moro

ero (inanimate pronoun proximal singular)
erokon (inanimate plural pronoun proximal)
mose (proximal singular)
mòsaro (plural proximal)
mòsaron (plural proximal)
mojan (plural proximal)
mòsékon (plural proximal)
eny (inanimate pronoun proximal singular)
enykon (inanimate plural pronoun proximal)
mòko (medial singular)
mòkaro (medial plural)
mòkaron (medial plural)
moro (distal inanimate pronoun singular)
morokon (distal inanimate plural pronoun)
moky (distal singular)
mòkan (distal plural)
mókykon (distal plural)
mony (distal inanimate pronoun singular)
monykon (distal inanimate plural pronoun)
iro (anaphoric inanimate pronoun singular)
irokon (anaphoric inanimate plural pronoun)
inoro (anaphoric singular)
inaro (anaphoric plural)
inaron (anaphoric plural)
inorokon (anaphoric plural)

From Proto-Cariban *môrô. Compare Apalaí moro, Trió mërë, Wayana mëlë, Waiwai moro, Akawaio mörö, Macushi mîrîrî, Pemon mörö, Ye'kwana mödö.

the inanimate singular distal demonstrative pronoun; that


ero

From Proto-Cariban *(tj)ôrô. Compare Apalaí sero, Trió serë, Wayana helë, Waiwai ero, Ye'kwana edö, Akawaio serö, Macushi sîrîrî, Pemon serö.

the inanimate singular proximal demonstrative pronoun; this


awu

awu (singular)
nàna (dual)
àna (dual)
nàna (plural)
àna (plural)
kỳko (dual)
kymoro (dual)
kỳkaro (plural)
kỳkaron (plural)
kymonjáro (plural)
amoro (second-person singular)
amyjaro (plural second-person)
amyjaron (plural second-person)
amonjáro (plural second-person)
use demonstratives (third-person)

the first-person singular pronoun; I, me


iro

From Proto-Cariban *irô (inanimate anaphoric demonstrative pronoun); compare Apalaí yro, Trió irë, Wayana ilë, Hixkaryana àro, Waiwai ero, Ye'kwana iyö.

inh

the inanimate singular anaphoric demonstrative pronoun; this (aforementioned), this that was just spoken of


amoro

From Proto-Cariban *ômô (“you”) + *rô (emphatic particle). Compare Apalaí omoro, Trió ëmë, Wayana ëmë, Waiwai amoro, Hixkaryana omoro, Akawaio amörö, Macushi amîrî, Pemon amörö, Ye'kwana amödö.


mojan

From Proto-Cariban *môtjamo (animate plural anaphoric demonstrative pronoun), from *môtjo (animate singular anaphoric demonstrative pronoun) + *-jamo (collective suffix). Compare Apalaí moxiamo, Trió mëesan, Wayana mësam, Waiwai mošam, Akawaio pïsamo, Macushi insemoro.

(Suriname) the animate plural proximal demonstrative pronoun; these


mony

the inanimate singular invisible distal demonstrative pronoun; that (that I can’t see)


mose

From Proto-Cariban *môtjô. Compare Apalaí mose, Trió mëe, Wayana mëse, Waiwai moso, Akawaio möse, Macushi mîserî, Pemon mose.

the animate singular proximal demonstrative pronoun; this


inaro

(West Suriname) alternative form of inaron (“the animate plural anaphoric demonstrative pronoun; the ones aforementioned, the ones that were just spoken of”)


eny

From Proto-Cariban *ônɨ; compare Apalaí seny, Carijona enï, Trió senï, Wayana sin, Waiwai on, Macushi seni, Pemon senü.

the inanimate singular invisible proximal demonstrative pronoun; this (that I can’t see), this (somewhere around here)


moky

ero (inanimate pronoun proximal singular)
erokon (inanimate plural pronoun proximal)
mose (proximal singular)
mòsaro (plural proximal)
mòsaron (plural proximal)
mojan (plural proximal)
mòsékon (plural proximal)
eny (inanimate pronoun proximal singular)
enykon (inanimate plural pronoun proximal)
mòko (medial singular)
mòkaro (medial plural)
mòkaron (medial plural)
moro (distal inanimate pronoun singular)
morokon (distal inanimate plural pronoun)
moky (distal singular)
mòkan (distal plural)
mókykon (distal plural)
mony (distal inanimate pronoun singular)
monykon (distal inanimate plural pronoun)
iro (anaphoric inanimate pronoun singular)
irokon (anaphoric inanimate plural pronoun)
inoro (anaphoric singular)
inaro (anaphoric plural)
inaron (anaphoric plural)
inorokon (anaphoric plural)
mòky (alternative East Suriname)

