それ

Compound of そ (so, “that”, medial reference marker) + れ (-re, specific pronoun referent marker).


有り

有り (canonical)
ari (romanization)
有ら (irrealis stem)
あら (irrealis stem)
ara (irrealis)
有り (continuative stem)
あり (continuative stem)
ari (continuative)
有り (stem terminative)
あり (stem terminative)
ari (terminative)
有る (attributive stem)
ある (attributive stem)
aru (attributive)
有れ (realis stem)
あれ (realis stem)
are (realis)
有れ (imperative stem)
あれ (imperative stem)
are (imperative)
有らず (negative)
あらず (negative)
arazu (negative)
有れど (contrastive)
あれど (contrastive)
aredo (contrastive)
有れば (causative)
あれば (causative)
areba (causative)
有らば (conditional)
あらば (conditional)
araba (conditional)
有りき (past)
ありき (past)
ariki (past)
有りけり (past)
ありけり (past)
arikeri (past)
有りつ (perfect)
ありつ (perfect)
aritu (perfect)
有りぬ (perfect)
ありぬ (perfect)
arinu (perfect)
有りたり (continuative perfect)
ありたり (continuative perfect)
aritari (continuative perfect)
有らむ (volitional)
あらむ (volitional)
aramu (volitional)

The Classical and Old Japanese form of modern verb 有る (aru, “to be, there is”).

敵は本能寺にあり。

The enemy is at Honnō-ji. (attributed to Akechi Mitsuhide)

Classical Japanese form of 有る (aru): to be, to exist


し

四 詩 死 師 仕 市 氏 風

選ばれし者

1994, “春よ、来い”, 松任谷由実 (lyrics), 松任谷由実 (music), performed by 松任谷由実:

瞼閉じればそこに 愛をくれし君の なつかしき声がする

mabuta tojireba soko ni ai o kureshi kimi no natsukashiki koe ga suru

When I close my eyelids, I hear by my side the voice of beloved you who gave me love (modern language)

(Classical Japanese or literary) the adnominal form of Classical and Old Japanese き (ki, past tense auxiliary), equivalent to modern た


し

-shi (romanization)
く (irrealis stem)
から (irrealis stem)
ku (irrealis stem)
kara (irrealis stem)
く (continuative stem)
かり (continuative stem)
ku (continuative stem)
kari (continuative stem)
し (stem terminative)
si (stem terminative)
き (attributive stem)
かる (attributive stem)
ki (attributive stem)
karu (attributive stem)
けれ (realis stem)
kere (realis stem)
かれ (imperative stem)
kare (imperative stem)
からず (negative)
karazu (negative)
けれど (contrastive)
keredo (contrastive)
ければ (causative)
kereba (causative)
くば (conditional)
kuba (conditional)
かりき (past)
kariki (past)
かりけり (past)
karikeri (past)
く (adverbial)
ku (adverbial)
しく (irrealis stem)
しから (irrealis stem)
siku (irrealis stem)
sikara (irrealis stem)
しく (continuative stem)
しかり (continuative stem)
siku (continuative stem)
sikari (continuative stem)
し (stem terminative)
si (stem terminative)
しき (attributive stem)
しかる (attributive stem)
siki (attributive stem)
sikaru (attributive stem)
しけれ (realis stem)
sikere (realis stem)
しかれ (imperative stem)
sikare (imperative stem)
しからず (negative)
sikarazu (negative)
しけれど (contrastive)
sikeredo (contrastive)
しければ (causative)
sikereba (causative)
しくば (conditional)
sikuba (conditional)
しかりき (past)
sikariki (past)
しかりけり (past)
sikarikeri (past)
しく (adverbial)
siku (adverbial)

From Old Japanese. Not productive in modern usage.

(Classical Japanese) The 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal or predicative form”) of the conjugable ending for 形容詞 (keiyōshi, “-i adjectives”).


けん

/kemu/ → /kem/ → /ken/
Shift from older けむ (kemu, auxiliary suffix for verbs indicating supposition about the past, including supposition about why something may have happened). This phonological shift was apparently already underway during the Heian period (794–1185).

ja-r

(Classical Japanese) alternative form of けむ (kemu)


共

「まづ、女房出でね」とて、童の姿どものをかしげなるを御覧ず。いとらうたげなる髪どものすそ、 […]

“Mazu, niyōbau idene” tote, waraha no sugata domo no okashige naru o goran zu. Ito rautage naru kami domo no suso, […]

"Starting with the court girls", he said, looking at the young servants' pretty forms. The beautiful tips of their hairs, […]

(Classical Japanese) when attached to any noun

indicates plural:
when attached to any noun


出

連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 出(い)づ (izu).

ja-etym-renyokei

stem (or continuative) forms
連用形#Japanese

(Classical Japanese, literary) irrealis and stem (or continuative) forms of 出づ (izu) [nidan]


徒

⟨kasi⟩ → /kaɕi/
From an eastern dialectal form of Old Japanese. Cognate with Modern Japanese かち (kachi, “walking, going on foot”).

阿加胡麻乎 夜麻努尓波賀志 刀里加尓弖 多麻能余許夜麻 加志由加也良牟

夜麻努尓波賀志 やまのにはがし

多麻能余許夜麻 たまのよこやま

→ Akagoma o yamano ni hagashi torikanite Tama no yokoyama kashi yuka yaramu

Having our red horse pastured on the mountain field, but we couldn't catch it; so I'll send him, who'll go on foot through the mountains on the side of Tama.

(Classical Japanese, dialectal) obsolete form of かち (kachi): walking, going on foot


得

得 (canonical)
u (romanization)
得 (irrealis stem)
え (irrealis stem)
e (irrealis)
得 (continuative stem)
え (continuative stem)
e (continuative)
得 (stem terminative)
う (stem terminative)
u (terminative)
得る (attributive stem)
うる (attributive stem)
uru (attributive)
得れ (realis stem)
うれ (realis stem)
ure (realis)
得よ (imperative stem)
えよ (imperative stem)
eyo (imperative)
得ず (negative)
えず (negative)
ezu (negative)
得れど (contrastive)
うれど (contrastive)
uredo (contrastive)
得れば (causative)
うれば (causative)
ureba (causative)
得ば (conditional)
えば (conditional)
eba (conditional)
得き (past)
えき (past)
eki (past)
得けり (past)
えけり (past)
ekeri (past)
得つ (perfect)
えつ (perfect)
etu (perfect)
得ぬ (perfect)
えぬ (perfect)
enu (perfect)
得たり (continuative perfect)
えたり (continuative perfect)
etari (continuative perfect)
得む (volitional)
えむ (volitional)
emu (volitional)


む

-mu (romanization)
ま (irrealis stem)
ma (irrealis stem)
む (stem terminative)
ん (stem terminative)
mu (stem terminative)
n (stem terminative)
む (attributive stem)
ん (attributive stem)
mu (attributive stem)
n (attributive stem)
め (realis stem)
me (realis stem)

Heian period
Kojiki
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

From Old Japanese. First cited in the Kojiki of 712.
The pronunciation shifted from /mu/ to just nasal /m/ and then to the generalized nasal /ɴ/ by the mid-Heian period (794–1185), leading some writers to use ん (n) instead to write this suffix. The kana ん (n) itself evolved out of a hentaigana (alternative kana form) for む (mu) based on the cursive for kanji 无 (mu). In Classical Japanese texts, the practice now is to pronounce final む (-mu) as ん (-n) instead.
As a separate phonological shift, /mu/ retained the vowel but lost the consonant, becoming a nasalized /ũ/ and then plain /u/. This then often fused with the preceding vowel, ultimately leading to the development of the modern volitional / suppositional /oː/ ending in modern Japanese. See よう for more detail.
Variously described as suppositional ("seems like"), volitional ("I will"), or hortative ("let's). Ultimately, all of these senses arise from an apparent base meaning of "seem, appear, look like". May be cognate with 目 (me, “eye”), 見る (miru, “to see; to look at”), びる (-biru, “to look like, to seem like, to behave like”).

ja-r

c. late 9th–mid-10th century, Taketori Monogatari
我こそ死なめ。
Ware koso shiname.
I would rather die myself.

鳴り高し。鳴り止まむ。

1021, Murasaki Shikibu, The Tale of Genji 21

(Classical Japanese, after mizenkei) used to form the suppositional / volitional / hortative form of verbs, equivalent to modern う (-u > -ō) / よう (-yō); also used as a mild imperative


あ

Alternative spelling of あん (an), the onbin form of あり (ari) or ある (aru), with the ん (n) omitted in writing.

わざとあめるを、早うものせよかし。

It seems to be special [an invitation], so please go early.


つ

-tsu (romanization)
て (irrealis stem)
te (irrealis stem)
て (continuative stem)
te (continuative stem)
つ (stem terminative)
tu (stem terminative)
つる (attributive stem)
turu (attributive stem)
つれ (realis stem)
ture (realis stem)
てよ (imperative stem)
teyo (imperative stem)
ざりつ (negative stem)
zaritu (negative stem)
つれど (contrastive stem)
turedo (contrastive stem)
つれば (causative stem)
tureba (causative stem)
てば (conditional stem)
teba (conditional stem)
^([1])Perfect tense of ず.

⟨tu⟩ → /t͡su/
From Old Japanese.
According to one theory , shortened from 棄(う)つ (utsu, “to throw away, to discard”).

(Classical Japanese) indicates the completion of an action

(Classical Japanese) indicates certainty

(Classical Japanese) indicates affirmation

(Classical Japanese, in the form ...tsu ...tsu) shows parallel action


ぬ

-nu (romanization)
な (irrealis stem)
に (continuative stem)
ni (continuative stem)
ぬ (stem terminative)
nu (stem terminative)
ぬる (attributive stem)
nuru (attributive stem)
ぬれ (realis stem)
nure (realis stem)
ね (imperative stem)
ne (imperative stem)
なず (negative stem)
ざりぬ (negative stem)
nazu (negative stem)
zarinu (negative stem)
ぬれど (contrastive stem)
nuredo (contrastive stem)
ぬれば (causative stem)
nureba (causative stem)
なば (conditional stem)
naba (conditional stem)

Daijirin Daijisen ja:ビャーケ・フレレスビッグ ja:松村明

From Old Japanese.
Many monolingual Japanese dictionaries derive this as a contraction of Old Japanese 往ぬ (inu, “to go away; to pass (such as time); to pass away, to die”); however, the meaning does not seem to make sense in the context of the verb ending -nu.
More recent work by Bjarke Frellesvig and others suggests that -nu may have originated from an ancient copular or stative verb.

cog

風が立ちぬ

1943, 土井晩翠譯『オヂュッセーア』第十九歌 https://web.archive.org/web/20040623125018/http://www.sm.rim.or.jp/~osawa/AGG/odyssey/odyssey-19.html
多くの女性彼を見て皆驚嘆の目を張りぬ。
Ōku no josei kare o mite mina kyōtan no me o harinu.
Many women looked at him and all opened their eyes wide with admiration.

(Classical Japanese or literary) (after the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb) the perfective: indicates completion of the action, ending after starting or occurring: has done, has happened


き

-ki (romanization)
せ (irrealis stem)
け (irrealis stem)
se (irrealis stem)
ke (irrealis stem)
き (stem terminative)
ki (stem terminative)
し (attributive stem)
si (attributive stem)
しか (realis stem)
sika (realis stem)
ざりき (negative)
zariki (negative)
しかど (contrastive)
sikado (contrastive)
しかば (causative)
sikaba (causative)
せば (conditional)
けば (conditional)
seba (conditional)
keba (conditional)

木 来 生 気 汽 帰 記 起 期 希 季 紀 喜 旗 器 機 基 寄 規 己 危 机 揮 貴 企 肌 岐 忌 奇 祈 軌 姫 既 飢 鬼 亀 幾 棋 棄 毀 畿 輝 騎 稀 綺 嬉 毅 窺 徽 几 癸 悸 愧 詭 跪 麾 冀 騏 饑 羈 驥

(The following entries do not have a page created for them yet: 寄, 規, 危, 机, 揮, 企, 肌, 岐, 軌, 既, 幾, 棋, 棄, 毀, 畿, 輝, 稀, 綺, 嬉, 毅, 窺, 徽, 几, 悸, 愧, 詭, 跪, 麾, 騏, 饑, 羈, 驥.)

ja-see

Used when the speaker has directly experienced the event described, as opposed to けり.

(Classical Japanese) Indicates past tense: -ed


ゆ

-yu (romanization)
え (irrealis stem)
-e (irrealis)
え (continuative stem)
-e (continuative)
ゆ (stem terminative)
-yu (terminative)
ゆる (attributive stem)
-yuru (attributive)
ゆれ (realis stem)
-yure (realis)
えよ (imperative stem)
-eyo (imperative)
えず (negative)
-ezu (negative)
ゆれど (contrastive)
-yuredo (contrastive)
ゆれば (causative)
-yureba (causative)
えば (conditional)
-eba (conditional)
えき (past)
-eki (past)
えけり (past)
-ekeri (past)
えつ (perfect)
-etu (perfect)
えぬ (perfect)
-enu (perfect)
えたり (continuative perfect)
-etari (continuative perfect)
えむ (volitional)
-emu (volitional)

Derived in the Heian period from writing the man'yōgana kanji 由 in the cursive sōsho style.

ja-kana-mannyogana-etym

(Classical Japanese) attaches to the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) of verbs

expresses natural, spontaneous occurrence


る

-ru (romanization)
れ (irrealis stem)
re (irrealis stem)
れ (continuative stem)
re (continuative stem)
る (stem terminative)
ru (stem terminative)
るる (attributive stem)
ruru (attributive stem)
るれ (realis stem)
rure (realis stem)
れよ (imperative stem)
reyo (imperative stem)
れず (negative)
rezu (negative)
るれど (contrastive)
ruredo (contrastive)
るれば (causative)
rureba (causative)
れば (conditional)
reba (conditional)
れき (past)
reki (past)
れけり (past)
rekeri (past)
れつ (perfect)
retu (perfect)
れぬ (perfect)
renu (perfect)
れたり (continuative perfect)
retari (continuative perfect)
れむ (volitional)
remu (volitional)

Classical Japanese form of れる (-reru, passive suffix)


る

Regular adnominal conjugation of verbal auxiliary suffix り (ri) indicating resulting state or completion of action.

眠れる森の美女

wedding vows
富める時も貧しき時も
tomeru toki mo mazushiki toki mo
in wealth or poverty

(Classical Japanese or literary) adnominal of り (-ri)


じ

字 地 寺 時 次 璽 痔

Iroha
浅き夢見じ 酔ひもせず
Asaki yume miji
Ei mo sezu
We shall not have superficial dreams
Nor be deluded.

(Classical Japanese) Attaches to the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of verbs to form the negative conjectural/volitional, equivalent to modern まい (-mai).


で

Daijirin
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter

Considered to be a contraction of にて (nite), where the ni is the continuative form of the negative auxiliary ず (zu). In use since Early Middle Japanese, and first attested in The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter of the late 800s.

(Classical Japanese, archaic) Attaches to the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of verbs to form the negative conjunctive, equivalent to the modern ないで (-naide) or ずに (-zuni).


