f

Modification of upper case Latin letter F, from Greek Ϝ (W, “Digamma”), from Phœnician 𐤅 (W, “waw”), the ultimate source being probably Egyptian.

(IPA) a voiceless labiodental fricative.

(superscript ⟨ᶠ⟩, IPA) [f]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [pᶠ], sometimes implying an affricate [p͜f]); [f]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [f].


y

(IPA) a close front rounded vowel: the German ü-sound.

(superscript ⟨ʸ⟩, IPA) [y]-coloring, a [y] on- or off-glide (diphthong), or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [y].

(superscript ⟨ʸ⟩, NAPA) palatalization, equivalent to IPA [ʲ].


i

Pronunciation of IPA [iː]

* (mathematics, imaginary number): abbreviation of imaginary
* (engineering, electric current): abbreviation of French intensité du courant first used by M. André-Marie Ampère
* (computer programming, generic index): abbreviation of index
* (linguistics): abbreviation of identity

(IPA, romanization) a close front unrounded vowel.

(superscript ⟨ⁱ⟩, IPA) [i]-coloring, an [i] on-glide or off-glide (a diphthong), or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [i].


o

(superscript ⟨ᵒ⟩, IPA) [o]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [o].


q

(superscript ⟨𐞥⟩) – see ⟨𐞥⟩.


v

Pronunciation of IPA [ɑvvɑʔ] with the sound [v]

(superscript ⟨ᵛ⟩, IPA) [v]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [bᵛ], sometimes implying an affricate [b͜v]); [v]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [v].


j

(superscript ⟨ʲ⟩, IPA) palatalization ([j]-coloring) of a consonant; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [j].


l

Pronunciation of IPA [lːɑː, ɑllɑː] with the sound [l]

(superscript ⟨ˡ⟩) lateral release; also [l]-coloring or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [l] – see ⟨ˡ⟩.


r

Pronunciation of IPA [rɑː, ɑrrɑː] with the sound [r]


p

(superscript ⟨ᵖ⟩, IPA) [p]-onset (prestopping / preocclusion / preplosion), [p]-release (e.g. ⟨kᵖ⟩ for [k͡p]), [p]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [p].


t

(IPA) a voiceless alveolar/dental plosive.

(superscript ⟨ᵗ⟩, IPA) [t]-onset (prestopping / preocclusion / preplosion), [t]-release, [t]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [t].


g

Symbol for gravitational acceleration, approximately 9.81 m/s² or 32 ft/sec² at the earth's surface. Distinguished from G.

(IPA) Alternative form of ɡ (voiced velar stop).

(superscript ⟨ᵍ⟩, IPA) Alternative form of ᶢ.


b

Pronunciation of IPA [bɑː, ɑbbɑː] with the sound [b]

Modification of capital letter B by dropping its upper loop, from the Greek letter Β (“Beta”).

(superscript ⟨ᵇ⟩, IPA) [b]-onset (prestopping / preocclusion / preplosion), [b]-release (e.g. ⟨ɡᵇ⟩ for [ɡ͡b]), [b]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [b].


b

The ordinal number second, derived from this letter of the English alphabet, called bee and written in the Latin script.


w

Pronunciation of IPA [wːɑː, ɑwwɑː] with the sound [w]

Ꜳꜳ Ææ ᴁᴭ Ǽǽ Ǣǣ Ꜵꜵ Åå Ꜷꜷ Ꜹꜹ Ꜻꜻ Ꜽꜽ ct ȸ Ǳǲǳ Ǆǅǆ ᴂᵆ ᴔ & ﬀ ﬁ ﬃ ﬂ ﬄ ℔ Ĳĳ Ǉǈǉ Ỻỻ Ŋŋ Ǌǋǌ Œœ ɶ Ꝏꝏ Ȣȣᴕ ȹ ẞß ﬅﬆ ᵫ Ůů Ww Ꝡꝡ

(IPA) a voiced labial-velar (or, more precisely, labialized velar) approximant.

Specifically, on a vowel letter: an [u] off-glide (diphthong) or a protruded (as opposed to compressed) vowel, e.g. Swedish /yʷː/.

(superscript ⟨ʷ⟩, IPA) labialization ([w]-coloring) or a consonant or vowel; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [w].


h

(superscript ⟨ʰ⟩) (after a consonant) aspiration; (before a consonant) pre-aspiration; otherwise a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [h] – see ʰ.

(IPA) a voiceless glottal fricative or approximant.

(UPA) a voiceless laryngeal approximant (IPA [h̞])


m

Pronunciation of IPA [mːɑː, ɑmmɑː] with the sound [m]

International Phonetic Alphabet
International Phonetic Alphabet

(phonetics) used in the International Phonetic Alphabet and in several romanization systems of non-Latin scripts to represent the voiced bilabial nasal (/m/), including Cyrillic м, the beginning of various kana including ま (ma), and Korean jamo ㅁ (mieum).

(superscript ⟨ᵐ⟩, IPA) light to full [m]-prenasalization, [m]-release or light post-nasalization, [m]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [m].

(chemistry) Of a tactic diad, having structural units in identical orientation.


n

From the old Latin N, from the Greek Ν (nu), from an archaic reversed Greek N, from the Phoenician symbol 𐤍; possibly from an earlier Egyptian hieroglyph of a resting Egyptian cobra, D (𓆓).

(superscript ⟨ⁿ⟩) nasal release (of any articulation), prenasalization, [n]-coloring or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [n] – see also ⁿ.


d

Pronunciation of IPA [dɑː, ɑdːɑː] with the sound [d]

(superscript ⟨ᵈ⟩, IPA) [d]-onset (prestopping / preocclusion / preplosion), [d]-release, [d]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [d].


c

Pronunciation of IPA [cɑː, ɑccɑː] with the sound [c]

Modification of upper case letter C, from Etruscan 𐌂 (c), from Ancient Greek Γ (G, “Gamma”), from Phoenician 𐤂 (g, “gimel”).

May stand in for palatalized [kʲ], [tʲ], or as a more economical transcription of [t͜ʃ] or a similar ch-like sound.

(superscript ⟨ᶜ⟩, IPA) [c]-onset (prestopping / preocclusion / preplosion), [c]-release, [c]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [c].


s

(superscript ⟨ˢ⟩) [s]-fricated release, [s]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [s] – see ⟨ˢ⟩.


z

Pronunciation of IPA [zɑː, ɑzzɑː] with the sound [z]

Lushootseed uses the affricate convention for its alphabetic letter ⟨dᶻ⟩.

(superscript ⟨ᶻ⟩, IPA) [z]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [dᶻ], sometimes implying an affricate [d͜z]); [z]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [z].


u

Pronunciation of IPA [uː]

(IPA, phonetics) a close back rounded vowel.

(IPA, superscript ⟨ᵘ⟩) [u]-coloring, a [u] on-glide or off-glide (a diphthong), or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [u].


e

Close-mid front unrounded vowel
e
e (mathematical constant)

Pronunciation of IPA [eː]

Modification of capital letter E in uncial script, from Ancient Greek Ε (E, Epsilon).

(IPA) a close-mid front unrounded vowel.

(superscript ⟨ᵉ⟩, IPA) [e]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [e].


ç

From ⟨ꝣ⟩, the Visigothic form of the letter z, which resembled a C with a subscript z.

(superscript ⟨ᶜ̧⟩, IPA) [ç]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [cᶜ̧] or [kᶜ̧]), sometimes implying an affricate (e.g. ⟨cᶜ̧⟩ for [c͡ç]); [ç]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ç].


æ

IPA

(IPA) a near-open front unrounded vowel.

(superscript ⟨𐞃⟩, IPA) [æ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [æ].


ƕ

(IPA, obsolete) a voiceless [w̥] i.e. [ʍ].


ʭ

(extIPA) bidental percussive (gnashing teeth, with the teeth themselves producing the sound by striking each other).


ʬ

(extIPA) bilabial percussive ('smacking lips', with the lips themselves producing the sound by striking each other).


ʃ

IPA

Introduced by Isaac Pitman in his 1847 Phonotypic Alphabet, based on the italic form of the long s (ſ).

and straight: a vertical line with a right hook at top and a left hook at bottom. The glyph in the box at right has an intermediate form.

The form varies between curvy: an 's' stretched vertically

(IPA) a voiceless palatoalveolar sibilant.

(superscript ⟨ᶴ⟩, IPA) [ʃ]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [tᶴ], sometimes implying an affricate [t͜ʃ]); [ʃ]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʃ].


ɮ

IPA

(IPA) a voiced alveolar lateral fricative.

(superscript ⟨𐞞⟩, IPA) [ɮ]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [d𐞞], sometimes implying an affricate [d͡ɮ]); [ɮ]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɮ].


ɾ

IPA

A turned small-capital J (turned ᴊ), from the era when printers generally created new phonetic symbols turning metal type of existing letters upside-down. The name in English is "fishhook R".
The Karlgren letter ɿ is unrelated.

(superscript ⟨𐞩⟩, IPA) a flapped [ɾ]-release, [ɾ]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɾ].


ɸ

IPA

(superscript ⟨ᶲ⟩, IPA) [ɸ]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [pᶲ], sometimes implying an affricate [p͜ɸ]); [ɸ]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɸ]. A "whistled" sibilant in the case of Shona /sᶲ/.


ʫ

(superscript ⟨𐞚⟩, IPA) [ʫ]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [d𐞚], sometimes implying an affricate [d͜ʫ]), sometimes implying an affricate; [ʫ]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʫ].