From Proto-Cariban *môkɨ. Compare Apalaí moky, Trió mëkï, Wayana mëk, Waiwai mïkï, Ye'kwana mökkü.

the animate singular distal demonstrative pronoun; that yonder, that over there


oty

From Proto-Cariban *ôtɨ; compare Apalaí oty, Trió ëtï, atï, Wayana ëtï, Waiwai atï, Akawaio ö'rö, ö', Macushi î', Pemon ek.


inoro

From Proto-Cariban *inôrô (animate singular anaphoric demonstrative pronoun); compare Apalaí ynoro, Trió nërë, inëërë, Wayana inëlë, Hixkaryana noro, Waiwai noro, Ye'kwana ñöödö.

the animate singular anaphoric demonstrative pronoun; this one (aforementioned), this one that was just spoken of


nàna

awu (singular)
nàna (dual)
àna (dual)
nàna (plural)
àna (plural)
kỳko (dual)
kymoro (dual)
kỳkaro (plural)
kỳkaron (plural)
kymonjáro (plural)
amoro (second-person singular)
amyjaro (plural second-person)
amyjaron (plural second-person)
amonjáro (plural second-person)
use demonstratives (third-person)
àna (alternative Suriname West)

From Proto-Cariban *apina, apparently with the addition of an unknown initial element n-, which only appears in some dialects. Compare Apalaí yna, Trió anja, Wayana emna, epna, Waiwai amna, Ye'kwana nña, Akawaio ina, Macushi anna, Pemon ina.

the first-person exclusive dual pronoun; he and I, she and I, it and I.

the first-person exclusive plural pronoun; they and I, we (exclusive)


àna

(West Suriname) alternative form of nàna (“the first-person exclusive dual and plural pronoun; he and I, she and I, it and I, they and I, we (exclusive)”)


awumpo

From awu (“I”) + -mpo (devalued suffix).

I (in contrast to others); I for my part


amorompo

From amoro (“you”) + -mpo (devalued suffix).

you (in contrast to others); you on the other hand


erokon

From ero (inanimate singular proximal demonstrative pronoun) + -kon (plural suffix).

af

the inanimate plural proximal demonstrative pronoun; these


morokon

From moro (inanimate singular distal demonstrative pronoun) + -kon (plural suffix).

the inanimate plural distal demonstrative pronoun; those


kỳko

Likely from an earlier *kyko (first-person inclusive dual pronoun) + Proto-Cariban *rô (emphatic particle), thus cognate to Kuikúro kukuge, Ikpeng uguro, ugro, Pará Arára ugoro, and possibly Bakairí kurâ, with the first element also cognate to Waimiri-Atroari kyky. Ultimately derived from Proto-Cariban, perhaps *kɨku, but only the initial *kɨ- element may be reconstructible to Proto-Cariban, as other Cariban languages have pronouns of the same function formed with different extensions to this stem.

(Guyana, Suriname) the first-person inclusive dual pronoun; you and I, me and you, the two of us


kymoro

Likely from an earlier *kymo (first-person inclusive dual pronoun) + Proto-Cariban *rô (emphatic particle), thus cognate to Apalaí kymoro, Carijona kïmërë, Kaxuyana kɨmoro, with the first element also cognate to Trió kïmë, Akurio kïmë, Wayana kunmë. Ultimately derived from Proto-Cariban, perhaps *kɨnmô, but only the initial *kɨ- element may be reconstructible to Proto-Cariban, as other Cariban languages have pronouns of the same function formed with different extensions to this stem. Meira suggests, however, that this first syllable may be a reduced form of Proto-Cariban *kɨwɨ, a form also reflected in Hixkaryana kàwro, Waiwai kïïwï, Ye'kwana küwü.

