犬

Bai: *qʰuaŋ²

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕʰyɵn²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰy̯e̞⁴¹/

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕʰyɵn²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰy̯e̞⁴¹/

Characters in the same phonetic series (犬) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – the side view of a dog.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-kʷəj-n (“dog”); cognate with Tibetan ཁྱི (khyi, “dog”), Burmese ခွေး (hkwe:, “dog”).
This common Sino-Tibetan word has been replaced by 狗 (OC *koːʔ) in most topolects except Eastern Min, such as Fuzhou kēng. In other topolects, this word is mainly found in compounds and not used alone.

Han etyl

警犬

He who is presenting a horse or a sheep should lead it with his right hand. He who is presenting a dog should lead it with his left hand.

The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE

Xiào mǎ xiào yáng zhě yòu qiān zhī; xiào quǎn zhě zuǒ qiān zhī.

效馬效羊者右牽之；效犬者左牽之。

效马效羊者右牵之；效犬者左牵之。

(formal or in compounds or Eastern Min, Waxiang, dialectal Wu) dog


亓

For pronunciation and definitions of 亓 – see 其 (“his; her; its; their; he; she; it; they; one; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 其).
Clipping of 亓官 (Qíguān), which is a corrupted form of 笄官 (“an ancient official position”)


伓

n̂g-gōng / [^((ŋ̍-))ŋ̍²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋouŋ³³]

伓講

伓讲

n̂g-siàng / [^((ŋ̍-))n̩²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niaŋ⁵³]

伓成

n̂g-báik / [^((ŋ̍-))m̩²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾maiʔ²⁴]

伓捌

kó̤-n̂g-kó̤ / [kʰo²¹³⁻²¹ ^((ŋ̍-))ŋ̍²⁴²⁻⁵³ ^((kʰ-))ŋɔ²¹³]

去伓去？


佘

→ English: She, Sheh, Seah

Derived from 余 (yú) and 舍 (shè). The character was differentiated from these two characters around the time of the Han dynasty, possibly a Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɦlja): semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 示 (OC *ɡle, *ɢljils).
From 余. (Kangxi Dictionary).

Han compound

She Saihua (a legendary heroine from ancient China's Northern Song Dynasty)

佘賽花

佘赛花

佘詩曼

佘诗曼


佣

commission (amount of money paid to a middleman)


偉

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢʷɯlʔ): semantic 亻 + phonetic 韋 (OC *ɢʷɯl).

Han compound

extraordinary; magnificent; great; robust


准

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ən²¹⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ən²¹⁴/

For pronunciation and definitions of 准 – see 準 (“water-level; flat; level; water level; etc.”).
(This character is the simplified and variant form of 準).
 Notes:
Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.
Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

zh-see

Only thirty kilos are allowed for personal luggage

只准攜帶30公斤行李。

只准携带30公斤行李。

Lǚguǎn zhǔn bù zhǔn zhù xiǎo hái hé yǎng xiǎo dòngwù?

旅館准不准住小孩和養小動物？

旅馆准不准住小孩和养小动物？


凰

Originally 皇. A spurious 𠘨 was added by the assimilation with 鳳.

(Chinese mythology) female fenghuang (a mythological bird)


刖

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋroːd, *ŋod, *ŋuːd): phonetic 月 (OC *ŋod) + semantic 刂.
Related to 兀 (OC *ŋuːd, “to cut the feet”) (Wang, 1982; Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

See also: 剕

(historical) to cut off one or both feet as a form of punishment, one of the 五刑 (wǔxíng, “Five Punishments”)


剃

Possibly a post-Han variant of 剔 (OC *l̥ʰeːɡ) (Schuessler, 2007).

剃鬚／剃须 [Cantonese] ― tai³ sou¹ [Jyutping] ― to shave off facial hair


剪

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

Originally 𣦃 and then stylized into 前, a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔslenʔ): phonetic 歬 (OC *zleːn) + semantic 刀 (“knife”). Since 前 has replaced 歬, an additional 刀 has been added.

Han compound

剪草機

剪草机

剪刀

剪指甲


助

→ Thai: ช่วย (chûai)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zras): phonetic 且 (OC *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa) + semantic 力 (“strong arm”) – to help with one’s strength.


卅

/saː⁵⁵ aː²²/

/saː⁵⁵ aː²²/

十 (shí, “10”), repeated three times. See also 廿.


叱

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *n̥ʰjid): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 七 (OC *sn̥ʰid).


叽

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɒu̯⁴⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɒu̯⁴⁵/


咊

For pronunciation and definitions of 咊 – see 和 (“peaceful; harmonious; gentle; kind; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 和).

zh-see

(Teochew) Alternative form of 今 (“now; then; in that case”)


哭

→ Vietnamese: khóc (哭, 泣)

In oracle bone inscriptions, ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 吅 (“loudly”) + person with long hair (Similar to 老 without the cane) – "cry; weep". The pictogram of the person with long hair corrupted into 犬. Evidence suggests 吅 could be an abbreviation of the sound component 咢 (OC *ŋaːɡ), making the character phono-semantic (形聲 /形声).
Shuowen Jiezi interprets it as a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋ̊ʰoːɡ): semantic 吅 (“to speak loudly”) + abbreviated phonetic 獄 (OC *ŋoɡ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kuːk (“to weep; to wail”); cognate with Mizo kûk (“to shriek”) (STEDT).
This seems to be an area word; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *kuk ~ kuuk ~ kuək ~ kək (“to call”), Proto-Austronesian *-kuk (“sound of a sob”) (Schuessler, 2007).


唁

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋrans): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 言 (OC *ŋan).


啥

Probably a fusion of 什麼／什么 (shénme) (Lü, 1985).

煞
𠍽
什
甚
省
薩
撒

這是啥物件？

这是啥物件？

儂辣做啥？

侬辣做啥？

吃啥飯？

吃啥饭？

你說啥來著？

你说啥来着？

(colloquial, dialectal Mandarin, Southern Min, Wu) what


喚

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʰʷaːns): semantic 口 + phonetic 奐 (OC *qʰʷaːns).


嗅

Simplified from 齅 (鼻 → 口); in current form: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʰlus, *qʰluŋs): semantic 口 + phonetic 臭 (OC *kʰljus).


嗚

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qaː): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 烏 (OC *qaː).

Han compound

(onomatopoeia) Sound of sobbing or crying.


嗤

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tʰjɯ): semantic 口 + phonetic 蚩 (OC *tʰjɯ).


噩

The same character as 咢, both ultimately derived from or identical to 喪, see there for more.

frightening; startling; shocking; ill-omened


噬

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *djads): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 筮 (OC *djads).
Sagart (2021c) revises the Old Chinese reconstruction as *m-tet-s, from volitional prefix *m- + a root *tet-s (“to bite”), from which 瘈 (OC *k(ə)-tet-s, “mad; rabid (dog)”) also derives.


嚏

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tiːɡs): semantic 口 + phonetic 疐 (OC *tiːɡs, *tiɡs).

Han compound

嚔
㖒
啑
㗣
䶍
䶑
⿰口⿳十冖疋


嚨

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *roːŋ): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ).


塒

The fowls roost in their holes in the walls; and in the evening of the day, the goats and cows come down [from the hill].

The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Jī qī yú shí, rì zhī xī yǐ, yáng niú xiàlái.

雞棲于塒、日之夕矣、羊牛下來。

鸡栖于埘、日之夕矣、羊牛下来。

roost, especially those made by piercing the wall


塚

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *toŋʔ): semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 冢 (OC *toŋʔ) – an earthen mound, a tomb of earth.


夕

Characters in the same phonetic series (夕) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) — moon crescent. Compare to its ancient variant 月.
Related to 汐 (OC *ljaːɡ, “evening tide”).
Schuessler (2007) suggests it is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-r(j)ak (“day; full day; to spend the night”); cognate with Tibetan ཞག (zhag, “day (24 hours)”), Mizo riak (“to pass the night”), Jingpho [script needed] (jaʔ⁵⁵, “day (24 hours)”), Burmese ရက် (rak, “day (24 hours)”), Lahu há (“night; to pass the night”); may also be cognate with 宿 (OC *suɡs, *suɡ, “to spend the night”) and 昔 (OC *sjaːɡ, “former times”). It is noted that in the oracle bone script, the 24 hour day started and ended some time in the evening or night. Since 日 (rì, “sun”) has acquired the meaning of "day (24 hours)", 夕 was then restricted to the time of the day's end.
On the other hand, STEDT suggests 夕 (OC *ljaːɡ, “evening; night”) was derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ja-n (“night”), from which 夜 (OC *laːɡs, “night”) was also derived. However, 夕 was also compared to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-r(j)ak (“day; full day; to spend the night”). Schuessler (2007) assigns Chinese 夜 (yè) to *ja (“night”) instead, and notes *ja (“night”) and *ryak (“day (24 hours)”) were kept strictly separate in Tibeto-Burman.

och-l

Woe to us soldiers on these expeditions! Morning and evening we have no rest.

哀我征夫、朝夕不暇。

What night is tonight, that I take a boat into the stream? What day is today, that I get to share a boat with a prince?

Jīnxī hé xī xī, qiān zhōu zhōngliú. Jīnrì hérì xī, dé yǔ wángzǐ tóng zhōu.

今夕何夕兮，搴舟中流。今日何日兮，得與王子同舟。

今夕何夕兮，搴舟中流。今日何日兮，得与王子同舟。

GT - General Taiwanese (no particular region identified)


妊

Cognate with 任 (OC *njɯm, *njɯms, “to be burdened; to be loaded”). See there for more.


妍

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋeːn): semantic 女 + phonetic 幵 (OC *kŋeːn).

Han compound

(literary) bright, colorful and beautiful


妤

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *la): semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 予 (OC *la, *laʔ).


娟

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʷen): semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 肙 (OC *qʷeːns).