ʪ

(superscript ⟨𐞙⟩, IPA) [ʪ]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [t𐞙], sometimes implying an affricate [t͜ʪ]); [ʪ]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʪ].


ɷ

(IPA, dated) An alternative to the vowel letter ⟨ʊ⟩; replaced by it in 1989.

(superscript ⟨𐞤⟩, IPA) [ɷ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ɷ].


ʡ

IPA

(superscript ⟨𐞳⟩, IPA) epiglottalized (i.e. [ʡ]-coloring); [ʡ] onset or release; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʡ].


ʠ

(IPA, withdrawn 1993) A voiceless uvular implosive, approximately [ʛ̥].

Ảả Ẳẳ Ẩẩ Ɓɓ Ƈƈ Ɗɗ ᶑ Ẻẻ Ƒƒ Ɠɠ ɦ Ỉỉ Ƙƙ ᶆ Ɱɱ Ỏỏ Ởở Ƥƥ ʠ Ƭƭ Ủủ Ửử Ʋʋ Ⱳⱳ Ƴƴ Ỷỷ


ɱ

IPA

(superscript ⟨ᶬ⟩, IPA) [ɱ]-prenasalization, [ɱ]-release or post-nasalization, [ɱ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɱ].


ʩ

(superscript ⟨𐞐⟩, extIPA) [ʩ]-fricated release of a plosive (velopharyngeal frication), or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʩ]. ⟨𐞐⟩ for velopharyngeal frication is equivalent to the diacritic ⟨◌&⟩.


ɚ

IPA

(IPA) a rhotic mid central vowel; schwar

(superscript ⟨ᵊ˞⟩, IPA) [ɚ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ɚ].


ɑ

IPA

A Latin form of Greek ⟨α⟩, formed by analogy with manuscript forms of Latin a. In the early years of the IPA, regular Greek ⟨α⟩ was used.

(superscript ⟨ᵅ⟩, IPA) [ɑ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ɑ].


ɺ

(superscript ⟨𐞦⟩, IPA) a flapped [ɺ]-release (of a plosive); [ɺ]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɺ].


ʊ

IPA

A distinctive form of a small-capital ᴜ. Often typeset as a turned small-capital omega.

(IPA) a near-close near-back rounded vowel.

(superscript ⟨ᶷ⟩, IPA) [ʊ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ʊ].


ʊ

retracted tongue root
retracted tongue root

A letter for the close back retracted tongue root vowel /u̙/.


ʢ

IPA

(IPA) a voiced epiglottal fricative or trill (or trilled fricative).

(superscript ⟨𐞴⟩, IPA) [ʢ]-coloring (that is, epiglottalized), either in general or specifically on a voiced consonant – cf. 𐞖.

(superscript ⟨𐞴⟩, IPA) an [ʢ]-trilled or [ʢ]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [ʡ𐞴], sometimes implying an affricate [ʡ͜ʢ]); or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʢ].


ʟ

IPA

(superscript ⟨ᶫ⟩, IPA) [ʟ]-release of a plosive (e.g. [ɡᶫ], sometimes implying an affricate [ɡ͡ʟ̝]); [ʟ]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʟ].

(Boas transcription) a lateral affricate (IPA [t͡ɬ])


ǃ

IPA

The pipe ⟨ǀ⟩ + subscript dot. Despite the visual similarity in most sources, this letter does not derive from the exclamation mark !.

(IPA) the forward release of an alveolar click.

(superscript ⟨ꜝ⟩, IPA) [ǃ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ǃ]-release.


ǃ

A letter of the Khoekhoe alphabet, written in the Latin script.


ɧ

IPA

ʍ

a letter defined specifically for English

(IPA) one variety of the Swedish sj sound, variously interpreted.

Some second language learners have difficulties separating [f] from [ɧᶠ]. […] Thus, there is then no need, at this point, to introduce another IPA symbol [f𐞗].

(superscript ⟨𐞗⟩, IPA, rare) [ɧ]-fricated release of a plosive, [ɧ]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɧ].


ɕ

IPA

(rare)

(IPA) a voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant

(rare)

(superscript ⟨ᶝ⟩, IPA) [ɕ]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [tᶝ], sometimes implying an affricate [t͡ɕ]); [ɕ]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɕ].

(phonetics, rare) the IPA affricate [t͡ɕ]


ʍ

IPA

ɧ

a letter defined specifically for Swedish

(IPA, officially prior to 1979) a voiceless labialized velar approximant, IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: [w̥]

(IPA, officially since 1979) a voiceless labialized velar fricative, IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: [xʷ]

(superscript ⟨ꭩ⟩, IPA) voiceless labialization (such as word-final [xꭩ] in German auch), aspirated labialization (such as ⟨kꭩ⟩ for [kʷʰ]), [ʍ]-fricated release of a plosive, [ʍ]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʍ]


ʑ

IPA

(IPA) a voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant.

(superscript ⟨ᶽ⟩, IPA) [ʑ]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [dᶽ], sometimes implying an affricate [d͜ʑ]); [ʑ]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʑ].


ʛ

IPA

(superscript ⟨𐞔 ⟩, IPA) [ʛ ]-release, [ʛ ]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʛ ].


ɹ

IPA

(IPA, superscript ⟨ʴ⟩) [ɹ]-coloring of a vowel, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɹ].

(dated) specifically, once commonly used to represent rhotic vowels.


ʘ

IPA

(IPA) the forward release of a bilabial click.

(superscript ⟨𐞵⟩, IPA) [ʘ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʘ]-release.


ɦ

IPA

(IPA) a voiced (or more precisely murmured) glottal fricative or approximant.

(superscript ⟨ʱ⟩, IPA) breathy voiced a.k.a. murmured when after a consonant; sometimes a murmured vowel; otherwise a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɦ].

(UPA) a voiced laryngeal approximant (IPA [ɦ̞])


ʈ

IPA

(superscript ⟨𐞯⟩, IPA) [ʈ]-onset (prestopping / preocclusion / preplosion), [ʈ]-release, [ʈ]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʈ].


ʎ

IPA

May stand in for palatalized [lʲ].

(superscript ⟨𐞠⟩, IPA) [ʎ]-release of a plosive (e.g. [ɟ𐞠], sometimes implying an affricate [ɟ͜ʎ̝]); [ʎ]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʎ].


ʐ

IPA

ᶏ ᶐ 𝼝 ᶗ ɖ𐞋 ᶑ𐞍 ꭦ𐞈 𝼙 ᶒ ᶕ ᶓ ᶔ ᶖ 𝼚 ʅ ɭᶩ ꞎ𐞝 𝼅𐞟 ɳᶯ 𝼛 Ɋɋ Ɽɽ𐞨 ɻʵ 𝼈𐞧 Ʂʂᶳ ᶘ Ʈʈ𐞯 𝼉 ꭧ𐞭 𝼜 ᶙ ʯ ʐᶼ ᶚ 𝼊𐞹

(superscript ⟨ᶼ⟩, IPA) [ʐ]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [dᶼ] or [ɖᶼ]), sometimes implying an affricate (e.g. ⟨ɖᶼ⟩ for [ɖ͡ʐ]); [ʐ]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʐ].


ɥ

IPA

*The Karlgren letter script y with a straight descender.

(superscript ⟨ᶣ⟩, IPA) labio-palatalization of a consonant ([ɥ]-coloring, that is, simultaneous labialization and palatalization); or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɥ].

(Dania, Swedish dialect alphabet) a vowel, IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: [ʏ].


ʜ

IPA

(IPA) a voiceless epiglottal fricative or trill (or trilled fricative).

(superscript ⟨𐞖⟩, IPA) [ʜ]-coloring (that is, epiglottalized), specifically on a voiceless consonant – cf. 𐞴;

(superscript ⟨𐞖⟩, IPA) an [ʜ]-trilled or [ʜ]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [ʡ𐞖], sometimes implying an affricate [ʡ͜ʜ]); or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʜ].


ʁ

IPA

(superscript ⟨ʶ⟩) [ʁ]-fricated release of a plosive, sometimes implying an affricate; [ʁ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʁ] – see ⟨ʶ⟩.

(IPA) a voiced uvular fricative or approximant.


ɻ

IPA

(superscript ⟨ʵ⟩, IPA) [ɻ ]-coloring, such as a rhotacized vowel ⟨Vʵ⟩; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɻ ].


ʝ

IPA

(superscript ⟨ᶨ⟩, IPA) [ʝ]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [ɟᶨ] or [ɡᶨ]), sometimes implying an affricate (e.g. ⟨ɟᶨ⟩ for [ɟ͡ʝ]); [ʝ]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʝ].


ʏ

IPA

(IPA) a near-close near-front rounded vowel.

(superscript ⟨𐞲⟩, IPA) [ʏ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ʏ].


ʌ

IPA

(superscript ⟨ᶺ⟩, IPA) [ʌ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ʌ].


ɶ

IPA

(superscript ⟨𐞣⟩, IPA) [ɶ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ɶ].


ʂ

IPA

(superscript ⟨ᶳ⟩, IPA) [ʂ]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [tᶳ] or [ʈᶳ]), sometimes implying an affricate (e.g. ⟨ʈᶳ⟩ for [ʈ͡ʂ]); [ʂ]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʂ].