(Venezuela) the first-person inclusive dual pronoun; you and I, me and you, the two of us


kỳkaron

awu (singular)
nàna (dual)
àna (dual)
nàna (plural)
àna (plural)
kỳko (dual)
kymoro (dual)
kỳkaro (plural)
kỳkaron (plural)
kymonjáro (plural)
amoro (second-person singular)
amyjaro (plural second-person)
amyjaron (plural second-person)
amonjáro (plural second-person)
use demonstratives (third-person)
kỳkaro (alternative Suriname West)

Likely from the ancestor of *kyko (first-person inclusive dual pronoun, root of modern kỳko), perhaps Proto-Cariban *kɨku, + Proto-Cariban *-jamo (collective suffix) + *rô (emphatic particle). Analogous forms in other Cariban languages are similarly formed from various dual/non-collective forms combined with various collective and emphatic suffixes in different orders; none, however, are constructed with exactly the same morphemes as the Kari'na term. Compare Apalaí kymarokomo, Trió kïmënjamo, Wayana kunmëlamkom, Hixkaryana kàwyamo, Waiwai kïwyam, Akawaio kïmyamro, Ye'kwana künwanno.

der

(East Suriname) the first-person inclusive plural pronoun; all of us, me and all of you, we (inclusive)


kỳkaro

(West Suriname) alternative form of kỳkaron (“the first-person inclusive plural pronoun; me and all of you, we (inclusive)”)


kymonjaro

kymonjáro (canonical)
awu (singular)
nàna (dual)
àna (dual)
nàna (plural)
àna (plural)
kỳko (dual)
kymoro (dual)
kỳkaro (plural)
kỳkaron (plural)
kymonjáro (plural)
amoro (second-person singular)
amyjaro (plural second-person)
amyjaron (plural second-person)
amonjáro (plural second-person)
use demonstratives (third-person)

[kɨmɰoɲɲaːɺ̢o]

From Proto-Cariban *kɨmjamo (second-person collective pronoun) + *rô (emphatic particle), the former from *kɨnmô (second-person singular pronoun) + *-jamo (collective suffix), but later analogically rebuilt. Analogous forms in other Cariban languages are similarly formed from various dual/non-collective forms combined with various collective and emphatic suffixes in different orders. Compare Apalaí kymarokomo, Trió kïmënjamo, Wayana kunmëlamkom, Hixkaryana kàwyamo, Waiwai kïwyam, Akawaio kïmyamro, Ye'kwana künwanno.

(Venezuela) the first-person inclusive plural pronoun; all of us, me and all of you, we (inclusive)


amyjaron

awu (singular)
nàna (dual)
àna (dual)
nàna (plural)
àna (plural)
kỳko (dual)
kymoro (dual)
kỳkaro (plural)
kỳkaron (plural)
kymonjáro (plural)
amoro (second-person singular)
amyjaro (plural second-person)
amyjaron (plural second-person)
amonjáro (plural second-person)
use demonstratives (third-person)
amyjaro (alternative Suriname West)
amonjáro (alternative Venezuela)

From Proto-Cariban *ômjamo (second-person collective pronoun) + *rô (emphatic particle), the former from *ômô (second-person singular pronoun) + *-jamo (collective suffix), but later analogically rebuilt. Analogous forms in other Cariban languages are similarly formed from the singular/non-collective form combined with various collective and emphatic suffixes in different orders. Compare Apalaí amarokomo, Akurio ëmënyamo, Carijona añamoro, Trió ëmënjamo, Wayana ëmëlamkom, Hixkaryana omnyamo, Kaxuyana omyarɨ, Waiwai amyamro, Akawaio amörönokong, Macushi amîrî'nîkon, Pemon amörönokon, Ye'kwana önwanno.

