鬥

Characters in the same phonetic series (鬥) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) — two figures face-to-face, fighting with bare hands. Some oracle script characters of 鬥／斗 (dòu) show that both of their hair are bristled. The character shape resembles 𠨭 and 丮 opposite each other.
鬥／斗 (dòu) and 鬭／斗 (dòu) are original characters of this form; forms with the similar-looking radical 門 ("door") were non-standard variants.
Simplified form 斗 was derived via the variant form 鬦.
鬥／斗 (dòu) is also one of the 324 simplified characters introduced by the Republic of China (Kuomintang government) in 1935 as the simplified form of 鬭／斗 (dòu); unlike other simplified glyphs, which in many cases get reused for the 1956 PRC simplifications, compared to 鬭, this ended up being used more often as the official traditional form nowadays, despite KMT retraction of such in 1936.
Conflation of two roots "to fight" and "to meet", and the merger has been attested since ancient times.
; "to fight"
; "to meet"

Han etyl

斗
鬭
鬭
鬬
鬪
鬦
闘
閗/𫔯
𨷖
𨷵
𨴜
𫔡
𨶜
𨷖
𨷵
𩰑
𩰒
𩰖


金

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (金):
* → Japanese: 金(きん) (kin)
* → Korean: 금(金) (geum), 김(金) (gim)
* → Vietnamese: kim (金)

→ Bouyei: jiml (“gold”)

→ Lao: ຄຳ (kham, “gold”)

→ Thai: คำ (kam, “gold”)

→ Zhuang: gim (“gold”)

→ Tagalog: ginto (“gold”)

Characters in the same phonetic series (金) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *krɯm): semantic 士 (“upside-down ritual axe perhaps made of precious materials”) + semantic 丷 (“two blocks of metal”) + phonetic 亼. The semantic component in folk etymology is very often misinterpreted as 王. The minerals, originally drawn as : and then as 丷, are sometimes indicated as 呂, however the latter is the pictogram of two vertebrae.
The upper component 亼 is the ancient form for 今 (OC *krɯm) and it represents an open mouth flipped upside down; it indicates the original pronunciation of the whole character.
Shuowen interprets it as an image of metal in the earth (Xu Shen writes "象金在土中形") with 亼 as phonetic. But the most ancient versions do not contain the pictogram of the earth.
Originally referred to copper, first used during the Copper Age and the Jade Age in China (hence before the Bronze Age, during which the first bronzes were produced); later the meaning was extended to metal as a whole, and then to gold.
Starostin reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gǝ̆m (“metal”); compare Tedim Chin xam (“gold”) and Lepcha ᰀᰩᰮ (kóm, “silver, coin, money”).
“Copper” [prior to 5th BCE] → “metals in general” → “gold”.
The main senses now are “gold” and “metal”.
Some of the Manchu people with this surname are descendants of the Qing imperial family and is a calque of Manchu ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ (aisin, “gold”) in their original surname ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ
ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ (aisin gioro).

defdate

prior to 5th <small class='ce-date'>BCE</small>

𠊍
𨤾
⿳仺𭕄一
𠈘
𠉓
𨥀
𨥄
⿱丿⿴囗⿱二水

金聖歎

金圣叹

金焰


開

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (開):
* → Japanese: 開(かい) (kai)
* → Vietnamese: khai (開)

→ Lao: ໄຂ (khai, “open”)

→ Thai: ไข (kǎi, “open”)

→ Vietnamese: khơi

→ Zhuang: hai (“open”)

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 門 (“door”) + 一 (“latch”) + 廾 (“a pair of hands”) — a pair of hands opening a latched door. 一 and 廾 are combined into 开 since the seal script.
Compare 闢.
According to STEDT, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-k(w)a-j (“mouth; opening; spread; door; face; jaw”). Cognate with 戶 (OC *ɡʷaːʔ, “door”), Tibetan ཁ (kha, “mouth”), Tibetan སྒོ (sgo, “door”).
The word is possibly a colloquial variant of 闓 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls) (Schuessler, 2007). Proto-Mien *kʰu̯ɔiᴬ (“to open”) (whence Iu Mien kʰɔi¹) and Thai ไข (kǎi) are Chinese loans (Ratliff, 2010).

och-l

闓 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls)

开
𫔭
䦐
𨴉
𨳩
𨴂
𨵹
𨶘
𨵑
开
K
开
开
嗨


魯

Possibly related to 鹵 (OC *raːʔ) since the area used to be a salt marsh region (Baxter apud Matisoff, 1995).

Lu Su (military general and politician serving under the warlord Sun Quan during the late Eastern Han dynasty)

魯肅

鲁肃


魏

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋɡuls): phonetic 委 (OC *qrol, *qrolʔ) + phonetic 鬼 (OC *kulʔ).
;high
;name of Zhou's vassal state

Han compound

魏徵

魏征


顏

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋraːn): phonetic 彥 (OC *ŋrans) + semantic 頁 (“head”).
Bronze inscription forms: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋraːn): phonetic 产 () + semantic 面 (“face”).
Various possibilities exist:
* Related to 額 (OC *ŋɡraːɡ, “forehead”) (Wang, 1982);
* From 迓 (OC *ŋraːs, “to receive; to welcome”) + nominalising suffix *-n (Schuessler, 2007);
* Related to Tibetan ངར (ngar, “front side”) (Schuessler, 2007).
* From a root *ŋ(ˤ)rar (“slope, nearly vertical side”), whence also 涯 (OC *ŋˤrar, “river bank”), 巘 (OC *ŋ(r)ar(ʔ), “hill”), & 山 (OC *s-ŋrar, “mountain”) (Baxter & Sagart, 2014).
* Cognate with Japhug tɯrŋa (“face”), Khroskyabs rŋá (Zhang, Jacques, and Lai, 2019).