ʋ

IPA

(superscript ⟨ᶹ⟩, IPA) [ʋ]-coloring, such as a rhotacized vowel ⟨Vᶹ⟩ in some dialects of English; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʋ].

The voiceless equivalent of ⟨ʋ⟩ was ⟨ꜰ⟩. Both were replaced in 1932.

(IPA, obsolete) a voiced bilabial fricative; superseded by β


ʕ

IPA

(superscript ⟨ˤ⟩) pharyngealization (primarily). See details at ˤ.

(IPA) a voiced pharyngeal fricative or approximant.

Pilaga language
Voiced pharyngeal fricative


ʕ

A letter of the Tuareg alphabet, written in the Latin script.


ʙ

(superscript ⟨𐞄⟩, IPA) [ʙ]-trilled release of a plosive (e.g. [b𐞄], sometimes implying an affricate [b͜ʙ]); or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʙ].


ʀ

IPA

(superscript ⟨𐞪⟩, IPA) an [ʀ]-trilled release of a plosive (e.g. [ɢ𐞪], sometimes implying an affricate [ɢ͜ʀ]); or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʀ].

ᴀ ʙ ᴄ ᴅ ᴇ ꜰ ɢ ʜ ɪ ᴊ ᴋ ʟ ᴍ ɴ ᴏ ᴘ ꞯ ʀ ꜱ ᴛ ᴜ ᴠ ᴡ ʏ ᴢ


ɴ

IPA

velar dental click ⟨ᶰǀ⟩ (old-style ⟨ᶰʇ⟩),
velar alveolar click ⟨ᶰǃ⟩ (old-style ⟨ᶰʗ⟩),
velar palatal click ⟨ᶰǂ⟩ (old-style ⟨ᶰ𝼋⟩),
velar lateral click ⟨ᶰǁ⟩ (old-style ⟨ᶰʖ⟩),
velar bilabial click ⟨ᶰʘ⟩,
velar retroflex click ⟨ᶰ𝼊⟩ or ad hoc ⟨ᶰ‼⟩ (old-style ⟨ᶰψ⟩).

(on a click consonant) A nasal uvular click; specifically

Placement after the click letter – e.g. ⟨ǂᶰ⟩ – may imply an audible uvular release.

See also ⟨ᵑ⟩, ⟨𐞒⟩, ⟨𐞥⟩.

(superscript ⟨ᶰ⟩, IPA) light to full [ɴ]-prenasalization, [ɴ]-release or light post-nasalization, [ɴ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɴ].


ɽ

IPA

(superscript ⟨𐞨⟩, IPA) a flapped [ɽ]-release, [ɽ]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɽ].


ð

(IPA) a voiced dental fricative or, occasionally, approximant.

(superscript ⟨ᶞ⟩, IPA) [ð]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [dᶞ], sometimes implying an affricate [d͜ð]); [ð]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ð].


ʉ

IPA

(superscript ⟨ᶶ⟩, IPA) [ʉ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ʉ].


ʉ

Ⱥⱥ Ƀƀ Ȼȼ Đđ Ɇɇ Ǥǥ Ħħ Ɨɨ Ɉɉ Ꝁꝁ Łł Øø Ᵽᵽ Ɍɍ Ŧŧ Ʉʉ Ɏɏ Ƶƶ Ꝥꝥ


ɣ

IPA

Attic Greek
Voiced velar fricative
voiced velar fricative

A Latin adaptation of the Ancient Greek and Modern Greek letter γ (“gamma”). In Greek, γ in most contexts represents a voiced velar fricative, and has done so since Koine Greek, which is why it was chosen as the IPA letter to represent that sound (in Ancient times, in Attic Greek, γ represented [ɡ], like the English g).

(superscript ⟨ˠ⟩) velarized (that is, [ɣ]-coloring).

(superscript ⟨ˠ⟩) [ɣ]-fricated release or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɣ] – see ˠ.


ɵ

IPA

(IPA) a close-mid central rounded vowel.

(IPA, dated) a rounded mid reduced vowel.

(superscript ⟨ᶱ⟩, IPA) [ɵ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ɵ].


ʔ

IPA

(superscript ⟨ˀ⟩) glottalization or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʔ] – see ⟨ˀ⟩

(IPA, UPA, NAPA) glottal stop; The symbol itself is referred to as a glottal stop or gelded question mark.


ʒ

IPA

Introduced in Isaac Pitman's English Phonotypic Alphabet in 1847 based on the "tailed" medieval cursive form of the letter z.

(superscript ⟨ᶾ⟩, IPA) [ʒ]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [dᶾ], sometimes implying an affricate [d͡ʒ]); [ʒ]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʒ].


ə

Bavarian language
Mid-central unrounded vowel
ə

IPA

Coined by German philologist Johann Andreas Schmeller in 1821 for his grammar of Bavarian.

coinage

(IPA) a reduced mid-central vowel, undefined for rounding.

(superscript ⟨ᵊ⟩, IPA) [ə]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ə].


ɔ

(vowel): A turned-c as a convenient type for an open o.
(click): A rotated Xhosa dental click ⟨c⟩. Later identified as a rotated palatal stop [c], analogous to turned dental t ⟨ʇ⟩ for dental clicks and turned velar k ⟨ʞ⟩ for 'velar' clicks.

(IPA, UPA) an open-mid back rounded vowel.

(superscript ⟨ᵓ⟩, IPA) [ɔ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ɔ].

(phonetics, obsolete) base letter of the palatal click consonants; equivalent to IPA ⟨ǂ⟩.


ŋ

IPA

Originally a ligature of n_g in mediaeval Icelandic.

velar dental click ⟨ᵑǀ⟩ (old-style ⟨ᵑʇ⟩),
velar alveolar click ⟨ᵑǃ⟩ (old-style ⟨ᵑʗ⟩),
velar palatal click ⟨ᵑǂ⟩ (old-style ⟨ᵑ𝼋⟩),
velar lateral click ⟨ᵑǁ⟩ (old-style ⟨ᵑʖ⟩),
velar bilabial click ⟨ᵑʘ⟩,
velar retroflex click ⟨ᵑ𝼊⟩ or ad hoc ⟨ᵑ‼⟩ (old-style ⟨ᵑψ⟩).

(on a click consonant) A nasal velar as opposed to nasal uvular click; specifically

Placement after the click letter – e.g. ⟨ǂᵑ⟩ – may imply an audible velar release.

See also ⟨ᶰ⟩, ⟨ᶢ⟩, ⟨ᵏ⟩.

(superscript ⟨ᵑ⟩, IPA) [ŋ]-prenasalization, [ŋ]-release or post-nasalization, [ŋ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ŋ].


ʰ

(IPA, before a consonant) pre-aspiration.

(IPA, after a vowel) a voiceless offglide.

(IPA, otherwise) a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [h].


t̼

A symbol of the IPA, representing a voiceless linguolabial plosive.


ɐ

IPA

(IPA) a reduced near-open central vowel, undefined for rounding.

(superscript ⟨ᵄ⟩, IPA) [ɐ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ɐ].


ɐ

Ha po 'ryg e ꝺɐz ꝺɐ 'n ᵹeᵹen; enna e uelaz an ôst an tshei; ha dên kôꞇ o ê, a guadn, a trailia an bêr.

(obsolete) A letter of the Cornish alphabet, written in the Latin script..


ɓ

IPA

(superscript ⟨𐞅⟩, IPA) a [ɓ]-release, such as ⟨ɠ𐞅⟩ for [ɠ͡ɓ]; [ɓ]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɓ].


(computing) Used as a multiplication symbol; ×.

In the language defined by AB*A, each string starts with an A, ends with a distinct A, and between them has zero or more Bs.

(algebra, computer science) Free monoid or Kleene star.


ä

(IPA) Sometimes used to transcribe an open central unrounded vowel, as ⟨a⟩ is officially an open front vowel.


ʆ

(phonetics) The 'closed' voiceless fricative in Circassian, commonly transcribed ⟨ŝ⟩ and for which ⟨ᵷ⟩ was once proposed for the IPA.


(IPA, obsolete) a falling tone, or, in contrast to low ⟨◌̖⟩, a high falling tone.


An ASCII substitute for any of multiple characters with a similar shape:


An ASCII substitute for any of multiple characters with a similar shape.


ɬ

IPA

(IPA) a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative.

(superscript ⟨𐞛⟩, IPA) [ɬ]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [t𐞛], sometimes implying an affricate [t͜ɬ]); [ɬ]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɬ].


ø

IPA

(superscript ⟨𐞢⟩, IPA) [ø]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ø].


a

Pronunciation of IPA [aː]

(IPA, phonetics) an open front or central unrounded vowel.

(IPA, superscript ⟨ᵃ⟩) [a]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [a].


β

IPA

(IPA, UPA) a voiced bilabial fricative or, occasionally, approximant.

Specifically, on a vowel letter: a compressed vowel, e.g. Swedish /ʏᵝː/.

On a Shona consonant: a whistled sibilant /z̤ᵝ/.

(superscript ⟨ᵝ⟩, IPA) [β]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [bᵝ], sometimes implying an affricate [b͜β]); [β]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [β].

β-carotene is the most well-known isomer of tetraterpene hydrocarbons, C₄₀H₅₆.

chemical nomenclature
chemical nomenclature

(chemistry) Used in chemical nomenclature to refer to the second of several isomers, positions or variations.

(physics) beta ray, beta particle, beta radiation


θ

(superscript ⟨ᶿ⟩, IPA) [θ]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [tᶿ], sometimes implying an affricate [t͜θ]); [θ]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [θ].