(East Suriname) the second-person plural pronoun; you


amyjaro

(West Suriname) alternative form of amyjaron (“the second-person plural pronoun; you”)


amonjaro

(Venezuela) alternative form of amyjaron (“the second-person plural pronoun; you”)


irokon

From iro (inanimate singular anaphoric demonstrative pronoun) + -kon (plural suffix).

af

the inanimate plural anaphoric demonstrative pronoun; these (aforementioned), these that were just spoken of


inaron

ero (inanimate pronoun proximal singular)
erokon (inanimate plural pronoun proximal)
mose (proximal singular)
mòsaro (plural proximal)
mòsaron (plural proximal)
mojan (plural proximal)
mòsékon (plural proximal)
eny (inanimate pronoun proximal singular)
enykon (inanimate plural pronoun proximal)
mòko (medial singular)
mòkaro (medial plural)
mòkaron (medial plural)
moro (distal inanimate pronoun singular)
morokon (distal inanimate plural pronoun)
moky (distal singular)
mòkan (distal plural)
mókykon (distal plural)
mony (distal inanimate pronoun singular)
monykon (distal inanimate plural pronoun)
iro (anaphoric inanimate pronoun singular)
irokon (anaphoric inanimate plural pronoun)
inoro (anaphoric singular)
inaro (anaphoric plural)
inaron (anaphoric plural)
inorokon (anaphoric plural)
inaro (alternative Suriname West)

From Proto-Cariban *injamo (animate plural anaphoric demonstrative pronoun) + *rô (emphatic particle), the former from *inôrô (animate singular anaphoric demonstrative pronoun) + *-jamo (collective suffix). Compare Apalaí ynaro, Trió namo, namoro, Wayana inamolo, Waiwai ñešamro, Pemon inamore, Ye'kwana ñanno.

der

(East Suriname) the animate plural anaphoric demonstrative pronoun; the ones aforementioned, the ones that were just spoken of


monykon

From mony (inanimate singular invisible distal demonstrative pronoun) + -kon (plural suffix).

af

the inanimate plural invisible distal demonstrative pronoun; those (that I can’t see)


enykon

From eny (inanimate singular invisible proximal demonstrative pronoun) + -kon (plural suffix).

the inanimate plural invisible proximal demonstrative pronoun; these (that I can’t see)


mòsaron

ero (inanimate pronoun proximal singular)
erokon (inanimate plural pronoun proximal)
mose (proximal singular)
mòsaro (plural proximal)
mòsaron (plural proximal)
mojan (plural proximal)
mòsékon (plural proximal)
eny (inanimate pronoun proximal singular)
enykon (inanimate plural pronoun proximal)
mòko (medial singular)
mòkaro (medial plural)
mòkaron (medial plural)
moro (distal inanimate pronoun singular)
morokon (distal inanimate plural pronoun)
moky (distal singular)
mòkan (distal plural)
mókykon (distal plural)
mony (distal inanimate pronoun singular)
monykon (distal inanimate plural pronoun)
iro (anaphoric inanimate pronoun singular)
irokon (anaphoric inanimate plural pronoun)
inoro (anaphoric singular)
inaro (anaphoric plural)
inaron (anaphoric plural)
inorokon (anaphoric plural)
mòsaro (alternative Suriname West)

From Proto-Cariban *môtjamo (animate plural anaphoric demonstrative pronoun) + *rô (emphatic particle), the former from *môtjo (animate singular anaphoric demonstrative pronoun) + *-jamo (collective suffix). Compare Apalaí moxiamo, Trió mëesan, Wayana mësam, Waiwai mošam, Akawaio pïsamo, Macushi insemoro.

(East Suriname) the animate plural proximal demonstrative pronoun; these


mòsaro

(West Suriname) alternative form of mòsaron (“the animate plural proximal demonstrative pronoun, these”)


mòsekon

mòsékon (canonical)
ero (inanimate pronoun proximal singular)
erokon (inanimate plural pronoun proximal)
mose (proximal singular)
mòsaro (plural proximal)
mòsaron (plural proximal)
mojan (plural proximal)
mòsékon (plural proximal)
eny (inanimate pronoun proximal singular)
enykon (inanimate plural pronoun proximal)
mòko (medial singular)
mòkaro (medial plural)
mòkaron (medial plural)
moro (distal inanimate pronoun singular)
morokon (distal inanimate plural pronoun)
moky (distal singular)
mòkan (distal plural)
mókykon (distal plural)
mony (distal inanimate pronoun singular)
monykon (distal inanimate plural pronoun)
iro (anaphoric inanimate pronoun singular)
irokon (anaphoric inanimate plural pronoun)
inoro (anaphoric singular)
inaro (anaphoric plural)
inaron (anaphoric plural)
inorokon (anaphoric plural)