Han compound

Yan Zhenqing (Tang dynasty calligrapher)

顏真卿

颜真卿


阮

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (阮):
* → Vietnamese: Nguyễn (阮)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋon, *ŋonʔ): semantic 阝 + phonetic 元 (OC *ŋon).
; “ruan (musical instrument)”

Han compound

Ruan Ji (one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove)

阮籍


鮑

Bao Zhao (Chinese writer during the Liu Song dynasty)

鮑照

鲍照


鳴

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 口 (“mouth”) + 鳥 (“bird”) – to cry (of birds).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mriŋ (“sound; noise; animal cry”); cognate with 鈴 (OC *reːŋ, “bell”), 笙 (OC *sreŋ), Burmese မြည် (mrany, “to make a sound”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).


鼂

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/


鹵

Characters in the same phonetic series (鹵) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – a bag of salt. Compare 西, 東, 束, 熏, and 柬.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *la (“salt”); compare Proto-Tani *lo (“salt”) (Benedict, 1972; Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).


門

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (門):
* → Japanese: 門(もん) (mon)
* → Korean: 문(門) (mun)
* → Vietnamese: môn (門)

Wutunhua: men

Characters in the same phonetic series (門) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形): a gate. Compare 戶 (OC *ɡʷaːʔ, “(one) door”), which is half of this character (𠁣).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-muːr (“mouth; lip; to hold in mouth; to chew; face; gills”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan མུར་བ (mur ba, “to masticate”), Tibetan མུར་འགྲམ (mur 'gram, “jawbone; cheek”), Mizo hmûi (“lips; upper lip”) and 吻 (OC *mɯnʔ, “lips; corner of the lips”).
; “-gate”


雪

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (雪):
* → Korean: 설(雪) (seol)
* → Vietnamese: tuyết (雪)

→ Zhuang: siet

Ancient simplification of 䨮, which is in turn phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sqʰʷed): semantic 雨 + phonetic 彗 (OC *sɢʷeds, *ɢʷeds, *sɢʷids).
Schuessler (2007) considers this to be related to Kra-Dai words: Proto-Tai *hnəiᴬ¹ (“snow”), Proto-Kam-Sui *ʔnuːi¹ (“snow”).
Starostin reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *suăt (“snow”), comparing this with Tibetan སད (sad, “frost, cold air, cold, coldness”), but this connection may be unlikely considering the phonetic part of this character.


鬱

Originally ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): A person 大 (now 缶) stepping on another 勹 (now 冖) in a forest 林 – melancholy; depression.
The later inclusion of 鬯 (“aromatic wine”) is because 鬱 was borrowed to represent fragrant herbs or wine flavored with vanilla (“tulip”). 彡 are simply decorative strokes.

郁
鬰
欝
灪
宛
玉
𣠈
𣡇
𣡡
𣡸
𦉚
𩏴


體

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *r̥ʰiːʔ): semantic 骨 (“bone”) + phonetic 豊 (OC *riːʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sri (“to exist”) (Benedict, 1976); cognate with Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s-ri(t), whence Tibetan སྲིད་པ (srid pa) and Burmese ရှိ (hri., “to be, to exist”).
Schuessler (2007) derives Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-riŋ ~ s-r(j)aŋ (“live, alive, green, raw”) from this root, yet points out that 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs)'s initial *sr- cluster was retained instead of becoming voiceless /r̥/ as in 體 (OC *r̥ʰiːʔ), possibly owing to re-analysis of *s- as a causative prefix.


默

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mlɯːɡ): phonetic 黑 (OC *hmlɯːɡ) + semantic 犬 (“dog”)


龔

Han char

龔 (Kangxi radical 212, 龍+6, 22 strokes, cangjie input 難卜心廿金 (XYPTC) or 卜心廿金 (YPTC), four-corner 0180₁, composition ⿱龍共)

難卜心廿金 (cangjie-input)
卜心廿金 (cangjie-input)
⿱龍共 (composition)


龔

Gong Zizhen (Qing dynasty writer and intellectual)

龔自珍

龚自珍


道

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (道):
* → Japanese: 道(どう) (dō)
* → Korean: 도(道) (do)
* → Vietnamese: đạo (道)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'uːʔ): semantic 辵 (“walking”) + phonetic 首 (OC *hljuʔ, *hljus).
Possibly derived from 導 (OC *duːs, “to go along, to bring along, to conduct”):
* > "to explain" > "to talk about", and
* > "road, way".
Possibly cognate with Proto-Hmong-Mien *kləuX (“road, way”) (White Hmong kev (“road”)). See also 首 (OC *hljuʔ, *hljus).

och-l

噵
衜
衟
𡬹
𨔞
𨕐
𨕥
𨖁
𨗓


雀

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sœːk̚³⁻³⁵/

/tiak̚²¹⁻²¹⁵/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sœːk̚³⁻³⁵/

/tiak̚²¹⁻²¹⁵/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 小 (“small”) + 隹 (“bird”) – a small bird, a sparrow.
In the current form, the upper part looks like 少, but what looks like the bottom stroke of 少 is actually the upper left stroke of 隹, extended.