ぶ

bu (romanization)
び (irrealis stem)
bi (irrealis stem)
び (continuative stem)
bi (continuative stem)
ぶ (stem terminative)
bu (stem terminative)
ぶる (attributive stem)
buru (attributive stem)
ぶれ (realis stem)
bure (realis stem)
びよ (imperative stem)
biyo (imperative stem)
びず (negative)
bizu (negative)
ぶれど (contrastive)
buredo (contrastive)
ぶれば (causative)
bureba (causative)
びば (conditional)
biba (conditional)
びき (past)
biki (past)
びけり (past)
bikeri (past)
びつ (perfect)
bitu (perfect)
びぬ (perfect)
binu (perfect)
びたり (continuative perfect)
bitari (continuative perfect)
びむ (volitional)
bimu (volitional)

Classical Japanese form of びる (-biru, “to act like”)


さる

1928, 萩原朔太郎, 常識家の非常識, 青空文庫:

してみれば常識的聰明といふこと（今の小説家等が唯一の得意とするのはそれである。）は、必しも僕等にとつて恐ろしいものでない。否むしろ低級視さるべき、愚劣な馬鹿馬鹿しいものである。

Shite mireba jōshikiteki sōmei to iu koto (ima no shōsetsukara ga yuiitsu no tokui to suru no wa sore de aru.) wa, kanarazu shi mo bokura ni totte osoroshii mono de nai. Ina mushiro teikyūshi saru beki, guretsu na bakabakashii mono de aru.

Then, common-sense wisdom (this is the only thing novelists today can pride themselves on) is not necessarily something for us to be afraid of. No, if anything, it is something that should be looked down upon, something asinine and stupid.

(Classical Japanese) alternative form of せらる (seraru), terminal passive of す (su)


かな

From Old Japanese. First attested in the early 700s.
From か (ka, particle indicating doubt or uncertainty) + な (na, mild exclamatory particle).
Displaced particle かも (ka mo) around the early-Middle Japanese stage.

com

善き哉！

(Classical Japanese or literary) expresses wonder or postulation on the part of the speaker


はつ

hatsu (romanization)
はて (irrealis stem)
fate (irrealis stem)
はて (continuative stem)
fate (continuative stem)
はつ (stem terminative)
fatu (stem terminative)
はつる (attributive stem)
faturu (attributive stem)
はつれ (realis stem)
fature (realis stem)
はてよ (imperative stem)
fateyo (imperative stem)
はてず (negative)
fatezu (negative)
はつれど (contrastive)
faturedo (contrastive)
はつれば (causative)
fatureba (causative)
はてば (conditional)
fateba (conditional)
はてき (past)
fateki (past)
はてけり (past)
fatekeri (past)
はてつ (perfect)
fatetu (perfect)
はてぬ (perfect)
fatenu (perfect)
はてたり (continuative perfect)
fatetari (continuative perfect)
はてむ (volitional)
fatemu (volitional)


あし

ashi (romanization)
asi (romanization)
あしく (irrealis stem)
あしから (irrealis stem)
asiku (irrealis stem)
asikara (irrealis stem)
あしく (continuative stem)
あしかり (continuative stem)
asiku (continuative stem)
asikari (continuative stem)
あし (stem terminative)
asi (stem terminative)
あしき (attributive stem)
あしかる (attributive stem)
asiki (attributive stem)
asikaru (attributive stem)
あしけれ (realis stem)
asikere (realis stem)
あしかれ (imperative stem)
asikare (imperative stem)
あしからず (negative)
asikarazu (negative)
あしけれど (contrastive)
asikeredo (contrastive)
あしければ (causative)
asikereba (causative)
あしくば (conditional)
asikuba (conditional)
あしかりき (past)
asikariki (past)
あしかりけり (past)
asikarikeri (past)
あしく (adverbial)
asiku (adverbial)

悪しき政府

(modern language, literary) evil government

(Classical Japanese; or literary and archaic) bad; evil


ほし

hoshi (romanization)
ほしく (irrealis stem)
ほしから (irrealis stem)
fosiku (irrealis stem)
fosikara (irrealis stem)
ほしく (continuative stem)
ほしかり (continuative stem)
fosiku (continuative stem)
fosikari (continuative stem)
ほし (stem terminative)
fosi (stem terminative)
ほしき (attributive stem)
ほしかる (attributive stem)
fosiki (attributive stem)
fosikaru (attributive stem)
ほしけれ (realis stem)
fosikere (realis stem)
ほしかれ (imperative stem)
fosikare (imperative stem)
ほしからず (negative)
fosikarazu (negative)
ほしけれど (contrastive)
fosikeredo (contrastive)
ほしければ (causative)
fosikereba (causative)
ほしくば (conditional)
fosikuba (conditional)
ほしかりき (past)
fosikariki (past)
ほしかりけり (past)
fosikarikeri (past)
ほしく (adverbial)
fosiku (adverbial)

欲し: (archaic, Classical Japanese) wanted, desired, needed (classical terminal form)


さす

-sasu (romanization)
させ (irrealis stem)
sase (irrealis stem)
させ (continuative stem)
sase (continuative stem)
さす (stem terminative)
sasu (stem terminative)
さする (attributive stem)
sasuru (attributive stem)
さすれ (realis stem)
sasure (realis stem)
させよ (imperative stem)
saseyo (imperative stem)
させず (negative)
sasezu (negative)
さすれど (contrastive)
sasuredo (contrastive)
さすれば (causative)
sasureba (causative)
させば (conditional)
saseba (conditional)
させき (past)
saseki (past)
させけり (past)
sasekeri (past)
させつ (perfect)
sasetu (perfect)
させぬ (perfect)
sasenu (perfect)
させたり (continuative perfect)
sasetari (continuative perfect)
させむ (volitional)
sasemu (volitional)

刺す 指す 差す 射す 注す 挿す

Classical Japanese form of させる (saseru, “causative suffix”)


くつ

kutsu (romanization)
くち (irrealis stem)
kuti (irrealis stem)
くち (continuative stem)
kuti (continuative stem)
くつ (stem terminative)
kutu (stem terminative)
くつる (attributive stem)
kuturu (attributive stem)
くつれ (realis stem)
kuture (realis stem)
くちよ (imperative stem)
kutiyo (imperative stem)
くちず (negative)
kutizu (negative)
くつれど (contrastive)
kuturedo (contrastive)
くつれば (causative)
kutureba (causative)
くちば (conditional)
kutiba (conditional)
くちき (past)
kutiki (past)
くちけり (past)
kutikeri (past)
くちつ (perfect)
kutitu (perfect)
くちぬ (perfect)
kutinu (perfect)
くちたり (continuative perfect)
kutitari (continuative perfect)
くちむ (volitional)
kutimu (volitional)

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.

朽つ: Classical Japanese form of くちる (kuchiru)


うし

ushi (romanization)
うく (irrealis stem)
うから (irrealis stem)
uku (irrealis stem)
ukara (irrealis stem)
うく (continuative stem)
うかり (continuative stem)
uku (continuative stem)
ukari (continuative stem)
うし (stem terminative)
usi (stem terminative)
うき (attributive stem)
うかる (attributive stem)
uki (attributive stem)
ukaru (attributive stem)
うけれ (realis stem)
ukere (realis stem)
うかれ (imperative stem)
ukare (imperative stem)
うからず (negative)
ukarazu (negative)
うけれど (contrastive)
ukeredo (contrastive)
うければ (causative)
ukereba (causative)
うくば (conditional)
ukuba (conditional)
うかりき (past)
ukariki (past)
うかりけり (past)
ukarikeri (past)
うく (adverbial)
uku (adverbial)

憂し: Classical Japanese form of 憂い (ui, “sad”)

愛し: Classical Japanese form of 愛い (ui, “lovable”)


美しい

ja-adj

美(うつく)しい • (utsukushii) -i (adverbial 美(うつく)しく (utsukushiku))

美しい (canonical)
utsukushii (romanization)
美しく (adverbial)
美しかろ (imperfective stem)
うつくしかろ (imperfective stem)
utsukushikaro (imperfective)
美しく (continuative stem)
うつくしく (continuative stem)
utsukushiku (continuative)
美しい (stem terminative)
うつくしい (stem terminative)
utsukushii (terminative)
美しい (attributive stem)
うつくしい (attributive stem)
utsukushii (attributive)
美しけれ (hypothetical stem)
うつくしけれ (hypothetical stem)
utsukushikere (hypothetical)
美しかれ (imperative stem)
うつくしかれ (imperative stem)
utsukushikare (imperative)
美しくない (informal negative)
うつくしくない (informal negative)
utsukushiku nai (informal negative)
美しかった (informal past)
うつくしかった (informal past)
utsukushikatta (informal past)
美しくなかった (informal negative past)
うつくしくなかった (informal negative past)
utsukushiku nakatta (informal negative past)
美しいです (formal)
うつくしいです (formal)
utsukushii desu (formal)
美しくないです (formal negative)
うつくしくないです (formal negative)
utsukushiku nai desu (formal negative)
美しかったです (formal past)
うつくしかったです (formal past)
utsukushikatta desu (formal past)
美しくなかったです (formal negative past)
うつくしくなかったです (formal negative past)
utsukushiku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
美しくて (conjunctive)
うつくしくて (conjunctive)
utsukushikute (conjunctive)
美しければ (conditional)
うつくしければ (conditional)
utsukushikereba (conditional)
美しかったら (conditional past)
うつくしかったら (conditional past)
utsukushikattara (conditional past)
美しかろう (volitional)
うつくしかろう (volitional)
utsukushikarō (volitional)
美しく (adverbial)
うつくしく (adverbial)
utsukushiku (adverbial)
美しさ (noun-from-adj)
うつくしさ (noun-from-adj)
utsukushisa (noun-from-adj)

[ɯ̟t͡sɨ̥kɯ̟ɕiː]

From the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of Early Middle Japanese adjective 美し (utsukushi), with the medial /-k-/ falling out. Most likely related to 厳しい (itsukushii, “beautiful, pretty”).

ja-adj-shiku

(archaic, Classical Japanese) adorable, beloved


います

imasu (romanization)
いまさ (irrealis stem)
imasa (irrealis stem)
いまし (continuative stem)
imasi (continuative stem)
います (stem terminative)
imasu (stem terminative)
います (attributive stem)
imasu (attributive stem)
いませ (realis stem)
imase (realis stem)
いませ (imperative stem)
imase (imperative stem)
いまさず (negative)
imasazu (negative)
いませど (contrastive)
imasedo (contrastive)
いませば (causative)
imaseba (causative)
いまさば (conditional)
imasaba (conditional)
いましき (past)
imasiki (past)
いましけり (past)
imasikeri (past)
いましつ (perfect)
imasitu (perfect)
いましぬ (perfect)
imasinu (perfect)
いませり (continuative perfect)
いましたり (continuative perfect)
imaseri (continuative perfect)
imasitari (continuative perfect)
いまさむ (volitional)
imasamu (volitional)


詠む

詠む (canonical)
nagamu (romanization)
詠め (irrealis stem)
ながめ (irrealis stem)
nagame (irrealis)
詠め (continuative stem)
ながめ (continuative stem)
nagame (continuative)
詠む (stem terminative)
ながむ (stem terminative)
nagamu (terminative)
詠むる (attributive stem)
ながむる (attributive stem)
nagamuru (attributive)
詠むれ (realis stem)
ながむれ (realis stem)
nagamure (realis)
詠めよ (imperative stem)
ながめよ (imperative stem)
nagameyo (imperative)
詠めず (negative)
ながめず (negative)
nagamezu (negative)
詠むれど (contrastive)
ながむれど (contrastive)
nagamuredo (contrastive)
詠むれば (causative)
ながむれば (causative)
nagamureba (causative)
詠めば (conditional)
ながめば (conditional)
nagameba (conditional)
詠めき (past)
ながめき (past)
nagameki (past)
詠めけり (past)
ながめけり (past)
nagamekeri (past)
詠めつ (perfect)
ながめつ (perfect)
nagametu (perfect)
詠めぬ (perfect)
ながめぬ (perfect)
nagamenu (perfect)
詠めたり (continuative perfect)
ながめたり (continuative perfect)
nagametari (continuative perfect)
詠めむ (volitional)
ながめむ (volitional)
nagamemu (volitional)

(Classical Japanese, archaic) to chant a poem

(Classical Japanese, archaic) to compose a poem


あまねし

Unclear. The initial element ama- may be related to 数多(あまた) (amata), 余(あま)る (amaru), and 余(あま)す (amasu).
Almost certainly related to 多(まね)し (maneshi) and さまねし (samaneshi). One theory suggests a relationship with Korean 많- (man-, “to be many”) through Middle Korean 만〯 (Yale: mǎn), where 多(まね)し (maneshi) would be the base form whilst あまねし (amaneshi) and さまねし (samaneshi) would be forms that have a prefix attached. However, this theory is problematic for several reasons:
* The relationship with ama- described above.
* Whilst さ (sa) in さまねし (samaneshi) is likely the beautification prefix さ (sa-), as seen in 彷徨(さまよ)う (samayou) and さ寝(ぬ) (sanu), there is no such etymologically regularly seen and semantically consistent prefix *あ (a-) known.
* Middle Korean 만〯 (Yale: mǎn) is usually, though somewhat speculatively, connected to Sino-Korean 萬 (mǎn, “ten thousand; myriad; (figuratively) countless”). This form displaced native 하다〮 (Yale: hàtá, “to be many”), the older form, which would more likely be the form that would have some sort of genetic or loanword relationship with Japanese.


心得

ja-verb

心(こころ)得(う) or 心(こころ)得(ゆ) • (kokorou or kokoroyu) ^†nidan

心得 (canonical)
心得 (canonical)
kokorou (romanization)
kokoroyu (romanization)
心得 (irrealis stem)
こころえ (irrealis stem)
kokoroe (irrealis)
心得 (continuative stem)
こころえ (continuative stem)
kokoroe (continuative)
心得 (stem terminative)
こころう (stem terminative)
kokorou (terminative)
心得る (attributive stem)
こころうる (attributive stem)
kokorouru (attributive)
心得れ (realis stem)
こころうれ (realis stem)
kokoroure (realis)
心得よ (imperative stem)
こころえよ (imperative stem)
kokoroeyo (imperative)
心得ず (negative)
こころえず (negative)
kokoroezu (negative)
心得れど (contrastive)
こころうれど (contrastive)
kokorouredo (contrastive)
心得れば (causative)
こころうれば (causative)
kokoroureba (causative)
心得ば (conditional)
こころえば (conditional)
kokoroeba (conditional)
心得き (past)
こころえき (past)
kokoroeki (past)
心得けり (past)
こころえけり (past)
kokoroekeri (past)
心得つ (perfect)
こころえつ (perfect)
kokoroetu (perfect)
心得ぬ (perfect)
こころえぬ (perfect)
kokoroenu (perfect)
心得たり (continuative perfect)
こころえたり (continuative perfect)
kokoroetari (continuative perfect)
心得む (volitional)
こころえむ (volitional)
kokoroemu (volitional)
心得 (irrealis stem)
こころえ (irrealis stem)
kokoroe (irrealis)
心得 (continuative stem)
こころえ (continuative stem)
kokoroe (continuative)
心得 (stem terminative)
こころゆ (stem terminative)
kokoroyu (terminative)
心得る (attributive stem)
こころゆる (attributive stem)
kokoroyuru (attributive)
心得れ (realis stem)
こころゆれ (realis stem)
kokoroyure (realis)
心得よ (imperative stem)
こころえよ (imperative stem)
kokoroeyo (imperative)
心得ず (negative)
こころえず (negative)
kokoroezu (negative)
心得れど (contrastive)
こころゆれど (contrastive)
kokoroyuredo (contrastive)
心得れば (causative)
こころゆれば (causative)
kokoroyureba (causative)
心得ば (conditional)
こころえば (conditional)
kokoroeba (conditional)
心得き (past)
こころえき (past)
kokoroeki (past)
心得けり (past)
こころえけり (past)
kokoroekeri (past)
心得つ (perfect)
こころえつ (perfect)
kokoroetu (perfect)
心得ぬ (perfect)
こころえぬ (perfect)
kokoroenu (perfect)
心得たり (continuative perfect)
こころえたり (continuative perfect)
kokoroetari (continuative perfect)
心得む (volitional)
こころえむ (volitional)
kokoroemu (volitional)

