chair

→ Assamese: চেয়াৰ (sear)

desc

→ Bengali: চেয়ার (ceẏar), চ্যায়ার (cêẏar), চ্যার (cêr) — obsolete

→ Odia: ଚେଆର୍ (ceār), ଚିୟାର୍ (ciyār), ଚିଆର (ciāra)

→ Sylheti: ꠌꠤꠀꠞ (siar)

Tok Pisin: sea, sia

→ Tongan: sea

From Middle English chayer, chaire, chaiere, chaere, chayre, chayere, from Old French chaiere, chaere, from Latin cathedra (“seat”), from Ancient Greek καθέδρα (kathédra), from κατά (katá, “down”) + ἕδρα (hédra, “seat”). Displaced native stool and settle, which now have more specialised senses. Doublet of cathedra and chaise.

The court will show no mercy; if he gets convicted, it's the chair for him.

"It was me. And I'm glad, damned glad, I didn't croak him. With this slick guy after me, it would be me for the chair."

1920 June 20, The Electrical Experimenter, New York, page 216, column 2:

'All for a pig of a man who should have gone to the chair.'

1934, Agatha Christie, chapter 8, in Murder on the Orient Express, London: HarperCollins, published 2017, page 251:

Believe it or not, it only looked like I was trying to send you to the chair.

1949, Isobel Lennart, Holiday Affair, spoken by Carl Davis (Wendell Corey):

"Scoleri Brothers!" "Friends of yours?" "I tried them for murder! Gave them the chair!"

1989 June 16, Ivan Reitman, director, Ghostbusters II:

(informal, with the) Ellipsis of electric chair (“device used for performing execution”).


boat

Belizean Creole: boat

→ Esperanto: boato

→ Dhivehi: ބޯޓު (bōṭu)

→ Fijian: boto

→ Hijazi Arabic: بوت (bōt)

→ Japanese: ボート (bōto)

→ Malay: bot

→ Pitcairn-Norfolk: boet (Norfuk)

→ Sinhalese: බෝට්ටුව (bōṭṭuwa)

→ Swahili: boti

→ Scots: boat, bote (compare native bait, bate)

→ Tahitian: poti

Tok Pisin: bot

From Middle English bot, boot, boet, boyt (“boat”), from Old English bāt (“boat”), from Proto-West Germanic *bait, from Proto-Germanic *baitaz, *baitą (“boat, small ship”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyd- (“to break, split”). Cognate with Old Norse beit (“boat”), Middle Dutch beitel (“little boat”).
Old Norse bátr (whence Icelandic bátur, Norwegian båt, Danish båd), Dutch boot, German Boot, Occitan batèl and French bateau are all ultimately borrowings from the Old English word.

der

(organic chemistry, physical chemistry) One of two possible conformations of cyclohexane rings (the other being chair), shaped roughly like a boat.

It creates 4 blocks, a boat, and a glider every 768 generations.

1994 May 7, David Bell, “HighLife - An Interesting Variant of Life (part 1/3)”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

The program is represented as a string of boats (1s) and blocks (0s).

2004 May 24, Paul Chapman, “A Prototype Programmable Universal Constructor for Conway's Life”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

For many stable patterns, by the way, there are other input glider lanes where the gliders are caught and turned into boats, which are then cleanly deleted by another glider coming in on the same lane.

2005 February 23, Dave Greene, “exist glider gun able of reconstruction in Life?”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

(cellular automata) In Conway’s Game of Life, a particular still life consisting of a dead cell surrounded by five living cells.


normal

en-adj

normal (comparative normaler or more normal, superlative normalest or most normal)

normaler (comparative)
more normal (comparative)
normalest (superlative)
most normal (superlative)

From Latin normālis (“made according to a carpenter's square; later: according to a rule”), from nōrma (“carpenter's square”), of uncertain origin; doublet of normale. The earliest meaning of the word in English was "perpendicular; forming a right angle" like something normālis (“made according to a carpenter's square”), but by Late Latin normālis had also come to mean "according to a rule", from which modern English senses of the word derive: in the 1800s, as people began to quantitatively study things like height, weight and blood pressure, the usual or most common values came to be called "normal", and by extension values regarded as healthy or desirable came to be called "normal" regardless of their usuality.