σ

See also: ƍ

(IPA, obsolete) a labialized alveolar fricative: identified as IPA [θʷ] or [sᶲ], equivalent to Shona ⟨ȿ⟩.


υ

(IPA, nonstandard) Alternative form of ʋ, representing a voiced labiodental approximant.


χ

IPA

(superscript ⟨ᵡ⟩, IPA) [χ]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [qᵡ], sometimes implying an affricate [q͡χ]); [χ]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [χ].

(UPA) a voiceless velar fricative (IPA [x]).


x

History of the International Phonetic Alphabet

Pronunciation of IPA [xa axa] with the sound [x]

The variable name comes from usage in Spain, as up to the 16th century ⟨x⟩ had the sound value /ʃ/ in Spanish, so was used to transcribe Arabic ش (š) used for the purpose of a variable as an abbreviation of شَيْء (šayʔ, “thing”). Its sound value in Spanish has since then become /x/, which explains the decision made in the circle of the International Phonetic Association to assign this character to the voiceless velar fricative. Compare English hickey (“an object whose name is not recalled; bruise-like mark made during petting by pressing the mouth to the skin”) for the development of the sense of a communicated kiss.

ncog

(superscript ⟨ˣ⟩) [x]-fricated release, [x]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [x] – see ⟨ˣ⟩.


The symbol for cedi, the currency of Ghana.

synonyms: O

(linguistics) A wildcard for an obstruent.


ʞ

(superscript ⟨𐞾⟩, IPA) [ʞ]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʞ]-release.

A minus diacritic, [ʞ᫢], may be used to distinguish a uvular release.

(phonetics) A back-released click consonant (voiceless nasal, with a velar or uvular release).

1921 Écriture phonétique internationale
Les claquements des Cafres [Xhosa] et des Hottentots [Khoekhoe] se représentent autant que possible par le renversement des lettres marquant les sons normals correspondants: ʇ, ʖ, ʞ;—et ʗ pour le claquement cacuminal

Clicks: dental ʇ (Zulu c), lateral ʖ (Zulu x), retroflex ʗ (Zulu q), velar ʞ.

1949, The principles of the International Phonetic Association

(IPA, obsolete) The release of a palatal click, modern ⟨ǂ⟩. Misleadingly labeled "velar" in some material.


ǂ

IPA

(IPA) the forward release of a palatal click.

(superscript ⟨𐞸⟩, IPA) [ǂ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ǂ]-release.


ǂ

A letter of the Khoekhoe alphabet, written in the Latin script.


ǁ

IPA

(IPA) the forward release of a lateral click.

(superscript ⟨𐞷⟩, IPA) [ǁ]-coloring such as the lateral release of a click (e.g. [𝼊𐞷], a retroflex click with lateral click release); or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ǁ]-release.


ǀ

IPA

(IPA) the forward release of a dental click.

(superscript ⟨𐞶⟩, IPA) [ǀ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ǀ]-release.


ː

(IPA) long (e.g. a long vowel [aː], a geminate consonant [pː]).

(superscript ⟨𐞁⟩, IPA) extension of the feature indicated by a diacritic (e.g. a highly aspirated consonant [kʰ𐞁]).


œ

IPA

(superscript ⟨ꟹ⟩, IPA) [œ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [œ].

(superscript ⟨ꟹ⟩, VoQS) open-rounded labialization, less rounded than IPA ⟨ʷ⟩.


ɰ

IPA

(superscript ⟨ᶭ⟩, IPA) [ɰ]-coloring, a [ɰ] on- or off-glide (diphthong), or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɰ].


ɲ

IPA

May stand in for palatalized [nʲ]. In Spanish, it is represented by ñ.

(superscript ⟨ᶮ⟩, IPA) light to full [ɲ]-prenasalization, [ɲ]-release or light post-nasalization, [ɲ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɲ].


ɳ

IPA

(superscript ⟨ᶯ⟩, IPA) light to full [ɳ]-prenasalization, [ɳ]-release or light post-nasalization, [ɳ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɳ].


ʤ

IPA

(IPA, dated) a voiced postalveolar affricate [d͡ʒ].

(superscript ⟨𐞊⟩, IPA) a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [d͡ʒ].


ʧ

IPA

(IPA, dated) a voiceless postalveolar affricate [t͡ʃ ].

(superscript ⟨𐞮 ⟩, IPA) a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [t͡ʃ ].


ɠ

IPA

(superscript ⟨𐞓 ⟩, IPA) [ɠ ]-release, [ɠ ]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɠ ].


(IPA, obsolete) a rising tone, or, in contrast to low ⟨◌̗⟩, a high rising tone.


ʨ

(IPA, dated) a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate [t͡ɕ].

(superscript ⟨𐞫⟩, IPA) a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [t͡ɕ].


ħ

IPA

Originally devised for use in Maltese; see that entry for more details. First adopted as the IPA symbol for the voiceless pharyngeal fricative in 1921.

(superscript ⟨𐞕⟩, IPA) [ħ]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [ʡ𐞕], sometimes implying an affricate [ʡ͜ħ]); [ħ]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ħ].


(IPA, obsolete) A level tone – or, in contrast to low ⟨◌̱⟩, a high level tone.


Reversed (or backwards) version of the lowercase lunate epsilon ϵ. Introduced by Giuseppe Peano in 1889 in "Principles of arithmetic, presented by a new method" http://jeff560.tripod.com/set.html.


The caesura mark is a variant of the medieval Latin virgula (“scratch comma”).

Coordinate term: |

(IPA) Used to indicate a major prosodic break, which may be any level of prosodic unit if a single bar marks a metrical foot, or may mark the end of a final prosodic unit if a single bar marks the end of a continuing unit.


(IPA, dated) Sometimes used to mark nasalization in order not to clutter tone marks placed above the vowel letter.

(IPA, obsolete) graphic substitution for ⟨◌᪷⟩.


ɤ

IPA

(superscript ⟨𐞑⟩, IPA) [ɤ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ɤ].


(IPA) equivalent to ◌̥, used when a letter has a descender, such as ⟨ŋ̊⟩ or ⟨j̊⟩.


ɘ

IPA

(IPA) a close-mid central unrounded vowel.

(superscript ⟨𐞎⟩, IPA) [ɘ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ɘ].


ʇ

(superscript ⟨𐞻⟩, IPA) [ʇ]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʇ]-release.


ˀ

(IPA) glottalization (i.e. a glottalized consonant or vowel)

(IPA) a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʔ]


ɢ

velar dental click ⟨𐞒ǀ⟩ (old-style ⟨𐞒ʇ⟩),
velar alveolar click ⟨𐞒ǃ⟩ (old-style ⟨𐞒ʗ⟩),
velar palatal click ⟨𐞒ǂ⟩ (old-style ⟨𐞒𝼋⟩),
velar lateral click ⟨𐞒ǁ⟩ (old-style ⟨𐞒ʖ⟩),
velar bilabial click ⟨𐞒ʘ⟩,
velar retroflex click ⟨𐞒𝼊⟩ or ad hoc ⟨𐞒‼⟩ (old-style ⟨𐞒ψ⟩).

(on a click consonant) A voiced uvular click; specifically

Placement after the click letter – e.g. ⟨ǂ𐞒⟩ – may imply an audible uvular release.

See also ⟨ᶢ⟩, ⟨𐞥⟩, ⟨ᶰ⟩.

(superscript ⟨𐞒⟩, IPA) [ɢ]-onset (prestopping / preocclusion / preplosion), [ɢ]-release, [ɢ]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɢ].

(UPA) partially-devoiced g sound (IPA [ɡ̊]).


ˠ

(IPA, after a non-velar consonant) velarization.

(IPA, after a velar consonant or occasionally elsewhere) fricative release, sometimes implying an affricate (e.g. ⟨ɡˠ⟩ may be intended for a slight fricative release or for a full [ɡ͡ɣ]).

(IPA) [ɣ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɣ].


ɡ

velar dental click ⟨ᶢǀ⟩ (old-style ⟨ᶢʇ⟩),
velar alveolar click ⟨ᶢǃ⟩ (old-style ⟨ᶢʗ⟩),
velar palatal click ⟨ᶢǂ⟩ (old-style ⟨ᶢ𝼋⟩),
velar lateral click ⟨ᶢǁ⟩ (old-style ⟨ᶢʖ⟩),
velar bilabial click ⟨ᶢʘ⟩,
velar retroflex click ⟨ᶢ𝼊⟩ or ad hoc ⟨ᶢ‼⟩ (old-style ⟨ᶢψ⟩).

(on a click consonant) A voiced velar as opposed to voiced uvular click; specifically

Placement after the click letter – e.g. ⟨ǂᶢ⟩ – may imply an audible velar release.

See also ⟨𐞒⟩, ⟨ᵏ⟩, ⟨ᵑ⟩.

(superscript ⟨ᶢ⟩, IPA) [ɡ]-onset (prestopping / preocclusion / preplosion), [ɡ]-release, [ɡ]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɡ].


Length marking is short ⟨ă⟩, default ⟨a⟩, half-long ⟨aˑ⟩, long ⟨aː⟩, over-long ⟨aːː⟩.

With a consonant, may be used to indicate a tap: e.g. ⟨ɢ̆ ʡ̆ ʎ̆ ʟ̆ n̆⟩.