露

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raːɡs): semantic 雨 + phonetic 路 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs).
Possibly a derivative of 落 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ) (Schuessler, 2007) with exopassivising suffix *-s, literally, "what has been dropped".


黔

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡram, *ɡrɯm): semantic 黑 (“black”) + phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm)
Perhaps an areal word related to Longzhou Zhuang kʰam¹ ("cloudy; dark"), Proto-Katuic *koom (“black”) (Schuessler, 2007). See also 黮 and 紺.

Han compound

† - usually describes the color of cloth or thread


雷

Ancient simplification of 靁, which was a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ruːl): semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 畾 (OC *ruːl).
The Northern Min initial s- may be due to the loss of a pre-initial which might have been a velar considering dialect forms in Henan, Hebei and Shanxi, e.g. Taiyuan Jin 忽雷 (hueh4 lui1) (Schuessler, 2007).
Perhaps from Sino-Tibetan. Compare Mizo râwl (“voice; cry (of an animal); sound”), Tibetan ཁྲོལ (khrol).
;"spoiler"
; "loyalty"

cog

畾
𡈶
𩇓
𤴐
𩂩
𤳳
䨓
𩄣
靁
㗊
𤴑

Lei Chen (Chinese dissident who founded the Free China Journal in Taiwan)

雷震


黎

Characters in the same phonetic series (利) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *riːl): semantic 黍 (“millet”) + phonetic 利 (OC *rids); however, the semantic component is contracted. A regularized but unused variant is 㴝, while a variant without contraction is 𥣥.
; “black; numerous”
; “Li people”
: Before Song dynasty, 俚 (lǐ) was a more common term.

Han compound

Li Yuanhong (Chinese politician during the late Qing dynasty and the Republic of China)

黎元洪


鱗

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rin): semantic 魚 (“fish”) + phonetic 粦 (OC *rins).

Han compound

鳞
魿/⿰鱼令
䰼/⿰鱼今


鮮

→ Vietnamese: tươi

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sen, *senʔ, *sens): semantic 魚 (“fish”) + abbreviated phonetic 羴 (OC *qʰreːn, *qʰljen).
Alternatively, may be ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 魚 (“fish”) + 羊 (“sheep”) – delicious.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gsjar (“new; fresh”) (STEDT). Cognate with Proto-Tibeto-Burman *g-sar (“new; fresh”), whence Tibetan གསར་བ (gsar ba, “new; fresh”), Rawang angsar (“new”), Drung aksal (“new”), Mizo tʰarᴴ (“new”) (Schuessler, 2007); cognate with Tibetan གསར་ (gsar, “new”), Burmese ဆန်း (hcan:, “new, fresh”) (Hill, 2019).

cog

鲜
鱻/𱈜
䲆
觧
⿰⿱⺈冂羊
𱆮
⿰𩵋羊
鲜
*鱻
尟
赻
*尠
鲜


龐

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *broːŋ): semantic 广 (“house”) + phonetic 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ).

Han compound

Pang De (military general during the late Eastern Han dynasty)

龐德

庞德


齋

→ Thai: เจ (jee)

→ Vietnamese: chay

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsriːl): phonetic 齊 (OC *zliːl, *zliːls) + semantic 示 (“god; deity”).


髮

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pod): semantic 髟 (“long hair”) + phonetic 犮 (OC *boːd).
However, the original form 𩠙 was composed by 首 and 犬 (according to Takashi Takada 高田忠周, it's the contraction of 犮).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-pu. Alternatively, it may be derived from 發 (OC *pad, “to sprout”) (Schuessler, 2007).


鼎

Pictogram (象形) - a tripod, i.e., an ancient bronze vessel with three legs used for cooking or performing ritual sacrifices. Sometimes, it was carved with characters. Also phonetically (and perhaps semantically) borrowed to indicate "to divine" (then written as 鼑 > 貞). See also the original version of 具 and 則.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(m/ʔ)-di(k/ŋ) (“pot; cauldron”) (STEDT).


黨

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (黨):
* → Japanese: 党(とう) (tō)
* → Korean: 당(黨) (dang)
* → Vietnamese: đảng (黨)

→ Zhuang: dangj

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *taːŋʔ, *tʰaːŋʔ): phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic 黑 (“black”) – black; dark.
The endoactive of 當 (OC *taːŋ, “to be equal of”), literally "that which is equal in rank" (Schuessler, 2007).


鳳

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鳳):
* → Japanese: 鳳(ほう) (hō)
* → Korean: 봉(鳳) (bong)
* → Vietnamese: phụng (鳳), phượng (鳳)

→ English: Feng

→ Zhuang: fungh

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bums): phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) + 鳥 (“bird”).
In the oracle bone script, the script of 鳳 (OC *bums) was often phonetically borrowed to represent 風 (OC *plum, *plums, “wind”). Subsequent forms of the script of 風 were also derived from parts of the bronze inscription of 鳳.