der

(organic chemistry) Describing a straight chain isomer of an aliphatic hydrocarbon, or an aliphatic compound in which a substituent is in the 1- position of such a hydrocarbon.


isomer

(physical chemistry) Any of two or more compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structure.


conformation

en-noun

conformation (countable and uncountable, plural conformations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-conformation.wav

The more stable conformation has the methyl group in an equatorial position , since this minimizes repulsions between axial substituents

1980, Bernard Miller, Organic Chemistry, the Basis of Life:

(physical chemistry) The spatial arrangement of a group of atoms in a molecule as a result of rotation about a covalent bond which remains unbroken.


chiral

From Ancient Greek χείρ (kheír, “hand”) + -al.

suf

In the close vicinity of a chiral nanostructure, the circular dichroism of a biomolecule could be greatly enhanced, due to the interaction with the local superchiral fields.

2016, S. Hamed Shams Mousavi, Sajanlal R. Panikkanvalappil, Mostafa A. El-Sayed, Ali A. Eftekhar, Ali Adibi, “Large Enhancement of Circular Dichroism Using an Embossed Chiral Metamaterial”, in arXiv:

(geometry, physical chemistry) that exhibits chirality; as in the left-handed and right-handed versions of a helix, or a molecule with L- and D- stereoisomers.


isomeric

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(physical chemistry, nuclear physics) Being an isomer.


stereoisomerism

en-noun

stereoisomerism (countable and uncountable, plural stereoisomerisms)

/ˌstɛɹɪəʊaɪˈsɒməɹɪzəm/

(chemistry) A form of isomerism in which atoms are arranged differently about a chiral centre (or centre of asymmetry). They exhibit optical activity, and in a molecule with a single chiral centre the two isomers (enantiomers) are mirror images of each other whereas in a molecule with multiple chiral centres the isomers (diastereoisomers) are not normally mirror images.


isomerism

isomerism (countable and uncountable, plural isomerisms)

(chemistry) the interconversion of isomers


optical isomer

(chemistry) Any one of a number of compounds that exhibit optical isomerism.

optikai izomer

compound that exhibits optical isomerism


structural isomerism

structural isomerism (usually uncountable, plural structural isomerisms)

same functional group
n-butanol - CH₃(CH₂)₃OH
2-methyl-propanol - (CH₃)₂CHCH₂OH

different functional groups
ethanol - CH₃CH₂OH
di-methyl-ether - CH₃OCH₃

(chemistry) A form of isomerism in which the same atoms are arranged in different orders, either having the same or different functional groups.


geometric isomerism

(chemistry) (dated, deprecated by IUPAC) A form of isomerism in which, in one isomer two atoms or groups are on the same side of the plane of a double bond or ring, whereas in the other isomer they are on opposite sides; these are cis- and trans- isomers, respectively.


diastereoisomer

(physical chemistry) A stereoisomer having multiple chiral centres; a diastereoisomer cannot normally be superimposed on the mirror image of another.


stereoisomer

(chemistry) one of a set of the isomers of a compound that exhibits stereoisomerism

stereoizomero

one of a set of isomers of a compound that exhibit steroisomerism


enantiomorph

From Ancient Greek ἐναντίος (enantíos, “opposite”) + μορφή (morphḗ, “form”).

uder

A mirror image, a form related to another as an object is to its image in a mirror.

Either of a pair of crystals that are mirror images of each other, and are optically active.

(chemistry) A similar molecule or compound; an enantiomer.


enantiomer

(chemistry) One of a pair of stereoisomers that is the mirror image of the other, but may not be superimposed on this other stereoisomer. Almost always, a pair of enantiomers contain at least one chiral center, and a sample of either enantiomer will be optically active.

مُتَصَاوِغ اِنْعِكَاسِيّ

one of a pair of mirror-image stereoisomers


racemic acid

(organic chemistry) an equal mixture of the d- and l- forms of tartaric acid found in grape juice; the isomers can be separated via crystallization


cis-trans isomerism

(physical chemistry) A form of isomerism in which, in one isomer two atoms or groups are on the same side of the plane of a double bond or ring, whereas in the other isomer they are on opposite sides; these are cis- and trans- isomers, respectively.


isotopomer

(physical chemistry) An isomer of a compound differing only in the position of an isotope


phenylenediamine

(organic chemistry) Any of the three isomeric di-amino-benzenes, used as intermediates in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, plastics etc.