ˡ

(IPA) [l]-coloring or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [l]


ʼ

Use for glottal stop derives from the apostrophe, for example in Hawaiian (now replaced by the okina to distinguish it from an actual apostrophe).
Use to mark ejective consonants started with transliteration of Georgian script; it was an adaptation of the spiritus lenis and contrasted with the spiritus asper used to mark aspirated consonants, as the most salient distinctive feature of Georgian ejectives was that they were not aspirated. Usage extended from there to other languages with ejective consonants.

e.g. [kʼ], [tʼ], [sʼ].


ʼ

The nineteenth letter of the Navajo alphabet. It is used before or after a vowel to indicate a glottal stop.


(IPA, dated) an oscillating tone, such as rising–falling–rising.

(UPA) similar to IPA, e.g. the Latvian broken tone.


ꜰ

(obsolete, IPA, pre-1925) voiceless bilabial fricative; superseded by ɸ


ɪ

IPA

(IPA) a near-close near-front unrounded vowel.

(superscript ⟨ᶦ⟩, IPA) [ɪ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ɪ].


ᴜ

(IPA, obsolete) the original graphic form of ⟨ʊ⟩.


ᶏ

(obsolete, pre-1976 IPA) rhotic open front unrounded vowel; now rendered ⟨a˞⟩.


ɒ

IPA

Latin alpha
Open back rounded vowel
Turned a

Turned Latin alpha (ɑ), based on Ancient Greek α (a).

(superscript ⟨ᶛ⟩, IPA) [ɒ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ɒ].


ᶀ

(obsolete, pre-1989 IPA) palatalized voiced bilabial plosive; now rendered ⟨bʲ⟩.

ᶀ Ꞔꞔ ᶁ 𝼒 ᶂ ᶃ ꞕ ᶄ ᶅᶪ 𝼓 ᶆ ᶇ 𝼔 ᶈ ᶉ 𝼖 𝼕 ᶊ ᶋ ƫᶵ 𝼗 ᶌ ᶍ Ᶎᶎ 𝼘


ƈ

(IPA, withdrawn 1993) A voiceless palatal implosive, approximately [ʄ̊].


ᶑ

(IPA, implied) a voiced retroflex implosive.

(superscript ⟨𐞍 ⟩, IPA) [ᶑ ]-release, [ᶑ ]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ᶑ ].


ᶁ

(obsolete, pre-1989 IPA) palatalized [d]; now rendered ⟨dʲ⟩.


ɖ

IPA

(superscript ⟨𐞋⟩, IPA) [ɖ ]-onset (prestopping / preocclusion / preplosion), [ɖ ]-release, [ɖ ]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɖ ].


ȡ

(Sinological extension to IPA) voiced alveolo-palatal plosive


ɗ

IPA

(superscript ⟨𐞌 ⟩, IPA) [ɗ ]-release, [ɗ ]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɗ ].


ᶒ

(obsolete, pre-1976 IPA) rhotic close-mid front unrounded vowel; now rendered ⟨e˞⟩.


`vert`

head

`vert` (English symbol name vertical bar or vertical line or pipe)

`vert` (canonical)
vertical bar (English name symbol)
vertical line (English name symbol)
pipe (English name symbol)

Coordinate term: ‖

(IPA, boldface) Marks a minor prosodic break, anything from a metrical foot to the end of a continuing prosodic unit, depending on context.


`period`

full stop (English name)
period (English name)

The periodos of Aristophanes of Byzantium, ca. 200 BCE. Originally there were three dots: ⟨·⟩ at mid height (the comma), ⟨.⟩ at the baseline (the colon), and ⟨˙⟩ at capital height (the periodos). When minuscule writing became common, it proved difficult to make a three-way height distinction, and only the periodos was retained, though it shifted to the baseline.


ƞ

(IPA, withdrawn) a syllabic/moraic nasal consonant


ɭ

IPA

(superscript ⟨ᶩ⟩, IPA) [ɭ]-release of a plosive, sometimes implying an affricate; [ɭ]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɭ].


ɟ

IPA

A rotated sort of the letter f, which resembles an English j

May stand in for palatalized [ɡʲ], [dʲ], or as a more economical transcription of [d͡ʒ].

(superscript ⟨ᶡ⟩, IPA) [ɟ]-onset (prestopping / preocclusion / preplosion), [ɟ]-release, [ɟ]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɟ].


ʄ

IPA

(superscript ⟨𐞘 ⟩, IPA) [ ʄ ]-release, [ ʄ ]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ ʄ ].


ⱱ

IPA

(superscript ⟨𐞰⟩, IPA) a flapped [ⱱ]-release, [ⱱ]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ⱱ].


ʥ

IPA

(IPA, dated) a voiced alveolo-palatal affricate [d͡ʑ].

(superscript ⟨𐞉⟩, IPA) a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [d͡ʑ].


ɞ

IPA

(IPA) an open-mid central rounded vowel.

(superscript ⟨𐞏⟩, IPA) [ɞ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ɞ].


ɜ

IPA

(IPA) An open-mid central unrounded vowel.

(superscript ⟨ᶟ⟩, IPA) [ɜ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ɜ].


ɨ

IPA

(IPA) a close central unrounded vowel (as in English roses)

(superscript ⟨ᶤ⟩, IPA) [ɨ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ɨ].


ɯ

IPA

Uralic Phonetic Alphabet

(superscript ⟨ᵚ⟩, IPA) [ɯ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ɯ].

(superscript ⟨ᵚ⟩, IPA, uncommon) velarization. (More usually ⟨ˠ⟩.)

(UPA) a close central rounded vowel, IPA [ʉ].


ɫ

IPA

(IPA) a velarized/pharyngealized [l], a dark l. (See ⟨◌̴⟩.)

(superscript ⟨ꭞ⟩, IPA) [ɫ]-coloring, [ɫ]-release (of a plosive), or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɫ].


ˌ

(IPA) secondary stress, i.e. weak stress.


t̪

(IPA) voiceless dental plosive, voiceless dental stop


E.g. French bon /bɔ̃/, but bon ami /bɔn‿ami/ (that is, [bɔ.na.mi]).

(IPA) linking a.k.a. liaison: the absence of a break between words; the preceding consonant forms a syllable with the following vowel.


ˑ

(superscript ⟨𐞂⟩, IPA) moderate extension of the featured indicated by a diacritic; e.g. [tʰ𐞂] (a t with somewhat lengthy aspiration, e.g. longer than [pʰ]).


ts

ẕ

Hebrew Academy 1953 transliteration scheme


(IPA) A letter representing a high tone.


ʦ

(IPA, dated) a voiceless alveolar affricate [t͡s].

(superscript ⟨𐞬⟩, IPA) a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [t͡s].


ʣ

(IPA, dated) a voiced alveolar affricate [d͡z].

(superscript ⟨𐞇⟩, IPA) a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [d͡z].


(IPA, on a voiced obstruent letter) slack voiced (half-voiced).


(IPA, on a voiced letter) stiff voice (extra-voiced).


(IPA, UPA) Indicates non-syllabicity, such as the on- or off-glide of a diphthong, e.g. English [aʊ̯], [ɔɪ̯].

◌̑ may be used on letters with a descender


When the carrying letter has a descender, the diacritic may be placed above. See ⟨◌̍⟩.


(IPA, dated, after a letter with a descender) advanced articulation.


(IPA, after a letter with a descender) raised articulation.


(IPA) Indicates raised articulation, e.g. a closer vowel, or a fricative rather than an approximant.


(IPA, after a letter with a descender) lowered articulation.


(IPA, dated, after a letter with a descender) retracted articulation.


(IPA) Indicates mid-centralized pronunciation.


(IPA) Indicates lowered articulation, e.g. a more open vowel, or an approximant rather than a fricative.


f̠ v̠ ɸ̠ β̠ θ̠ ð̠ s̠ z̠ ʃ̠ ʒ̠ ç̠ ʝ̠ x̠ ɣ̠ χ̠ ʁ̠


ƍ

(IPA, obsolete) a labialized voiced alveolar sibilant fricative: identified as IPA [ðʷ] or [zᵝ], equivalent to Shona ⟨ɀ⟩.


ƙ

(IPA, withdrawn 1993) A voiceless velar implosive, approximately [ɠ̊].


ƥ

(IPA, withdrawn 1993) A voiceless bilabial implosive, approximately [ɓ̥].


ƫ

(IPA, obsolete) A palatalized alveolar plosive; now rendered ⟨tʲ⟩.

(superscript ⟨ᶵ⟩, IPA) [tʲ]-onset (prestopping / preocclusion / preplosion), [tʲ]-release, [tʲ]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [tʲ].


ƭ

(IPA, withdrawn 1993) A voiceless alveolar implosive, approximately [ɗ̥].


(IPA, after a letter with a descender) less rounded articulation.


(IPA, after a letter with a descender) more rounded articulation.


(IPA) Indicates a more-rounded or less-spread articulation.


(IPA) Indicates a less-rounded or more-spread articulation.


ˆ

⟨ˇ⟩

other suggestions for the Scandinavian compound tone

(when contrasted with low ⟨ꞈ⟩) a high peaking tone.

(IPA, obsolete, UPA) a peaking (rising–falling) tone.

(IPA, ad hoc, dated) the compound tone (tone 2 a.k.a. grave accent) in Swedish and Norwegian.


(IPA, obsolete) once used for a low level tone, in contrast with ⟨◌̄⟩ for a high level tone.


Obtained by rotating the circumflex: (ˆ) 180°.

(IPA) A rising tone, also used in the romanization of Thai.