娶

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰloʔ, *sʰlos, *slo): phonetic 取 (OC *sʰloːʔ, *sʰloʔ) + semantic 女.
Exoactive of 取 (OC *sʰloːʔ, *sʰloʔ, “to take; to obtain; to collect; to fetch”) (Schuessler, 2007). Compare the etymology of 嫁.
In Min Nan, the vernacular reading is instead from 𤆬 (chhōa, “to lead; to guide”).

och-l

Coordinate term: 嫁 (of a woman)

娶老婆

"If you marry her, you must love her. If you do not love her, why marry her? Marrying her and not loving her—this is something I cannot permit!"

“nei⁵ cou² zo² keoi⁵ zau⁶ jat¹ ding⁶ jiu³ oi³ keoi⁵. nei⁵ m⁴ oi³ keoi⁵ jau⁶ ho⁴ bit¹ cou² keoi⁵ ne¹? nei⁵ cou² zo² keoi⁵ ji⁴ m⁴ oi³ keoi⁵; ci² si⁶ sai⁶ naan⁴ wan⁵ heoi²!”

「你娶咗佢就一定要愛佢。你唔愛佢又何必娶佢呢？你娶咗佢而唔愛佢；此事誓難允許！」

「你娶咗佢就一定要爱佢。你唔爱佢又何必娶佢呢？你娶咗佢而唔爱佢；此事誓难允许！」


媠

→ English: swee (Singlish)

媠啦！

(Southern Min) good-looking; pretty; beautiful


媳

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *slɯɡ): semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 息 (OC *slɯɡ).


嫠

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rɯ): phonetic 𠩺 () + semantic 女 (“woman”).


嫦

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *djaŋ): semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 常 (OC *djaŋ)


嬋

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *djan): semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 單 (OC *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans).


嬸

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hljɯmʔ): semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 審 (OC *hljɯmʔ).
Monosyllabic fusion of 叔母 (MC syuwk muwX, “father's younger brother + wife”).

ltc-l

paternal aunt (wife of father's younger brother)


孀

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sraŋ): semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 霜 (OC *sraŋ).
Zhang (2000) relates it to 喪 (OC *smaːŋ, “mourning; funeral”), 喪 (OC *smaːŋs, “to lose”) and 霜 (OC *sraŋ, “frost (which causes loss)”). However, Schuessler (2007) considers these three words etymologically unrelated.


孵

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰuw): semantic 卵 (“egg”) + phonetic 孚 (OC *pʰuw).


屐

→ Thai: เกี๊ยะ (gía)

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡreɡ): abbreviated semantic 履 (“shoe”) + phonetic 支 (OC *kje).

Han compound

𡰸
𡰵
跂
𰍸
⿸尸𢪊
𭕞
𡲆

(Classical, Cantonese, Hakka or Min) clogs; wooden shoes


屢

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ros): semantic 尸 + phonetic 婁 (OC *ɡ·roː, *ɡ·ro).


屺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰɯʔ): semantic 山 (“mountain; hill”) + phonetic 己 (OC *kɯʔ).

Han compound

I ascend that bare hill,
And look towards [the residence of] my mother.

陟彼屺兮，瞻望母兮。


峽

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡreːb): semantic 山 (“mountain”) + phonetic 夾 (OC *kreːb).


嶼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljaʔ): semantic 山 + phonetic 與 (OC *la, *laʔ, *las).
This character was affected by misreadings, or Youbian dubian.

Han compound

基隆嶼／基隆屿

Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian
Youbian dubian


巷

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡroːŋs): phonetic 共 (OC *kloŋ, *ɡloŋs) + semantic 己 (“oneself”)
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grwaŋ (“village; crossroads”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan གྲོང (grong, “house; village; town”). Old Khmer កុរុង (kuruṅ, “to rule; ruler; king”) (whence Khmer ក្រុង (krong) and Thai กรุง (grung)) is probably unrelated (Schuessler, 2007).
Wu 弄 (lon, “alley”) and Jin 黑浪 (heh4 lon2, “hutong”) are dialectal variants which support the Old Chinese *gr- initial cluster of 巷 (OC *ɡroːŋs) (Schuessler, 2007). Compare also 衚衕／胡同 (hútòng, “hutong”).


庾

Harlem Yu (Taiwanese variety show host and singer)

庾澄慶

庾澄庆


廟

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廟):
* → Japanese: 廟(びょう) (byō)
* → Korean: 묘(廟) (myo)
* → Vietnamese: miếu (廟)

→ Proto-Be: *miːwᴮꟲ²

Lingao: miu⁴

desc

→ Lü: ᦶᦖᧁᧈ (ṁaew¹)

→ Lü: ᦶᦖᧁᧈ (ṁaew¹)

/miːu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ᵐbiau³²⁻³²⁵/

/miːu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ᵐbiau³²⁻³²⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mrews): semantic 广 + phonetic 朝 (OC *ʔr'ew, *r'ew).
Possibly related to Proto-Hmong-Mien *prəuX (“house”), whence White Hmong tsev (“idem”) (Schuessler, 2007). Note also Burmese မြို့ (mrui., “town, city”).

Han compound

(architecture, religion) temple (Classifier: 座; 間／间)

廟小妖風大，池淺王八多 / 庙小妖风大，池浅王八多

miào xiǎo yāofēng dà, chí qiǎn wángbā duō


廿

Two 十 ("ten") written side by side, with a horizontal stroke at the bottom that fuses them. See also 卅.
In characters such as 漢 and 黄, it represents an open mouth 口, while in 度 and 席 it actually represents a stylized rock 石.
The pronunciation in most dialects is a contraction of 二十 (èrshí) (Early Middle Chinese: *nyijH dzyip). The irregular pronunciation (e.g. /nVm/) dates back to the Song dynasty, to avoid homophony with a vulgar word; see 入 (rù) (now commonly written as 日 (rì) in dialects).


彥

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋrans): phonetic 厂 (OC *hŋaːnʔ, *hŋaːns) + semantic 彣 (“variegated; literary talent”)

Han compound

That officer,
Is the ornament of the country.

彼其之子，邦之彥兮。

彼其之子，邦之彦兮。


徇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sɢʷins): semantic 彳 + phonetic 旬 (OC *sɢʷin).


徘

Only used in 徘徊 (páihuái, “walk back and forth, hesitate”).


循

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljun): semantic 彳 (“movement”) + phonetic 盾 (OC *l'uːnʔ, *ɦljunʔ) – to follow (movement).

Han compound

循著老師的指示

循着老师的指示


悔

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hmɯːʔ, *hmɯːs): semantic 忄 + phonetic 每 (OC *mɯːʔ).

Han compound

(literary, or in compounds) to repent; to show remorse; to regret


悸

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡʷids): semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 季 (OC *kʷids).


愜

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰeːb): semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 匧 (OC *kʰeːb).


憎

→ Thai: ชัง (chang)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsɯːŋ): semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 曾 (OC *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯːŋ).
Possibly the same word as 增 (OC *ʔsɯːŋ, “to increase”), as in emotional accumulation (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

(literary or Cantonese) to hate; to detest; to abhor

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)


憩

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): abbreviated 恬 (“tranquil”) + 息 (“rest”). There is also the possibility that 憩 is phono-semantic (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰrads), with 𠯑 (OC *ɡroːd) as the phonetic component.
Possibly related to 歇 (OC *qʰad) (Wang, 1982).

小憩

When one their wish and one their prayer And one their heav'nly rest.

1982 [1986], translation by 羅炳良 [Daniel P.L. Law] and 王培英, 樂哉家庭 [Happy the Home When God Is There], in 《生命聖詩》 [Hymns of Life]

Yīxīn yǎngwàng, tóngxīn dǎoqí, xiāng'ài gòngxiǎng tiān qì.

一心仰望，同心禱祈，相愛共享天憩。

一心仰望，同心祷祈，相爱共享天憩。


戊

→ Zhuang: fouh


挪

把桌子挪到那邊去。

把桌子挪到那边去。


捕

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *baːs): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 甫 (OC *paʔ).

Han compound

捕魚

捕鱼


捫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mɯːn): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 門 (OC *mɯːn).


搔

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *suː): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 蚤 (OC *ʔsuːʔ, “flea, louse”).
Schuessler (2007) considers 掃 (OC *suːʔ, *suːs, “to brush”) to be cognate and suggests a Sino-Tibetan etymology, relating it to Chepang साव्सा (saw-, “to itch”), सोस्सा (sos‑, “to itch”), Bodo (India) [script needed] (su-, “to itch”).
Baxter and Sagart (2014) relates it to 爪 (OC *ʔsruːʔ, “claw”).

cog

搔癢

搔痒


擀

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kaːnʔ): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 幹 (OC *kaːns).

Han compound

to roll (dough, nuts, etc. in order to flatten or crush)


擴

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡʷlaːŋs, *kʰʷaːɡ): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 廣 (OC *kʷaːŋʔ) – to stretch or enlarge with hands.
Compared by Luce (1981) to Burmese ခင်း (hkang:, “to spread, roll out”), though there are phonetic problems, particularly with the final consonants.

cog

擴充

扩充


斧

Characters in the same phonetic series (父) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *paʔ): phonetic 父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ) + semantic 斤 (“axe”)
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-pʷa (“axe”) (STEDT). Cognate with Garo rua (“axe”), Jingpho nwa, ningwa (“axe”), Tangut 𘟬 (*wjị¹, “axe”), Japhug tɯrpa (“axe”).


斫

Perhaps related to 觸 (OC *tʰjoɡ, “to butt, knock against”); see there for more (STEDT).

Suì mìng púrén guò Xiāngjiāng, yuán Rǎnxī, zhuó zhēnmǎng, fén máo pèi, qióng shān zhī gāo ér zhǐ.