雲

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢun): semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 云 (OC *ɢun, “cloud”). Originally written 云, with the 雨 radical added to 云 to distinguish from the borrowed sense of “to speak”.
Very few outside cognates exist. Starostin compares it with Mizo vân (“sky, the skies, heaven”) and Karbi inghun (“cloud”).
Alternatively, this is a derivation from a root meaning “to revolve”. Compare 運 (OC *ɢuns, “to move”), 回 (OC *ɡuːl, “to whirl, to circle”) (Schuessler, 2007).


鼓

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鼓):
* → Japanese: 鼓(こ) (ko)
* → Korean: 고(鼓) (go)
* → Vietnamese: cổ (鼓)

Wutunhua: guu

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 壴 (“drum”) + 支 (“hand holding drumstick”). Compare 殸. See also the right component of 段.
Area word; compare Proto-Tai *klɔŋᴬ (“drum”), Saek [script needed] (tlɔɔŋᴬ¹), Proto-Hlai *laŋ¹ (“drum”), Proto-Wa (*kloʔ, "bronze-drum") (Schuessler, 2007).
瞽 (OC *kʷaːʔ, “blind man; musician”) is a derivative.

Han compound

鼔
皷
𡔷
𪔐
𪔨
𪔎
𩉨
𩉲
𩉩
𩊉

仙人拍鼓有時錯，跤步踏差啥人無／仙人拍鼓有时错，跤步踏差啥人无

sian-jîn phah kó͘ iú sî chhò, kha-pō͘ ta̍h-chha siáⁿ-lâng bô


麼

么
麽
庅
么
麽
庅
么
麽
庅
嗎:má
嘛:má
麽
麽
庅
尛
𡭚
𡭯
𡮡
𤹳
么
麽
乜
嗎


高

→ English: Gao, Kao, Ko

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (高):
* → Japanese: 高(こう) (kō)
* → Korean: 고(高) (go)
* → Vietnamese: cao (高)

Characters in the same phonetic series (高) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – a tall building. Compare 京, which however is not a Kangxi radical.
Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-gaw (“head”). Compare with Burmese ခေါင်း (hkaung:, “head”). However, 元 (OC *ŋon, “head”) instead is more likely to be related to this Proto-Sino-Tibetan root given its significant semantic agreement (Schuessler, 2007).
Likely allofams are 喬 (OC *ɡrew, “tall”), and perhaps 浩 (OC *ɡuːʔ, “vast”) (although the vowels do not agree).

Han etyl

高適

高适


鶴

/hɔk̚²¹⁻²¹⁵/

/hɔk̚²¹⁻²¹⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡloːwɢ): phonetic 寉 (OC *ɡluːwɢ) + semantic 鳥.
Possibly from Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *kl(uə)k (“white”), whence Proto-Vietic *t-lɔːk (“white”) but Old Mon kloh (“crane”).


齊

Characters in the same phonetic series (齊) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogram (指事): a field of grain, hence of uniform height. Compare 森, in which three trees represent a whole forest.
Either related to Mizo čelʔᴸ (“equal, to endure”) or, more phonologically likely, Tibetan ཚིར (tshir, “queue, order, succession”) as Tibetan /tsʰir/'s final /-r/ can explain the Middle Chinese retroflex initial of 儕 (OC *zriːl), which is derived from 齊 (OC *zliːl). Note also similarities to Burmese စီ (ci, “to line up”), စေ့ (ce., “to keep things close together”).

cog

齐
斉
斊
立
亝
𠫼
𠄷
齐
褿
全
仝
巢
樵
昭
𤍫
焦
勻

齊白石

齐白石


麻

Characters in the same phonetic series (麻) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 厂 + 𣏟: a representation of hemp leaves.
Etymology not clear, however PKS (Proto-Kam-Sui) *Ɂŋra¹ ‘sesame’ looks remotely similar to OC.


鹿

/lɵk̚³²⁻³²⁵/

/lɵk̚³²⁻³²⁵/

Characters in the same phonetic series (鹿) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – a deer. Current form is highly abstracted – legs have transformed to 比 – note grouping of front and rear legs, which are bent – head has transformed to middle component (similar to 凸/曲), while antlers on top and extended lip/mouth on left transformed into 广. This transformation occurred during seal characters.
Contrast the very different development of 馬 (“horse”), and the transformation in 廌 (as in 薦), which has the head of 鹿 but the legs of 馬 (灬).
Uncertain, though possibly Sino-Tibetan (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Northern Naga *gjuk (“deer, sambar”), from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *g-rjuk (French, 1983); also according to French, Benedict relates the Tibeto-Burman item to Western Gurung [script needed] (gju, “sheep”), but this Gurung item may instead be related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *luk (“sheep”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Within Chinese, Sagart (1999) relates this to 角 (OC *kroːɡ, “horn”).
Baxter and Sagart (2014; 2020) compares this to Langjia Buyang /ma⁰ lɔk⁸/. Note also Nùng klook (“deer”) (Schuessler, 2007).