心(こころ) (kokoro, “heart”) + 得(う) (u, Classical Japanese form of 得(え)る (eru, “to get”))

com-ja

Classical Japanese form of 心得る (kokoroeru)


とめる

tomeru (romanization)
とめる (hiragana historical)

(Classical Japanese or literary) adnominal perfect-continuative of とむ; adnominal of とめり (nemureri)


去ぬ

ja-verb

去(い)ぬ • (inu) intransitive godan (stem 去(い)に (ini), past 去(い)んだ (inda))

去ぬ (canonical)
inu (romanization)
去に (stem)
去んだ (past)
去な
いな
ina
去に
いに
ini
去ぬ
いぬ
inu
去ね
いね
ine
去なれる (passive)
いなれる (passive)
inareru (passive)
去なせる (causative)
去なす (causative)
いなせる (causative)
いなす (causative)
inaseru (causative)
inasu (causative)
去ねる (potential)
いねる (potential)
ineru (potential)
去のう (volitional)
いのう (volitional)
inō (volitional)
去なない (negative)
いなない (negative)
inanai (negative)
去なず (continuative negative)
いなず (continuative negative)
inazu (continuative negative)
去にます (formal)
いにます (formal)
inimasu (formal)
去んだ (perfective)
いんだ (perfective)
inda (perfective)
去んで (conjunctive)
いんで (conjunctive)
inde (conjunctive)
去ねば (conditional hypothetical)
いねば (conditional hypothetical)
ineba (conditional hypothetical)
去な (irrealis stem)
いな (irrealis stem)
ina (irrealis)
去に (continuative stem)
いに (continuative stem)
ini (continuative)
去ぬ (stem terminative)
いぬ (stem terminative)
inu (terminative)
去ぬる (attributive stem)
いぬる (attributive stem)
inuru (attributive)
去ぬれ (realis stem)
いぬれ (realis stem)
inure (realis)
去ね (imperative stem)
いね (imperative stem)
ine (imperative)
去なず (negative)
いなず (negative)
inazu (negative)
去ぬれど (contrastive)
いぬれど (contrastive)
inuredo (contrastive)
去ぬれば (causative)
いぬれば (causative)
inureba (causative)
去なば (conditional)
いなば (conditional)
inaba (conditional)
去にき (past)
いにき (past)
iniki (past)
去にけり (past)
いにけり (past)
inikeri (past)
去につ (perfect)
いにつ (perfect)
initu (perfect)
去にぬ (perfect)
いにぬ (perfect)
ininu (perfect)
去にたり (continuative perfect)
いにたり (continuative perfect)
initari (continuative perfect)
去なむ (volitional)
いなむ (volitional)
inamu (volitional)

10th century, chapter 1, in Ise Monogatari, page 79:

昔、男、初冠して、平城の京、春日の里にしるよしして、狩に往にけり。

Mukashi, otoko, uikōburi shite, Heijō no kyō, Kasuga no sato ni shiruyoshishite, kari ni inikeri.

A long time ago, a man came of age. In order to acquaint himself with Kasuga Village in Heijō-kyō, he left to hunt.

(Classical Japanese or Kansai, Chūgoku, Shikoku) to go; to leave

古

the past; ancient times; that which has passed


わかる

wakaru (romanization)
わかれ (irrealis stem)
wakare (irrealis stem)
わかれ (continuative stem)
wakare (continuative stem)
わかる (stem terminative)
wakaru (stem terminative)
わかるる (attributive stem)
wakaruru (attributive stem)
わかるれ (realis stem)
wakarure (realis stem)
わかれよ (imperative stem)
wakareyo (imperative stem)
わかれず (negative)
wakarezu (negative)
わかるれど (contrastive)
wakaruredo (contrastive)
わかるれば (causative)
wakarureba (causative)
わかれば (conditional)
wakareba (conditional)
わかれき (past)
wakareki (past)
わかれけり (past)
wakarekeri (past)
わかれつ (perfect)
wakaretu (perfect)
わかれぬ (perfect)
wakarenu (perfect)
わかれたり (continuative perfect)
wakaretari (continuative perfect)
わかれむ (volitional)
wakaremu (volitional)

[β̞a̠ka̠ɾɯ̟]

Classical Japanese form of わかれる (wakareru): to split, to fork, to branch off


公道

公道 (canonical)
kōtō (romanization)
公道なら (irrealis stem)
こうとうなら (irrealis stem)
koutounara (irrealis)
公道に (continuative stem)
公道なり (continuative stem)
こうとうに (continuative stem)
こうとうなり (continuative stem)
koutouni (continuative)
koutounari (continuative)
公道なり (stem terminative)
こうとうなり (stem terminative)
koutounari (terminative)
公道なる (attributive stem)
こうとうなる (attributive stem)
koutounaru (attributive)
公道なれ (realis stem)
こうとうなれ (realis stem)
koutounare (realis)
公道なれ (imperative stem)
こうとうなれ (imperative stem)
koutounare (imperative)
公道ならず (negative)
こうとうならず (negative)
koutounarazu (negative)
公道なれど (contrastive)
こうとうなれど (contrastive)
koutounaredo (contrastive)
公道なれば (causative)
こうとうなれば (causative)
koutounareba (causative)
公道ならば (conditional)
こうとうならば (conditional)
koutounaraba (conditional)
公道なりき (past)
こうとうなりき (past)
koutounariki (past)
公道なりけり (past)
こうとうなりけり (past)
koutounarikeri (past)
公道に (adverbial)
こうとうに (adverbial)
koutouni (adverbial)


沢山

[ta̠kɯ̟̊sã̠ɴ]

First appears in The Tale of the Heike (c. late 12th century).
Origin unknown, kanji spelling appears to be phonetic ateji (当て字)


いで

(Classical Japanese) Attaches to the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of verbs to form the negative conjunctive, equivalent to modern ないで (-naide).


難し

難し (canonical)
katashi (romanization)
難く (irrealis stem)
難から (irrealis stem)
かたく (irrealis stem)
かたから (irrealis stem)
kataku (irrealis)
katakara (irrealis)
難く (continuative stem)
難かり (continuative stem)
かたく (continuative stem)
かたかり (continuative stem)
kataku (continuative)
katakari (continuative)
難し (stem terminative)
かたし (stem terminative)
katasi (terminative)
難き (attributive stem)
難かる (attributive stem)
かたき (attributive stem)
かたかる (attributive stem)
kataki (attributive)
katakaru (attributive)
難けれ (realis stem)
かたけれ (realis stem)
katakere (realis)
難かれ (imperative stem)
かたかれ (imperative stem)
katakare (imperative)
難からず (negative)
かたからず (negative)
katakarazu (negative)
難けれど (contrastive)
かたけれど (contrastive)
katakeredo (contrastive)
難ければ (causative)
かたければ (causative)
katakereba (causative)
難くば (conditional)
かたくば (conditional)
katakuba (conditional)
難かりき (past)
かたかりき (past)
katakariki (past)
難かりけり (past)
かたかりけり (past)
katakarikeri (past)
難く (adverbial)
かたく (adverbial)
kataku (adverbial)

Classical Japanese form of 難い (katai, “difficult”)


難し

難し (canonical)
-gatashi (romanization)
難く (irrealis stem)
難から (irrealis stem)
がたく (irrealis stem)
がたから (irrealis stem)
-gataku (irrealis)
-gatakara (irrealis)
難く (continuative stem)
難かり (continuative stem)
がたく (continuative stem)
がたかり (continuative stem)
-gataku (continuative)
-gatakari (continuative)
難し (stem terminative)
がたし (stem terminative)
-gatasi (terminative)
難き (attributive stem)
難かる (attributive stem)
がたき (attributive stem)
がたかる (attributive stem)
-gataki (attributive)
-gatakaru (attributive)
難けれ (realis stem)
がたけれ (realis stem)
-gatakere (realis)
難かれ (imperative stem)
がたかれ (imperative stem)
-gatakare (imperative)
難からず (negative)
がたからず (negative)
-gatakarazu (negative)
難けれど (contrastive)
がたけれど (contrastive)
-gatakeredo (contrastive)
難ければ (causative)
がたければ (causative)
-gatakereba (causative)
難くば (conditional)
がたくば (conditional)
-gatakuba (conditional)
難かりき (past)
がたかりき (past)
-gatakariki (past)
難かりけり (past)
がたかりけり (past)
-gatakarikeri (past)
難く (adverbial)
がたく (adverbial)
-gataku (adverbial)

Classical Japanese form of 難い (-gatai, “difficult to do”)


ひさく

hisaku (romanization)
ひさか (irrealis stem)
fisaka (irrealis stem)
ひさき (continuative stem)
fisaki (continuative stem)
ひさく (stem terminative)
fisaku (stem terminative)
ひさく (attributive stem)
fisaku (attributive stem)
ひさけ (realis stem)
fisake (realis stem)
ひさけ (imperative stem)
fisake (imperative stem)
ひさかず (negative)
fisakazu (negative)
ひさけど (contrastive)
fisakedo (contrastive)
ひさけば (causative)
fisakeba (causative)
ひさかば (conditional)
fisakaba (conditional)
ひさきき (past)
fisakiki (past)
ひさきけり (past)
fisakikeri (past)
ひさきつ (perfect)
fisakitu (perfect)
ひさきぬ (perfect)
fisakinu (perfect)
ひさけり (continuative perfect)
ひさきたり (continuative perfect)
fisakeri (continuative perfect)
fisakitari (continuative perfect)
ひさかむ (volitional)
fisakamu (volitional)

Classical Japanese form of ひさぐ (hisagu, “to sell”, godan verb)


守らう

守(まも)らう • (mamorau) ^(←まもらふ (mamorafu)?)transitive ^†nidan

守らう (canonical)
mamorau (romanization)
mamorafu (romanization)

/mamorapu/ → /mamoraɸu/ → */mamorawu/ → /mamorau/
Compound of 守ら (mamora-, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of the verb 守る (mamoru, “to watch over; to protect”)) + ふ (-pu, classical ふ (fu), modern う (u), denoting repetition, continuation, or ongoing state).
First cited to the Kojiki of 712 CE.

suffix

(Classical Japanese) to be watching continuously, to be on watch repeatedly, to be on look out

(Classical Japanese) to protect something, to take care of something


守らう

ja-verb

守(まぼ)らう • (maborau) ^(←まぼらふ (maborafu)?)transitive ^†nidan

守らう (canonical)
maborau (romanization)
maborafu (romanization)

/maboraɸu/ → */maborawu/ → /maborau/
Compound of 守ら (mabora-, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of the verb 守る (maboru, “to watch over; to protect”)) + ふ (-pu, classical ふ (fu), modern う (u), denoting repetition, continuation, or ongoing state).
First cited to the Utsubo Monogatari of the late 900s.


守らう

ja-verb

守(も)らう • (morau) ^(←もらふ (morafu)?)transitive ^†yodan

守らう (canonical)
morau (romanization)
morafu (romanization)

/moraɸu/ → */morawu/ → /morau/
Compound of 守ら (mora-, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of the verb 守る (moru, “to watch; to stand watch”)) + ふ (-pu, classical ふ (fu), modern う (u), denoting repetition, continuation, or ongoing state).
First cited to the early 800s.


居り

居り (canonical)
ori (romanization)
wori (romanization)
居ら (irrealis stem)
おら (irrealis stem)
ora (irrealis)
居り (continuative stem)
おり (continuative stem)
ori (continuative)
居り (stem terminative)
おり (stem terminative)
ori (terminative)
居る (attributive stem)
おる (attributive stem)
oru (attributive)
居れ (realis stem)
おれ (realis stem)
ore (realis)
居れ (imperative stem)
おれ (imperative stem)
ore (imperative)
居らず (negative)
おらず (negative)
orazu (negative)
居れど (contrastive)
おれど (contrastive)
oredo (contrastive)
居れば (causative)
おれば (causative)
oreba (causative)
居らば (conditional)
おらば (conditional)
oraba (conditional)
居りき (past)
おりき (past)
oriki (past)
居りけり (past)
おりけり (past)
orikeri (past)
居りつ (perfect)
おりつ (perfect)
oritu (perfect)
居りぬ (perfect)
おりぬ (perfect)
orinu (perfect)
居りたり (continuative perfect)
おりたり (continuative perfect)
oritari (continuative perfect)
居らむ (volitional)
おらむ (volitional)
oramu (volitional)

/wori/ → /ori/.
The Classical and Old Japanese form of modern verb おる (oru, “to exist, to be”).

Classical Japanese form of おる (oru): to exist, to be, to sit


憩う

ja-verb

憩(いこ)う • (ikou) ^(←いこふ (ikofu)?)transitive ^†yodan

憩う (canonical)
ikou (romanization)
ikofu (romanization)
憩は (irrealis stem)
いこは (irrealis stem)
ikofa (irrealis)
憩ひ (continuative stem)
いこひ (continuative stem)
ikofi (continuative)
憩ふ (stem terminative)
いこふ (stem terminative)
ikofu (terminative)
憩ふ (attributive stem)
いこふ (attributive stem)
ikofu (attributive)
憩へ (realis stem)
いこへ (realis stem)
ikofe (realis)
憩へ (imperative stem)
いこへ (imperative stem)
ikofe (imperative)
憩はず (negative)
いこはず (negative)
ikofazu (negative)
憩へど (contrastive)
いこへど (contrastive)
ikofedo (contrastive)
憩へば (causative)
いこへば (causative)
ikofeba (causative)
憩はば (conditional)
いこはば (conditional)
ikofaba (conditional)
憩ひき (past)
いこひき (past)
ikofiki (past)
憩ひけり (past)
いこひけり (past)
ikofikeri (past)
憩ひつ (perfect)
いこひつ (perfect)
ikofitu (perfect)
憩ひぬ (perfect)
いこひぬ (perfect)
ikofinu (perfect)
憩へり (continuative perfect)
憩ひたり (continuative perfect)
いこへり (continuative perfect)
いこひたり (continuative perfect)
ikoferi (continuative perfect)
ikofitari (continuative perfect)
憩はむ (volitional)
いこはむ (volitional)
ikofamu (volitional)

Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Ryōiki
Nihon Shoki

From Old Japanese. Attested in the Nihon Ryōiki (810-824). Also cited to the Nihon Shoki of 720, however, that may only be traceable to supplemental glosses added later to the kanbun original. In turn, from Proto-Japonic *yukəpu.
Considering the senses, and that the alternative kanji spelling with 息 was used for the Nihon Shoki kana gloss attestation, the term is likely derived from, or otherwise related to, 息 (iki, “breath, breathing”).