遂命僕人過湘江，緣染溪，斫榛莽，焚茅茷，窮山之高而止。

遂命仆人过湘江，缘染溪，斫榛莽，焚茅茷，穷山之高而止。


昴

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (昴):
* → Japanese: 昴(ぼう) (Bō)

Twenty-Eight Mansions
w:Twenty-Eight Mansions

(～宿) (Chinese astronomy) Hairy Head Mansion (Pleiades) (one of Twenty-Eight Mansions)


晟

For pronunciation and definitions of 晟 – see 盛 (“to put in container; to hold; to contain; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 盛).

For pronunciation and definitions of 晟 – see 晶 (“brilliant; glittering; crystal; quartz; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 晶).


曆

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *reːɡ): phonetic 厤 (OC *reːɡ) + semantic 日 (“sun; day”).
Derivative, meaning "calendar" < "calendrical calculations" (Shu), of 歷 (OC *rêk) "to calculate". See there for more.


杏

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 木 (“wood”) + 口 (“mouth”) – perhaps referring to the tastiness of its fruit.
Shuowen considers it to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡraːŋʔ): semantic 木 (“wood”) + abbreviated phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ), but this is unlikely.


柿

→ Proto-Mien: *djəiᴮ

/t͡sʰiː¹³⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː¹³⁻³⁵/

Originally written as 柹: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zrɯʔ): semantic 木 + phonetic 𠂔 ().
The current form is phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zrɯʔ): semantic 木 + phonetic 市 (OC *djɯʔ).


栓

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sroːn, *sron): semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 全 (OC *zlon) – a wooden peg.


梧

Firmiana platanifolia
Wikispecies:Firmiana platanifolia

Chinese parasol tree (Firmiana platanifolia), also known as Sterculia platanifolia


楓

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *plum): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 風 (OC *plum, *plums)


楝

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·reːns): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 柬 (OC *kreːnʔ).

Han compound

Melia azedarach
Melia azedarach#Translingual

bead tree (Melia azedarach, formerly known as Melia japonica), a tree in the mahogany family


榖

Broussonetia papyrifera
Broussonetia papyrifera#Translingual

paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera)


樟

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kjaŋ): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 章 (OC *kjaŋ).

Han compound

Cinnamomum camphora
Cinnamomum camphora#Translingual


樺

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grwa (“birch”) (STEDT); cognate with Tibetan གྲོ་ག (gro ga, “bark of birch tree”).


橄

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *klaːmʔ): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 敢 (OC *klaːmʔ).


檎

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡrɯm): semantic 木 + phonetic 禽 (OC *ɡrɯm).


檨

→ Tsou: suai

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 羨.
An Austroasiatic substrate loanword; compare Khmer ស្វាយ (svaay, “mango”), Vietnamese xoài (“mango”).


櫥

→ Thai: ตู้ (dtûu)


櫻

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qreːŋ): semantic 木 + phonetic 嬰 (OC *qeŋ).


欖

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·raːmʔ): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 覽 (OC *ɡ·raːmʔ).
See 橄欖 /橄榄 (gǎnlǎn).


殖

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *djɯɡ): semantic 歹 + phonetic 直 (OC *dɯɡ).

Han compound

to breed; to reproduce; to spawn; to increase


毯

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l̥ʰaːmʔ): semantic 毛 + phonetic 炎 (OC *ɦlam).


氛

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰɯn, *bɯn): semantic 气 + phonetic 分 (OC *pɯn, *bɯns).


沁

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (沁):
* → Vietnamese: thấm (沁)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰlɯms): semantic 氵 + phonetic 心 (OC *slɯm).


淤

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qa, *qas): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 於 (OC *qaː, *qa).


湄

The man of whom I think,
Is on the margin of the water.

所謂伊人，在水之湄。

所谓伊人，在水之湄。


湍

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tʰoːn, *tjon): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 耑 (OC *toːn).


湜

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *dɯɡ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 是 (OC *djeʔ).


滘

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/


潁

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢʷeŋʔ): semantic 水 (“river”) + phonetic 頃 (OC *kʰʷeŋ, *kʰʷeŋʔ).

Han compound

(～河, ～水) Ying River (a river in Henan and Anhui, China; the largest tributary of the Huai River)


濠

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡaːw): semantic 氵 + phonetic 豪 (OC *ɡaːw).


濾

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ras): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 慮 (OC *ras).


瀚

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡaːns): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 翰 (OC *ɡaːn, *ɡaːns)


焚

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 火 (“fire”) + 林 (“trees”).

Whoever kills his parents, have him burnt [to death].

凡殺其親者，焚之。

凡杀其亲者，焚之。


焰

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *loms): phonetic 臽 (OC *kʰloːmʔ, *ɡroːms) + semantic 火 (“fire”)


煌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡʷaːŋ): semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 皇 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ).
Probably Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese လွင် (lwang, “vivid”) (Schuessler, 2007).
皇 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ, “royal”) may be the same word (ibid.).
It may be related to 光 (OC *kʷaːŋ, *kʷaːŋs, “light; bright”) (Wang, 1982; Schuessler, 2007). Wang (1982) additionally relates it to 景 (OC *kraŋʔ, “bright; sunlight”), 鏡 (OC *kraŋs, “mirror”), 晃 (OC *ɡʷaːŋʔ, “bright”), 曠 (OC *kʰʷaːŋs, “bright”).


煑

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tjaʔ): phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ) + semantic 火 (“fire”) – to cook over a fire.

Han compound

Original form of 煮 (zhǔ, “to boil; to cook”).


爐

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *raː): semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 盧 (OC *b·raː). Originally written 盧, see there for more.


爸

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *praːs, *baʔ): semantic 父 (“father”) + phonetic 巴 (OC *praː).
Colloquial form of 父 (OC *baʔ, “father”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *p/ba (“male; father”). The pronunciation of 爸, unlike 父, still retains the bilabial onset.

inh

我爸是李剛！

我爸是李刚！


犟

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): phonetic 強 (OC *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) + semantic 牛 (“cattle”).


狙

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰa, *sʰas): semantic 犭 + phonetic 且 (OC *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa).

Han compound

In Song there is an ape-keeper; he loves apes, raises them in troops, and can understand the apes' intents

Sòng yǒu jūgōng zhě, ài jū, yǎng zhī chéngqún, néng jiě jū zhī yì.

宋有狙公者，愛狙，養之成群，能解狙之意。

宋有狙公者，爱狙，养之成群，能解狙之意。


猖

/t͡sʰyɒŋ⁵³³/

/t͡sʰyøŋ⁵³³/

/t͡sʰyɒŋ⁵³³/

/t͡sʰyøŋ⁵³³/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tʰjaŋ): semantic 犭 (“dog”) + phonetic 昌 (OC *tʰjaŋ).


猞

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 犭 (“dog”) + phonetic 舍.


猿

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢʷan): semantic 犭 + phonetic 袁 (OC *ɢʷan).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b/g-woj-n (“monkey”).
Alternatively, the root may be Austroasiatic; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *swaaʔ (“monkey”) (Schuessler, 2007); compare also Proto-Mon-Khmer *kwaɲ ~ kwaaɲʔ.


獅

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (獅):
* → Japanese: 獅(し) (shi)
* → Korean: 사(獅) (sa)
* → Vietnamese: sư (獅)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sri): semantic 犭 (“dog; beast”) + phonetic 師 (OC *sri).
Originally written as 師. Earliest written attestations in the Eastern Han era include the Book of Han [before 111], the surviving portion of the Dongguan Hanji [c. 150], and Lokakṣema's translation of the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā [179]. The term is possibly of Iranian origin. In the Book of Han, the lion was described as indigenous to the historical 烏弋山離 (OC *qaː lɯɡ sreːn rel, “Alexandria”), possibly Alexandria Prophthasia (Yu, 1998), which was part of the Parthian Empire at the time. The Dongguan mentions a lion as a gift from the Shule Kingdom in the year 133, where a Saka language was spoken then. Earlier definite dates associated with the lion mentioned in the Book of the Later Han include the year 87, when a gift lion from the Yuezhi was recorded.
Compare Proto-Iranian *cárguš (“lion”). Possibly related to 狻猊 (OC *sloːn ŋeː).
Meanwhile, Adams (2013) postulates possible Tocharian connections; cf. Tocharian B ṣecake and etymologies.

och-l

Alexandria Prophthasia
Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā
Book of Han
Book of the Later Han
Eastern Han
Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)
Parthian Empire
Saka language
Shule Kingdom
zh:東觀漢記


獺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *r̥ʰaːd, *hr'aːd): phonetic 賴 (OC *raːds) + semantic 犬 (“dog”)

Han compound

Yang Xiong, The Canon of Supreme Mystery, 2 BCE

獺入于淵

獭入于渊


玲

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *reːŋ): semantic 玉 (“jade”) + phonetic 令 (OC *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs).


玳

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'ɯːɡs): semantic 𤣩 (“jade”) + phonetic 代 (OC *l'ɯːɡs).

Han compound

Only used in 玳瑁 (dàimào); also used as its short form.


珂

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰaːl): semantic 𤣩 (“jade”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ).


珓

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kreːws): semantic 𤣩 (“jade”) + phonetic 交 (OC *kreːw).

Han compound

(divination) moon blocks (divination device)


琉

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ru): semantic 𤣩 (“jade”) + phonetic 㐬 ().


琳

Among the "Tribute of Yǔ" are mentioned jade and white corals. These were the produce of earth and genuine precious stones and pearls.

Wang Chong, Lun Heng (Discussive Weighing), 80 CE

“Yǔgòng” yuē: “Qiúlín lánggān” zhě, cǐ zé tǔdì suǒ shēng zhēn yùzhū yě.

《禹貢》曰：「璆琳琅玕」者，此則土地所生真玉珠也。

《禹贡》曰：「璆琳琅玕」者，此则土地所生真玉珠也。


瑄

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sqʰʷan): semantic 𤣩 (“jade”) + phonetic 宣 (OC *sqʰon).

Han compound

有司奉瑄玉嘉牲薦饗。

有司奉瑄玉嘉牲荐飨。


瑕

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡraː): semantic 𤣩 + phonetic 叚 (OC *kraːʔ).