黃

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (黃):
* → Japanese: 黄(おう) (ō); 黄(こう) (kō)
* → Korean: 황(黃) (Hwang)
* → Vietnamese: Huỳnh (黃), Hoàng (黃)

desc

→ English: Huang, Wong, Ng, Uy, Wee, Oei, Ooi

→ Malay: Oey, Oei

→ Tagalog: Ng, Uy, Wee

→ Vietnamese: vàng

→ Proto-Mien: *ʔgʷi̯əŋᴬ (“bright”)

Chi (2010) proposes that 黃 was originally a pictogram (象形) and the original character of 尪 (OC *qʷaːŋ, “a disabled person with a protruding chest or abdomen”). It has been phonetically borrowed for "yellow" since the era of the oracle bone script. He (1998) noted the possible ritual of burning disabled people with a protruding chest or abdomen to pray for rain as mentioned in Zuozhuan. The 口 in the upper part of the bronze inscription of 黃 might be depicting the disabled person's face facing upwards. Compare 堇.
Li (2012), on the other hand, proposes that 黃 was originally a pictogram (象形) and the original character of 璜 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ, “semicircular jade”) as the 口 in the oracle bone script resembles a ring of jade, so the character would carry the meaning of "a man wearing a ring of jade on his chest". The meaning "yellow" is the result of rebus. See also the original version of 周, which represents carved jade.
According to Shuowen, it is both a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷaːŋ) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): phonetic 炗 (, “light”) + semantic 田 (“field”) – the color of earth, with 炗 being the ancient form of 光 (OC *kʷaːŋ, *kʷaːŋs, “light”). However, this interpretation is erroneous as 廿 at the top was formed as a result of corruption of 口 in the bronze inscription.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hwaŋ (“shine; bright; yellow”). Cognate with 光 (OC *kʷaːŋ, *kʷaːŋs, “light; bright”), 曠 (OC *kʰʷaːŋs, “bright; well-lit”), Burmese ဝင်း (wang:, “bright”), Burmese ဝါ (wa, “yellow”).
;“sexually obscene; pornographic”

inh

Huang Zongxi (Chinese intellectual and political theorist that lived during the latter part of the Ming dynasty into the early part of the Qing)

黃宗羲

黄宗羲

Oei Hui-lan (a Chinese-Indonesian socialite and First Lady of the Republic of China)

黃蕙蘭

黄蕙兰


魚

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (魚):
* → Japanese: 魚(ぎょ) (gyo)
* → Korean: 어(魚) (eo)
* → Vietnamese: ngư (魚)

/ᵑɡui²²⁻²²⁵/

/ᵑɡui²²⁻²¹⁵/

/ᵑɡui²²⁻²²⁵/

/ᵑɡui²²⁻²¹⁵/

Characters in the same phonetic series (魚) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – a fish. A conservative variant is 𤋳.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ŋja. Cognate with 漁 (OC *ŋa, “to fish”).


麥

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (麥):
* → Vietnamese: mạch (麥)

Characters in the same phonetic series (來) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mrɯːɡ): phonetic 來 (OC *m·rɯːɡ) + semantic 夊 (“foot; to walk slowly”); according to Xu Shen, its meaning is "wheat". 來 was the original character for “wheat”.
Several possible interpretations for the glyph:
* This character originally meant “to come”. Because the simpler 來 was commonly used for this (borrowed) sense, its original meaning (“wheat”) switched with 麥.
* 夊 represents the ancient concept that wheat came from the heavens.
* 夊 represents growth of the wheat plant.
Etymologically unrelated to 來 (OC *m·rɯːɡ, “to come”). Schuessler (2007) suggests it is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m‑rə(k) (“buckwheat”) and cognate with Tibetan བྲ་བོ (bra bo, “buckwheat”); also compare Proto-Lolo-Burmese *g-ra² (“buckwheat”). STEDT compares 麥 (OC *mrɯːɡ, “wheat”) to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *bra (“buckwheat”) (provisional).
Starostin (2009), on the other hand, compares 麥 (OC *mrɯːɡ, “wheat”) to Proto-Tungusic *murgi (“barley”), Middle Korean 밇 (milh, “wheat”), Old Japanese 麦 (mugi₁, “wheat; barley”).

Han compound

Karl Maka (Hong Kong actor, born 麥嘉尚 (Mak Kar-sheung))

麥嘉

麦嘉

1949, “客途秋恨”, in 廣東大戲考, 廣東播音界聯誼社, page 238:

siu² sang¹ mau⁶ gan², naai⁵ hai⁶ lin⁴ sin¹ zi⁶, wai⁶ jik¹ do¹ cing⁴ gei⁶ neoi⁵, go² go³ mak⁶ si⁶ cau¹ gyun¹.

小生繆瑾，乃係蓮仙字，為憶多情妓女，個個麥氏秋娟。

小生缪瑾，乃系莲仙字，为忆多情妓女，个个麦氏秋娟。


黑

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (黑):
* → Japanese: 黒(こく) (koku)
* → Korean: 흑(黑) (heuk)
* → Vietnamese: hắc (黑)

Five Punishments
Shuowen
Spring and Autumn
Warring States

Pictogram (象形) – a person (大) with a tattooed face, depicting penal tattooing (墨 and 黥), one of the five punishments of ancient China.
In the bronze inscriptions from the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, dots were sometimes added around 大, leading Shuowen to erroneously interpret the character as an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 𡆧 (“chimney”) + 炎 (“fire; flame”) — fire burning under a chimney, causing it to become black from the smoke.
This word displaced the earlier word for "black", 玄. Unrelated to 熏.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-maŋ ~ s-mak. Cognate with 墨 (OC *mlɯːɡ, “ink”).
The sense of “hack” is a phono-semantic matching of English hack.