(Classical Japanese, archaic, possibly obsolete) to give someone a break, to make someone rest


憩う

憩(いこ)う • (ikou) ^(←いこふ (ikofu)?)transitive ^†nidan

憩う (canonical)
ikou (romanization)
ikofu (romanization)
憩へ (irrealis stem)
いこへ (irrealis stem)
ikofe (irrealis)
憩へ (continuative stem)
いこへ (continuative stem)
ikofe (continuative)
憩ふ (stem terminative)
いこふ (stem terminative)
ikofu (terminative)
憩ふる (attributive stem)
いこふる (attributive stem)
ikofuru (attributive)
憩ふれ (realis stem)
いこふれ (realis stem)
ikofure (realis)
憩へよ (imperative stem)
いこへよ (imperative stem)
ikofeyo (imperative)
憩へず (negative)
いこへず (negative)
ikofezu (negative)
憩ふれど (contrastive)
いこふれど (contrastive)
ikofuredo (contrastive)
憩ふれば (causative)
いこふれば (causative)
ikofureba (causative)
憩へば (conditional)
いこへば (conditional)
ikofeba (conditional)
憩へき (past)
いこへき (past)
ikofeki (past)
憩へけり (past)
いこへけり (past)
ikofekeri (past)
憩へつ (perfect)
いこへつ (perfect)
ikofetu (perfect)
憩へぬ (perfect)
いこへぬ (perfect)
ikofenu (perfect)
憩へたり (continuative perfect)
いこへたり (continuative perfect)
ikofetari (continuative perfect)
憩へむ (volitional)
いこへむ (volitional)
ikofemu (volitional)


ひろし

hiroshi (romanization)
ひろく (irrealis stem)
ひろから (irrealis stem)
firoku (irrealis stem)
firokara (irrealis stem)
ひろく (continuative stem)
ひろかり (continuative stem)
firoku (continuative stem)
firokari (continuative stem)
ひろし (stem terminative)
firosi (stem terminative)
ひろき (attributive stem)
ひろかる (attributive stem)
firoki (attributive stem)
firokaru (attributive stem)
ひろけれ (realis stem)
firokere (realis stem)
ひろかれ (imperative stem)
firokare (imperative stem)
ひろからず (negative)
firokarazu (negative)
ひろけれど (contrastive)
firokeredo (contrastive)
ひろければ (causative)
firokereba (causative)
ひろくば (conditional)
firokuba (conditional)
ひろかりき (past)
firokariki (past)
ひろかりけり (past)
firokarikeri (past)
ひろく (adverbial)
firoku (adverbial)

世界広しと言えども

(modern language, literary) although the world is vast

広し: Classical Japanese and literary form of ひろい (hiroi)


つよし

tsuyoshi (romanization)
tuyosi (romanization)
つよく (irrealis stem)
つよから (irrealis stem)
tuyoku (irrealis stem)
tuyokara (irrealis stem)
つよく (continuative stem)
つよかり (continuative stem)
tuyoku (continuative stem)
tuyokari (continuative stem)
つよし (stem terminative)
tuyosi (stem terminative)
つよき (attributive stem)
つよかる (attributive stem)
tuyoki (attributive stem)
tuyokaru (attributive stem)
つよけれ (realis stem)
tuyokere (realis stem)
つよかれ (imperative stem)
tuyokare (imperative stem)
つよからず (negative)
tuyokarazu (negative)
つよけれど (contrastive)
tuyokeredo (contrastive)
つよければ (causative)
tuyokereba (causative)
つよくば (conditional)
tuyokuba (conditional)
つよかりき (past)
tuyokariki (past)
つよかりけり (past)
tuyokarikeri (past)
つよく (adverbial)
tuyoku (adverbial)


ちかし

ja-adj

ちかし • (chikashi) ^(←ちかし (tikasi)?)^†-shiku

chikashi (romanization)
tikasi (romanization)
ちかしく (irrealis stem)
ちかしから (irrealis stem)
tikasiku (irrealis stem)
tikasikara (irrealis stem)
ちかしく (continuative stem)
ちかしかり (continuative stem)
tikasiku (continuative stem)
tikasikari (continuative stem)
ちかし (stem terminative)
tikasi (stem terminative)
ちかしき (attributive stem)
ちかしかる (attributive stem)
tikasiki (attributive stem)
tikasikaru (attributive stem)
ちかしけれ (realis stem)
tikasikere (realis stem)
ちかしかれ (imperative stem)
tikasikare (imperative stem)
ちかしからず (negative)
tikasikarazu (negative)
ちかしけれど (contrastive)
tikasikeredo (contrastive)
ちかしければ (causative)
tikasikereba (causative)
ちかしくば (conditional)
tikasikuba (conditional)
ちかしかりき (past)
tikasikariki (past)
ちかしかりけり (past)
tikasikarikeri (past)
ちかしく (adverbial)
tikasiku (adverbial)

Classical Japanese form of ちかしい (chikashii)


ちかし

chikashi (romanization)
tikasi (romanization)
ちかく (irrealis stem)
ちかから (irrealis stem)
tikaku (irrealis stem)
tikakara (irrealis stem)
ちかく (continuative stem)
ちかかり (continuative stem)
tikaku (continuative stem)
tikakari (continuative stem)
ちかし (stem terminative)
tikasi (stem terminative)
ちかき (attributive stem)
ちかかる (attributive stem)
tikaki (attributive stem)
tikakaru (attributive stem)
ちかけれ (realis stem)
tikakere (realis stem)
ちかかれ (imperative stem)
tikakare (imperative stem)
ちかからず (negative)
tikakarazu (negative)
ちかけれど (contrastive)
tikakeredo (contrastive)
ちかければ (causative)
tikakereba (causative)
ちかくば (conditional)
tikakuba (conditional)
ちかかりき (past)
tikakariki (past)
ちかかりけり (past)
tikakarikeri (past)
ちかく (adverbial)
tikaku (adverbial)


ひろむ

hiromu (romanization)
ひろめ (irrealis stem)
firome (irrealis stem)
ひろめ (continuative stem)
firome (continuative stem)
ひろむ (stem terminative)
firomu (stem terminative)
ひろむる (attributive stem)
firomuru (attributive stem)
ひろむれ (realis stem)
firomure (realis stem)
ひろめよ (imperative stem)
firomeyo (imperative stem)
ひろめず (negative)
firomezu (negative)
ひろむれど (contrastive)
firomuredo (contrastive)
ひろむれば (causative)
firomureba (causative)
ひろめば (conditional)
firomeba (conditional)
ひろめき (past)
firomeki (past)
ひろめけり (past)
firomekeri (past)
ひろめつ (perfect)
firometu (perfect)
ひろめぬ (perfect)
firomenu (perfect)
ひろめたり (continuative perfect)
firometari (continuative perfect)
ひろめむ (volitional)
firomemu (volitional)

Related to the adjective ひろい (hiroi, “wide, broad”), eventually from Proto-Japonic *pirə.
Ending む, may be related to the む seen in other verbalized adjectives, such as 悲しむ, 楽しむ, or 痛む, and also to the nominalizing suffix み.

(Classical Japanese, archaic) to broaden; to widen

(Classical Japanese, archaic) to spread; to disseminate


任す

任す (canonical)
makasu (romanization)
任せ (irrealis stem)
まかせ (irrealis stem)
makase (irrealis)
任せ (continuative stem)
まかせ (continuative stem)
makase (continuative)
任す (stem terminative)
まかす (stem terminative)
makasu (terminative)
任する (attributive stem)
まかする (attributive stem)
makasuru (attributive)
任すれ (realis stem)
まかすれ (realis stem)
makasure (realis)
任せよ (imperative stem)
まかせよ (imperative stem)
makaseyo (imperative)
任せず (negative)
まかせず (negative)
makasezu (negative)
任すれど (contrastive)
まかすれど (contrastive)
makasuredo (contrastive)
任すれば (causative)
まかすれば (causative)
makasureba (causative)
任せば (conditional)
まかせば (conditional)
makaseba (conditional)
任せき (past)
まかせき (past)
makaseki (past)
任せけり (past)
まかせけり (past)
makasekeri (past)
任せつ (perfect)
まかせつ (perfect)
makasetu (perfect)
任せぬ (perfect)
まかせぬ (perfect)
makasenu (perfect)
任せたり (continuative perfect)
まかせたり (continuative perfect)
makasetari (continuative perfect)
任せむ (volitional)
まかせむ (volitional)
makasemu (volitional)

Classical Japanese form of 任せる (makaseru)


佳美

(Classical Japanese, literary) beautiful


あらず

Daijirin
Kokin Wakashū
Man'yōshū
The Pillow Book

From Old Japanese. As a basic verb form, attested in ancient sources such as the Man'yōshū of 759.
The interjection senses appear later in the historical record, with the no, wrong sense attested from around the late 800s in the Kokin Wakashū as a shortening of the phrase さにはあらず (sa ni wa arazu, literally “it's not like that”), and the never mind sense attested from roughly the late 900s as recorded in The Pillow Book.
Derived from the copula あり (ari) as the regular negative form, from the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis conjugation”) of ara- + negative auxiliary suffix ず (zu).

1888, 森鷗外『獨逸日記』
味は甚だ美ならず。然れども必ずしも厭嫌す可きに非ず。
Aji wa hanahada bi narazu. Shikaredomo kanarazu shimo enken subeki ni arazu.
The flavor is not very good. However, it is not necessarily [something] that should be detested.

1922, 富井政章『民法原論』
負担と条件とを識別することは実際困難なる場合なきに非ず。
Futan to jōken to o shikibetsu suru koto wa jissai konnan naru baai naki ni arazu.
Distinguishing responsibility and conditions is, in reality, not without difficult cases.

非ず, 有らず, 在らず: (Classical Japanese or literary) negative of あり


無し

無し (canonical)
nashi (romanization)
無く (irrealis stem)
無から (irrealis stem)
なく (irrealis stem)
なから (irrealis stem)
naku (irrealis)
nakara (irrealis)
無く (continuative stem)
無かり (continuative stem)
なく (continuative stem)
なかり (continuative stem)
naku (continuative)
nakari (continuative)
無し (stem terminative)
なし (stem terminative)
nasi (terminative)
無き (attributive stem)
無かる (attributive stem)
なき (attributive stem)
なかる (attributive stem)
naki (attributive)
nakaru (attributive)
無けれ (realis stem)
なけれ (realis stem)
nakere (realis)
無かれ (imperative stem)
なかれ (imperative stem)
nakare (imperative)
無からず (negative)
なからず (negative)
nakarazu (negative)
無けれど (contrastive)
なけれど (contrastive)
nakeredo (contrastive)
無ければ (causative)
なければ (causative)
nakereba (causative)
無くば (conditional)
なくば (conditional)
nakuba (conditional)
無かりき (past)
なかりき (past)
nakariki (past)
無かりけり (past)
なかりけり (past)
nakarikeri (past)
無く (adverbial)
なく (adverbial)
naku (adverbial)

Classical terminal form of the modern adjective 無(な)い (nai).

死人に口なし。

Classical Japanese and literary form of ない (nai)


はやし

hayashi (romanization)
はやく (irrealis stem)
はやから (irrealis stem)
fayaku (irrealis stem)
fayakara (irrealis stem)
はやく (continuative stem)
はやかり (continuative stem)
fayaku (continuative stem)
fayakari (continuative stem)
はやし (stem terminative)
fayasi (stem terminative)
はやき (attributive stem)
はやかる (attributive stem)
fayaki (attributive stem)
fayakaru (attributive stem)
はやけれ (realis stem)
fayakere (realis stem)
はやかれ (imperative stem)
fayakare (imperative stem)
はやからず (negative)
fayakarazu (negative)
はやけれど (contrastive)
fayakeredo (contrastive)
はやければ (causative)
fayakereba (causative)
はやくば (conditional)
fayakuba (conditional)
はやかりき (past)
fayakariki (past)
はやかりけり (past)
fayakarikeri (past)
はやく (adverbial)
fayaku (adverbial)

早し: (archaic, Classical Japanese) early (classical terminal form)

速し: (archaic, Classical Japanese) fast, quick (classical terminal form)


なり

nari (romanization)
なら (irrealis stem)
nara (irrealis stem)
に (continuative stem)
なり (continuative stem)
ni (continuative stem)
nari (continuative stem)
なり (stem terminative)
nari (stem terminative)
なる (attributive stem)
naru (attributive stem)
なれ (realis stem)
nare (realis stem)
なれ (imperative stem)
nare (imperative stem)
ならず (negative)
narazu (negative)
なれど (contrastive)
naredo (contrastive)
なれば (causative)
nareba (causative)
ならば (conditional)
naraba (conditional)
なりき (past)
nariki (past)
なりけり (past)
narikeri (past)
に (adverbial)
ni (adverbial)

/ni ari/ → /nari/
Contraction of older に (ni, case particle) + あり (ari, “to be, to exist”).

compound

偉大なる我が祖国

おのが身はこの国の人にもあらず、月の都の人なり。

c. late 9th-mid-10th century, Taketori Monogatari:

I am not one of this land, but [am] of the Moon Capital.

1900, “鉄道唱歌・東海道編 (Tetsudō shōka Tōkaidō-hen)”:

大阪出でて右左 菜種ならざる畑もなし

Ōsaka idete migihidari natane narazaru hata mo nashi

Exiting Osaka, fields to the left and right, none which are not rape

(Classical Japanese or literary) the classical copula “to be”, equivalent to modern Japanese である (de aru) or だ (da), or adjective particle な (na)


なり

なり (continuative stem)
nari (continuative stem)
なり (stem terminative)
nari (stem terminative)
なる (attributive stem)
naru (attributive stem)
なれ (realis stem)
nare (realis stem)

From Old Japanese なり (nari).
Thought to be a contraction of 音 (na, the bound apophonic form of 音 (ne), "sound") + あり (ari, “to be”).

com

the bound apophonic form of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">音</i> (ne), "sound"

c. 935, 土佐日記
男もすなる日記といふものを、女もしてみむとて、するなり。
Otoko mo sunaru nikki to ifu mono o, onna mo shite mimu tote, suru nari.
The so-called diaries that men are said to write - now, a woman will try her hand at writing one.

(Classical Japanese) A modal auxiliary verb indicating hearsay or conjecture based on what is heard: it sounds like; it is said that


かどう

ja-verb

かどう • (kadō) ^(←かどふ (kadofu)?)transitive

kadō (romanization)
kadofu (romanization)
かどは (irrealis stem)
kadofa (irrealis stem)
かどひ (continuative stem)
kadofi (continuative stem)
かどふ (stem terminative)
kadofu (stem terminative)
かどふ (attributive stem)
kadofu (attributive stem)
かどへ (realis stem)
kadofe (realis stem)
かどへ (imperative stem)
kadofe (imperative stem)
かどはず (negative)
kadofazu (negative)
かどへど (contrastive)
kadofedo (contrastive)
かどへば (causative)
kadofeba (causative)
かどはば (conditional)
kadofaba (conditional)
かどひき (past)
kadofiki (past)
かどひけり (past)
kadofikeri (past)
かどひつ (perfect)
kadofitu (perfect)
かどひぬ (perfect)
kadofinu (perfect)
かどへり (continuative perfect)
かどひたり (continuative perfect)
kadoferi (continuative perfect)
kadofitari (continuative perfect)
かどはむ (volitional)
kadofamu (volitional)

(The following entries do not have a page created for them yet: 化導, 火動, 火道, 家道.)


