v

Pronunciation of IPA [ɑvvɑʔ] with the sound [v]

(UPA) a voiced labiodental approximant (IPA [ʋ], which it resembles in italic typeface).


h

(UPA) a voiceless laryngeal approximant (IPA [h̞])


c

Pronunciation of IPA [cɑː, ɑccɑː] with the sound [c]

Modification of upper case letter C, from Etruscan 𐌂 (c), from Ancient Greek Γ (G, “Gamma”), from Phoenician 𐤂 (g, “gimel”).


π

(UPA) A voiced labial click consonant (IPA [ɡ͜ʘ]).


ɦ

IPA

(UPA) a voiced laryngeal approximant (IPA [ɦ̞])


ɹ

IPA

(IPA, superscript ⟨ʴ⟩) [ɹ]-coloring of a vowel, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ɹ].

(dated) specifically, once commonly used to represent rhotic vowels.


ʜ

IPA

(UPA) a voiceless transition between two sounds; i.e., voiceless airflow without any particular articulation.


ʌ

IPA

(UPA) A wildcard for any vowel, or for a vowel of uncertain quality.


ʀ

IPA

(UPA) a voiceless r sound (a voiceless alveolar trill; IPA [r̥]).


ɴ

IPA


ʔ

IPA

(superscript ⟨ˀ⟩) glottalization or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʔ] – see ⟨ˀ⟩

(IPA, UPA, NAPA) glottal stop; The symbol itself is referred to as a glottal stop or gelded question mark.


ʒ

IPA

Introduced in Isaac Pitman's English Phonotypic Alphabet in 1847 based on the "tailed" medieval cursive form of the letter z.


ə

Bavarian language
Mid-central unrounded vowel
ə

IPA

Coined by German philologist Johann Andreas Schmeller in 1821 for his grammar of Bavarian.

coinage

(superscript ⟨ᵊ⟩, UPA) an extremely short or fleeting ə.


ɔ

(vowel): A turned-c as a convenient type for an open o.
(click): A rotated Xhosa dental click ⟨c⟩. Later identified as a rotated palatal stop [c], analogous to turned dental t ⟨ʇ⟩ for dental clicks and turned velar k ⟨ʞ⟩ for 'velar' clicks.

(IPA, UPA) an open-mid back rounded vowel.


ɐ

IPA

(superscript ⟨ᵄ⟩, UPA) an extremely short or fleeting ɐ.


ĺ

(UPA) a palatalized or palatal l sound (IPA [lʲ] or [ʎ]), depending on the variant of UPA.


ľ

(UPA) a voiced alveolar lateral fricative (IPA [ɮ]).


ț

Coordinate term: t̯

(UPA) a voiceless dental plosive (IPA [t̪]).


ä

(UPA) An open front unrounded vowel (IPA [æ]).

(superscript ⟨ᵃ̈⟩, UPA) an extremely short or fleeting ä.


(UPA) a slightly long vowel or consonant; between unmarked length and half-long ⟨◌͐⟩.


α

alpha

for names of this symbol in other language

(UPA) An open back rounded vowel (IPA [ɒ]).


(UPA) A front rounded vowel (e.g. ü ö ɔ̈ ä, α̈).


β

IPA

(IPA, UPA) a voiced bilabial fricative or, occasionally, approximant.


ή

(UPA) a palatalized or palatal η sound (IPA [ŋʲ] or [ ɲ]), depending on the variant of UPA.


γ

(UPA) a voiced velar fricative (IPA [ɣ]).


δ

(UPA) a voiced dental fricative (IPA ð).


κ

(UPA) A voiced dorsal click consonant (palatal ⟨κ́⟩ = IPA [ɡ͜ǂ]).


τ

(UPA) A voiced coronal click consonant (dental ⟨τ̦⟩ = IPA [ɡ͜ǀ]; cacuminal ⟨τ̣⟩ = IPA [ɡ͜ǃ]).


φ

(UPA) a voiceless labiodental fricative (IPA [ɸ]).


χ

IPA

(UPA) a voiceless velar fricative (IPA [x]).