風

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (風):
* → Japanese: 風(ふう) (fū)
* → Korean: 풍(風) (pung)
* → Vietnamese: phong (風)

→? Old Korean: (via Old Chinese) (Zhao, 2007)

desctree

Middle Korean: ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ (polom, “wind”)
Korean: 바람 (baram)

Drung language
Jingpho language
Shuowen
dissimilation

Characters in the same phonetic series (凡) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *plum, *plums): phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) + semantic 虫 (“insects”); the point inside 凡 is still visible above the insect, hence this component appears as 䖝. Ancient Chinese people thought that insects appear with wind. (Insects refer to any kind of animal, such as tigers (大蟲)).
In the oracle bone script, the character 鳳 (OC *bums, “male fenghuang”) was phonetically borrowed to represent 風 (OC *plum, *plums). The right part of the bronze inscription of the character consists of phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) at the top, and three parts depicting the fur on the tail of the male fenghuang at the bottom. Subsequent forms of 風 are based on the right part of its bronze inscription, with two of the three threads of "fur" removed for simplification. The 虫 in the Chu script and Qin script of 風 was likely a result of further simplification of the "fur". Shuowen misinterpreted the character 風 by associating it with insects. (Li, 2012)
Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *buŋ (“wind”) (STEDT). Velar nasal final -ŋ, restored later in Middle Chinese (Schuessler, 2007), is preserved in cognates like Proto-Central Naga *m-puŋ, Jingpho mabung, nbung, Drung nvmbeung.
Pronunciations 1, 2, and 3 are all cognates; with both 2 and 3 evolving from *prəm-s, exoactive (with causative suffix -s) of *prəm (Schuessler, 2007). It is unclear how Old Chinese *prəm is related to Tibetan རླུང (rlung) and Proto-Tai *C̬.lɯmᴬ.
Korean 바람 (baram) may have been borrowed from Chinese (Zhao, 2007). The Chinese word has a wide range of extended meanings, and interestingly many of these have exact parallels in the Korean item. Compare Chinese 風流 and 風騷 with Korean 바람둥이 (baramdung'i).
Cognate with:
* 飛廉 (OC *pɯl ɡ·rem, “wind god”)
* 蜚蠊 (OC *pɯlʔ/bɯls ɡ·rem, “cockroach”) (note the preservation of the -r- infix in Old Chinese through disyllabification, also 嵐 (OC *b·ruːm), 葻 (OC *b·uːm))
* 瘋 (OC *plum, “mad, insane”)
* 諷 (OC *plums, “to mock, to advise”)
* 帆 (OC *bom, *boms, “sail”)
The development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was irregular, driven by dissimilation of the initial and coda bilabial consonants.

Han compound

风
凨
凬
𠙈
𠙄
𠙊
凮
𠙗
飌
𩙣
𠂡


骨

Characters in the same phonetic series (骨) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 冎 (“skull”) + ⺼ (“body”).
Usually related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/m/g-rus (“bone”), whence Tibetan རུས (rus), Nuosu ꃷꅍ (vup ddu), S'gaw Karen တၢ်ဃံ (ta̱xee), but there is no trace of a medial *r in Chinese (Schuessler, 2007).


長

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (長):
* → Japanese: 長(ちょう) (chō); 長(じょう) (jō)
* → Korean: 장(長) (jang)
* → Vietnamese: trường (長), tràng (長)

Pictogram (象形) – an old man with long hair; an ancient variant still used is 镸 (e.g., ⾽ and 鬓).
Compare 彡 and the top component of 老 and its variant 考.
Three pronunciations below are cognate, all derived from the original root of 張 (*traŋ, “to make long; to stretch; to string a bow”).
Pronunciation 1 ("long") is the endopassive derivative ("be extended, be stretched"), with intransitive voicing. The lack of Tibeto-Burman cognates with the same meaning indicate that this is a Chinese innovation. Pronunciation 2 ("to grow") is the endoactive derivative. The different pronunciations are one of the few instances of contemporary grammatical tone in Mandarin.
See 張 for more.


龍

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (龍):
* → Japanese: 竜(りゅう) (ryū)
* → Korean: 룡>용(龍) (ryong>yong)
* → Vietnamese: long (龍)

→ Indonesian: liong

desctree

→ Proto-Vietic: *-roːŋ
Tho:
Cuoi Cham: ʐoŋ²
Lang Lo: ʐoŋ²
Viet-Muong:
Muong: rồng
Middle Vietnamese: 蠬 (ròu᷄), 𧏵 (ròu᷄)
Vietnamese: rồng

→ Old Turkic: 𐰠𐰇 (lü)

→ Middle Mongol: ᠯᠤᠤ (luu)

Classical Mongolian: ᠯᠤᠤ (luu)

Mongolian: ᠯᠤᠤ／луу (luu)

→ Zhuang: lungz

Old Turkic language
Proto-Hmong-Mien language
Proto-Vietic language
Turkish language
Vietnamese language
White Hmong language