かどう

kadō (romanization)
かどへ (irrealis stem)
kadofe (irrealis stem)
かどへ (continuative stem)
kadofe (continuative stem)
かどふ (stem terminative)
kadofu (stem terminative)
かどふる (attributive stem)
kadofuru (attributive stem)
かどふれ (realis stem)
kadofure (realis stem)
かどへよ (imperative stem)
kadofeyo (imperative stem)
かどへず (negative)
kadofezu (negative)
かどふれど (contrastive)
kadofuredo (contrastive)
かどふれば (causative)
kadofureba (causative)
かどへば (conditional)
kadofeba (conditional)
かどへき (past)
kadofeki (past)
かどへけり (past)
kadofekeri (past)
かどへつ (perfect)
kadofetu (perfect)
かどへぬ (perfect)
kadofenu (perfect)
かどへたり (continuative perfect)
kadofetari (continuative perfect)
かどへむ (volitional)
kadofemu (volitional)

可動 稼働 河道 華道 花道 歌道 渦動 化導 火動 火道 家道 家僮


生まる

ja-verb

生(う)まる • (umaru) ^(←うまる (umaru)?)^†nidan

生まる (canonical)
umaru (romanization)
生まれ (irrealis stem)
うまれ (irrealis stem)
umare (irrealis)
生まれ (continuative stem)
うまれ (continuative stem)
umare (continuative)
生まる (stem terminative)
うまる (stem terminative)
umaru (terminative)
生まるる (attributive stem)
うまるる (attributive stem)
umaruru (attributive)
生まるれ (realis stem)
うまるれ (realis stem)
umarure (realis)
生まれよ (imperative stem)
うまれよ (imperative stem)
umareyo (imperative)
生まれず (negative)
うまれず (negative)
umarezu (negative)
生まるれど (contrastive)
うまるれど (contrastive)
umaruredo (contrastive)
生まるれば (causative)
うまるれば (causative)
umarureba (causative)
生まれば (conditional)
うまれば (conditional)
umareba (conditional)
生まれき (past)
うまれき (past)
umareki (past)
生まれけり (past)
うまれけり (past)
umarekeri (past)
生まれつ (perfect)
うまれつ (perfect)
umaretu (perfect)
生まれぬ (perfect)
うまれぬ (perfect)
umarenu (perfect)
生まれたり (continuative perfect)
うまれたり (continuative perfect)
umaretari (continuative perfect)
生まれむ (volitional)
うまれむ (volitional)
umaremu (volitional)

1874, Fukuzawa Yukichi, 学問のすすめ 八編
世に生まるる男女の数は同様なる理なり。
Yo ni umaruru danjo no kazu wa dōyō naru kotowari nari.
The numbers of the males and females born into this world are similar for reasons.


なつかし

なつかしい なつかしい#Japanese

Classical Japanese form of なつかしい (natsukashii, “dear, missed”)


ざり

-zari (romanization)
ざら (irrealis stem)
zara (irrealis stem)
ざり (continuative stem)
zari (continuative stem)
ざり (stem terminative)
zari (stem terminative)
ざる (attributive stem)
zaru (attributive stem)
ざれ (realis stem)
zare (realis stem)
ざれ (imperative stem)
zare (imperative stem)
ざらず (negative)
zarazu (negative)
ざれど (contrastive)
zaredo (contrastive)
ざれば (causative)
zareba (causative)
ざらば (conditional)
zaraba (conditional)
ざりき (past)
zariki (past)
ざりけり (past)
zarikeri (past)
ざりつ (perfect)
zaritu (perfect)
ざりぬ (perfect)
zarinu (perfect)
ざりたり (continuative perfect)
zaritari (continuative perfect)
ざらむ (volitional)
zaramu (volitional)

Contraction of ず (zu, negative continuative auxiliary) + あり (ari, “to be, to exist”).


けり

-keri (romanization)
けら (irrealis stem)
kera (irrealis stem)
けり (continuative stem)
keri (continuative stem)
けり (stem terminative)
keri (stem terminative)
ける (attributive stem)
keru (attributive stem)
けれ (realis stem)
kere (realis stem)
けれ (imperative stem)
kere (imperative stem)
けらず (negative)
kerazu (negative)
けれど (contrastive)
keredo (contrastive)
ければ (causative)
kereba (causative)
けらば (conditional)
keraba (conditional)
けりき (past)
keriki (past)
けりけり (past)
kerikeri (past)
けりつ (perfect)
keritu (perfect)
けりぬ (perfect)
kerinu (perfect)
けりたり (continuative perfect)
keritari (continuative perfect)
けらむ (volitional)
keramu (volitional)

⟨ki₁ ari⟩ → ⟨ke₁ri⟩ → */kʲeri/ → /keri/
From Old Japanese けり (ke₁ri).
Contraction of 来 (ki, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of classical verb 来 (ku), modern 来る (kuru), “to come”) + あり (ari, “to be”), or of き (-ki, the Old Japanese and classical Japanese verb auxiliary suffix indicating past recollection) + あり (ari, “to be”).
Although Japanese sources are consistent in listing past-recollective auxiliary suffix き (-ki) as a possible root, this auxiliary notably had no known 連用形 (ren'yōkei), the conjugation form required for an inflecting word (such as a verb or adjective) to compound with another inflecting word. Thus, the 来 (ki) derivation seems more likely.
The “ending” sense is an extension of the first suffix sense because it is often used at the end of a poem.

com

c. late 9th–mid-10th century, Taketori Monogatari
今は昔竹取の翁といふものありけり
ima wa mukashi taketori no okina to iu mono arikeri
Long ago there was an old man who cut bamboo.

(Classical Japanese) indicating past tense: -ed

ふるさととなりにし奈良の都にも色はかはらず花は咲きけり

furusato to narinishi Nara no miyako ni mo iro wa kawarazu hana wa sakikeri

Even in the capital of Nara, now an older town, the flowers bloomed just as colorfully, didn't they.

(Classical Japanese) indicating the speaker has just realized something


むす

ja-verb

むす • (musu) ^(←むす (musu)?)intransitive ^†yodan

musu (romanization)
むさ (irrealis stem)
musa (irrealis stem)
むし (continuative stem)
musi (continuative stem)
むす (stem terminative)
musu (stem terminative)
むす (attributive stem)
musu (attributive stem)
むせ (realis stem)
muse (realis stem)
むせ (imperative stem)
muse (imperative stem)
むさず (negative)
musazu (negative)
むせど (contrastive)
musedo (contrastive)
むせば (causative)
museba (causative)
むさば (conditional)
musaba (conditional)
むしき (past)
musiki (past)
むしけり (past)
musikeri (past)
むしつ (perfect)
musitu (perfect)
むしぬ (perfect)
musinu (perfect)
むせり (continuative perfect)
むしたり (continuative perfect)
museri (continuative perfect)
musitari (continuative perfect)
むさむ (volitional)
musamu (volitional)

苔の生すまで

Kimigayo (original poem by an anonymous Heian-era author)

山行かば 草生す屍

Umi Yukaba (original poem by Ōtomo no Yakamochi)

if I go to the mountains, my corpse shall grow grass


真青

ja-adj

真(ま)青(さお) • (masao) ^(←まさを (masawo)?)^†-nari

真青 (canonical)
masao (romanization)
masawo (romanization)
真青なら (irrealis stem)
まさおなら (irrealis stem)
masaonara (irrealis)
真青に (continuative stem)
真青なり (continuative stem)
まさおに (continuative stem)
まさおなり (continuative stem)
masaoni (continuative)
masaonari (continuative)
真青なり (stem terminative)
まさおなり (stem terminative)
masaonari (terminative)
真青なる (attributive stem)
まさおなる (attributive stem)
masaonaru (attributive)
真青なれ (realis stem)
まさおなれ (realis stem)
masaonare (realis)
真青なれ (imperative stem)
まさおなれ (imperative stem)
masaonare (imperative)
真青ならず (negative)
まさおならず (negative)
masaonarazu (negative)
真青なれど (contrastive)
まさおなれど (contrastive)
masaonaredo (contrastive)
真青なれば (causative)
まさおなれば (causative)
masaonareba (causative)
真青ならば (conditional)
まさおならば (conditional)
masaonaraba (conditional)
真青なりき (past)
まさおなりき (past)
masaonariki (past)
真青なりけり (past)
まさおなりけり (past)
masaonarikeri (past)
真青に (adverbial)
まさおに (adverbial)
masaoni (adverbial)

Compound of 真 (ma, “true, real, pure”) + さ青 (sao, “quite blue”). In turn, the sao reflects Old Japanese さ青 (sawo), itself from mild emphatic prefix Old Japanese さ (sa-) + 青 (awo), with the identical medial vowels merging to avoid hiatus.
First attested in a text from 1120.
Superseded in modern usage by geminated version 真っ青 (massao).

compound

(archaic, Classical Japanese) deep blue, purely or entirely blue


真青

真青 (canonical)
masao (romanization)
masawo (romanization)
まさを (hiragana historical)

(archaic, Classical Japanese) a deep blue, a pure blue


真青

ja-adj

真(ま)青(あお) • (maao) ^(←まあを (maawo)?)^†-nari

真青 (canonical)
maao (romanization)
maawo (romanization)
真青なら (irrealis stem)
まあおなら (irrealis stem)
maaonara (irrealis)
真青に (continuative stem)
真青なり (continuative stem)
まあおに (continuative stem)
まあおなり (continuative stem)
maaoni (continuative)
maaonari (continuative)
真青なり (stem terminative)
まあおなり (stem terminative)
maaonari (terminative)
真青なる (attributive stem)
まあおなる (attributive stem)
maaonaru (attributive)
真青なれ (realis stem)
まあおなれ (realis stem)
maaonare (realis)
真青なれ (imperative stem)
まあおなれ (imperative stem)
maaonare (imperative)
真青ならず (negative)
まあおならず (negative)
maaonarazu (negative)
真青なれど (contrastive)
まあおなれど (contrastive)
maaonaredo (contrastive)
真青なれば (causative)
まあおなれば (causative)
maaonareba (causative)
真青ならば (conditional)
まあおならば (conditional)
maaonaraba (conditional)
真青なりき (past)
まあおなりき (past)
maaonariki (past)
真青なりけり (past)
まあおなりけり (past)
maaonarikeri (past)
真青に (adverbial)
まあおに (adverbial)
maaoni (adverbial)

Compound of 真 (ma, “true, real, pure”) + 青 (ao, “blue”). First cited to the early 1100s.


真青

真青 (canonical)
maao (romanization)
maawo (romanization)
まあを (hiragana historical)


うれし

ureshi (romanization)
うれしく (irrealis stem)
うれしから (irrealis stem)
おかしく (irrealis stem)
おかしから (irrealis stem)
okasiku (irrealis)
okasikara (irrealis)
うれしく (continuative stem)
うれしかり (continuative stem)
おかしく (continuative stem)
おかしかり (continuative stem)
okasiku (continuative)
okasikari (continuative)
うれし (stem terminative)
おかし (stem terminative)
okasi (terminative)
うれしき (attributive stem)
うれしかる (attributive stem)
おかしき (attributive stem)
おかしかる (attributive stem)
okasiki (attributive)
okasikaru (attributive)
うれしけれ (realis stem)
おかしけれ (realis stem)
okasikere (realis)
うれしかれ (imperative stem)
おかしかれ (imperative stem)
okasikare (imperative)
うれしからず (negative)
おかしからず (negative)
okasikarazu (negative)
うれしけれど (contrastive)
おかしけれど (contrastive)
okasikeredo (contrastive)
うれしければ (causative)
おかしければ (causative)
okasikereba (causative)
うれしくば (conditional)
おかしくば (conditional)
okasikuba (conditional)
うれしかりき (past)
おかしかりき (past)
okasikariki (past)
うれしかりけり (past)
おかしかりけり (past)
okasikarikeri (past)
うれしく (adverbial)
おかしく (adverbial)
okasiku (adverbial)

Classical Japanese form of うれしい (ureshii, “happy”)


祈ぐ

祈ぐ (canonical)
negu (romanization)
祈が (irrealis stem)
ねが (irrealis stem)
nega (irrealis)
祈ぎ (continuative stem)
ねぎ (continuative stem)
negi (continuative)
祈ぐ (stem terminative)
ねぐ (stem terminative)
negu (terminative)
祈ぐ (attributive stem)
ねぐ (attributive stem)
negu (attributive)
祈げ (realis stem)
ねげ (realis stem)
nege (realis)
祈げ (imperative stem)
ねげ (imperative stem)
nege (imperative)
祈がず (negative)
ねがず (negative)
negazu (negative)
祈げど (contrastive)
ねげど (contrastive)
negedo (contrastive)
祈げば (causative)
ねげば (causative)
negeba (causative)
祈がば (conditional)
ねがば (conditional)
negaba (conditional)
祈ぎき (past)
ねぎき (past)
negiki (past)
祈ぎけり (past)
ねぎけり (past)
negikeri (past)
祈ぎつ (perfect)
ねぎつ (perfect)
negitu (perfect)
祈ぎぬ (perfect)
ねぎぬ (perfect)
neginu (perfect)
祈げり (continuative perfect)
祈ぎたり (continuative perfect)
ねげり (continuative perfect)
ねぎたり (continuative perfect)
negeri (continuative perfect)
negitari (continuative perfect)
祈がむ (volitional)
ねがむ (volitional)
negamu (volitional)

Thought to be cognate with 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō) verb 労ぐ (negu, “to pray for blessings or protection”).

石上ふりにし戀の神さびてたゝるに我はねぎぞかねつる

c. 1005, Shūi Wakashū (book 14, poem 862)

iso-no-kami furi ni shi koi no kami-sabite tataru ni ware wa negi zo kane tsuru


けむ

-kemu (romanization)
けま (irrealis stem)
kema (irrealis stem)
けむ (stem terminative)
けん (stem terminative)
kemu (stem terminative)
ken (stem terminative)
けむ (attributive stem)
けん (attributive stem)
kemu (attributive stem)
ken (attributive stem)
けめ (realis stem)
keme (realis stem)

ja-conj-bungo

けま?The irrealis form of けま (kema) is only found in Old Japanese as part of the suffix けまく (kemaku).

Alexander Vovin
Daijisen
Heian period
Kojiki
Man'yōshū
Nara period
ja:松村明

⟨ke₁mu⟩ → */kʲemu/ → /kemu/
From Old Japanese けむ. Attested in the Kojiki of 712 and the Man'yōshū of 759 and earlier.
Various theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation of this auxiliary verb suffix.
* Compound of け (ke, a hypothetical 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or imperfective form”) of past-recollective auxiliary き (ki), usually found instead as せ (se)) + む (mu, suppositional auxiliary suffix).
: The ke conjugation for past-recollective き (ki) is only hypothetically considered to be the irrealis form. This ke is not found outside of a small handful of suffixes such as this けむ (kemu), its derivative けまく (kemaku), and separate けく (keku), and it remains largely unexplained. That said, the initial /s-/ ↔ /k-/ alternation exhibited in the better-documented conjugated forms is also largely unexplained.
* Compound of 来 (ki, “coming”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 来る (kuru, “to come”)) + 経 (he, “passing through, as of a process or time or place”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 経る (heru, “to pass through”)) + む (mu, suppositional auxiliary suffix).
:: */ki pe mu/ → */kifemu/? → */kiemu/ → /kemu/
: Due to the presence of initial /p-/ in the medial Old Japanese 経 (pe, continuative stem, terminal form was pu), the phonological shifts required for this derivation ultimately make this theory seem quite unlikely: linguists generally reconstruct initial /p-/ for Old Japanese and hold that this did not undergo lenition until the late Nara period (710–794) or early Heian period (794–1185), while ⟨ke₁mu⟩ → /kʲemu/ is already attested in the Kojiki of 712.
* Compound of き (ki, past-recollective auxiliary suffix) + あむ (amu, hypothetical earlier form of suppositional auxiliary suffix む (mu)).
:: */ki amu/ → */kiamu/ → /kʲemu/ → /kemu/
: This hypothetical reconstructed amu form for the suppositional suffix is favored by linguists such as Bjarke Frellesvig and Alexander Vovin.

compound

(Classical Japanese) used to make the past conjectural form of verbs

presents a supposition about a past event

presents a supposition about the cause of a past event


なかれ

From Old Japanese. First cited in the Man'yōshū, completed in 759.
The imperative form of the classical adjective 無し (nashi, “not”). Originally from fusion of adverbial なく (naku) + imperative copula あれ (are, “be”), resulting in a literal meaning of imperative "be not".