ü

(NAPA, UPA) a high front rounded vowel (IPA [y]).

(superscript ⟨ᵘ̈⟩, UPA) an extremely short or fleeting ü.


(UPA) A palatalized consonant, and in some conventions a palatal consonant. For example, palatalized t́, d́, ś, ź, ń, ĺ; palatalized or palatal ḱ, ǵ, χ́, γ́ and ŋ́ or ή.


(UPA) Long vowel (e.g. ā) or consonant (e.g. t̄ ); cf. ⟨◌̂⟩.

used to mark the repetend of a repeating decimal: a type of vinculum


(UPA, on a consonant letter) laminal articulation, e.g. ⟨s̨⟩ (IPA ◌̻).

(UPA, on a vowel letter) a reduced vowel; equivalent to a turned letter.


(UPA) primary accent. ⟨a˙⟩ is also transcribed ⟨á⟩; secondary accent is ⟨a˸⟩ or ⟨à⟩.


(UPA) Short vowel (e.g. ă) or consonant (e.g. t̆ ); cf. superscripting for extra-short ᵃ, ᵗ.


ʼ

Use for glottal stop derives from the apostrophe, for example in Hawaiian (now replaced by the okina to distinguish it from an actual apostrophe).
Use to mark ejective consonants started with transliteration of Georgian script; it was an adaptation of the spiritus lenis and contrasted with the spiritus asper used to mark aspirated consonants, as the most salient distinctive feature of Georgian ejectives was that they were not aspirated. Usage extended from there to other languages with ejective consonants.

E.g. kʼ is k with simultaneous glottal closure.

mⁱeʼr or mⁱe̓r with a glottalized vowel.

ʼeppä ʼollu with epenthetic glottal stops separating the vowels.


(UPA) similar to IPA, e.g. the Latvian broken tone.


ᴡ

ᴀ ʙ ᴄ ᴅ ᴇ ꜰ ɢ ʜ ɪ ᴊ ᴋ ʟ ᴍ ɴ ᴏ ᴘ ꞯ ʀ ꜱ ᴛ ᴜ ᴠ ᴡ ʏ ᴢ


ᴠ

(UPA) a voiceless v sound ([ʋ̥] or sometimes [v̥] in the IPA, depending on the variety of UPA).


ᴅ

(UPA) partially-devoiced d sound (IPA [d̥])


ɪ

IPA


ᴜ

(superscript ⟨ᶸ⟩, UPA) an extremely short or fleeting ᴜ.


ö

(NAPA, UPA) a front mid rounded vowel (IPA [ø]).

(superscript ⟨ᵒ̈⟩, UPA) an extremely short or fleeting ö.


ɒ

IPA

Latin alpha
Open back rounded vowel
Turned a

Turned Latin alpha (ɑ), based on Ancient Greek α (a).

(superscript ⟨ᶛ⟩, UPA) an extremely short or fleeting ɒ.


ẓ

(NAPA):

(NAPA, UPA) a voiced retroflex sibilant fricative (IPA [ʐ ]).


ṇ

(NAPA, UPA) a retroflex nasal (IPA [ɳ ]).


ḍ

(NAPA, UPA) a voiced retroflex plosive (IPA [ɖ ]).


ị

(UPA) a high back unrounded vowel (IPA [ɯ]).


ṭ

(NAPA, UPA) a voiceless retroflex plosive (IPA [ʈ]).


ḷ

(NAPA, UPA) a retroflex lateral approximant (IPA [ɭ ]).


ṣ

(NAPA, UPA) a voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative (IPA [ʂ]).


d̦

Coordinate term: d̯

(UPA) a voiced dental plosive (IPA [d̪]).


ẹ

(UPA) a mid back unrounded vowel (IPA [ɤ]).


ɜ

IPA

Coordinate term: ʌ

(UPA) A wildcard for any vowel, or for a vowel of uncertain quality.


ɯ

IPA

Uralic Phonetic Alphabet

(UPA) a close central rounded vowel, IPA [ʉ].