璀

/t͡sʰu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡sʰu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴/


璃

Sino-Xenic (璃):
* → Vietnamese: li (璃)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *reːl, *rel): semantic 王 (“jade”) + phonetic 离 (OC *rel, *r̥ʰel).


璧

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *peɡ): phonetic 辟 (OC *peɡ, *pʰeɡ, *beɡ) + semantic 玉 – a type of jade.


璽

From 壐／𱖚. Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *smlelʔ): phonetic 爾 (OC *njelʔ) + semantic 玉 (“jade”).


甙

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): abbreviated 代 (“substitute”) + 甘 (“sweet”).


甦

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): from 更生 (“to be reborn”).
From *s- (“causative prefix”) + a root **ŋˤa, the latter found in 寤 (OC *ŋˤa-s, “to awake”), 悟 (OC *ŋˤa-s, “to awake; to realize”) (Baxter and Sagart, 2014; Schuessler, 2007).
Alternatively, Zhang, Jacques, and Lai (2019) compare it to Japhug sŋa (“to come to oneself”), Cogtse Situ [Term?] (kə-mə-sŋâr, “to feel cold”), Brag-bar Situ [Term?] (kə-mə-sŋiɛ̂r, “to come to oneself”).

cog

(literary) to revive; to resuscitate; to regain consciousness


畿

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡɯl): semantic 田 + abbreviated phonetic 幾 (OC *kɯl, *kɯlʔ, *ɡɯl, *ɡɯls).


疫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢʷeɡ): semantic 疒 (“sickness”) + abbreviated phonetic 役 (OC *ɢʷeɡ).


痔

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *dɯʔ): semantic 疒 (“sickness”) + phonetic 寺 (OC *ljɯs)


痠

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sloːn): semantic 疒 (“illness; disease”) + phonetic 夋 (OC *sʰlun).


痧

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 疒 (“illness; disease”) + phonetic 沙 (OC *sraːl, *sraːls).

traditional Chinese medicine
traditional Chinese medicine

(traditional Chinese medicine or dialectal) acute illness, such as heatstroke, cholera, and measles


痰

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'aːm): semantic 疒 (“illness”) + phonetic 炎 (OC *ɦlam).

Han compound

phlegm; sputum (Classifier: 口 m; 篤／笃 c; 啖 c)


痿

(traditional Chinese medicine) to be lacking in sexual energies


瘸

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡʷal): semantic 疒 (“sickness”) + phonetic 加 (OC *kraːl) + semantic 肉 (“flesh”).

Han compound

瘸著走

瘸着走


癇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡreːn): semantic 疒 (“illness”) + phonetic 閒 (OC *ɡreːn).


癌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 疒 + phonetic 嵒 (OC *ŋrɯːm, *ŋjab); 嵒 /岩 (yán) is a variant of 岩 (yán).
From 岩 (yán, “cliff; rock, stone”), since some cancers present as lumps or outgrowths on the body.
In Mandarin, this character used to be pronounced identically as 岩 (yán). Its pronunciation was changed to ái in December 1962 to avoid the homophony between 癌 (yán, “cancer”) and 炎 (yán, “inflammation”) (compare 肺炎 (fèiyán, “pneumonia”) and 肺癌 (fèi'ái, “lung cancer”)). The new pronunciation ái stems from dialectal pronunciations of 岩 (“rock; cliff”) /ŋai/, influenced by 崖 (yá, yái, “cliff”).

癌症

致癌

肺癌

直男癌


癱

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *n̥ʰaːn): semantic 疒 + phonetic 難 (OC *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns).


睦

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mluɡ): semantic 目 (“eyes”) + phonetic 坴 (OC *m·ruɡ).


睬

/t͡sʰaɪ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰaɪ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰɯːʔ): semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 采 (OC *sʰɯːʔ).

Han compound

You are being unreasonable; I'm not talking to you anymore. [girl, cute-sounding]

儂勿講道理，阿拉勿睬儂！

侬勿讲道理，阿拉勿睬侬！

唔好睬佢。


瞅

/ʈ͡ʂʰoʊ̯²¹⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰoʊ̯²¹⁴/

Considered a 後起字／后起字 (hòuqǐzì). Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 秋 (qiū).

zh-l

後起字／后起字 (hòuqǐzì)

Han compound

你瞅啥呀？


瞍

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sɯːw, *suːʔ): semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 叟 (OC *suːʔ)。


矗

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/


矛

Characters in the same phonetic series (矛) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
The pictogram of a bamboo spear with a ring in the middle. Unrelated to 予.


硇

䃩
𥗰
𥗸
𠬦
𣲿
𣳦
𥑩
𥑨
𥐼
𥐻
碙
𥓁
𥑚
𥑪

Only used in 硇砂 (náoshā, “sal ammoniac”) and 硇洲 (Náozhōu, “Naozhou”).


硫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ru): semantic 石 (“stone”) + abbreviated phonetic 流 (OC *ru).
Derivative: 鋶／锍 (liǔ, “sulfonium”).


碑

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pre): semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 卑 (OC *pe).

Han compound

墓碑

界碑

紀念碑

纪念碑


碘

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 石 + phonetic 典 (diǎn).
Borrowed from English iodine.


礁

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 石 (“rock”) + phonetic 焦 (OC *ʔsew).


祉

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰlɯʔ): semantic 示 (“sign”) + phonetic 止 (OC *kjɯʔ).

Han compound

happiness; blessings; good luck; felicity


禦

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋaʔ, *ŋas): phonetic 御 (OC *ŋas) + semantic 示.

Han compound

防禦

防御

抵禦

抵御

The love and protection of the people; with this there is no power which can prevent a ruler from attaining to it.

Mencius, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

保民而王，莫之能禦也。

保民而王，莫之能御也。

to defend, to resist, to hold out against


禧

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʰlɯ, *qʰlɯʔ): semantic 示 + phonetic 喜 (OC *qʰlɯʔ).

Han compound

favourable luck; good fortune; auspiciousness; blessings


窗

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (窗):
* → Korean: 창(窓) (chang)
* → Vietnamese: song (窗)

→ Zhuang: cueng

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰɔŋ³³⁻³³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰy̯æn³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰɔŋ³³⁻³³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰy̯æn³³/

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 穴 (“hole”) + 囱 (“window”).
From circumstantial noun prefix *s- + 通 (OC l̥ˤoŋ, “to penetrate”), literally "where light penetrates" (Baxter and Sagart, 2014).

Han compound

窻
䆫
窓
牕
*囪
囱
牎
𤗄
𪺠
𤗉
𮈾
𡆧

窗簾

窗帘

打開個窗

打开个窗


笙

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (笙):
* → Japanese: 笙(しょう) (shō); 笙(そう) (sō)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sreŋ): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mriŋ (“sound; noise; animal cry”); cognate with 鳴 (OC *mreŋ, “to make a sound”), 鈴 (OC *reːŋ, “bell”), Burmese မြည် (mrany, “to make a sound”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).

inh

(music) sheng (a Chinese mouth-blown free reed instrument consisting of vertical pipes)


筐

The organ is blown till its tongues are all moving. The baskets of offerings [also] are presented to them.

Chuī shēng gǔ huáng, chéng kuāng shì jiāng.

吹笙鼓簧，承筐是將。

吹笙鼓簧，承筐是将。


箏

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (箏):
* → Japanese: 箏(そう) (sō)
* → Korean: 쟁(箏) (jaeng)
* → Vietnamese: tranh (箏)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsreːŋ): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 爭 (OC *ʔsreːŋ).

Han compound

古箏

古筝


簾

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·rem): semantic 竹 + phonetic 廉 (OC *ɡ·rem).


籗

(obsolete or Southern Min) basket for catching fish


籮

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *raːl): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 羅 (OC *raːl).
Compare Mizo hrai (“basket for measuring rice”) (Schuessler, 2007).


籲

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *los): phonetic 籥 (OC *lowɢ) + semantic 頁 (“head”).

Han compound

2020 May 2, 甘瑜, “「龍門」又嗌告急「黃絲」籲咪盲撐”, in 《文匯報》 [Wen Wei Po], page A9:

m⁴ siu² “wong⁴ si¹” dou¹ jyu⁶ tung⁴ lou⁶ m⁴ hou² maang⁴ caang³.

唔少「黃絲」都籲同路唔好盲撐。

唔少「黄丝」都吁同路唔好盲撑。


籽

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔslɯʔ): semantic 米 (“rice; grain”) + phonetic 子 (OC *ʔslɯʔ).


粙

Probably a variant of 稻 (OC *l'uːʔ) (Schuessler, 2007, apud Norman, p.c.).


粽

→ Thai: จ้าง (jâang)

/t͡sʊŋ³³⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ³³⁻³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsoːŋs): semantic 米 (“rice”) + phonetic 宗 (OC *ʔsuːŋ).
First attested in Fengsu Tongyi (195). Bencao Gangmu claimed it was derived from 棕 (zōng, “palm tree”) due to similar shapes of zongzi and palm tree leaves.

Han compound

zongzi (dumpling made of glutinous rice, wrapped in leaves) (Classifier: 隻／只 c)


粿

→ English: kuih, kueh

→ Malay: kuih

→ Sundanese: kuéh

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kloːlʔ): semantic 米 (“rice”) + phonetic 果 (OC *kloːlʔ)
Probably the same word as 果 (OC *kloːlʔ, “fruit”) (Jerry Norman apud Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

rice cake, typically steamed and made from glutinous rice; kuih


絳

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kruːŋs): semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 夅 (OC *ɡruːŋ)


緋

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pɯl): semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 非 (OC *pɯl).
Maybe a cognate of 翡 (OC *bɯls, “a kind of red kingfisher”).


縊

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qleːɡs, *qleɡs): semantic 糸 + phonetic 益 (OC *qleɡ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan. Compare Tibetan འཁྱིག་ ('khyig, “tie, fasten”), Burmese အစ် (ac, “throttle”) (Hill, 2017).