Cotton effect

optical rotatory dispersion
optical rotatory dispersion

(physical chemistry) The characteristic change in optical rotatory dispersion and/or circular dichroism in the vicinity of an absorption band of a substance.


conformer

(physical chemistry) Any of a set of stereoisomers characterized by a conformation that corresponds to a distinct potential energy minimum.

(physical chemistry, biochemistry) A particular folded state or conformation of a protein, especially an abnormal conformation of a prion


isomerization

(physical chemistry) the conversion of a compound into a different isomeric form


isomerize

en-verb

isomerize (third-person singular simple present isomerizes, present participle isomerizing, simple past and past participle isomerized)

isomerizes (present singular third-person)
isomerizing (participle present)
isomerized (participle past)
isomerized (past)

/aɪˈsɒməˌɹaɪz/

/aɪˈsɑməˌɹaɪz/

(chemistry) to convert a compound into a different isomeric form


racemic

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-racemic.wav

From French racémique, from Latin racēmus (“cluster or bunch of grapes”) + -ique or from raceme + -ic. The name came from racemic acid, which was isolated from grapes.

der

(chemistry) Containing equal amounts of dextrorotatory (+) and levorotatory (−) stereoisomers and therefore not optically active.

racèmic

containing equal amounts of dextrorotatory and levorotatory stereoisomers


atropisomer

(physical chemistry) Any conformer that can be isolated as a separate chemical compound and that arises from restricted rotation about a single bond, as in biaryl atropisomers. Synonym: atropoisomer.


stereoisomeric

Aldrichimica Acta Volume 30 No 4 (pdf) from Sigma-Aldrich
Smith’s diene is quite a reactive dienophile, reacting with cyclopentadiene in refluxing chloroform to furnish a mixture of stereoisomeric adducts by exclusive reaction at the β-face of the cyclobutene π-center.


stereospecific catalyst

en-noun

stereospecific catalyst (plural stereospecific catalysts)

(physical chemistry) a catalyst that preferentially catalyzes the formation of one of a pair of stereoisomers, or one of a set of stereoisomeric polymers


stereospecificity

stereospecificity (countable and uncountable, plural stereospecificities)

(organic chemistry, physical chemistry) The property of a polymer that has a specific spatial arrangement of its constituent atoms.


stereospecific

en-adj

stereospecific (comparative more stereospecific, superlative most stereospecific)

more stereospecific (comparative)
most stereospecific (superlative)

(physical chemistry) Showing stereospecificity.


metameric

structural isomerism
structural isomerism

(obsolete) (chemistry) Exhibiting structural isomerism.


conformational isomerism

(physical chemistry) A form of isomerism in which isomers differ in the conformation of the molecule due to rotation of atoms about one or more single bonds


enantiomeric

Of or pertaining to an enantiomer or the relation between enantiomers.


diastereoisomerization

(chemistry) The formation of diastereomers from other isomers


diastereomer

(chemistry) Alternative form of diastereoisomer


isomere

(physical chemistry) Archaic form of isomer.


cryptochirality

(physical chemistry) A form of chirality in which the properties of the pair of chiral compounds are indistinguishable.


cryptochiral

cryptochiral (comparative more cryptochiral, superlative most cryptochiral)

more cryptochiral (comparative)
most cryptochiral (superlative)

(physical chemistry) That exhibits cryptochirality


amphichiral

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(geometry, physical chemistry) superimposable on its mirror image; achiral


achiral

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(geometry, physical chemistry) superimposable on its mirror image; amphichiral


stereocentre

(chemistry) Any atom in a molecule such that the interchange of two of its substituent groups leads to the formation of a stereoisomer


diastereoisomeric

diastereoisomeric (comparative more diastereoisomeric, superlative most diastereoisomeric)

more diastereoisomeric (comparative)
most diastereoisomeric (superlative)

(physical chemistry) Of or pertaining to diastereoisomers or diastereoisomerism


diastereoisomerism

(physical chemistry) Any form of stereoisomerism other than enantiomerism


enantiomorphism

en-noun

enantiomorphism (usually uncountable, plural enantiomorphisms)