E.g. otʼiη‿kirvēm‿poes, with assimilation of the final nasals to the following consonant, or koetiv‿völjätäj‿ja, with complete assimilation. Linking in turn is indicated with ⟨˽⟩.

(UPA) assimilation, either complete or partial.


(UPA) lowered variant of a vowel or consonant (IPA ◌̞).


(IPA, UPA) Indicates non-syllabicity, such as the on- or off-glide of a diphthong, e.g. English [aʊ̯], [ɔɪ̯].

◌̑ may be used on letters with a descender


f̠ v̠ ɸ̠ β̠ θ̠ ð̠ s̠ z̠ ʃ̠ ʒ̠ ç̠ ʝ̠ x̠ ɣ̠ χ̠ ʁ̠

E.g. a̠ = ᴀ, b̠ = ʙ, r̠ = ʀ.


ˆ

⟨ˇ⟩

other suggestions for the Scandinavian compound tone

(when contrasted with low ⟨ꞈ⟩) a high peaking tone.

(IPA, obsolete, UPA) a peaking (rising–falling) tone.


Obtained by rotating the circumflex: (ˆ) 180°.

(UPA) A fricative variant of an approximant, for example v̌, ľ, ȟ, ř, ǰ.


ɛ

IPA

(IPA, UPA) an open-mid front unrounded vowel.


◌̇ may be used on letters with a descender

(on an alveolar letter) retroflex (e.g. ṭ ḍ ṣ ẓ ṇ ḷ);

(on a front vowel letter) a back unrounded vowel (e.g. ị ẹ ɛ̣).


ϑ

(UPA) a voiceless dental fricative (IPA θ).


E.g. me₍tsas, ha₍us, linja₍auto


ń

Áá Ắắ Ấấ Ǻǻ Ćć Ḉḉ Éé Ếế Ǵǵ Íí Ḯḯ Ḱḱ Ĺĺ Ḿḿ Ńń Óó Őő Ớớ Ṍṍ Ǿǿ Ṕṕ Ŕŕ Śś Úú Űű Ứứ Ẃẃ Ýý Źź Ǽǽ


ᴕ

(UPA) A wildcard for any back vowel, or for a back vowel of uncertain quality.


(UPA) The coincidence of primary stress with the onset of high prosodic pitch.


ᴞ

The character ü rotated 90° counterclockwise. The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet makes regular use of 180°-rotation to denote a reduced form of a given sound; where this results in homoglyphy, a character is rotated 90° anticlockwise instead (for example, the reduced form of u is denoted by the 90°-rotated ᴝ, because a 180°-rotated form would be virtually indistinguishable from n). In the case of ᴞ, although ü rotated 180° would not result in ambiguity, the sideways form is preferred because the resulting character, resembling ⟨ n̤ ⟩, may lose its U+0324 COMBINING DIAERESIS BELOW during character decomposition, resulting in a character resembling ⟨ n ⟩.

(superscript, UPA) an extremely short or fleeting ᴞ. [not supported by Unicode]


(UPA) glottalization. E.g. mⁱe̓r (or mⁱeʼr) with a glottalized vowel.


(UPA) The coincidence of secondary stress with the onset of low prosodic pitch.


ᴔ

(UPA, Teuthonista) A reduced œ vowel, such as the French schwa.

(superscript, UPA) an extremely short or fleeting ᴔ. [not supported by Unicode]


ˉ

(when contrasted with low ⟨ˍ⟩ or mid ⟨˗⟩) a high level tone.


ǵ

(UPA) a palatalized or palatal g sound (IPA [ɡʲ] or [ɟ]), depending on the variant of UPA.


ẗ

Ää Ǟǟ Ëë Ḧḧ Ïï Ḯḯ M̈m̈ N̈n̈ Öö Ȫȫ Ṏṏ P̈p̈ T̈ẗ Üü Ǘǘ Ǚǚ Ǜǜ Ǖǖ Ṻṻ Ṳṳ V̈v̈ Ẅẅ Ẍẍ Ÿÿ


ȟ

(UPA) a voiceless laryngeal fricative ([h] in the IPA)


ᴂ

The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet makes regular use of 180°-rotation to denote a reduced form of a given sound; where this results in homoglyphy, the character is rotated 90° anticlockwise instead. Both versions are found for ᴂ, as 180°-rotation is only minimally distinctive from ⟨ᴔ⟩ and from unrotated ⟨æ⟩.