縝

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tʰin, *ʔljinʔ, *tʰjin): semantic 糸 + phonetic 真 (OC *ʔljin).


罈

罎
坛
壜
埮
墰
𡐧
墵
𤮦


羶

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hljan): semantic 羊 + phonetic 亶 (OC *taːnʔ).

Han compound

膻
膻
䍹
羴
𦏫
𦏭
𦏬
𠆞

rank odor (especially of sheep and goat)


羼

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *skʰreːnʔ, *skʰraːns): semantic 尸 (“shelter”) + phonetic 羴 (OC *qʰreːn, *qʰljen, “a crowd of sheep or goat”).


耘

Related to Tibetan ཡུར་མ (yur ma, “weeding”), Kurtöp [script needed] (wer, “to weed”) (Schuessler, 2007, 2024).


聾

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *roːŋ): phonetic 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ) + semantic 耳 (“ear”) – deaf.
Perhaps related to 聳 (OC *sloŋʔ, “deaf”) (Schuessler, 2007).


肢

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kje): semantic 肉 (“flesh”) + phonetic 支 (OC *kje).
Originally the same word as 支 (OC *kje, “branch (of tree), limb; to support”); see there for more (STEDT).


胛

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kraːb): phonetic 甲 (OC *kraːb) + semantic 肉 (“flesh”).


脰

→ Proto-Vietic: *k-ɗɔːk (“nape”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *doːs): semantic ⺼ (“meat; flesh”) + phonetic 豆 (OC *doːs).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tuk ~ *twak (“head; skull; neck”); cognate with Jingpho du (“neck”), Burmese လည်တိုင် (lanytuing), Nuosu ꆽꄿ (lie dda).


腫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tjoŋʔ): semantic 肉 (“meat, flesh”) + phonetic 重 (OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs).


膛

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): phonetic 肉 (OC *njuɡ, “flesh, meat”) + semantic 堂.


膝

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *siɡ): semantic ⺼ (“meat, body”) + phonetic 桼 (OC *sʰiɡ) – the knee.
Originally 厀, a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *siɡ): phonetic 桼 (OC *sʰiɡ) + semantic 卩 (“kneeling person”).
From an *s-prefixed form of Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsik (“joint”); see there for more (STEDT).

Han compound

膝蓋

膝盖


膫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rews, *reːw): semantic 肉 (“body”) + phonetic 尞 ().


膿

→ Proto-Katuic: *pnuŋ (“pus”)

→ Proto-Tai: *ʰnoːŋᴬ (“pus”)

Thai: หนอง (nɔ̌ɔng)

Watch for signs of infection, which are fever, redness, swelling, warmth, increasing pain, pus, or red streaks around the cut area etc.

急救基本知识, Qingdao United Family Hospital (青岛和睦家医院)

Liúyì gǎnrǎn de zhēngzhào, bǐrú fāshāo, fāhóng, zhǒngzhàng, zhuórè, téngtòng jiājù, liú nóng huò gēshāng bùwèi zhōuwéi yǒu hóngsè tiáowén děng.

留意感染的徵兆，比如發燒、發紅、腫脹、灼熱、疼痛加劇、流膿或割傷部位周圍有紅色條紋等。

留意感染的征兆，比如发烧、发红、肿胀、灼热、疼痛加剧、流脓或割伤部位周围有红色条纹等。


臀

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *duːn): phonetic 殿 (OC *tɯːns, *dɯːns) + semantic 肉 (“flesh”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-t(u/i)l (“buttocks; heel; dull; blunt; rounded part”). Compare Manipuri ꯊꯨꯟ (thoon, “buttocks”).


臂

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *peɡs): phonetic 辟 (OC *peɡ, *pʰeɡ, *beɡ) + semantic 肉 (“meat; flesh”).
Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *p-jak (“arm”), whence Lepcha [script needed] (pek), Limbu [script needed] (phuk-bek), Tibetan ཕྱག (phyag, “hand; arm”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007).


臍

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zliːl): semantic 肉 (“meat; flesh”) + phonetic 齊 (OC *zliːl, *zliːls).
Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-taj (“navel; abdomen; centre; self”) (Weidert, 1987; Schuessler, 2007), with metathesis of *s-t- > *dz- (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan ལྟེ (lte, “navel”), Chepang तोय् (“navel”), and more distantly, Burmese လယ် (lai, “center, middle”).

inh

露臍裝／露脐装


舀

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 爪 (“hand”) + 臼 (“mortar, vessel”).
Related to 揄 (OC *l'oː, *l'oːʔ, *lu, *lo, “to scoop out”) (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Mizo lâwk, lawh (“to scoop up; to shovel up”), Mon ဂၠံက် (“to scoop up; to scoop out”) (Schuessler, 2007).

och-l

𦥝
𤔘
抌
抭
㧒
𦥟
𦥞
𦥨
𥦶
𦥵
𦦌

With an arbitrary swing of a club, a roe deer may get knocked down; fish can be ladled straight from the river. Frightened pheasants even sometimes fly into the wok while scurrying away. (a proverb depicting superior and plentiful natural resources)

bàng dǎ páozi piáo yǎo yú, yějī fēijìn fànguō lǐ

棒打麅子瓢舀魚，野雞飛進飯鍋裏

棒打狍子瓢舀鱼，野鸡飞进饭锅里


艙

Considered a 後起字／后起字 (hòuqǐzì). Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰaːŋ): semantic 舟 (“boat”) + phonetic 倉 (OC *sʰaːŋ).

zh-l

後起字／后起字 (hòuqǐzì)


艦

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (艦):
* → Japanese: 艦(かん) (kan)
* → Korean: 함(艦) (ham)
* → Vietnamese: hạm (艦)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡraːmʔ): semantic 舟 + phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms).
"Warship (with boards installed on its four sides to defend against arrow attacks)" (Shiming) > "warship" > "ship" (Guangya). A specialised character derived from 檻 (OC *ɡraːmʔ, *ɡraːms, “fence, railing, board”); see there for more on the external etymology.
This character is a classic example of historical misreadings of unfamiliar characters. The l- initial in southern dialects is probably due to confusion with 濫 (MC lamH, “to overflow”), not due to divergent evolutions of the Old Chinese cluster initial *gr- as this character is often cited as an example of. Likewise, the readings in other Chinese are misreadings, although this is more subtle. Expected Mandarin reflex is xiàn, and jiàn is due to confusion with 鑑 (MC kaemH, “mirror; to reflect”). Wu and Eastern Min readings are results of confusion with 檻 (MC haemX, “doorsill”). Despite these irregularities, all the Sinoxenic readings are regular.


芷

Angelica dahurica
Angelica dahurica#Translingual


荍

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

I look on you as the flower of the thorny mallows; you give me a stalk of the pepper plant.

視爾如荍，貽我握椒。

视尔如荞，贻我握椒。

Alternative name for 錦葵／锦葵 (jǐnkuí, “mallow”).


莉

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *riːl, *r'il, *r'i): semantic 艹 + phonetic 利 (OC *rids).


莧

Amaranthus tricolor
Amaranthus tricolor#Translingual


菇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 艸 + phonetic 姑 (OC *kaː).


菏

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kaːl, *ɡaːl): semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 河 (OC *ɡaːl).

Han compound

name of a river in Shandong province, China


菖

/t͡sʰyɒŋ⁵³³/

/t͡sʰyøŋ⁵³³/

/t͡sʰyɒŋ⁵³³/

/t͡sʰyøŋ⁵³³/


菱

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rɯŋ): semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 夌 (OC *rɯŋ).

Han compound

water caltrop; water chestnut (Trapa natans)


葚

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɦljumʔ): semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 甚 (OC *ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums).
Area word; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɗum ~ *ɗuum (“ripe; ripe-coloured”) (> Khmer ទុំ (tum, “to be ripe”)), Proto-Kuki-Chin *ɗum (“black; blue”), *thim (“dark”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). Also compare 黮 (OC *l̥ʰuːmʔ, *l'uːmʔ, “dark (as a mulberry)”).


蒂

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *teːds): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 帝 (OC *teːɡs)

Han compound

a stalk (peduncle or pedicel) of a flower, flower head, or fruit


蒜

→ Lisu: ꓢꓪꓮꓠꓸ (swɑ́n)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sloːns): semantic 艸 + phonetic 祘 (OC *sloːns).
Matisoff considers this to be derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *swa-n (“garlic”), but more likely this may be a plant imported from the Western Regions in the Qin–Han era. The relatively late attestation and the earlier form of 卵蒜 (luǎnsuàn) attest to the latter theory.
Compare Sanskrit लशुन (laśuna), Pali lasuṇa, lasuna. The Old Chinese reconstruction was revised to a *-or rhyme in the Baxter–Sagart system, akin to its homophone 算 (“to calculate”). Hence compare Persian سیر (sir, “garlic”), Khotanese sārmā- (“the plant Basella cordifolia or B. lucida or B. rubra”), Hungarian sárma (“Ornithogalum sp.”), as well as Turkish sarımsak, Mongolian саримс (sarims).
Either way this word is cognate with the second syllable of Burmese ကြက်သွန် (krakswan, “onion”), ကြက်သွန်ဖြူ (krakswanhpru, “garlic”).


蓖

Only used in 蓖麻 (bìmá, “castor oil plant”).


蔗

/t͡siɛ²¹⁻²¹⁵/

/t͡siɛ²¹⁻²¹⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tjaːɡs): semantic 艹 + phonetic 庶 (OC *hljaɡs).
See 藷蔗／薯蔗 (zhūzhè).

zh-l

藷蔗／薯蔗 (zhūzhè)


蕘

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋjew): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 堯 (OC *ŋeːw).