Characters in the same phonetic series (龍) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – originally a serpent with prominent whiskered mouth and eyes.
Current form developed in large seal script, with serpent’s body on right (tail at upper right, legs on right), whiskered/fanged mouth at lower left, and eyes/crown at upper left. Left side was subsequently simplified and abstracted, with some influence of 立 and ⺼/月. Note that 竜 existed as a traditional variant dating back to large seal script, and figures a dragon seen face-on, rather than curled around.
Compare 𣎆, which represents a particular kind of dragon.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-bru(ŋ/k) (“dragon; thunder”). Cognate with Tibetan འབྲུག ('brug, “dragon; thunder”). The STEDT database also lists 隆 (OC *ɡ·ruːŋ, “thunder; sound of thunder”) and 雹 (OC *bruːɡ, “hail”) as cognates. Also compare 靐 (OC *brɯŋs, “sound of thunder”) and 霹靂 (OC *pʰeːɡ reːɡ, “thunder”).
This word is found in many languages of the region. Compare Proto-Hmong-Mien *-roŋ (“dragon”) (White Hmong zaj), Proto-Vietic *-roːŋ (“dragon”) (Vietnamese rồng), Vietnamese thuồng luồng (“serpent-like monster”), Khmer រោង (roong, “year of the dragon”), Thai มะโรง (má-roong, “dragon; year of the dragon”), Lao ມະໂລງ (ma lōng, “year of the dragon”), perhaps also Old Turkic [script needed]|[Term?] (*-lan, suffix denoting a wild, predatory animal) (Turkish aslan (“lion”), kaplan (“tiger”), yılan (“snake”)).

cog-lite

龙
㡣
䮾
䰱
竜
龒
𠉒
𠊋
𢀀
𢄫
𢅛
𥪐
𥪑
𥪖
𥪢
𥫆
𥫈
𦱉
𦱸

龍雲

龙云


兼

Characters in the same phonetic series (兼) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): Hand 又 (as in 肀) holding two grain stalks 禾. Compare: 秉 (bǐng), a hand holding one plant.
Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007); compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *ckiəm ~ ckəm ~ ckam ~ ckaim (“to grasp, to hold”).

cog

𠔥
𬻵
𭵄
𭵈
𭁐
𭆢
𮏳


上官

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ku̯än⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ²² kuːn⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² kuã³³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kuã⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ kuã⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ kuã⁴⁴/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ kuã⁴⁴/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ku̯än⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ²² kuːn⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² kuã³³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kuã⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ kuã⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ kuã⁴⁴/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ kuã⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kuan⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² kuan³³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ kuan⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ kuan⁴⁴/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ku̯än⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ²² kuːn⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kuan⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² kuan³³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ kuan⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ kuan⁴⁴/

Shangguan Wan'er (Tang Dynasty imperial consort and politician)

上官婉兒

上官婉儿


公子

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/kuŋ²⁴ t͡sɨ³¹/

/kɔŋ³³ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/koŋ⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/kuŋ²⁴ t͡sɨ³¹/

/kɔŋ³³ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/koŋ⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

/kʊŋ³³ t͡si³/

/kən³³ t͡ɕi³/

/kʊŋ³³ t͡si³/

/kən³³ t͡ɕi³/


大夫

/taːi̯²² fuː⁵⁵/

/tai²²⁻²¹ hu⁴⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² hu³³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ hu⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ hu⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ hu⁴⁴/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ hu³³/

/taːi̯²² fuː⁵⁵/

/tai²²⁻²¹ hu⁴⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² hu³³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ hu⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ hu⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ hu⁴⁴/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ hu³³/

/taːi̯²² fuː⁵⁵/

/tai²²⁻²¹ hu⁴⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² hu³³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ hu⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ hu⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ hu⁴⁴/


令狐

/lɪŋ²¹ wuː²¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔ²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² hɔ¹³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ hɔ²³/

/lɪŋ²¹ wuː²¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔ²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² hɔ¹³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ hɔ²³/


南宮

→ English: Namgung, Nangong

desc

南宮, なんぐう, なんきゅう

→ Japanese: 南宮, なんぐう, なんきゅう

→ Japanese: 南宮, なんぐう, なんきゅう

→ English: Nangyu, Nangu, Nanguu, Nankyu, Nanku, Nankuu

→ Korean: 南宮, 남궁

→ English: Namgung, Namgoong, Namkung, Namkoong

→ Vietnamese: 南宮, Namcung, Nam Cung

→ English: Namcung

/nän³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/nän³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/


皇甫

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (皇甫):
* → Korean: 황보(皇甫) (hwangbo)
* → Vietnamese: Hoàng Phủ (皇甫)

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɔːŋ²¹ fuː³⁵/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² hu⁵³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² hu⁵⁵⁴/

/hɔŋ¹³⁻²² hu⁵³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hu⁵³/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ hu⁴¹/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɔːŋ²¹ fuː³⁵/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² hu⁵³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² hu⁵⁵⁴/

/hɔŋ¹³⁻²² hu⁵³/

/hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hu⁵³/

/hɔŋ²³⁻³³ hu⁴¹/


將軍

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ d͡ʑ̥yn²/

/t͡ɕiaŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ kʷɐn⁵⁵/

/t͡si̯oŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯un²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ³³ kœyŋ⁵⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁴ kœyŋ⁵⁴/

/t͡suoŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kun⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴/

/t͡siaŋ³³⁻²³ kuŋ³³/

/t͡ɕiã⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ d͡ʑ̥yn²/

/t͡ɕiaŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ kʷɐn⁵⁵/

/t͡si̯oŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯un²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ³³ kœyŋ⁵⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁴ kœyŋ⁵⁴/

/t͡suoŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kun⁴⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴/

/t͡siaŋ³³⁻²³ kuŋ³³/

/t͡ɕiã⁵⁵ t͡ɕyn²¹/

First used in the state of Jin in Spring and Autumn period, where the army are controled by one of the leaders of six powerful vassal states (see Zhongjunjiang). Later it becomes a separate official position.