(IPA, obsolete) A dipping (falling–rising) tone, such as the third tone in pinyin.


ᶆ

(obsolete, pre-1989 IPA) palatalized bilabial nasal; now rendered ⟨mʲ⟩.


ⱳ

voiced bilabial flap
w:voiced bilabial flap

(IPA, unofficial) A voiced bilabial flap.


(IPA, rare) A diacritic added to a vowel letter with a descender (i.e. ⟨y⟩) to show that it is nonsyllabic.


ɛ

IPA

(IPA, UPA) an open-mid front unrounded vowel.

(superscript ⟨ᵋ⟩, IPA) [ɛ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ɛ].

(superscript ⟨ᵋ⟩, Boas transcription) a glottal stop (IPA [ʔ])


ᵷ

(IPA, obsolete) the voiceless closed laminal postalveolar fricative of Circassian languages (the "Circassian dental hiss"). The voiced homolog is .


ˊ

(IPA, when contrasted with low ⟨ˏ⟩) a high rising tone.


A script w; generally designed as a Greek omega ω.


ʗ

(superscript ⟨𐞽⟩, IPA) [ʗ]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʗ]-release.


◌̇ may be used on letters with a descender

(IPA) A close articulation (e.g. a higher vowel, fricative approximant – currently ⟨◌̝⟩).


ᴙ

(IPA, obsolete) a voiceless uvular trill; superseded by ʀ̥


ʳ

(IPA) alveolar trill release of a plosive (e.g. [dʳ], sometimes implying an affricate [d͜r]); or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [r].

(IPA, obsolete) [ɹ]-colouring of a vowel, or an [ɹ]-offglide of a vowel.


ʳ

(nonstandard, chiefly where HTML-marking of superscription is unavailable) Used to represent a superscript r.


ⁿ

(IPA) nasal release (of any articulation).

(IPA) light to full prenasalization (of any articulation).

(IPA) [n]-coloring or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [n].


ˤ

(IPA) pharyngealization (that is, [ʕ]-coloring, of a pharyngealized consonant or vowel).

(IPA, less commonly) [ʕ]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [ʡˤ], sometimes implying an affricate [ʡ͜ʕ]); or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʕ].


ʖ

(superscript ⟨𐞼⟩, IPA) [ʖ]-coloring such as the lateral release of a click; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʖ]-release.


ɩ

(IPA, dated) an alternative to the vowel letter ⟨ɪ⟩; replaced by it in 1989.

(superscript ⟨ᶥ⟩, IPA) [ɩ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ɩ].


ǥ

(IPA, obsolete, open-tail variant ⟨⟩ and later ⟨⟩) a voiced velar fricative; superseded by ɣ


(a) the entire consonant is superscripted, for example the weak/fleeting consonants ⟨ᵗ̕⟩ or ⟨ᵏˣ̕⟩ (U+0315) vs the usual notation ⟨tˢʼ⟩ or ⟨kˣʼ⟩ (U+02BC).

(b) the apostrophe only governs the superscript part of a segment, as in ⟨pʼᵏˣ̕⟩ with U+02BC on the [pʼ] followed by U+0315 on the affricated release [ᵏˣ̕].

Usually the distinction is unimportant and U+02BC will be used in all cases, e.g. ⟨ᵏˣʼ⟩, ⟨pʼᵏˣʼ⟩.

(IPA, rare) U+0315 may contrast with U+02BC ʼ for an ejective consonant when:


ˉ

(when contrasted with low ⟨ˍ⟩ or mid ⟨˗⟩) a high level tone.


ˋ

(IPA, when contrasted with mid ⟨˴⟩ or low ⟨ˎ⟩) a high falling tone


ȴ

(Sinological extension to IPA) alveopalatal lateral


s̻

IPA

(IPA) laminal voiceless alveolar fricative.


s̪̻

(IPA) Voiceless denti-alveolar sibilant.


ᵿ

near-close central rounded vowel
w:near-close central rounded vowel

(IPA, unofficial) A reduced variant of the near-close central rounded vowel [ʊ̈] = [ʉ̞].


ᵻ

near-close central unrounded vowel
w:near-close central unrounded vowel

(IPA, unofficial) A reduced variant of the near-close central unrounded vowel [ɪ̈] = [ɨ̞].


ᵮ

(IPA) a velarized/pharyngealized ('emphatic') [f]. See ⟨◌̴⟩.


ᶃ

(obsolete, pre-1989 IPA) voiced prevelar or palatalized velar plosive; now rendered ⟨ɡ̟⟩ or ⟨ɡʲ⟩.


ᶂ

(obsolete, pre-1989 IPA) palatalized voiceless labiodental fricative; now rendered ⟨fʲ⟩.


ᶖ

(obsolete, pre-1976 IPA) rhotic close front unrounded vowel; now rendered ⟨i˞⟩.


ᶇ

(obsolete, pre-1989 IPA) palatalized alveolar nasal; now rendered ⟨nʲ⟩.


ᶄ

Voiced homolog is ⟨ᶃ⟩.

(obsolete, pre-1989, IPA) voiceless prevelar or palatalized velar plosive; now rendered ⟨k̟⟩ or ⟨kʲ⟩.

Voiced homolog is ⟨ꞔ⟩.

(phonetics, Lithuanian dialectology & Dania transcription) IPA [kʲ].


ᶅ

(IPA, obsolete) a palatalized alveolar lateral approximant; now rendered ⟨lʲ⟩.

(superscript ⟨ᶪ⟩, IPA) a [lʲ]-release (e.g. of a plosive), [lʲ]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [lʲ].


ᶈ

(obsolete, pre-1989 IPA) palatalized voiceless bilabial plosive; now rendered ⟨pʲ⟩.


ᶉ

(obsolete, pre-1989 IPA) palatalized alveolar trill; now rendered ⟨rʲ⟩.


ᵴ

(IPA) a velarized/pharyngealized ('emphatic') [s]. See ⟨◌̴⟩.


ᶊ

(obsolete, pre-1989 IPA) palatalized voiceless alveolar sibilant fricative; now rendered ⟨sʲ⟩.


ᵵ

(IPA) a velarized/pharyngealized ('emphatic') [t]. See ⟨◌̴⟩.


ᵲ

(IPA) a velarized/pharyngealized ('emphatic') [r]. See ⟨◌̴⟩.


ᶎ

(obsolete) A letter of the draft Pinyin alphabet of the 1950s; corresponds to modern ⟨zh⟩.


ᶌ

(obsolete, pre-1989 IPA) palatalized voiced labiodental fricative; now rendered ⟨vʲ⟩.


ʓ

(phonetics) The 'closed' voiced fricative in Circassian, commonly transcribed ⟨ẑ⟩ and for which ⟨⟩ was once proposed for the IPA.


ᶙ

(obsolete, pre-1976 IPA) rhotic close back rounded vowel; now rendered ⟨u˞⟩.


ɼ

(pre-1989 IPA) voiced alveolar fricative trill, such as Czech ⟨ř⟩; superseded by /r̝/


ᶍ

(obsolete, pre-1989, IPA) voiceless prevelar or palatalized velar fricative; now rendered ⟨x̟⟩ or ⟨xʲ⟩.


ȶ

(Sinological extension to IPA) voiceless alveolo-palatal plosive


ᵳ

(IPA) a velarized/pharyngealized ('emphatic') [ɾ]. See ⟨◌̴⟩.


ᶐ

(obsolete, pre-1976 IPA) rhotic open back unrounded vowel; now rendered ⟨ɑ˞⟩.


ᶋ

(obsolete, pre-1989 IPA) palatalized voiceless postalveolar sibilant fricative; now rendered ⟨ɕ⟩.


ᶓ

(obsolete, pre-1976 IPA) rhotic open-mid front unrounded vowel; now rendered ⟨ɛ˞⟩.


ᶕ

(obsolete, pre-1976 IPA) rhotic mid central vowel; now rendered ⟨ɚ⟩.


ᶔ

(obsolete, pre-1976 IPA) rhotic open-mid central unrounded vowel; now rendered ⟨ɝ⟩.


ɝ

(IPA): IPA

(IPA) rhotic open-mid central unrounded vowel; in particular, the vowel sound of English nurse.

(superscript ⟨ᶟ˞⟩, IPA) [ɝ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ɝ].


ᶗ

(obsolete, pre-1976 IPA) rhotic open-mid back rounded vowel; now rendered ⟨ɔ˞⟩.


*An abbreviated cursive 𝓇 joined to the vowel.

(IPA) A rhotic hook; the standard diacritic used to show rhotacism


ɪ̈

IPA

(IPA) Near-close central unrounded vowel


(extIPA) Tenuis; a symbol for overtly indicating lack of aspiration.


ꞵ

(IPA) A Latin variant of Greek β, preferred by some authors.


ʚ

This letter was adopted into the IPA in 1921

then abandoned. It was brought back in 1993. However

and it was replaced with the current form ⟨ɞ⟩ in 1996 – the original turned epsilon ⟨ᴈ⟩ had been replaced with a reversed epsilon ⟨ɜ⟩ sometime between 1957 and 1989

(LAMSAS) an open-mid front rounded vowel, IPA [œ].


(IPA) A letter representing a mid-low tone.


(IPA) A letter representing a high tone.


(IPA) A letter representing a mid-high tone.


θ̼

A symbol of the IPA, representing a voiceless linguolabial fricative.


d̼

A symbol of the IPA, representing a voiced linguolabial plosive.


l̼

A symbol of the IPA, representing a linguolabial lateral approximant.