薑

desc

→ Lisu: ꓚꓬꓺ (tʃɑ̱), ꓚꓬꓮꓥꓺ (tʃɑ̱ŋ)

→ Lisu: ꓚꓬꓺ (tʃɑ̱), ꓚꓬꓮꓥꓺ (tʃɑ̱ŋ)

→ Spanish: kion, kión

→ Zhuang: gieng

/kiaŋ³³⁻³³⁵/

/kiaŋ³³⁻³³⁵/

Originally 䕬, a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kaŋ): semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 彊 (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ).
Note that the simplified form 姜 (OC *klaŋ) is also a traditional character on its own.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kjaŋ (“ginger”). Compare Burmese ချင်း (hkyang:).

Han compound

The Mengshe Barbarians use pepper, ginger, and cinnamon to boil as a drink.

Tang Dynasty, Fan Chuo, Manshu, chapter 7, part 7

Méngshè Mán yǐ jiāo, jiāng, guì hé pēng ér yǐn zhī.

蒙舍蠻以椒、薑、桂和烹而飲之。

蒙舍蛮以椒、姜、桂和烹而饮之。


薤

Allium chinense
Allium chinense#Translingual


薸

Possibly related to 漂 (OC *pʰew, “to float; to drift”) (Liu, 1999).
Norman and Mei (1976) suggest instead that this word is of Austroasiatic origin, comparing it to Vietnamese bèo (“duckweed”), which they further relate to Mon ဗေဝ် (“to ride low in the water”) (< Proto-Mon-Khmer *ber (“to float”)). However, Sagart (2008) counts it among "either East Asian areal words if not Chinese words in disguise".


藠

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 艹 + phonetic 皛 (OC *pʰraːɡ, *ɡeːwʔ).


蘿

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *raːl): semantic 艸 + phonetic 羅 (OC *raːl).


虍

Pictogram (象形) – tiger's head.
Compare 虎 which includes the body.


蚺

For Cantonese word naːm²¹, compare Thai เหลือม (lʉ̌ʉam, “python”) and Zhuang nuem (“python”).


蛛

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *to): semantic 虫 (“insect”) + phonetic 朱 (OC *tjo). Originally a pictogram (象形) of a spider. Later, 朱 was added to the pictograph to indicate sound. In small seal script, the character became written as the characters 鼄／𬹣 and 蛛.

Han compound

Used in 蜘蛛 (zhīzhū, “spider”); also used as its short form.

QJ - between ancient Qin and JinZW - in the vicinity of ancient Zhao and WeiNY - between Northern Yan


蛞

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰoːd): semantic 虫 + phonetic 𠯑 (OC *ɡroːd).


蜈

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋʷaː): semantic 虫 (“insect”) + phonetic 吳 (OC *ŋʷaː).


蝮

Possibly related to 伏 (OC *bɯɡ, “to lie down”) (Schuessler, 2007). Alternatively, it may be related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bəw (“insect; snake”) (Schuessler, 2007).


蝴

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡaː): semantic 虫 (“insect”) + phonetic 胡 (OC *ɡaː).


螢

From 虫 "worm", 熒 "fluorescent" sound, indicating fireflies.

och-l

熒 (OC *ɡʷeːŋ, “luminous, fluorescent; to shine, to shimmer, to dazzle”)


蟶

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l̥ʰeŋ): semantic 虫 + phonetic 聖 (OC *hljeŋs).

Han compound

a razor clam, in particular a Chinese razor clam (Sinonovacula constricta) (Classifier: 敉 mn)


蠅

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *b·lɯŋ): semantic 虫 (“insect”) + phonetic 黽 (OC *mlenʔ, *mliŋʔ, *mreːŋʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-b-(r/j)aŋ (“fly; bee”). Compare 虻 (OC mˁraŋ, “"horsefly"”), Tibetan སྦྲང་བུ (sbrang bu, “bee”), Burmese ယင် (yang, “fly”), Chepang याङ् (“insect; fly”), Japhug ɣʑo (“bee”) (STEDT; Coblin, 1986; Benedict, 1972; Schuessler, 2007; Zhang, Jacques, and Lai, 2019).


蠔

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 虫 + phonetic 豪 (OC *ɡaːw).


蠣

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *m·rads): semantic 虫 (“insect; bug; creature”) + phonetic 厲 (OC *m·rads).


蠶

Bodman (1980) relates this to Tibetan སྡོམ (sdom, “spider”). Perhaps cognate to 蔪 (OC *zamʔ, “to entwine”) (Schuessler, 2007), as well as 縶 (OC *tib, “to rope, tether, bind”), with these terms deriving from a Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tip ~ *tu(p/m) (“to wrap up”), whence Burmese ထုပ် (htup, “to wrap, bundle”) (STEDT). The silkworm would thus be seen as a "wrapping (bug)", which is particularly apt when considering the process of sericulture.

der

蚕
𧉏
蝅
𧑯
𧌩
䗝
䗞
䘉
𧕽
𧖟
蠺


袍

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *buː): semantic 衣 (“clothing”) + phonetic 包 (OC *pruː).

Han compound

(Chinese-style) long gown, robe, or cloak


裙

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (裙):
* → Vietnamese: quần (裙)

/t͡ɕʰyə̯ɻ³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰyə̯ɻ³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡlun): semantic 衤 (“clothing”) + phonetic 君 (OC *klun).

Han compound

skirt; apron; dress; petticoat (Classifier: 條／条 c)


褂

/kʷʰaː³³⁻³⁵/

/kʷʰaː³³⁻³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 衣 (“clothes”) + phonetic 卦.


褲

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰʷaːs): semantic 衣 (“clothing”) + phonetic 庫 (OC *kʰaːs).

Han compound

pants; trousers (Classifier: 條／条 c; 領／领 mn)


襖

→? Proto-Bahnaric: *ʔaːw (“shirt”)

Bahnar: ao (“shirt”)

→? Khmer: អាវ (ʼaaw)

desc

→? Proto-Vietic: *ʔaːwʔ (“upper garment”)

Vietnamese: áo

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *quːʔ, *quːʔ): semantic 衣 (“clothing”) + phonetic 奧 (OC *quːɡs).


襪

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mad): semantic 衣 (“clothing”) + phonetic 蔑 (OC *meːd, *meːd).

Han compound

袜
韤
韈
𥀯
韎
𤿗
𥿉
帓
𤿖
靺

sock; stocking (Classifier: 隻／只 c; 對／对 c)


診

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'ɯns, *kljɯnʔ): semantic 言 + phonetic 㐱 ().

Han compound

(medicine) to examine (a patient); to diagnose


詈

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 网 (“net”) + 言 (“speech; word”). The net is perhaps a reference to the act of punishing somebody after a verbal abuse when such an abuse is considered an offence. The original version is 𧧧.

(literary or Northern Min, Hokkien) to curse; to scold; to abuse verbally


詏

(Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew) to argue; to contend; to dispute; to debate


詢

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sqʰʷin): semantic 言 + phonetic 旬 (OC *sɢʷin).

Han compound

to inquire into; to ask about; to consult with


諂

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l̥ʰomʔ): semantic 言 + phonetic 臽 (OC *kʰloːmʔ, *ɡroːms).


諫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kraːns): semantic 言 (“say”) + phonetic 柬 (OC *kreːnʔ).


謄

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'ɯːŋ): phonetic 朕 (OC *l'ɯmʔ) + semantic 言 (“say”)


謹

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kɯnʔ): semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 堇 (OC *ɡrɯn, *kɯnʔ) – to speak caution.
Cognate with 兢 (OC *kɯŋ, “to be cautious”), which is possibly the vocalic variant of 驚 (OC *kreŋ, “to be afraid; to alarm”) (Schuessler, 2007).


豨

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hlɯl, *hlɯlʔ): semantic 豕 (“pig”) + phonetic 希 (OC *hlɯl).
Dialectal variant of 豕 (OC *hliʔ, “pig”).

Han compound

(obsolete or Northern Min, Datian Min, Central Min) pig; hog; swine


豺

/t͡sʰaːi̯²¹/

/t͡sʰaːi̯²¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zrɯː): semantic 豸 (“creature”) + phonetic 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs).

Han compound

When the dhole sacrificed its prey, the hunting commenced.

豺祭獸，然後田獵。

豺祭兽，然后田猎。

豺狼

豺狗


貅

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʰu): semantic 豸 + phonetic 休 (OC *qʰu).

Han compound

The pixiu: they look like tigers; some say they look like bears; their furs are colored ashen white. People in Liaodong call them white brown bears. The male is called pí, and the female xiū; that was why ancient people many times mentioned them together.

1917, 徐珂 (Xu Ke), 《清稗類鈔》 (Categorized anthology of petty matters from the Qing period).

Píxiū, xíng sì hǔ, huò yuē sì xióng, máo sè huībái. Liáodōng rén wèi zhī báipí. Xióngzhě yuē pí, cízhě yuē xiū, gù gǔrén duō lián jǔ zhī.

貔貅，形似虎，或曰似熊，毛色灰白。遼東人謂之白羆。雄者曰貔，雌者曰貅，故古人多連舉之。

貔貅，形似虎，或曰似熊，毛色灰白。辽东人谓之白罴。雄者曰貔，雌者曰貅，故古人多连举之。

(Chinese mythology) female panther-like feline; female counterpart of 貔 (pí)


財

/t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zlɯː): semantic 貝 (“shell”) + phonetic 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs). 才 is also a reference to one's abilities, hence intellectual resources; in this particular syllable, the abilities are probably thought as financial possibilities and resources.

Han compound

A nobleman makes fortune in a noble way.

君子愛財，取之有道。

君子爱财，取之有道。


贈

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zɯːŋs): semantic 貝 + phonetic 曾 (OC *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯːŋ).


踔

/t͡sʰiɪk̚²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪk̚¹²¹/

/t͡sʰiɪk̚²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪk̚¹²¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rtʰeːwɢs, *rtʰeːwɢ): semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 卓 (OC *rteːwɢ).


蹤

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsloŋ) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 從 (OC *zloŋ, *zloŋ, *zloŋs, “follow”)


躺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tʰaːŋʔ): semantic 身 (“body”) + phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs).