(superscript ⟨ᵆ⟩, UPA) an extremely short or fleeting ᴂ.


ᴃ

(UPA) voiced bilabial approximant ([β̞] in the IPA)


ᴆ

(UPA) voiceless alveolar tap (IPA [ɾ̥]).


ᴣ

(UPA) a lenis (half-voiced) ʒ sound (IPA [d͡z̥])


ᴝ

The character u rotated 90° anticlockwise. The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet makes regular use of 180°-rotation to denote a reduced form of a given sound; where this results in homoglyphy, a character is rotated 90° anticlockwise instead. The reduced form of u is denoted by the 90°-rotated ᴝ, because a 180°-rotated form would be virtually indistinguishable from n

(superscript ⟨ᵙ⟩, UPA) an extremely short or fleeting ᴝ.


(UPA) Weak nasalization. Cf. ⟨◌̃⟩ for strong nasalization.


ᴟ

The character ɯ rotated 90° anticlockwise. The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet makes regular use of 180°-rotation to denote a reduced form of a given sound; where this results in homoglyphy, a character is rotated 90° anticlockwise instead. The reduced form of ɯ is denoted by the 90°-rotated ᴟ, because a 180°-rotated form would be virtually indistinguishable from m

(superscript, UPA) an extremely short or fleeting ᴟ. [not supported by Unicode]


ᴕ̈

The back vowel ᴕ with a diaeresis to make it a front vowel.

(UPA) A wildcard for any front vowel, or for a front vowel of uncertain quality.


ᴈ

The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet makes regular use of 180°-rotation to denote a reduced form of a given sound.

(superscript ⟨ᶟ⟩, UPA) an extremely short or fleeting ᴈ.


ₒ

(UPA) labialized. E.g. aₒ (rounded a), sₒ (labialized s).


ꞈ

(UPA) a "tightening" (rounding?) of a consonant, as in sꞈ.


ᴤ

(UPA) a voiced laryngeal fricative ([ɦ] in the IPA)


ᴚ

(UPA) a voiceless rhotic approximant (IPA [ɹ̥]).


ᴪ

(UPA) A voiceless bilabial trill: IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: [ʙ̥].


ᴫ

(UPA) A voiceless velar lateral (IPA: [ʟ̥]).


ᴩ

(UPA) (small-capital rho) A voiceless uvular trill (IPA IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: [ʀ̥]).

(UPA) (small-capital p) A lenis p sound (IPA [p̬]).


E.g. ė is between ḙ and i̬; ȯ between o̭ and u̬.

(UPA, on a vowel letter) A closer vowel.

E.g. voiced ʙ̇ ᴅ̇ ɢ̇, tenuis ṗ ṫ k̇.

(UPA, on a consonant letter) A "half-sounded" consonant.


(UPA) Extra long vowel (e.g. â) or consonant (e.g. t̂ ); cf. ◌̄.


ᴎ

(UPA) A voiceless velar nasal: IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: [ŋ̊].


(phonetics, UPA) the end of a string of syllables or segments with high pitch or tone, either lexical or grammatical as in a pitch accent language, or intonational.


(phonetics, UPA) the onset of a string of syllables or segments with low pitch or tone, either lexical or grammatical as in a pitch accent language, or intonational.


(phonetics, UPA) the onset of a string of syllables or segments with high pitch or tone, either lexical or grammatical as in a pitch accent language, or intonational.


(UPA) the Swedish 'acute' (single) tone, as in a˶nden for IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: [ˈan˥˧dɛn˩] 'the mallard'.


(UPA) the Swedish 'grave' (double) tone, as in a˵nden for IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: [ˈan˧˩dɛn˥˩] 'the spirit'


ˬ

(UPA) less rounded vowel, delabialized consonant (IPA ◌̜), e.g. oˬ, šˬ.