汝、殺すなかれ

己の欲せざる所、人に施すこと勿れ

Kanbun kundoku of the Analects of Confucius, XV.24

What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others

Onore no hossezaru tokoro, hito ni hodokosu koto nakare

(Classical Japanese or literary) must not; do not

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten


まるぶ

marubu (romanization)
まるば (irrealis stem)
maruba (irrealis stem)
まるび (continuative stem)
marubi (continuative stem)
まるぶ (stem terminative)
marubu (stem terminative)
まるぶ (attributive stem)
marubu (attributive stem)
まるべ (realis stem)
marube (realis stem)
まるべ (imperative stem)
marube (imperative stem)
まるばず (negative)
marubazu (negative)
まるべど (contrastive)
marubedo (contrastive)
まるべば (causative)
marubeba (causative)
まるばば (conditional)
marubaba (conditional)
まるびき (past)
marubiki (past)
まるびけり (past)
marubikeri (past)
まるびつ (perfect)
marubitu (perfect)
まるびぬ (perfect)
marubinu (perfect)
まるべり (continuative perfect)
まるびたり (continuative perfect)
maruberi (continuative perfect)
marubitari (continuative perfect)
まるばむ (volitional)
marubamu (volitional)

Attested from the Muromachi period in the 風姿花伝 (Fūshikaden), a seven-volume treatise on Noh completed around 1402.
Appears to be a variation from, or parallel form of, 転ぶ (marobu).
The Hachijō dialects are regarded as having evolved from the ancient eastern dialects exhibited in the Man'yōshū of c. 759 CE, indicating that this term is likely substantially older than the 1400s; possibly cognate with Okinawan まーすん (māsun).

(Classical Japanese) to roll or roll over; to fall over, to fall down, to capsize, to turn upside-down

Hachijō language
Man'yōshū
Muromachi period


たり

たら (irrealis stem)
tara (irrealis stem)
たり (continuative stem)
tari (continuative stem)
たり (stem terminative)
tari (stem terminative)
たる (attributive stem)
taru (attributive stem)
たれ (realis stem)
tare (realis stem)
たれ (imperative stem)
tare (imperative stem)

/-te ari/ → /-tari/
Contraction of て (te), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of the classical perfective つ (tsu), and あり (ari, “to be; to exist”).

時は来たり！

(Classical Japanese) Used to form the stative of verbs.


たり

tari (romanization)
たら (irrealis stem)
tara (irrealis stem)
と (continuative stem)
たり (continuative stem)
to (continuative stem)
tari (continuative stem)
たり (stem terminative)
tari (stem terminative)
たる (attributive stem)
taru (attributive stem)
たれ (realis stem)
tare (realis stem)
たれ (imperative stem)
tare (imperative stem)
たらず (negative)
tarazu (negative)
たれど (contrastive)
taredo (contrastive)
たれば (causative)
tareba (causative)
たらば (conditional)
taraba (conditional)
たりき (past)
tariki (past)
たりけり (past)
tarikeri (past)
と (adverbial)
to (adverbial)

/-to ari/ → /-tari/
Contraction of the case particle と (to) and the verb あり (ari, “to be; to exist”).

処女たる女神

一瞬たりともできない

(modern language, literary) cannot do it even for a moment


きこゆる

[kʲiko̞jɯ̟ɾɯ̟]


ばや

(Classical Japanese) Attaches to the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of verbs to form the optative: I wish to, I wish that


燻る

ja-verb

燻(いぶ)る • (iburu) godan (stem 燻(いぶ)り (iburi), past 燻(いぶ)った (ibutta))

燻る (canonical)
iburu (romanization)
燻り (stem)
燻った (past)
燻る (canonical)
iburu (romanization)


燻る

燻(くすぶ)る • (kusuburu) godan (stem 燻(くすぶ)り (kusuburi), past 燻(くすぶ)った (kusubutta))

燻る (canonical)
kusuburu (romanization)
燻り (stem)
燻った (past)
燻る (canonical)
kusuburu (romanization)

[kɯ̟sɨbɯ̟ɾɯ̟]


のぶ

nobu (romanization)
のび (irrealis stem)
nobi (irrealis stem)
のび (continuative stem)
nobi (continuative stem)
のぶ (stem terminative)
nobu (stem terminative)
のぶる (attributive stem)
noburu (attributive stem)
のぶれ (realis stem)
nobure (realis stem)
のびよ (imperative stem)
nobiyo (imperative stem)
のびず (negative)
nobizu (negative)
のぶれど (contrastive)
noburedo (contrastive)
のぶれば (causative)
nobureba (causative)
のびば (conditional)
nobiba (conditional)
のびき (past)
nobiki (past)
のびけり (past)
nobikeri (past)
のびつ (perfect)
nobitu (perfect)
のびぬ (perfect)
nobinu (perfect)
のびたり (continuative perfect)
nobitari (continuative perfect)
のびむ (volitional)
nobimu (volitional)


のぶ

nobu (romanization)
のべ (irrealis stem)
nobe (irrealis stem)
のべ (continuative stem)
nobe (continuative stem)
のぶ (stem terminative)
nobu (stem terminative)
のぶる (attributive stem)
noburu (attributive stem)
のぶれ (realis stem)
nobure (realis stem)
のべよ (imperative stem)
nobeyo (imperative stem)
のべず (negative)
nobezu (negative)
のぶれど (contrastive)
noburedo (contrastive)
のぶれば (causative)
nobureba (causative)
のべば (conditional)
nobeba (conditional)
のべき (past)
nobeki (past)
のべけり (past)
nobekeri (past)
のべつ (perfect)
nobetu (perfect)
のべぬ (perfect)
nobenu (perfect)
のべたり (continuative perfect)
nobetari (continuative perfect)
のべむ (volitional)
nobemu (volitional)


まかる

makaru (romanization)
まから (irrealis stem)
makara (irrealis stem)
まかり (continuative stem)
makari (continuative stem)
まかる (stem terminative)
makaru (stem terminative)
まかる (attributive stem)
makaru (attributive stem)
まかれ (realis stem)
makare (realis stem)
まかれ (imperative stem)
makare (imperative stem)
まからず (negative)
makarazu (negative)
まかれど (contrastive)
makaredo (contrastive)
まかれば (causative)
makareba (causative)
まからば (conditional)
makaraba (conditional)
まかりき (past)
makariki (past)
まかりけり (past)
makarikeri (past)
まかりつ (perfect)
makaritu (perfect)
まかりぬ (perfect)
makarinu (perfect)
まかれり (continuative perfect)
まかりたり (continuative perfect)
makareri (continuative perfect)
makaritari (continuative perfect)
まからむ (volitional)
makaramu (volitional)


置き惑わす

置(お)き惑(まど)わす • (okimadowasu) ^(←おきまどはす (okimadofasu)?)transitive ^†yodan

置き惑わす (canonical)
okimadowasu (romanization)
okimadofasu (romanization)
置き惑はさ (irrealis stem)
おきまどはさ (irrealis stem)
okimadofasa (irrealis)
置き惑はし (continuative stem)
おきまどはし (continuative stem)
okimadofasi (continuative)
置き惑はす (stem terminative)
おきまどはす (stem terminative)
okimadofasu (terminative)
置き惑はす (attributive stem)
おきまどはす (attributive stem)
okimadofasu (attributive)
置き惑はせ (realis stem)
おきまどはせ (realis stem)
okimadofase (realis)
置き惑はせ (imperative stem)
おきまどはせ (imperative stem)
okimadofase (imperative)
置き惑はさず (negative)
おきまどはさず (negative)
okimadofasazu (negative)
置き惑はせど (contrastive)
おきまどはせど (contrastive)
okimadofasedo (contrastive)
置き惑はせば (causative)
おきまどはせば (causative)
okimadofaseba (causative)
置き惑はさば (conditional)
おきまどはさば (conditional)
okimadofasaba (conditional)
置き惑はしき (past)
おきまどはしき (past)
okimadofasiki (past)
置き惑はしけり (past)
おきまどはしけり (past)
okimadofasikeri (past)
置き惑はしつ (perfect)
おきまどはしつ (perfect)
okimadofasitu (perfect)
置き惑はしぬ (perfect)
おきまどはしぬ (perfect)
okimadofasinu (perfect)
置き惑はせり (continuative perfect)
置き惑はしたり (continuative perfect)
おきまどはせり (continuative perfect)
おきまどはしたり (continuative perfect)
okimadofaseri (continuative perfect)
okimadofasitari (continuative perfect)
置き惑はさむ (volitional)
おきまどはさむ (volitional)
okimadofasamu (volitional)

From 置(お)き (oki, 連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 置(お)く (oku, “to leave or place in a certain state”)) + 惑(まど)わす (madowasu, “to deceive, perplex”).


てよ

戀々而 相有時谷 愛寸 事盡手四 長常念者

⟨ko₁pi₂ ko₁pi₂te ape₂ru to₂ki₁ dani urupasiki₁ ko₂to₂ tukusite yo₂ nagaku to₂ omo₂paba⟩
→ Koi koite aeru toki dani uruwashiki koto tsukushite yo nagaku to omowaba

Begging for love, at least time to be able to meet, please dedicate affectionate affairs, if you want long lasting.

c. late 9th–mid-10th century, Taketori Monogatari
「われ物握りたり。今は下ろしてよ。翁、しえたり」
“Ware mono nigiritari. Ima wa oroshite yo. Okina, shietari”
"I'm grasping it. Now, take me down. Old-man, I did it."

1776, Ueda Akinari, Ugetsu Monogatari
かうかうの人の女のはかなくてあるが、後身してよとて賜へるなり。
Kōkō no hito no onna no hakanakute aru ga, kōshin shite yo tote tamaeru nari.
A frail widow with such a such reason, told me, "please become my second husband."

(Classical Japanese) Imperative form (命令形) of つ (tsu), used in the intensive operative sentence.


己妻

暮名寸尓 求食為鶴 塩満者 奥浪高三 己妻喚

→ Yūnagi ni asari suru tazu shio mite ba okinami takami onozuma yobau

In the evening calm, a crane looking for feed; when the high tide comes, offshore waves will rise, and he will call out his mate.

(Classical Japanese, obsolete) one’s spouse, mate; wife, husband


めり

-meri (romanization)
めり (continuative stem)
meri (continuative stem)
めり (stem terminative)
meri (stem terminative)
める (attributive stem)
meru (attributive stem)
めれ (realis stem)
mere (realis stem)

From Early Middle Japanese めり (meri).
Thought to be a contraction of 目 (me, "eye") + あり (ari, “to be”) or 見 (mi, "to see") + あり (ari, “to be”).

わざとあめるを、早うものせよかし。

It seems to be a special [invitation], so please go early.

(Classical Japanese) A modal auxiliary verb indicating conjecture based on what is seen: it looks like; it seems like


滅ぶ

滅ぶ (canonical)
horobu (romanization)
滅び (irrealis stem)
ほろび (irrealis stem)
forobi (irrealis)
滅び (continuative stem)
ほろび (continuative stem)
forobi (continuative)
滅ぶ (stem terminative)
ほろぶ (stem terminative)
forobu (terminative)
滅ぶる (attributive stem)
ほろぶる (attributive stem)
foroburu (attributive)
滅ぶれ (realis stem)
ほろぶれ (realis stem)
forobure (realis)
滅びよ (imperative stem)
ほろびよ (imperative stem)
forobiyo (imperative)
滅びず (negative)
ほろびず (negative)
forobizu (negative)
滅ぶれど (contrastive)
ほろぶれど (contrastive)
foroburedo (contrastive)
滅ぶれば (causative)
ほろぶれば (causative)
forobureba (causative)
滅びば (conditional)
ほろびば (conditional)
forobiba (conditional)
滅びき (past)
ほろびき (past)
forobiki (past)
滅びけり (past)
ほろびけり (past)
forobikeri (past)
滅びつ (perfect)
ほろびつ (perfect)
forobitu (perfect)
滅びぬ (perfect)
ほろびぬ (perfect)
forobinu (perfect)
滅びたり (continuative perfect)
ほろびたり (continuative perfect)
forobitari (continuative perfect)
滅びむ (volitional)
ほろびむ (volitional)
forobimu (volitional)

Classical Japanese form of 滅びる (horobiru)


良し

良し (canonical)
yoshi (romanization)
良く (irrealis stem)
良から (irrealis stem)
よく (irrealis stem)
よから (irrealis stem)
yoku (irrealis)
yokara (irrealis)
良く (continuative stem)
良かり (continuative stem)
よく (continuative stem)
よかり (continuative stem)
yoku (continuative)
yokari (continuative)
良し (stem terminative)
よし (stem terminative)
yosi (terminative)
良き (attributive stem)
良かる (attributive stem)
よき (attributive stem)
よかる (attributive stem)
yoki (attributive)
yokaru (attributive)
良けれ (realis stem)
よけれ (realis stem)
yokere (realis)
良かれ (imperative stem)
よかれ (imperative stem)
yokare (imperative)
良からず (negative)
よからず (negative)
yokarazu (negative)
良けれど (contrastive)
よけれど (contrastive)
yokeredo (contrastive)
良ければ (causative)
よければ (causative)
yokereba (causative)
良くば (conditional)
よくば (conditional)
yokuba (conditional)
良かりき (past)
よかりき (past)
yokariki (past)
良かりけり (past)
よかりけり (past)
yokarikeri (past)
良く (adverbial)
よく (adverbial)
yoku (adverbial)


ようよう

yōyō (romanization)
yauyau (romanization)
やうやう (hiragana historical)

Classical Japanese and literary form of ようやく (youyaku)


たてまつる

ja-verb

たてまつる • (tatematsuru) godan (stem たてまつり (tatematsuri), past たてまつった (tatematsutta))

tatematsuru (romanization)
たてまつり (stem)
たてまつった (past)
たてまつら
tatematsura
たてまつり
tatematsuri
たてまつる
tatematsuru
たてまつれ
tatematsure
たてまつられる (passive)
tatematsurareru (passive)
たてまつらせる (causative)
たてまつらす (causative)
tatematsuraseru (causative)
tatematsurasu (causative)
たてまつれる (potential)
tatematsureru (potential)
たてまつろう (volitional)
tatematsurō (volitional)
たてまつらない (negative)
tatematsuranai (negative)
たてまつらず (continuative negative)
tatematsurazu (continuative negative)
たてまつります (formal)
tatematsurimasu (formal)
たてまつった (perfective)
tatematsutta (perfective)
たてまつって (conjunctive)
tatematsutte (conjunctive)
たてまつれば (conditional hypothetical)
tatematsureba (conditional hypothetical)
たてまつら (irrealis stem)
tatematura (irrealis stem)
たてまつり (continuative stem)
tatematuri (continuative stem)
たてまつる (stem terminative)
tatematuru (stem terminative)
たてまつる (attributive stem)
tatematuru (attributive stem)
たてまつれ (realis stem)
tatemature (realis stem)
たてまつれ (imperative stem)
tatemature (imperative stem)
たてまつらず (negative)
tatematurazu (negative)
たてまつれど (contrastive)
tatematuredo (contrastive)
たてまつれば (causative)
tatematureba (causative)
たてまつらば (conditional)
tatematuraba (conditional)
たてまつりき (past)
tatematuriki (past)
たてまつりけり (past)
tatematurikeri (past)
たてまつりつ (perfect)
tatematuritu (perfect)
たてまつりぬ (perfect)
tatematurinu (perfect)
たてまつれり (continuative perfect)
たてまつりたり (continuative perfect)
tatematureri (continuative perfect)
tatematuritari (continuative perfect)
たてまつらむ (volitional)
tatematuramu (volitional)

小学校に御通い遊ばれていらっしゃる所にあらせられます御児童、百名様に御伺いをたてましたる所による、当方の御まとめの結果を御報告に代えさせて頂きとう存じ上げ奉り候！

2007, ラーメンズ (Rāmenzu) [Rahmens], 条例 (Jōrei), in TEXT (TEXT) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sC5T1l-yT48

Shōgakkō ni o-kayoi asobareteirassharu tokoro ni araseraremasu go-jidō, hyakumei-sama ni o-ukagai o tatemashitaru tokoro ni yoru, tōhō no o-matome no kekka o go-hōkoku ni kaesasete itadakitō zonjiage tatematsuri sōrō!