ð̼

A symbol of the IPA, representing a voiced linguolabial fricative.


n̼

A symbol of the IPA, representing a linguolabial nasal.


ꜝ

(Africanist notation) downstep; = IPA ⟨ꜜ⟩.

(IPA, rare) superscript ⟨ǃ⟩ for the weak, fleeting or epenthetic release of an alveolar click, or for [ǃ]-coloring.


ꜞ

(Africanist notation) upstep; equivalent to IPA ⟨ꜛ⟩.

(IPA, rare, superscript only) superscript extIPA ⟨¡⟩ for a weak, fleeting or epenthetic sublaminal percussive.


ɡb

(IPA) Alternative form of ɡ͡b (voiced labial-velar stop).


ꭓ

(IPA) Alternative form of χ (“voiceless uvular fricative”)


𝼂

(extIPA) voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive


𝼅

(extIPA, IPA) a voiced retroflex lateral fricative.

(superscript ⟨𐞟⟩, IPA) [𝼅]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [d𐞟] or [ɖ𐞟]), sometimes implying an affricate (e.g. ⟨ɖ𐞟⟩ for [ɖ͡𝼅]); [𝼅]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [𝼅].


ꞎ

(extIPA, IPA) a voiceless retroflex lateral fricative.

(superscript ⟨𐞝⟩, IPA) [ꞎ ]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [t𐞝] or [ʈ𐞝]), sometimes implying an affricate (e.g. ⟨ʈ𐞝⟩ for [ʈ͡ꞎ ]); [ꞎ ]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ꞎ ].


𝼀

(extIPA) voiceless velopharyngeal trill (i.e. posterior nasal fricative with trill): a snort: ʩ with accompanying uvular trill (that is, [ʩ𐞪])


𝼄

(extIPA, IPA) a voiceless velar lateral fricative.

(superscript ⟨𐞜⟩, IPA) [𝼄]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [k𐞜], sometimes implying an affricate [k͜𝼄]); [𝼄]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [𝼄].


ꞯ

(IPA, obsolete) a pharyngeal or epiglottal trill or voiced fricative (symbol withdrawn in 1912)


𝼆

(extIPA, IPA) a voiceless palatal lateral fricative.

(superscript ⟨𐞡⟩, IPA) [𝼆]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [t𐞡]) or [c𐞡]), sometimes implying an affricate (e.g. ⟨c𐞡⟩ for [c͜𝼆]); [𝼆]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [𝼆].


Ʞ

(in English- and French-language text), K (in German-language text).

(IPA, small capital, obsolete) Once suggested as a wildcard for a consonant. Would have partnered with ⟨⟩ for a vowel.


𝼉

(IPA, dated) voiceless retroflex implosive, approximately [ᶑ̥].


ˢ

(IPA) [s]-fricated release of a plosive, sometimes implying an affricate – e.g. ⟨tˢ⟩ for [t͡s] – though often ⟨tˢ⟩ is intended to indicate less frication (i.e. [s]-sound) than ⟨t͡s⟩ does.

(IPA) [s]-coloring (e.g. [ʃˢ], an [s]-like [ʃ]).

(IPA) A weak, fleeting or epenthetic [s].


ꭧ

(IPA, dated) a voiceless retroflex affricate [ʈ͡ʂ].

(superscript ⟨𐞭⟩, IPA) a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʈ͡ʂ].


𐞀

(Voice Quality Symbols) aryepiglottic phonation


ᴈ

The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet makes regular use of 180°-rotation to denote a reduced form of a given sound.

(IPA, obsolete) An open-mid central unrounded vowel.

(superscript ⟨ᶟ⟩, IPA) [ᴈ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [ᴈ].


𝼈

(superscript ⟨𐞧⟩, IPA) a flapped [𝼈 ]-release (of a plosive); [𝼈 ]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [𝼈 ].


ʶ

(IPA) [ʁ]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [ɢʶ], sometimes implying an affricate [ɢ͜ʁ]); [ʁ]-coloring (that is, uvularization); or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʁ].


𝼊

(IPA) the forward release of a retroflex click.

(superscript ⟨𐞹⟩, IPA) [𝼊 ]-coloring or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [𝼊 ]-release.


𐞥

(IPA) [q]-onset (prestopping / preocclusion / preplosion), [q]-release, [q]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [q].

velar dental click ⟨𐞥ǀ⟩ (old-style ⟨𐞥ʇ⟩),

velar alveolar click ⟨𐞥ǃ⟩ (old-style ⟨𐞥ʗ⟩),

velar palatal click ⟨𐞥ǂ⟩ (old-style ⟨𐞥𝼋⟩),

velar lateral click ⟨𐞥ǁ⟩ (old-style ⟨𐞥ʖ⟩),

velar bilabial click ⟨𐞥ʘ⟩,

velar retroflex click ⟨𐞥𝼊⟩ or ad hoc ⟨𐞥‼⟩ (old-style ⟨𐞥ψ⟩).

Placement after the click letter – e.g. ⟨ǂ𐞥⟩ rather than ⟨𐞥ǂ⟩, or ⟨ǂ𐞥ʰ⟩ rather than ⟨𐞥ǂʰ⟩ if aspirated, – may imply an audible uvular release.

See also ⟨ᵏ⟩, ⟨𐞒⟩, ⟨ᶰ⟩.

(IPA, on a click consonant) A voiceless uvular click; specifically:

See also ⟨ˤ⟩, ⟨ʶ⟩.

(IPA, on a vowel) uvularized (or sometimes pharyngealized). A common convention in Khoisanist linguistics.


ˣ

(IPA) [x]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [tˣ]), sometimes implying an affricate (e.g. ⟨kˣ⟩ for [k͜x]).

(IPA) A weak, fleeting or epenthetic [x]


ꭦ

(IPA, dated) a voiced retroflex affricate [ɖ͡ʐ ].

(superscript ⟨𐞈⟩, IPA) a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɖ͡ʐ ].


ᵏ

(IPA) [k]-onset (prestopping / preocclusion / preplosion), [k]-release, [k]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [k].

velar dental click ⟨ᵏǀ⟩ (old-style ⟨ᵏʇ⟩),

velar alveolar click ⟨ᵏǃ⟩ (old-style ⟨ᵏʗ⟩),

velar palatal click ⟨ᵏǂ⟩ (old-style ⟨ᵏ𝼋⟩),

velar lateral click ⟨ᵏǁ⟩ (old-style ⟨ᵏʖ⟩),

velar bilabial click ⟨ᵏʘ⟩,

velar retroflex click ⟨ᵏ𝼊⟩ or ad hoc ⟨ᵏ‼⟩ (old-style ⟨ᵏψ⟩).

Placement after the click letter – e.g. ⟨ǂᵏ⟩ rather than ⟨ᵏǂ⟩, or ⟨ǂᵏʰ⟩ rather than ⟨ᵏǂʰ⟩ if aspirated, – may imply an audible velar release.

(IPA, on a click consonant) A voiceless velar as opposed to uvular click; specifically:


𝼋

(superscript ⟨𐞿⟩, IPA) [𝼋]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [𝼋]-release.


(on an alveolar letter) officially a dental consonant; often used for a laminal alveolar or denti-alveolar consonant: e.g. [t̪ d̪ n̪ l̪ s̪ z̪].

(on a labial letter) labio-dental: e.g. [p̪ b̪ m̪]. (⟨m̪⟩ is equivalent to ⟨ɱ⟩.)


kp

(IPA) Alternative form of k͡p (voiceless labial-velar stop).


ᴚ

(IPA, obsolete) a voiceless uvular fricative; superseded by χ


Ɡ

(IPA, rare) The capital form of the letter script ɡ, used when transcribing English into IPA with capital letters.


Ɜ

(IPA, rare) The capital form of the letter ɜ, used when transcribing English into IPA with capital letters.


depending on the preference of the writer

(IPA) Marks two letters as forming a single segment.


(IPA, obsolete) doubled accent mark for "reinforced" stress, equivalent to modern doubled ⟨ˈˈ⟩.


ˇ

(when contrasted with low ⟨ˬ⟩) a high dipping tone.

(IPA, obsolete) a dipping (falling–rising) tone.

(IPA, ad hoc, dated) the compound tone (tone 2 a.k.a. grave accent) in Swedish and Norwegian.


(IPA, obsolete) centralized (on a vowel letter).

(IPA, obsolete) palatalized (on a consonant letter).


𝼌

(Beach transcription) nasalized palatal click; modern orthography ⟨nǂ⟩.


(IPA, obsolete) Dipping (falling–rising) tone.


𝼍

(Beach transcription) nasalized dental click; modern orthography ⟨nǀ⟩.


𝼎

(Beach transcription) nasalized lateral click; modern orthography ⟨nǁ⟩.


𝼏

(Beach transcription) nasalized alveolar click; modern orthography ⟨nǃ⟩.


d͡ʑ

IPA


d͡z

IPA


t͡ɕ

(IPA) voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate


t͡s

(IPA) voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate


Ɒ

(IPA, rare) The capital form of the letter ɒ, used when transcribing English into IPA with capital letters.


𝼪

(IPA, obsolete) an early variant of the retroflex letter ⟨ʈ⟩


𝼥

(IPA, obsolete) an early variant of the retroflex letter ⟨ɖ ⟩


(phonetics, text-style only) An IPA symbol for rising intonation across a word or phrase, called a 'global rise' in IPA.