(phonetics, UPA) the end of a string of syllables or segments with low pitch or tone, either lexical or grammatical as in a pitch accent language, or intonational.


(UPA) A click consonant and possibly also implosive consonants (defined only as consonants "which are formed by sucking air into the oral cavity").


(UPA) delabialization (less rounding), e.g. o˯, u˯, š˯.


(UPA) a "tightening" (compression or labialization?) of a sound, e.g. s˰, p˰.


(UPA) raised variant of a vowel or consonant (IPA ◌̝).


(UPA) an unreleased consonant, e.g. ⟨t˾⟩; equivalent to the IPA diacritic ⟨◌̚⟩


(UPA) linking: ⟨C˽V⟩ is pronounced /CV/; ⟨C˽CV⟩ is pronounced /CːV/. Equivalent to IPA ⟨ ‿ ⟩, which is used in UPA for assimilation.


(UPA) forward (fronted, advanced) articulation (pre-alveolar t, pre-velar k, fronted o, etc.); equivalent to IPA ⟨◌̟⟩.


(UPA) backed (retracted) articulation (post-alveolar t, post-velar k, backed e, etc.); equivalent to IPA ⟨◌̠⟩.


(UPA) Presumably a composite of ⟨◌͕⟩ advanced and ⟨˰⟩ compressed (?).


(UPA) Presumably a composite of ⟨◌͕⟩ advanced and ⟨˯⟩ derounded.


(UPA) long duration; equivalent to IPA ⟨◌ː⟩ (the longest of the three vowel lengths in Estonian).


(UPA) half-long vowel (e.g. a͐) or consonant (e.g. t͐) in systems that use ⟨◌̄⟩ for long; equivalent to IPA ⟨ˑ⟩.

(UPA) short vowel or consonant in conventions that use ⟨◌᷾⟩ for long; equivalent to IPA ⟨◌̆⟩.


(UPA) Strong nasalization. Cf. ⟨◌̰⟩ for weak nasalization.


(UPA, obsolete) Used to break diphthongs, as in ⟨he᷼äm⟩.


ᴉ

(superscript ⟨ᵎ⟩, UPA) an extremely short or fleeting ᴉ.


ɔ̈

(NAPA, UPA) a front open-mid rounded vowel (IPA [œ]).


t̯

Coordinate term: ț

(UPA) a voiceless pre-alveolar or dental plosive, depending on the variety of UPA.


d̯

Coordinate term: d̦

(UPA) a voiced pre-alveolar or dental plosive, depending on the variety of UPA.


ᴋ

(UPA, small-capital k) A lenis k sound (IPA [k̬]).

(UPA, small-capital kappa) A voiceless dorsal click consonant (palatal ⟨ᴋ́⟩ = IPA [k͜ǂ]).


ᴛ

(UPA, small-capital t) A lenis t sound (IPA [t̬]).

(UPA, small-capital tau) A voiceless coronal click consonant (dental ⟨ᴛ̦⟩ = IPA [k͜ǀ]; cacuminal ⟨ᴛ̣⟩ = IPA [k͜ǃ]).


(IPA) The less-rounded diacritic ⟨◌̜⟩ on a letter with a descender, such as ⟨y͑⟩.


(IPA) The more-rounded diacritic ⟨◌̹⟩ on a letter with a descender, such as ⟨y͗⟩.


ᴥ

From Arabic-script ـعـ, whence its Unicode name

(UPA, Lappischer Wortschatz) a glottal stop (IPA [ʔ])


ⱻ

(UPA) a voiceless ə vowel, which in turn is a reduced e vowel; ⱻ may thus be equivalent to IPA [ə̥].

(superscript ⟨ᴲ⟩, UPA) an extremely short or fleeting ⱻ.


(UPA) secondary accent. ⟨a˸⟩ is also transcribed ⟨à⟩; primary accent is ⟨a˙⟩ or ⟨á⟩.


ᴁ

(superscript ⟨ᴭ⟩) A very short voiceless æ.