こいし

ja-adj

こいし • (koishi) ^(←こひし (kofisi)?)^†-shiku

koishi (romanization)
kofisi (romanization)
こいしく (irrealis stem)
こいしから (irrealis stem)
koisiku (irrealis stem)
koisikara (irrealis stem)
こいしく (continuative stem)
こいしかり (continuative stem)
koisiku (continuative stem)
koisikari (continuative stem)
こいし (stem terminative)
koisi (stem terminative)
こいしき (attributive stem)
こいしかる (attributive stem)
koisiki (attributive stem)
koisikaru (attributive stem)
こいしけれ (realis stem)
koisikere (realis stem)
こいしかれ (imperative stem)
koisikare (imperative stem)
こいしからず (negative)
koisikarazu (negative)
こいしけれど (contrastive)
koisikeredo (contrastive)
こいしければ (causative)
koisikereba (causative)
こいしくば (conditional)
koisikuba (conditional)
こいしかりき (past)
koisikariki (past)
こいしかりけり (past)
koisikarikeri (past)
こいしく (adverbial)
koisiku (adverbial)

小石 子石 小岩 孕石 輿石 興石 古石 磊

(The following entries do not have a page created for them yet: 子石, 小岩, 孕石, 輿石, 興石, 古石, 磊.)

ja-see

Classical Japanese form of こいしい (koishii)


めこ

meko (romanization)
めこ (hiragana historical)

From 妻(め) (me) + 子(こ) (ko), probably influenced by Middle Chinese 妻子 (MC tshej tsiX).


強ふ

ja-verb

強ふ(しう) • (shiu) ^(←しふ (sifu)?)transitive ^†nidan

強ふ (canonical)
shiu (romanization)
sifu (romanization)
強ひ (irrealis stem)
しひ (irrealis stem)
sifi (irrealis)
強ひ (continuative stem)
しひ (continuative stem)
sifi (continuative)
強ふ (stem terminative)
しふ (stem terminative)
sifu (terminative)
強ふる (attributive stem)
しふる (attributive stem)
sifuru (attributive)
強ふれ (realis stem)
しふれ (realis stem)
sifure (realis)
強ひよ (imperative stem)
しひよ (imperative stem)
sifiyo (imperative)
強ひず (negative)
しひず (negative)
sifizu (negative)
強ふれど (contrastive)
しふれど (contrastive)
sifuredo (contrastive)
強ふれば (causative)
しふれば (causative)
sifureba (causative)
強ひば (conditional)
しひば (conditional)
sifiba (conditional)
強ひき (past)
しひき (past)
sifiki (past)
強ひけり (past)
しひけり (past)
sifikeri (past)
強ひつ (perfect)
しひつ (perfect)
sifitu (perfect)
強ひぬ (perfect)
しひぬ (perfect)
sifinu (perfect)
強ひたり (continuative perfect)
しひたり (continuative perfect)
sifitari (continuative perfect)
強ひむ (volitional)
しひむ (volitional)
sifimu (volitional)

⟨sipu⟩ → /ɕiɸu/ → /ɕifu/ → */ɕiwu/ → /ɕiu/
From Old Japanese.

(Classical Japanese, archaic) to compel, compulse, force


言ふ

言ふ (canonical)
ifu (romanization)
言は (irrealis stem)
いは (irrealis stem)
ifa (irrealis)
言ひ (continuative stem)
いひ (continuative stem)
ifi (continuative)
言ふ (stem terminative)
いふ (stem terminative)
ifu (terminative)
言ふ (attributive stem)
いふ (attributive stem)
ifu (attributive)
言へ (realis stem)
いへ (realis stem)
ife (realis)
言へ (imperative stem)
いへ (imperative stem)
ife (imperative)
言はず (negative)
いはず (negative)
ifazu (negative)
言へど (contrastive)
いへど (contrastive)
ifedo (contrastive)
言へば (causative)
いへば (causative)
ifeba (causative)
言はば (conditional)
いはば (conditional)
ifaba (conditional)
言ひき (past)
いひき (past)
ifiki (past)
言ひけり (past)
いひけり (past)
ifikeri (past)
言ひつ (perfect)
いひつ (perfect)
ifitu (perfect)
言ひぬ (perfect)
いひぬ (perfect)
ifinu (perfect)
言へり (continuative perfect)
言ひたり (continuative perfect)
いへり (continuative perfect)
いひたり (continuative perfect)
iferi (continuative perfect)
ifitari (continuative perfect)
言はむ (volitional)
いはむ (volitional)
ifamu (volitional)


求む

求む (canonical)
motomu (romanization)
求め (irrealis stem)
もとめ (irrealis stem)
motome (irrealis)
求め (continuative stem)
もとめ (continuative stem)
motome (continuative)
求む (stem terminative)
もとむ (stem terminative)
motomu (terminative)
求むる (attributive stem)
もとむる (attributive stem)
motomuru (attributive)
求むれ (realis stem)
もとむれ (realis stem)
motomure (realis)
求めよ (imperative stem)
もとめよ (imperative stem)
motomeyo (imperative)
求めず (negative)
もとめず (negative)
motomezu (negative)
求むれど (contrastive)
もとむれど (contrastive)
motomuredo (contrastive)
求むれば (causative)
もとむれば (causative)
motomureba (causative)
求めば (conditional)
もとめば (conditional)
motomeba (conditional)
求めき (past)
もとめき (past)
motomeki (past)
求めけり (past)
もとめけり (past)
motomekeri (past)
求めつ (perfect)
もとめつ (perfect)
motometu (perfect)
求めぬ (perfect)
もとめぬ (perfect)
motomenu (perfect)
求めたり (continuative perfect)
もとめたり (continuative perfect)
motometari (continuative perfect)
求めむ (volitional)
もとめむ (volitional)
motomemu (volitional)

挑戦者求む！

Classical Japanese and literary form of 求める (motomeru)


老ゆ

老ゆ (canonical)
oyu (romanization)
老い (irrealis stem)
おい (irrealis stem)
oi (irrealis)
老い (continuative stem)
おい (continuative stem)
oi (continuative)
老ゆ (stem terminative)
おゆ (stem terminative)
oyu (terminative)
老ゆる (attributive stem)
おゆる (attributive stem)
oyuru (attributive)
老ゆれ (realis stem)
おゆれ (realis stem)
oyure (realis)
老いよ (imperative stem)
おいよ (imperative stem)
oiyo (imperative)
老いず (negative)
おいず (negative)
oizu (negative)
老ゆれど (contrastive)
おゆれど (contrastive)
oyuredo (contrastive)
老ゆれば (causative)
おゆれば (causative)
oyureba (causative)
老いば (conditional)
おいば (conditional)
oiba (conditional)
老いき (past)
おいき (past)
oiki (past)
老いけり (past)
おいけり (past)
oikeri (past)
老いつ (perfect)
おいつ (perfect)
oitu (perfect)
老いぬ (perfect)
おいぬ (perfect)
oinu (perfect)
老いたり (continuative perfect)
おいたり (continuative perfect)
oitari (continuative perfect)
老いむ (volitional)
おいむ (volitional)
oimu (volitional)


落つ

落(お)つ • (otsu) transitive or intransitive ^†nidan

落つ (canonical)
otsu (romanization)
落ち (irrealis stem)
おち (irrealis stem)
oti (irrealis)
落ち (continuative stem)
おち (continuative stem)
oti (continuative)
落つ (stem terminative)
おつ (stem terminative)
otu (terminative)
落つる (attributive stem)
おつる (attributive stem)
oturu (attributive)
落つれ (realis stem)
おつれ (realis stem)
oture (realis)
落ちよ (imperative stem)
おちよ (imperative stem)
otiyo (imperative)
落ちず (negative)
おちず (negative)
otizu (negative)
落つれど (contrastive)
おつれど (contrastive)
oturedo (contrastive)
落つれば (causative)
おつれば (causative)
otureba (causative)
落ちば (conditional)
おちば (conditional)
otiba (conditional)
落ちき (past)
おちき (past)
otiki (past)
落ちけり (past)
おちけり (past)
otikeri (past)
落ちつ (perfect)
おちつ (perfect)
otitu (perfect)
落ちぬ (perfect)
おちぬ (perfect)
otinu (perfect)
落ちたり (continuative perfect)
おちたり (continuative perfect)
otitari (continuative perfect)
落ちむ (volitional)
おちむ (volitional)
otimu (volitional)


起く

起(お)く • (oku) transitive or intransitive ^†nidan

起く (canonical)
oku (romanization)
起き (irrealis stem)
おき (irrealis stem)
oki (irrealis)
起き (continuative stem)
おき (continuative stem)
oki (continuative)
起く (stem terminative)
おく (stem terminative)
oku (terminative)
起くる (attributive stem)
おくる (attributive stem)
okuru (attributive)
起くれ (realis stem)
おくれ (realis stem)
okure (realis)
起きよ (imperative stem)
おきよ (imperative stem)
okiyo (imperative)
起きず (negative)
おきず (negative)
okizu (negative)
起くれど (contrastive)
おくれど (contrastive)
okuredo (contrastive)
起くれば (causative)
おくれば (causative)
okureba (causative)
起きば (conditional)
おきば (conditional)
okiba (conditional)
起きき (past)
おきき (past)
okiki (past)
起きけり (past)
おきけり (past)
okikeri (past)
起きつ (perfect)
おきつ (perfect)
okitu (perfect)
起きぬ (perfect)
おきぬ (perfect)
okinu (perfect)
起きたり (continuative perfect)
おきたり (continuative perfect)
okitari (continuative perfect)
起きむ (volitional)
おきむ (volitional)
okimu (volitional)


おおし

ōshi (romanization)
ofosi (romanization)
おおく (irrealis stem)
おおから (irrealis stem)
ooku (irrealis stem)
ookara (irrealis stem)
おおく (continuative stem)
おおかり (continuative stem)
ooku (continuative stem)
ookari (continuative stem)
おおし (stem terminative)
oosi (stem terminative)
おおき (attributive stem)
おおかる (attributive stem)
ooki (attributive stem)
ookaru (attributive stem)
おおけれ (realis stem)
ookere (realis stem)
おおかれ (imperative stem)
ookare (imperative stem)
おおからず (negative)
ookarazu (negative)
おおけれど (contrastive)
ookeredo (contrastive)
おおければ (causative)
ookereba (causative)
おおくば (conditional)
ookuba (conditional)
おおかりき (past)
ookariki (past)
おおかりけり (past)
ookarikeri (past)
おおく (adverbial)
ooku (adverbial)

恋多き女

(modern language) woman involved in romance

事故多し注意

(modern language) frequent accidents—beware

Classical Japanese and literary form of おおい (ōi)


越ゆ

越ゆ (canonical)
koyu (romanization)
越え (irrealis stem)
こえ (irrealis stem)
koe (irrealis)
越え (continuative stem)
こえ (continuative stem)
koe (continuative)
越ゆ (stem terminative)
こゆ (stem terminative)
koyu (terminative)
越ゆる (attributive stem)
こゆる (attributive stem)
koyuru (attributive)
越ゆれ (realis stem)
こゆれ (realis stem)
koyure (realis)
越えよ (imperative stem)
こえよ (imperative stem)
koeyo (imperative)
越えず (negative)
こえず (negative)
koezu (negative)
越ゆれど (contrastive)
こゆれど (contrastive)
koyuredo (contrastive)
越ゆれば (causative)
こゆれば (causative)
koyureba (causative)
越えば (conditional)
こえば (conditional)
koeba (conditional)
越えき (past)
こえき (past)
koeki (past)
越えけり (past)
こえけり (past)
koekeri (past)
越えつ (perfect)
こえつ (perfect)
koetu (perfect)
越えぬ (perfect)
こえぬ (perfect)
koenu (perfect)
越えたり (continuative perfect)
こえたり (continuative perfect)
koetari (continuative perfect)
越えむ (volitional)
こえむ (volitional)
koemu (volitional)

(Classical Japanese, archaic) to exceed, go over, surpass


思ふ

思ふ (canonical)
omofu (romanization)
思は (irrealis stem)
おもは (irrealis stem)
omofa (irrealis)
思ひ (continuative stem)
おもひ (continuative stem)
omofi (continuative)
思ふ (stem terminative)
おもふ (stem terminative)
omofu (terminative)
思ふ (attributive stem)
おもふ (attributive stem)
omofu (attributive)
思へ (realis stem)
おもへ (realis stem)
omofe (realis)
思へ (imperative stem)
おもへ (imperative stem)
omofe (imperative)
思はず (negative)
おもはず (negative)
omofazu (negative)
思へど (contrastive)
おもへど (contrastive)
omofedo (contrastive)
思へば (causative)
おもへば (causative)
omofeba (causative)
思はば (conditional)
おもはば (conditional)
omofaba (conditional)
思ひき (past)
おもひき (past)
omofiki (past)
思ひけり (past)
おもひけり (past)
omofikeri (past)
思ひつ (perfect)
おもひつ (perfect)
omofitu (perfect)
思ひぬ (perfect)
おもひぬ (perfect)
omofinu (perfect)
思へり (continuative perfect)
思ひたり (continuative perfect)
おもへり (continuative perfect)
おもひたり (continuative perfect)
omoferi (continuative perfect)
omofitari (continuative perfect)
思はむ (volitional)
おもはむ (volitional)
omofamu (volitional)

Classical Japanese and literary form of 思う (omou, “to think”)


捨つ

捨つ (canonical)
sutsu (romanization)
捨て (irrealis stem)
すて (irrealis stem)
sute (irrealis)
捨て (continuative stem)
すて (continuative stem)
sute (continuative)
捨つ (stem terminative)
すつ (stem terminative)
sutu (terminative)
捨つる (attributive stem)
すつる (attributive stem)
suturu (attributive)
捨つれ (realis stem)
すつれ (realis stem)
suture (realis)
捨てよ (imperative stem)
すてよ (imperative stem)
suteyo (imperative)
捨てず (negative)
すてず (negative)
sutezu (negative)
捨つれど (contrastive)
すつれど (contrastive)
suturedo (contrastive)
捨つれば (causative)
すつれば (causative)
sutureba (causative)
捨てば (conditional)
すてば (conditional)
suteba (conditional)
捨てき (past)
すてき (past)
suteki (past)
捨てけり (past)
すてけり (past)
sutekeri (past)
捨てつ (perfect)
すてつ (perfect)
sutetu (perfect)
捨てぬ (perfect)
すてぬ (perfect)
sutenu (perfect)
捨てたり (continuative perfect)
すてたり (continuative perfect)
sutetari (continuative perfect)
捨てむ (volitional)
すてむ (volitional)
sutemu (volitional)

