, treck ("line, row, series"; > Dutch trek (“a draft; feature; trait; groove; expedition”)), German Low German Treck (“a draught; movement; passage; flow”). See tread, trek.

gloss

"line, row, series"; > Dutch <i class="Latn mention" lang="nl">trek</i> (“a draft; feature; trait; groove; expedition”)

cog

(Philippines, education) A specialization in senior high school. Some tracks consist of strands.


commute

en-verb

commute (third-person singular simple present commutes, present participle commuting, simple past and past participle commuted)

commutes (present singular third-person)
commuting (participle present)
commuted (participle past)
commuted (past)

From commutation ticket, a pass on a railroad, streetcar line, etc. that permitted multiple rides over a period of time, eg, a month, for a single, commuted payment.

通勤

to regularly travel to and from work, school etc.

(intransitive, Philippines) To regularly travel from one place to another using public transport.


candy

en-noun

candy (countable and uncountable, plural candies)

→ Cebuano: kendi

→ Hindi: कैंडी (kaiṇḍī)

→ Hopi: kyenti

→ Japanese: キャンディ (kyandi)

→ Kashubian: kindus (United States)

→ Korean: 캔디 (kaendi)

→ Tagalog: kendi

From Middle English sugre candy, from Old French sucre candi (literally “candied sugar”), from Arabic سُكَّر قَنْدِي (sukkar qandī), from Arabic قَنْد (qand, “rock candy”), from Persian کند (kand) from Sanskrit खण्ड (khaṇḍa, “piece, fragment, candied sugar, dried molasses”), root खण्ड् (khaṇḍ, “to divide, break into pieces”), or from Proto-Dravidian *kaṇṭu; compare Tamil கண்டு (kaṇṭu, “hard candy”).

der

سُكَّر قَنْدِي

They came down to buy sugar, flour, saltfish or candy from Nana, to collect letters and exchange gossip.

artificial sweetener
artificial sweetener

(uncountable, chiefly Canada, US, Philippines) Edible, sweet-tasting confectionery containing sugar, or sometimes artificial sweeteners, and often flavored with fruit, chocolate, nuts, herbs and spices, or artificial flavors.

Unwholesome pink and yellow candies were sold from trays.

(countable, chiefly Canada, US, Philippines) A piece of confectionery of this kind.


booger

Alteration of the English dialectal words buggard (bug + -ard), boggart or boggard. Compare bogey. Compare also Alemannic German Naaseböög (“booger”).

Mama says you mustn't pick boogers out of your nose with your fingers; you must use your handkerchief.

1948, Publication of the American Dialect Society, page 16:

Now in the halls of the necro lord / Flash of fear when he sees my sword / Raped his woman, smoked his bone / Leave a booger underneath his throne!

2006, Strapping Young Lad, “Far Beyond Metal”, in The New Black:

(US, Canada, Philippines, slang) A piece of solid or semisolid mucus in or removed from a nostril.


MILF

Moro Islamic Liberation Front
w:Moro Islamic Liberation Front

(Philippines) Initialism of Moro Islamic Liberation Front.


maki

(Philippines) Chinese Filipino thick soup of pork tenderloin, without noodles


freshman

At the time I was a wide-eyed freshman, but I was soon to grow jaded and cynical.

When he was but yet a freshman in Cambridge.

1596, Thomas Nashe, Have with You to Saffron-Walden:

Sir Alexander: Then he's a graduate.
Sir Davy: Say they trust him not?
Sir Alexander: Then is he held a freshman and a sot,¶ And never shall commence, but being still barr'd¶ Be expuls'd from the master's side to th' twopenny ward,¶ Or else i' th' hole be plac'd.

1611, Thomas Middleton, The Roaring Girl, act 3, scene 3:

As a country, we now enter what the seven freshmen called “unchartered waters”, with an unprecedented political and constitutional crisis looming on the horizon.

2019 September 25, Geoffrey Kabaservice, “Impeach Trump? The United States is now in uncharted waters”, in The Guardian:

Trump may have played a role in swaying some holdouts — calling into a meeting of Republican freshmen the night before, and calling other members ahead of voting.

January 7 2023, Lisa Mascaro, Farnoush Amiri, “McCarthy elected House speaker in rowdy post-midnight vote”, in AP News:

(US, Canada, Philippines) a person (of either sex) entering the first year of an institution, especially a high school (ninth grade for US, grade 9 for Canada, grade 7 for Philippines), a university, or legislative body

一年級新生 /一年级新生

a person of either sex entering the first year of an institution