(UPA) A voiceless version of the vowel æ.


v̌

(UPA) a voiced labiodental fricative (IPA [v]).


ᴒ

The character ɔ rotated 90° anticlockwise. The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet makes regular use of 180°-rotation to denote a reduced form of a given sound; where this results in homoglyphy, as here, the character is rotated 90° anticlockwise instead.

(superscript, UPA) an extremely short or fleeting ᴒ. [not supported by Unicode]


ᴓ

The character ø rotated 90° anticlockwise. The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet makes regular use of 180°-rotation to denote a reduced form of a given sound; where this results in homoglyphy, as here, the character is rotated 90° anticlockwise instead.

(superscript, UPA) an extremely short or fleeting ᴓ. [not supported by Unicode]


ᴑ

The character o rotated 90° anticlockwise. The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet makes regular use of 180°-rotation to denote a reduced form of a given sound; where this results in homoglyphy, as here, the character is rotated 90° anticlockwise instead.

(superscript, UPA) an extremely short or fleeting ᴑ. [not supported by Unicode]


o̤

(superscript ⟨ᵒ̤⟩, UPA) an extremely short or fleeting o̤.


ᴐ

(UPA) A wildcard for any voiceless vowel, or for a back voiceless of uncertain quality.


ᴗ

(UPA) an open back rounded vowel (IPA ɒ).

(superscript ⟨ᵕ⟩, UPA) an extremely short or fleeting ᴗ.


ᴖ

(UPA) an open-mid back rounded vowel (IPA ɔ).

(superscript ⟨ᵔ⟩, UPA) an extremely short or fleeting ᴖ.


ᴖ̈

The back vowel ᴖ with a diaeresis to make it a front vowel.

(UPA) an open-mid front rounded vowel (IPA œ).

(superscript ⟨ᵔ̈⟩, UPA) an extremely short or fleeting ᴖ̈.


ᴗ̈

The back vowel ᴗ with a diaeresis to make it a front vowel.

(UPA) an open front rounded vowel (IPA ɶ).

(superscript ⟨ᵕ̈⟩, UPA) an extremely short or fleeting ᴗ̈.


ᴨ

(UPA) A voiceless labial click consonant (IPA [k͜ʘ]).


ᴧ

(UPA) A half-voiced or voiceless lateral fricative (IPA [ɮ̥]).


α̈

(UPA) An open front rounded vowel (IPA [ɶ]).


ɢ̤

(UPA) a lenis or partly-devoiced uvular plosive (IPA ɢ̥).


k̤

(UPA) a voiceless uvular plosive (IPA q).


ḱ

(UPA) a palatalized or palatal k sound (IPA [kʲ] or [c]), depending on the variant of UPA.


χ́

(UPA) a palatalized or palatal χ sound (IPA [xʲ] or [ç]), depending on the variant of UPA.


γ́

(IPA [ʝ])

(UPA) a palatalized or palatal γ sound (IPA [ɣʲ] or [ʝ]), depending on the variant of UPA.


b̦

(UPA) a voiced labiodental plosive (IPA [b̪]).


ɛ̣

(UPA) an open-mid back unrounded vowel (IPA [ʌ]).


m̦

(UPA) a voiced labiodental nasal (IPA [m̪] or [ɱ]).


p̦

(UPA) a voiceless labiodental plosive (IPA [p̪]).


ʀ̤

(UPA) a voiceless uvular trill (IPA ʀ̥).


ž́

(UPA) a voiced alveopalatal fricative (IPA [ʑ]).


ᴚ̤

(UPA) a voiceless uvular approximant (IPA [ʁ̞̊]).


š́

(UPA) a voiceless alveopalatal fricative (IPA [ɕ]).


n̦

Coordinate term: n̯


ɐ̤

(superscript ⟨ᵄ̤⟩, UPA) an extremely short or fleeting ɐ̤.


ᴲ

(UPA) an extremely short or fleeting ⱻ vowel, which in turn is a voiceless ə vowel, thus ᴲ is equivalent to IPA [ᵊ̥].