(chemistry) The relationship exhibited by a pair of enantiomorphs.


enantiomorphic

en-adj

enantiomorphic (comparative more enantiomorphic, superlative most enantiomorphic)

more enantiomorphic (comparative)
most enantiomorphic (superlative)

(chemistry) Of, pertaining to, or exhibiting enantiomorphism.


chiroptic

chiroptic (comparative more chiroptic, superlative most chiroptic)

more chiroptic (comparative)
most chiroptic (superlative)

(physical chemistry, physics) Describing any of the optical techniques for investigating chiral substances


diastereotopic

diastereotopic (comparative more diastereotopic, superlative most diastereotopic)

more diastereotopic (comparative)
most diastereotopic (superlative)

(chemistry) Describing any atom, ligand, or other group in a molecule whose replacement or addition gives rise to diastereomers


diisotactic

diisotactic (comparative more diisotactic, superlative most diisotactic)

more diisotactic (comparative)
most diisotactic (superlative)

(physical chemistry) Describing an isotactic polymer having two chiral atoms in its repeat unit


enantiopure

Enantiomerically pure (containing a single enantiomer).


atropisomerism

(physical chemistry) isomerism as a result of restricted rotation about a single bond


paraphenylenediamine

(organic chemistry) The para- isomer of phenylenediamine


chiral resolution

en-noun

chiral resolution (countable and uncountable, plural chiral resolutions)

(chemistry) A process in stereochemistry to separate racemic compounds into their enantiomers.


D/L

en-verb

L (third-person singular simple present Ls, present participle Ling, simple past and past participle Led)

L (canonical)
Ls (present singular third-person)
Ling (participle present)
Led (participle past)
Led (past)


atropoisomer

(physical chemistry) Any of a group of stable molecules differing only in their conformation: a type of stereoisomer.


diastereocontrol

(physical chemistry) selective control of the formation of diastereoisomers in a reaction


diastereoselection

(physical chemistry) selection of the required diastereoisomer in a reaction, especially by using diastereocontrol


diastereofacial

en-adj

diastereofacial (comparative more diastereofacial, superlative most diastereofacial)

more diastereofacial (comparative)
most diastereofacial (superlative)

(physical chemistry) Describing any reaction that preferentially involves one side (face) of an approximately planar diastereoisomer


topoisomer

(biochemistry) An isomer of a biological macromolecule that has a distinct topology


anisomeric

(chemistry) Not isomeric; not made of the same components in the same proportions.


enantiomeric ratio

en-noun

enantiomeric ratio (plural enantiomeric ratios)

70(+):30(−)
a (+):(−) ratio of 7:3

(chemistry) The ratio of the percent of one enantiomer in a mixture to that of the other


trans effect

(physical chemistry) The labilization (making unstable) of ligands which are trans to certain other ligands.


cis effect

(physical chemistry) The labilization (making unstable) of ligands which are cis to certain other ligands.


coconformation

(physical chemistry) The joint conformation of two, interacting molecules, especially that of a rotaxane


cyclostereoisomerism

(chemistry) stereoisomerism as a result of a chiral centre that is part of a ring or of the side chain of a ring


atropodiastereoselective

(physical chemistry) Exhibiting atropisomerism and diastereoselectivity


atroposelective

(physical chemistry) Relating to, or exhibiting atroposelectivity


atroposelectivity

atroposelectivity (countable and uncountable, plural atroposelectivities)

(physical chemistry) The preferential formation of one atropoisomer over another; also, the degree of said preference.


diastereochemistry

(chemistry) The chemistry of diastereomers


stereopurity

(chemistry) The condition of being stereopure


stereopure

(chemistry) Containing only one stereoisomer


confomer

(chemistry) Any of two or more forms of the same compound that have different conformations, and can be interconverted typically by rotation about a single bond


diastereoseparation

diastereoseparation (usually uncountable, plural diastereoseparations)

(physical chemistry) The separation of diastereoisomers


pseudoracemic

(chemistry) Containing a mixture of nonracemic crystals


diastereomixture

(physical chemistry) a mixture of diastereoisomers


bondomer

(chemistry) An isomer that differs from another by having a different number, type or position of bonds