Han compound

躺在床上


輛

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *raŋs): semantic 車 (“vehicle”) + phonetic 兩 (OC *raŋʔ, *raŋs).

Han compound

一輛車

一辆车

一輛跑車

一辆跑车

Classifier for wheeled vehicles. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier


迢

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *deːw): semantic 辵 (“to walk”) + phonetic 召 (OC *dews, *djews).


逅

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡoːs): semantic 辵 + phonetic 后 (OC *ɡoːʔ, *ɡoːs).
Cognate with 遘 (OC *koːs, *koːs, “to meet”)，覯 (OC *koːs, “to come across”).


遙

1908, Zhang Zhidong, Couplet written for tower constructed near the site of the Yellow Crane Tower

jīnrì jiāotōng wénguǐ, dēnglín bùjué Yà Ōu yáo

今日交通文軌，登臨不覺亞歐遙

今日交通文轨，登临不觉亚欧遥


邂

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡreːs): semantic 辵 + phonetic 解 (OC *kreːʔ, *kreːs, *ɡreːʔ, *ɡreːs).


郊

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kreːw): phonetic 交 (OC *kreːw) + semantic 阝.


郴

(～州, formerly ～縣) Chenzhou (a place in Hunan, China)


鄺

(Mandarin) English: Kuang

(Cantonese) English: Kwong, Fong

(Hokkien) Tagalog: Kong

zh:海峽兩岸漢語發音差異列表


醃

to salt; to pickle; to cure; to marinate


釵

/t͡sʰaːi̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰaːi̯⁵⁵/


錨

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 苗 (OC *mrew).


錳

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 孟.
From New Latin manganum.


鐮

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·rem): semantic 金 (“gold; metal”) + phonetic 廉 (OC *ɡ·rem).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-rjam (“sharp”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

鐮刀

镰刀


閆

From the cursive script form of 閻. 闫 was adopted as the simplified form of 閻 in the second round of simplified Chinese characters.
From 閻. After the retraction of the second round of simplification in Mainland China, some people have continued to use 闫 as their surname, but others have changed it to 阎, separating the two variants of the same surname into two different surnames.


阱

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sɡeŋʔ, *sɡeŋs) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): semantic 阝 (“mound”) + phonetic 井 (OC *skeŋʔ, “well”).


陛

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *biːʔ): semantic 阝 + phonetic 坒 (OC *bis, *biɡ).

Han compound

陛下

(archaic) flight of steps; (specifically) steps leading to the throne in a palace


雯

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mɯn): semantic 雨 + phonetic 文 (OC *mɯn).
From 文 (OC *mɯn, “mark; design; pattern”).


雹

⇒ Zhuang: lwgbag

/tʰɔk̚³²⁻²¹/

/tʰɔk̚³²⁻²¹/

Characters in the same phonetic series (勹) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bruːɡ): semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 包 (OC *pruː).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-bru(ŋ/k) (“dragon; thunder”), whence also 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ, “dragon”) (STEDT).


霖

(literary) long spell of rain; continuous rain


霰

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sjar (“hail; sleet”); compare Tibetan སེར (ser, “hail”), Western Tamang सेर (“hail”) (STEDT; Hill, 2014; Schuessler, 2024).

䨘
䨷
𩄧
𩆥
𩅤
𩃝
𩃂
𩆵


靨

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qeb): phonetic 厭 (OC *qemʔ, *qems, *qeb) + semantic 面 (“face”).


靴

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hʷa): semantic 革 (“leather”) + phonetic 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls).

Han compound

鞾
𩎁
韡
𩍇
𡲲
㞜
𩋖
𩋾
𩍍


鞍

→ Proto-Tai: *ʔaːnᴬ

Thai: อาน (aan)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qaːn) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): semantic 革 (“leather”) + 安 (“secure”).


鞦

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

(in compounds or dialectal) swing (hanging seat)


韆

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/


韭

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯əu̯⁴¹/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯əu̯⁴¹/

Pictogram (象形) – leek in the ground (一). Unrelated to 非.

Allium tuberosum
Allium tuberosum#Translingual

garlic chives; Chinese chives; Chinese leek (Allium tuberosum)


頰

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *keːb): phonetic 夾 (OC *kreːb) + semantic 頁 (“head”) – part of the head.


顎

Proto-Tai: *ʰŋɯəkᴰ (“gum; gill”)

desc

Proto-Southwestern Tai: *ʰŋɯəkᴰ (“gum; gill”)

Thai: เหงือก (ngʉ̀ʉak, “gum; gill”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋaːɡ): phonetic 咢 (OC *ŋaːɡ) + semantic 頁.


飪

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *njɯmʔ): semantic 食 (“food”) + phonetic 壬 (OC *l̥ʰeːŋʔ, *njɯm).

Han compound

饪
餁
䏕
恁
㶵
𤇲
𤏼
𦜙
䭃


駿

On the guiyou day, the Son of Heaven ordered the eight steeds to be harnessed to his chariots.

The Tale of King Mu, Son of Heaven, c. 370 – 330 BCE, translated based on Zheng Dekun's version

Guǐyǒu, tiānzǐ mìng jià bājùn zhī chéng.

癸酉，天子命駕八駿之乘。

癸酉，天子命驾八骏之乘。


騾

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *roːl): semantic 馬 (“horse”) + phonetic 累 (OC *ruːls, *rolʔ, *rols). Written as 驘 in Shuowen.

Han compound

骡
*驘
*臝
䯁
𩦻
𩧣

Viscount Jian of Zhao had two white mules which he liked very much.

Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 BCE

Zhào Jiǎnzǐ yǒu liǎng bái luó ér shèn ài zhī.

趙簡子有兩白騾而甚愛之。

赵简子有两白骡而甚爱之。

mule (offspring of a donkey and a horse, sometimes specifically the offspring of a male donkey and a female horse) (Classifier: 匹 m; 頭／头 m; 隻／只 mn)


驢

→ Vietnamese: lừa

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *b·ra): semantic 馬 (“horse”) + phonetic 盧 (OC *b·raː).

Han compound

donkey; ass (Classifier: 頭／头 m; 條／条 m; 匹 m; 隻／只 c mn)


髻

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kiːds): semantic 髟 (“long hair”) + phonetic 吉 (OC *klid).
From 結 (OC *kiːd, “to tie”) + exopassive nominal suffix *-s, literally “something tied” (Baxter and Sagart, 1997, 2014; Schuessler, 2007).


鬍

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 髟 (“hair”) + phonetic 胡 (OC *ɡaː).
From 胡 (OC *ɡaː, “wattle; dewlap of an animal”), i.e. “that which hangs down from the chin” (Wang, 1980).
STEDT proposes that this word comes from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-wu (“beard”), but there are phonological problems with this reconstruction.


鬩

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɦŋeːɡ) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): semantic 鬥 + phonetic 兒 (OC *ŋeː, *ŋje).


魷

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 魚 (“fish”) + phonetic 尤 (OC *ɢʷɯ).

Only used in 魷魚／鱿鱼 (yóuyú, “squid”); also used as its short form.


鰍

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯əu̯³³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯əu̯³³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯əu̯³³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯əu̯³³/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰɯw): semantic 魚 + phonetic 秋 (OC *sʰɯw).


鰱

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ren): semantic 魚 (“fish”) + phonetic 連 (OC *ren).

Han compound

(～魚) any fish of the genus Hypophthalmichthys, especially the silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)


鰻

→ Indonesian: mua

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *moːn, *mons): semantic 魚 (“fish”) + phonetic 曼 (OC *moːn, *mons) – a kind of fish.
Note similarities to Burmese ငါးမန်း (nga:man:, “shark”).

Han compound

鳗
𩺴
𩻠
*⿰魚昘
*⿰魚𭦗
*⿰魚𭦟
*⿰鱼⿳⺜𠀃勹


鱈

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 魚 (“fish”) + phonetic 雪 (OC *sqʰʷed).


鱉

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ped): phonetic 敝 (OC *beds, *bed) + semantic 魚.

Han compound

Pelodiscus sinensis
Wikispecies:Pelodiscus sinensis

soft-shell turtle (any turtle in the family Trionychidae, especially Pelodiscus sinensis)


鱧

鳢
鱺
𩷋
𩽵
*⿰魚䗍
𱇊
*⿰魚𢍝
*⿰魚𥯵
*⿰魚𧋠
*⿰魚𧱤

snakehead, especially the northern snakehead (Channa argus)


鱷

→? Proto-Tai: *ŋɯəkᴰ (“crocodile”)

Ahom: 𑜂𑜢𑜤𑜀𑜫 (ṅük, “crocodile; nāga”)

desc

Lao: ເງືອກ (ngư̄ak, “merperson; electric eel”)

Shan: ငိူၵ်ႈ (ngōek, “alligator; crocodile”)

Thai: เงือก (ngʉ̂ʉak, “snake; nāga; crocodilian; mythical water creature; merperson”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋaːɡ): semantic 魚 (“fish”) + phonetic 噩 (OC *ŋaːɡ).
Within Chinese, Carr (1990) relates it to:
* 咢 (OC *ŋaːɡ, “to beat the drum”), either because drumming was associated with dragons or because some drums were made of crocodilian skins (Schuessler, 2007).
* Words for “fear”, e.g. 愕 (OC *ŋaːɡ, “startled; terrified”), 噩 (OC *ŋaːɡ, “frightening; startling”).
Outside of Chinese, Carr (1990) also relates it to:
* Proto-Tai *ŋwak (“mythical water creature”) (reconstruction from Chamberlain, 1977), which Pittayaporn (2009-2010), reconstructing the root as *ŋɯəkᴰ (“crocodile”), holds to be a loan from Chinese.
* Proto-Austro-Tai *(m)baŋiwak (“shark; crocodile”), posited by Paul K. Benedict and proposed by him to give rise to the Tai word, as well as Japanese 鰐(わに) (wani, “crocodilian; shark”), 魚(うお) (uo, “fish”).
Vovin (2021) notes that 鱷 (OC *ŋâk ~ *ŋɑk) "aquatic reptile, saltwater crocodile" was attested late, for the first time in Shuowen as 𧊜; and that "it would be very weird if the word for a ‘saltwater crocodile’ from the middle of Huang-he (黃河) river basin that lies quite far away from both tropics and the sea would be borrowed by Tai languages in Southern China". Therefore, Vovin contends that, instead, 鱷 (OC *ŋâk ~ *ŋɑk) had been borrowed into Later Han Chinese from Tai.