From mose (recorded by Mosonyi and Álvarez as if mòse; animate singular anaphoric demonstrative pronoun) + -kon (plural suffix).

recorded by Mosonyi and Álvarez as if <i class="Latn mention" lang="car">mòse</i>; animate singular anaphoric demonstrative pronoun

(Venezuela) the animate plural proximal demonstrative pronoun; these


mòky

(East Suriname) alternative form of moky (“the animate singular distal demonstrative pronoun; that yonder, that over there”)


mòkan

From Proto-Cariban *môkjamo (animate plural distal demonstrative pronoun), from *môkɨ (animate singular distal demonstrative pronoun) + *-jamo (collective suffix). Compare Apalaí mokamo, Trió mëkïjamo, Wayana mëkjam, Waiwai mïkyam, Ye'kwana makkamo.

inh

(Suriname) the animate plural distal demonstrative pronoun; those yonder, those over there


mokykon

mókykon (canonical)
ero (inanimate pronoun proximal singular)
erokon (inanimate plural pronoun proximal)
mose (proximal singular)
mòsaro (plural proximal)
mòsaron (plural proximal)
mojan (plural proximal)
mòsékon (plural proximal)
eny (inanimate pronoun proximal singular)
enykon (inanimate plural pronoun proximal)
mòko (medial singular)
mòkaro (medial plural)
mòkaron (medial plural)
moro (distal inanimate pronoun singular)
morokon (distal inanimate plural pronoun)
moky (distal singular)
mòkan (distal plural)
mókykon (distal plural)
mony (distal inanimate pronoun singular)
monykon (distal inanimate plural pronoun)
iro (anaphoric inanimate pronoun singular)
irokon (anaphoric inanimate plural pronoun)
inoro (anaphoric singular)
inaro (anaphoric plural)
inaron (anaphoric plural)
inorokon (anaphoric plural)

From moky (animate singular distal demonstrative pronoun) + -kon (plural suffix).

af

(Venezuela) the animate plural distal demonstrative pronoun; those yonder, those over there


mòko

From Proto-Cariban *môkɨ (animate singular distal demonstrative pronoun) + *rô (emphatic particle). Compare Apalaí mokyro, Trió mëhro, Wayana mokëlë, Waiwai mïkro, Akawaio mïkörö, Macushi mîkîrî, Pemon mö'rö, Ye'kwana mö'dö. The first element is equivalent to the distal demonstrative moky, mòky.

inh

the animate singular medial demonstrative pronoun; that


mòkaron

ero (inanimate pronoun proximal singular)
erokon (inanimate plural pronoun proximal)
mose (proximal singular)
mòsaro (plural proximal)
mòsaron (plural proximal)
mojan (plural proximal)
mòsékon (plural proximal)
eny (inanimate pronoun proximal singular)
enykon (inanimate plural pronoun proximal)
mòko (medial singular)
mòkaro (medial plural)
mòkaron (medial plural)
moro (distal inanimate pronoun singular)
morokon (distal inanimate plural pronoun)
moky (distal singular)
mòkan (distal plural)
mókykon (distal plural)
mony (distal inanimate pronoun singular)
monykon (distal inanimate plural pronoun)
iro (anaphoric inanimate pronoun singular)
irokon (anaphoric inanimate plural pronoun)
inoro (anaphoric singular)
inaro (anaphoric plural)
inaron (anaphoric plural)
inorokon (anaphoric plural)
mòkaro (alternative Suriname Venezuela West)

From Proto-Cariban *môkɨ (animate singular distal demonstrative pronoun) + *-jamo (collective suffix) + *rô (emphatic particle). Compare Apalaí mokaro, Trió mohjan, Waiwai mïkyam, Akawaio mïkyamro, Macushi inkamoro, Ye'kwana kanno.

(East Suriname) the animate plural medial demonstrative pronoun; those


mòkaro

(Venezuela, West Suriname) alternative form of mòkaron (“the animate plural medial demonstrative pronoun; those”)


inorokon

From inoro (animate singular anaphoric demonstrative pronoun) + -kon (plural suffix).

af

(Venezuela) the animate plural anaphoric demonstrative pronoun; the ones aforementioned, the ones that were just spoken of