(phonetics, text-style only) An IPA symbol for falling intonation across a word or phrase, called a 'global fall' in IPA.


𝼦

(IPA, obsolete) an early variant of the retroflex letter ⟨ɭ ⟩


𝼑

(phonetics, Anthropos orthography) alveolar lateral flap, IPA ⟨ɺ⟩


𝼧

(IPA, obsolete) an early variant of the retroflex letter ⟨ɳ ⟩


𝼩

(IPA, obsolete) an early variant of the retroflex letter ⟨ʂ⟩


(IPA, dated) a low oscillating tone, such as rising–falling–rising.


(IPA, ad hoc, dated) the compound tone (tone 2 a.k.a. grave accent) in Swedish and Norwegian.


(UPA) the Swedish 'acute' (single) tone, as in a˶nden for IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: [ˈan˥˧dɛn˩] 'the mallard'.

(IPA, obsolete) an emphatic rising intonation.


similar symbolism in other phonetic transcription systems

(extIPA, after a segment) extended voicelessness.


(UPA) the Swedish 'grave' (double) tone, as in a˵nden for IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: [ˈan˧˩dɛn˥˩] 'the spirit'

(IPA, obsolete) an emphatic falling intonation.


ˬ

(UPA) less rounded vowel, delabialized consonant (IPA ◌̜), e.g. oˬ, šˬ.


𝼖

(obsolete, pre-1989, IPA) palatalized [ɾ]; now rendered ⟨ɾʲ⟩.


𝼚

(obsolete, pre-1976 IPA) rhotic close central unrounded vowel; now rendered ⟨ɨ˞⟩.


𝼕

(obsolete, pre-1989, IPA) palatalized [ɹ]; now rendered ⟨ɹʲ⟩.


𝼛

(obsolete, pre-1976 IPA) rhotic close-mid back rounded vowel; now rendered ⟨o˞⟩.


𝼓

(obsolete, pre-1989, IPA) palatalized [ɬ]; now rendered ⟨ɬʲ⟩.


𝼘

(obsolete, pre-1989, IPA) palatalized [ʒ]; now rendered ⟨ʑ⟩.


𝼔

(obsolete, pre-1989, IPA) prevelar or palatalized velar nasal; now rendered ⟨ŋ̟⟩ or ⟨ŋʲ⟩.


𝼒

(obsolete, pre-1989, IPA) palatalized [ʤ]; now rendered ⟨ʥ⟩ or ⟨d͡ʑ⟩.


𝼗

(obsolete, pre-1989, IPA) palatalized [ʧ]; now rendered ⟨ʨ⟩ or ⟨t͡ɕ⟩.


(IPA) Marks syllabicity on a letter with a descender, such as ⟨ŋ̍⟩. Compare the default syllabicity diacritic ⟨◌̩⟩.


ꞕ

(obsolete, pre-1989, IPA) palatalized [h] or voiceless [j]; now rendered ⟨hʲ⟩ and ⟨j̊⟩ respectively. The latter was used alongside ⟨ƕ⟩ for IPA [w̥].

(phonetics, Lithuanian dialectology) IPA [hʲ].


retracted tongue root
retracted tongue root#English

(IPA, rare) retracted tongue root. Form used after a letter with a descender, e.g. ⟨y꭫⟩.

(IPA, obsolete) fronted articulation. Currently ⟨◌̟⟩.


advanced tongue root
advanced tongue root#English

(IPA, rare) advanced tongue root. Form used after a letter with a descender, e.g. ⟨y꭪⟩.

(IPA, obsolete) backed articulation. Currently ⟨◌̠⟩.


advanced tongue root
w:advanced tongue root


retracted tongue root
w:retracted tongue root


ˈˈ

Doubling a symbol to indicate augmented degree.

(IPA) extra stress – in English, contrastive stress, or sentence (prosodic) stress atop lexical stress.

(IPA, ad hoc) the compound tone (tone 2 a.k.a. grave accent) in Swedish and Norwegian.


(IPA) murmured phonation, breathy voice.


(IPA) Encloses IPA symbols to indicate that they have their canonical values. E.g. ⟦e⟧ is specifically a close-mid vowel, and not for example a mid vowel as the broader notation [e] might cover.


ʁ̞

IPA


(IPA) a low (or, more precisely, low-to-mid) rising tone.


(IPA) a high (or, more precisely, mid-to-high) rising tone.


(IPA) a high (or, more precisely, high-to-mid) falling tone.


(IPA) a full (high-to-low) falling tone.


(IPA) a low (or, more precisely, mid-to-low) falling tone.


E.g. dental ț, d̦, n̦, labiodental p̦ b̦ m̦.


ꭈ

(phonetics, Anthropos orthography) alveolar trill, IPA [r].


(IPA) Overstriking diacritic for a gutturalized (i.e. velarized, uvularized or pharyngealized) consonant or vowel, such as the 'emphatic' consonants of Arabic, or the 'dark l' (ɫ) of English.

a̴ ɑ̴ β̴ C̴ c̴ ʗ̴ ꝺ̴ ð̴ ə̴ g̴ ɡ̴ h̴ i̴ ɪ̴ ɿ̴ j̴ k̴ ᶅ̴ ɭ̴ ɬ̴ ɮ̴ ʎ̴ o̴ ɸ̴ ʀ̴ ɽ̴ ʂ̴ ʃ̴ ʇ̴ ʧ̴ θ̴ ɰ̴ u̴ ʊ̴ v̴ ʋ̴ x̴ χ̴ ʒ̴ ʔ̴ ʖ̴ ʴ̴ 𐞩̴


(IPA) On a consonant with an ascender, may be used to indicate a tap: e.g. ⟨ʡ̮⟩, ⟨ʎ̮⟩. Cf. default ◌̆.


ꬸ

(Teuthonista, IPA) a very dark l (darker / more guttural than [ɫ]).


(IPA) ⟨◌̝⟩ placed above a letter with a descender or another diacritic, e.g. [r̺᷵].


(IPA, rare) a falling-rising-falling tone.


The French term "bon vivant" is pronounced [bɔ̃vivɑ̃].


(IPA, obsolete) open/lowered, equivalent to modern ⟨◌̞⟩.


ꭨ

(IPA) a velarized/pharyngealized ('emphatic') [ɹ]. See ⟨◌̴⟩.


ᵯ

(IPA) a velarized/pharyngealized ('emphatic') [m]. See ⟨◌̴⟩.


ᵶ

(IPA) a velarized/pharyngealized ('emphatic') [z]. See ⟨◌̴⟩.


ᵱ

(IPA) a velarized/pharyngealized ('emphatic') [p]. See ⟨◌̴⟩.


ᵭ

(IPA) a velarized/pharyngealized ('emphatic') [d]. See ⟨◌̴⟩.

(Teuthonista) A lenited [d]], not quite a fricative (IPA [d̞]).


ᵰ

(IPA) a velarized/pharyngealized ('emphatic') [n]. See ⟨◌̴⟩.


ᵬ

(IPA) a velarized/pharyngealized ('emphatic') [b]. See ⟨◌̴⟩.

(Teuthonista) A lenited [b]], not quite a fricative (IPA [b̞]).


(IPA, rare) A very high pitch, higher than ⟨◌̋⟩; or, a high contour tone, rising from [◌́] to [◌̋] or falling from [◌̋] to [◌́].


k͜p

(IPA) Alternative form of k͡p (voiceless labial-velar stop).


g͜b

(IPA) Alternative form of ɡ͡b (voiced labial-velar stop).


l̥

(IPA) a voiceless alveolar lateral approximant.


(IPA) The less-rounded diacritic ⟨◌̜⟩ on a letter with a descender, such as ⟨y͑⟩.


(IPA) The more-rounded diacritic ⟨◌̹⟩ on a letter with a descender, such as ⟨y͗⟩.


(IPA, obsolete) breathy voice on a vowel, recommended in the 1949 Principles.


t͡ɬ

(IPA) voiceless alveolar lateral affricate


t͡ꞎ

(IPA) voiceless retroflex lateral affricate


d͡𝼅

(IPA) voiced retroflex lateral affricate


Hɥ ligature

(IPA, obsolete) a voiceless labial–palatal fricative or approximant; used for ⟨ɥ̊⟩ between 1921 and 1932.


Turned small cap A

(IPA, obsolete) a close-mid back unrounded vowel. Replaced by manuscript form ⟨ɤ⟩ in 1921.


Turned ezh

(IPA, obsolete) the voiced closed laminal postalveolar fricative of Circassian languages (the "Circassian dental hiss"). The voiceless homolog is ᵷ.


Reversed r

(IPA, obsolete) Letter proposed in 1921 for a retroflex flap; previously ⟨ṛ⟩ and subsequently ⟨ɽ⟩.


Turned small cap U

(IPA, obsolete) Once suggested as a wildcard for a vowel. Would have partnered with ⟨𝼐⟩ for a consonant.


Z with left hook

(IPA, obsolete) an early variant of the retroflex letter ⟨ʐ ⟩


m̪

(IPA, extIPA) voiced labiodental nasal, equivalent to ⟨ɱ⟩.


o̤

(IPA) an o vowel with breathy voice – see ◌̤.


ɹ̤

(IPA) a breathy voiced alveolar approximant.


ɐ̤

(IPA) an ɐ vowel with breathy voice – see ◌̤.


w̶

(IPA, unofficial) A labialized voiced pre-velar approximant, IPA [w̟].