(Classical Japanese, archaic) to throw away, to abandon


愛づ

愛づ (canonical)
mezu (romanization)
愛で (irrealis stem)
めで (irrealis stem)
mede (irrealis)
愛で (continuative stem)
めで (continuative stem)
mede (continuative)
愛づ (stem terminative)
めづ (stem terminative)
medu (terminative)
愛づる (attributive stem)
めづる (attributive stem)
meduru (attributive)
愛づれ (realis stem)
めづれ (realis stem)
medure (realis)
愛でよ (imperative stem)
めでよ (imperative stem)
medeyo (imperative)
愛でず (negative)
めでず (negative)
medezu (negative)
愛づれど (contrastive)
めづれど (contrastive)
meduredo (contrastive)
愛づれば (causative)
めづれば (causative)
medureba (causative)
愛でば (conditional)
めでば (conditional)
medeba (conditional)
愛でき (past)
めでき (past)
medeki (past)
愛でけり (past)
めでけり (past)
medekeri (past)
愛でつ (perfect)
めでつ (perfect)
medetu (perfect)
愛でぬ (perfect)
めでぬ (perfect)
medenu (perfect)
愛でたり (continuative perfect)
めでたり (continuative perfect)
medetari (continuative perfect)
愛でむ (volitional)
めでむ (volitional)
medemu (volitional)

(Classical Japanese, archaic) to love, to adore


恥づ

恥づ (canonical)
hazu (romanization)
恥ぢ (irrealis stem)
はぢ (irrealis stem)
fadi (irrealis)
恥ぢ (continuative stem)
はぢ (continuative stem)
fadi (continuative)
恥づ (stem terminative)
はづ (stem terminative)
fadu (terminative)
恥づる (attributive stem)
はづる (attributive stem)
faduru (attributive)
恥づれ (realis stem)
はづれ (realis stem)
fadure (realis)
恥ぢよ (imperative stem)
はぢよ (imperative stem)
fadiyo (imperative)
恥ぢず (negative)
はぢず (negative)
fadizu (negative)
恥づれど (contrastive)
はづれど (contrastive)
faduredo (contrastive)
恥づれば (causative)
はづれば (causative)
fadureba (causative)
恥ぢば (conditional)
はぢば (conditional)
fadiba (conditional)
恥ぢき (past)
はぢき (past)
fadiki (past)
恥ぢけり (past)
はぢけり (past)
fadikeri (past)
恥ぢつ (perfect)
はぢつ (perfect)
faditu (perfect)
恥ぢぬ (perfect)
はぢぬ (perfect)
fadinu (perfect)
恥ぢたり (continuative perfect)
はぢたり (continuative perfect)
faditari (continuative perfect)
恥ぢむ (volitional)
はぢむ (volitional)
fadimu (volitional)

(Classical Japanese, archaic) to be ashamed (of), to feel shame (at)


重ぬ

重ぬ (canonical)
kasanu (romanization)
重ね (irrealis stem)
かさね (irrealis stem)
kasane (irrealis)
重ね (continuative stem)
かさね (continuative stem)
kasane (continuative)
重ぬ (stem terminative)
かさぬ (stem terminative)
kasanu (terminative)
重ぬる (attributive stem)
かさぬる (attributive stem)
kasanuru (attributive)
重ぬれ (realis stem)
かさぬれ (realis stem)
kasanure (realis)
重ねよ (imperative stem)
かさねよ (imperative stem)
kasaneyo (imperative)
重ねず (negative)
かさねず (negative)
kasanezu (negative)
重ぬれど (contrastive)
かさぬれど (contrastive)
kasanuredo (contrastive)
重ぬれば (causative)
かさぬれば (causative)
kasanureba (causative)
重ねば (conditional)
かさねば (conditional)
kasaneba (conditional)
重ねき (past)
かさねき (past)
kasaneki (past)
重ねけり (past)
かさねけり (past)
kasanekeri (past)
重ねつ (perfect)
かさねつ (perfect)
kasanetu (perfect)
重ねぬ (perfect)
かさねぬ (perfect)
kasanenu (perfect)
重ねたり (continuative perfect)
かさねたり (continuative perfect)
kasanetari (continuative perfect)
重ねむ (volitional)
かさねむ (volitional)
kasanemu (volitional)

(Classical Japanese, archaic) to pile, add layers, stack, heap


茹づ

茹(ゆ)づ • (yuzu) transitive or intransitive ^†nidan

茹づ (canonical)
yuzu (romanization)
茹で (irrealis stem)
ゆで (irrealis stem)
yude (irrealis)
茹で (continuative stem)
ゆで (continuative stem)
yude (continuative)
茹づ (stem terminative)
ゆづ (stem terminative)
yudu (terminative)
茹づる (attributive stem)
ゆづる (attributive stem)
yuduru (attributive)
茹づれ (realis stem)
ゆづれ (realis stem)
yudure (realis)
茹でよ (imperative stem)
ゆでよ (imperative stem)
yudeyo (imperative)
茹でず (negative)
ゆでず (negative)
yudezu (negative)
茹づれど (contrastive)
ゆづれど (contrastive)
yuduredo (contrastive)
茹づれば (causative)
ゆづれば (causative)
yudureba (causative)
茹でば (conditional)
ゆでば (conditional)
yudeba (conditional)
茹でき (past)
ゆでき (past)
yudeki (past)
茹でけり (past)
ゆでけり (past)
yudekeri (past)
茹でつ (perfect)
ゆでつ (perfect)
yudetu (perfect)
茹でぬ (perfect)
ゆでぬ (perfect)
yudenu (perfect)
茹でたり (continuative perfect)
ゆでたり (continuative perfect)
yudetari (continuative perfect)
茹でむ (volitional)
ゆでむ (volitional)
yudemu (volitional)


秀づ

秀づ (canonical)
hizu (romanization)
秀で (irrealis stem)
ひいで (irrealis stem)
fiide (irrealis)
秀で (continuative stem)
ひいで (continuative stem)
fiide (continuative)
秀づ (stem terminative)
ひいづ (stem terminative)
fiidu (terminative)
秀づる (attributive stem)
ひいづる (attributive stem)
fiiduru (attributive)
秀づれ (realis stem)
ひいづれ (realis stem)
fiidure (realis)
秀でよ (imperative stem)
ひいでよ (imperative stem)
fiideyo (imperative)
秀でず (negative)
ひいでず (negative)
fiidezu (negative)
秀づれど (contrastive)
ひいづれど (contrastive)
fiiduredo (contrastive)
秀づれば (causative)
ひいづれば (causative)
fiidureba (causative)
秀でば (conditional)
ひいでば (conditional)
fiideba (conditional)
秀でき (past)
ひいでき (past)
fiideki (past)
秀でけり (past)
ひいでけり (past)
fiidekeri (past)
秀でつ (perfect)
ひいでつ (perfect)
fiidetu (perfect)
秀でぬ (perfect)
ひいでぬ (perfect)
fiidenu (perfect)
秀でたり (continuative perfect)
ひいでたり (continuative perfect)
fiidetari (continuative perfect)
秀でむ (volitional)
ひいでむ (volitional)
fiidemu (volitional)

From 穂(ほ) (ho, “ear of grain”) + 出(い)づ (izu, “to come out”).

ja-compound

(Classical Japanese, archaic) to surpass, stand out, be proficient, shine, excel


植う

植う (canonical)
uu (romanization)
植ゑ (irrealis stem)
うゑ (irrealis stem)
uwe (irrealis)
植ゑ (continuative stem)
うゑ (continuative stem)
uwe (continuative)
植う (stem terminative)
うう (stem terminative)
uu (terminative)
植うる (attributive stem)
ううる (attributive stem)
uuru (attributive)
植うれ (realis stem)
ううれ (realis stem)
uure (realis)
植ゑよ (imperative stem)
うゑよ (imperative stem)
uweyo (imperative)
植ゑず (negative)
うゑず (negative)
uwezu (negative)
植うれど (contrastive)
ううれど (contrastive)
uuredo (contrastive)
植うれば (causative)
ううれば (causative)
uureba (causative)
植ゑば (conditional)
うゑば (conditional)
uweba (conditional)
植ゑき (past)
うゑき (past)
uweki (past)
植ゑけり (past)
うゑけり (past)
uwekeri (past)
植ゑつ (perfect)
うゑつ (perfect)
uwetu (perfect)
植ゑぬ (perfect)
うゑぬ (perfect)
uwenu (perfect)
植ゑたり (continuative perfect)
うゑたり (continuative perfect)
uwetari (continuative perfect)
植ゑむ (volitional)
うゑむ (volitional)
uwemu (volitional)

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *uwu.

(Classical Japanese, archaic) to plant, raise

(Classical Japanese, archaic) to implant, insert

(Classical Japanese, archaic) to inoculate

(Classical Japanese, archaic) to instill (an ideology, value, etc.)


飢う

飢う (canonical)
uu (romanization)
飢ゑ (irrealis stem)
うゑ (irrealis stem)
uwe (irrealis)
飢ゑ (continuative stem)
うゑ (continuative stem)
uwe (continuative)
飢う (stem terminative)
うう (stem terminative)
uu (terminative)
飢うる (attributive stem)
ううる (attributive stem)
uuru (attributive)
飢うれ (realis stem)
ううれ (realis stem)
uure (realis)
飢ゑよ (imperative stem)
うゑよ (imperative stem)
uweyo (imperative)
飢ゑず (negative)
うゑず (negative)
uwezu (negative)
飢うれど (contrastive)
ううれど (contrastive)
uuredo (contrastive)
飢うれば (causative)
ううれば (causative)
uureba (causative)
飢ゑば (conditional)
うゑば (conditional)
uweba (conditional)
飢ゑき (past)
うゑき (past)
uweki (past)
飢ゑけり (past)
うゑけり (past)
uwekeri (past)
飢ゑつ (perfect)
うゑつ (perfect)
uwetu (perfect)
飢ゑぬ (perfect)
うゑぬ (perfect)
uwenu (perfect)
飢ゑたり (continuative perfect)
うゑたり (continuative perfect)
uwetari (continuative perfect)
飢ゑむ (volitional)
うゑむ (volitional)
uwemu (volitional)

(Classical Japanese, archaic) to starve, be hungry


飢う

飢う (canonical)
katsuu (romanization)
飢ゑ (irrealis stem)
かつゑ (irrealis stem)
katwe (irrealis)
飢ゑ (continuative stem)
かつゑ (continuative stem)
katwe (continuative)
飢う (stem terminative)
かつう (stem terminative)
katuu (terminative)
飢うる (attributive stem)
かつうる (attributive stem)
katuuru (attributive)
飢うれ (realis stem)
かつうれ (realis stem)
katuure (realis)
飢ゑよ (imperative stem)
かつゑよ (imperative stem)
katweyo (imperative)
飢ゑず (negative)
かつゑず (negative)
katwezu (negative)
飢うれど (contrastive)
かつうれど (contrastive)
katuuredo (contrastive)
飢うれば (causative)
かつうれば (causative)
katuureba (causative)
飢ゑば (conditional)
かつゑば (conditional)
katweba (conditional)
飢ゑき (past)
かつゑき (past)
katweki (past)
飢ゑけり (past)
かつゑけり (past)
katwekeri (past)
飢ゑつ (perfect)
かつゑつ (perfect)
katwetu (perfect)
飢ゑぬ (perfect)
かつゑぬ (perfect)
katwenu (perfect)
飢ゑたり (continuative perfect)
かつゑたり (continuative perfect)
katwetari (continuative perfect)
飢ゑむ (volitional)
かつゑむ (volitional)
katwemu (volitional)


過ぐ

過ぐ (canonical)
sugu (romanization)
過ぎ (irrealis stem)
すぎ (irrealis stem)
sugi (irrealis)
過ぎ (continuative stem)
すぎ (continuative stem)
sugi (continuative)
過ぐ (stem terminative)
すぐ (stem terminative)
sugu (terminative)
過ぐる (attributive stem)
すぐる (attributive stem)
suguru (attributive)
過ぐれ (realis stem)
すぐれ (realis stem)
sugure (realis)
過ぎよ (imperative stem)
すぎよ (imperative stem)
sugiyo (imperative)
過ぎず (negative)
すぎず (negative)
sugizu (negative)
過ぐれど (contrastive)
すぐれど (contrastive)
suguredo (contrastive)
過ぐれば (causative)
すぐれば (causative)
sugureba (causative)
過ぎば (conditional)
すぎば (conditional)
sugiba (conditional)
過ぎき (past)
すぎき (past)
sugiki (past)
過ぎけり (past)
すぎけり (past)
sugikeri (past)
過ぎつ (perfect)
すぎつ (perfect)
sugitu (perfect)
過ぎぬ (perfect)
すぎぬ (perfect)
suginu (perfect)
過ぎたり (continuative perfect)
すぎたり (continuative perfect)
sugitari (continuative perfect)
過ぎむ (volitional)
すぎむ (volitional)
sugimu (volitional)

(Classical Japanese, archaic) to pass; to go beyond

(Classical Japanese, archaic) to elapse; to exceed


上ぐ

上ぐ (canonical)
agu (romanization)
上げ (irrealis stem)
あげ (irrealis stem)
age (irrealis)
上げ (continuative stem)
あげ (continuative stem)
age (continuative)
上ぐ (stem terminative)
あぐ (stem terminative)
agu (terminative)
上ぐる (attributive stem)
あぐる (attributive stem)
aguru (attributive)
上ぐれ (realis stem)
あぐれ (realis stem)
agure (realis)
上げよ (imperative stem)
あげよ (imperative stem)
ageyo (imperative)
上げず (negative)
あげず (negative)
agezu (negative)
上ぐれど (contrastive)
あぐれど (contrastive)
aguredo (contrastive)
上ぐれば (causative)
あぐれば (causative)
agureba (causative)
上げば (conditional)
あげば (conditional)
ageba (conditional)
上げき (past)
あげき (past)
ageki (past)
上げけり (past)
あげけり (past)
agekeri (past)
上げつ (perfect)
あげつ (perfect)
agetu (perfect)
上げぬ (perfect)
あげぬ (perfect)
agenu (perfect)
上げたり (continuative perfect)
あげたり (continuative perfect)
agetari (continuative perfect)
上げむ (volitional)
あげむ (volitional)
agemu (volitional)

(Classical Japanese, archaic) to raise, to lift

(Classical Japanese, archaic) to utter; to cry; to produce; to raise (a voice)


下ぐ

下ぐ (canonical)
sagu (romanization)
下げ (irrealis stem)
さげ (irrealis stem)
sage (irrealis)
下げ (continuative stem)
さげ (continuative stem)
sage (continuative)
下ぐ (stem terminative)
さぐ (stem terminative)
sagu (terminative)
下ぐる (attributive stem)
さぐる (attributive stem)
saguru (attributive)
下ぐれ (realis stem)
さぐれ (realis stem)
sagure (realis)
下げよ (imperative stem)
さげよ (imperative stem)
sageyo (imperative)
下げず (negative)
さげず (negative)
sagezu (negative)
下ぐれど (contrastive)
さぐれど (contrastive)
saguredo (contrastive)
下ぐれば (causative)
さぐれば (causative)
sagureba (causative)
下げば (conditional)
さげば (conditional)
sageba (conditional)
下げき (past)
さげき (past)
sageki (past)
下げけり (past)
さげけり (past)
sagekeri (past)
下げつ (perfect)
さげつ (perfect)
sagetu (perfect)
下げぬ (perfect)
さげぬ (perfect)
sagenu (perfect)
下げたり (continuative perfect)
さげたり (continuative perfect)
sagetari (continuative perfect)
下げむ (volitional)
さげむ (volitional)
sagemu (volitional)