鴉

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qraː): phonetic 牙 (OC *ŋraː) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ka-n (“crow”). Doublet of 烏 (OC *qaː, “crow; raven”) . The Middle Chinese of 鴉 retains the earlier vowel.
Schuessler (2007) disputes Old Chinese reconstructions with medial *-r-, reasoning that 鴉's place among Division II syllables (often from Old Chinese syllables containing *-r-) results rather from archaism which preserves the original vowel's quality.

Han compound

Men eat animals that have been fed on grain and grass; elaphures feed on the thick-set grass; centipedes enjoy small snakes; owls and crows delight in mice; but does any one of the four know the right taste?

Zhuangzi, circa 3ʳᵈ – 2ⁿᵈ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Mín shí chúhuàn, mílù shí jiàn, jíqiě gān dài, chīyā qí shǔ, sì zhě shú zhī zhèngwèi?

民食芻豢，麋鹿食薦，蝍且甘帶，鴟鴉耆鼠，四者孰知正味？

民食刍豢，麋鹿食荐，蝍且甘带，鸱鸦耆鼠，四者孰知正味？

Withered vines, an old tree, evening crows; small bridges, flowing stream, family houses.

13ᵗʰ century – 14ᵗʰ century, 馬致遠 (Ma Zhiyuan), 秋思 (Autumn Thoughts)

Kūténg lǎoshù hūnyā, xiǎoqiáo liúshuǐ rénjiā.

枯藤老樹昏鴉，小橋流水人家。

枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家。


鴕

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'aːl): semantic 鳥 (“bird”) + phonetic 它 (OC *l̥ʰaːl).


鴞

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɦraw): phonetic 号 (OC *ɦlaːws) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).


鴣

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kaː): phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).


鵡

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *maʔ): phonetic 武 (OC *maʔ) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *măH (“a kind of bird (peacock, parrot)”); cognate with Tibetan རྨ་བྱ (rma bya, “peacock”); compare also Bodo (India) [script needed] (məyra, “peacock”) (Peiros & Starostin, 1996).


鵬

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鵬):
* → Korean: 붕(鵬) (bung)
* → Vietnamese: bằng (鵬)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bɯːŋ) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): phonetic 朋 (OC *bɯːŋ, “phoenix”) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”)
This has been related to 風 (OC *plum, “wind”) (Schuessler, 2007) and also by Wang (1982) to 鳳 (OC *bums, “male fenghuang”).

Han compound

I don't know how many thousand li the Pengʹs back is.

鵬之背，不知其幾千里也。

鹏之背，不知其几千里也。

(Chinese mythology) peng (enormous bird)


鶉

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵/

The quails run [in pairs]. The magpies fly [in pairs]. That man is not nice. I call him brother.

Chún zhī bēnbēn, què zhī jiāngjiāng. Rén zhī wú liáng, wǒ yǐ wéi xiōng.

鶉之奔奔，鵲之彊彊。人之無良，我以為兄。

鹑之奔奔，鹊之彊彊。人之无良，我以为兄。

quail (originally refers to those with spots on feathers)


鷗

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qoː): phonetic 區 (OC *qoː, *kʰo) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).


鷥

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *slɯ): phonetic 絲 (OC *slɯ) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”)


鷹

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qɯŋ): phonetic 䧹 (OC *qɯŋ, “eagle; hawk”) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).
This word is possibly related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-la(ŋ/k) (“bird of prey”), which is likely a loan from Proto-Mon-Khmer *laŋ ~ *laaŋ ~ *laiŋ (“large raptor”) > Proto-Bahnaric *klaːŋ (“hawk”), Proto-Palaungic *klaːŋ (“kite”), Mon လနေၚ် (“kite”), Khmer ខ្លែង (khlaeng, “kite”); within Tibeto-Burman, compare Tibetan གླག (glag, “eagle; vulture”), Burmese လင်းတ (lang:ta., “vulture”), Jingpho lang (“bird of the falcon family”) (Benedict, 1972; STEDT).
This word agrees better with Tibetan སྐྱིང་སེར (skying ser, “eagle; vulture”) if the Old Chinese is reconstructed as *s-ki̯əŋ (Benedict, 1990; Schuessler, 2007); Benedict (1976) reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-kiŋ for this, which Benedict (1990) suggests is the native Sino-Tibetan root.

cog

禿鷹／秃鹰

雀鷹／雀鹰 ― quèyīng ― sparrowhawk

貓頭鷹／猫头鹰

1919, 《新舊約全書：官話和合譯本》 [Mandarin Bible, Union Version], Shanghai: American Bible Society, 以賽亞書 [Isaiah] 40:31:

but those who wait for Yahweh will renew their strength. They will mount up with wings like eagles. They will run, and not be weary. They will walk, and not faint. [World English Bible]

Dàn nà děnghòu yēhéhuá de, bì zhòngxīn délì, tāmen bì rú yīng zhǎnchì shàngténg, tāmen bēnpǎo què bù kùnjuàn, xíngzǒu què bù pífá.

但那等候耶和華的、必重新得力、他們必如鷹展翅上騰、他們奔跑卻不困倦、行走卻不疲乏。

但那等候耶和华的、必重新得力、他们必如鹰展翅上腾、他们奔跑却不困倦、行走却不疲乏。

bird of prey of Accipitriformes (eagles, hawks, kites, vultures), Falconiformes (falcons), or Strigiformes (owls)


鷺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *raːɡs): phonetic 路 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).
Compare Khmer ក្រក (krɑɑk, “species of heron”), Thai ร้า (ráa, “species of heron”) (Schuessler, 2007).


鸚

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qreːŋ): phonetic 嬰 (OC *qeŋ) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ɣrēŋ (“a kind of parrot”); cognate with Jingpho [script needed] (ukhriŋ¹, “small parrot”) (Peiros & Starostin, 1996).


鼢

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bɯn, *bɯnʔ): semantic 鼠 (“mouse; rat”) + phonetic 分 (OC *pɯn, *bɯns).


鵝

→ Guiqiong: wo

/ᵑɡᵘɔ²²⁻²²⁵/

/ᵑɡᵘɔ²²⁻²²⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋaːl): phonetic 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ) + semantic 鳥.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋa-n (“goose”); cognate with Tibetan ངང་པ (ngang pa), Burmese ငန်း (ngan:). However, the final consonants of the proposed cognates are possibly irreconcilable; they could instead be independently coined through onomatopoeia (Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2019).
Related to 雁 (OC *ŋraːns, “wild goose”); see there for more.

Han compound

domestic goose (as opposed to a wild goose – 雁 (yàn)) (Classifier: 隻／只 m c mn)


𠜱

(Cantonese, Hakka, Min) to pare; (dialectal) Alternative form of 批 (pī)


㦙

(Teochew) stupid; foolish; silly; insane


㨮

(Teochew) to box someone's ears; to slap someone on the face


䋎

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 糸 + phonetic 旦 (OC *taːns).


𫜦

(Teochew) Alternative form of 哺 (“to chew”)


𠍲

(literary or dialectal) Alternative form of 渠 (qú, “third-person pronoun; he, she, it”)


𩟗

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

Alternative form of 䭕 /𬲕 (“tasteless; insipid”)


𦨖

(obsolete or Teochew, of a boat) unsteady; tossing


𡚸

Cognate with Min Nan 某 (bó͘, “wife”); ultimately derived from 母 (OC *mɯʔ, “mother”).

欲𡜿著刻苦

欲𡜿着刻苦

1566, chapter 5, in 《重刊五色潮泉插科增入詩詞北曲勾欄荔鏡記戲曲全集》, [https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/objects/cb79b399-7272-4061-81e3-617828b50493/surfaces/7187501c-fe18-401f-8e8e-316cbc75d0fa/ page [14]]:

These past years I have had no wife, and kept my watch alone, pale and cold without someone by my side

zua³ ni⁵ bho⁵ bhou² siu² gu¹ duan¹ cêng¹ cêng¹ nê² nê² bho⁵ nang⁵ siên¹ pua⁶

拙年無ㄙ守孤單清清冷冷無人相伴

拙年无ㄙ守孤单清清冷冷无人相伴


𱍤

Contraction of 毋是 (m̄-sǐ) / 唔是 (m⁶ si⁶).


𧧸

(chiefly Teochew) Alternative form of 捌 (“to know”)


𫀸

Cognate with Cantonese 杰 (git6, “viscous”), Eastern Min 𬇴 (gṳ̆k, “viscous”). Compare Zhuang gwd (“viscous”), Lingao kɔt⁸ (“viscous”).


𰇇

19??, “〈陳三大難〉”, in 《潮州戲曲選集》, page 8:

niê⁵ gian². le² zai³ ke³ siên⁶ toin² no⁷.

娘仔。你再去想看𰇇。

(Teochew) particle used to express persuasion


𨻧

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 阝 + phonetic 留 (OC *m·ru, *m·rus).


𱟛

It may be from the Hongmen (洪門) secret society, along with 𰻞 /𰻝 (biáng). See 𱟛 on the Chinese Wikipedia.Wikipedia ᶻʰ


𱰸

(Can we date this quote?), “死就死，青盲（上不下畏）铳子”, in 潮汕民俗网:

If death should come, so be it–a blind person does not fear the bullet

死就死，青盲𱰸銃子

死就死，青盲𱰸铳子


𠜙

𠜙著手

𠜙落去


𬓤

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 禾 + phonetic 尺.