公孫

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ su̯ən⁵⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ syːn⁵⁵/

/kɒŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))nɔŋ⁵³³/

/kɒŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))nuoŋ⁵³³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sun⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ sun³³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sun⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sun⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sun⁴⁴/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ su̯ən⁵⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ syːn⁵⁵/

/kɒŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))nɔŋ⁵³³/

/kɒŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))nuoŋ⁵³³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sun⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ sun³³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sun⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sun⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sun⁴⁴/

Gongsun Zan (warlord during the late Eastern Han Dynasty)

公孫瓚

公孙瓒

a surname (no longer common in modern times)


夏侯

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ xoʊ̯³⁵/

/haː²² hɐu̯²¹/

/ha⁴¹⁻²² hio²⁴/

/ha²²⁻²¹ hɔ²⁴/

/ha³³⁻²¹ hɔ²³/

/ha³³⁻¹¹ hɔ²⁴/

/hɛ²²⁻²¹ hɔ¹³/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ xoʊ̯³⁵/

/haː²² hɐu̯²¹/

/ha⁴¹⁻²² hio²⁴/

/ha²²⁻²¹ hɔ²⁴/

/ha³³⁻²¹ hɔ²³/

/ha³³⁻¹¹ hɔ²⁴/

/hɛ²²⁻²¹ hɔ¹³/

Xiahou Dun (Han Dynasty general and politician serving under Cao Cao)

夏侯惇


東門

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ muːn²¹/

/taŋ³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍¹³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bun²⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ bun²⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bun¹³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ muːn²¹/

/taŋ³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍¹³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bun²⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ bun²⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bun¹³/


司馬

Sino-Xenic (司馬):
* → Japanese: 司馬(しば) (Shiba)
* → Korean: 사마(司馬) (Sama)
* → Vietnamese: Tư Mã (司馬)

→ Bouyei: Siymaj

→ English: Sima, Szema

→ Zhuang: Swhmaj

/sz̩⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siː⁵⁵ maː¹³/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ mã⁵³/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ mã⁴¹/

/sɯ³³ mã⁵⁵⁴/

/sɯ³³⁻²³ be⁵²/

/sz̩⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siː⁵⁵ maː¹³/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ mã⁵³/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ mã⁴¹/

/sɯ³³ mã⁵⁵⁴/

/sɯ³³⁻²³ be⁵²/

Sima Qian (author of the Records of the Grand Historian)

司馬遷

司马迁

Sima Yi (politician during the Three Kingdoms period)

司馬懿

司马懿


南門

/nän³⁵ mən³⁵/

/lam²³⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/nän³⁵ mən³⁵/

/lam²³⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/


西門

/ɕi⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ muːn²¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/ɕi⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ muːn²¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

西門慶／西门庆 ― Xīmén Qìng ― Ximen Qing (character in the novels Water Margin and Jin Ping Mei)


司徒

desc

→ English: Situ, Szeto, Seto, Seeto, Soohoo, Seetoh, Sitoh

→ Zhuang: Swhduz

/sz̩⁵⁵ tʰu³⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ tʰou̯²¹/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ²⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ²³/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² tɔ¹³/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² tɔ²⁴/

/sz̩⁵⁵ tʰu³⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ tʰou̯²¹/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ²⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ²³/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² tɔ¹³/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² tɔ²⁴/

司徒宇斌


高唐

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/


高堂

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/kɔ³³ tɔŋ²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ¹³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ²³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ²⁴/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/kɔ³³ tɔŋ²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ¹³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ²³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ²⁴/


淳于

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ y³⁵/

/sɵn²¹ jyː⁵⁵/

/sun²⁴⁻²² u³³/

/sun²³⁻³³ u⁴⁴/

/sun²⁴⁻¹¹ u⁴⁴/

/sun²⁴⁻²² u²⁴/

/sun¹³⁻²² i¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ y³⁵/

/sɵn²¹ jyː⁵⁵/

/sun²⁴⁻²² u³³/

/sun²³⁻³³ u⁴⁴/

/sun²⁴⁻¹¹ u⁴⁴/

/sun²⁴⁻²² u²⁴/

/sun¹³⁻²² i¹³/


諸葛

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (諸葛):
* → Japanese: 諸葛(しょかつ) (Shokatsu)
* → Korean: 제갈(諸葛) (Jegal)

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ kɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ kɔːt̚³/

/t͡sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑʔ²⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ kat̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² kat̚³²/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ kɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ kɔːt̚³/

/t͡sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑʔ²⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ kat̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² kat̚³²/

三個臭皮匠，勝過諸葛亮／三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮

sān ge chòupíjiàng, shèngguò Zhūgě Liàng

諸葛亮

诸葛亮


東方

ja-r

東方(とうほう) (tōhō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (東方):
* → Japanese: 東方(とうほう) (tōhō)
* → Korean: 동방(東方) (dongbang)
* → Vietnamese: đông phương (東方)

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/toŋ⁵⁵ faŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴ fɑŋ²⁴/

/tuŋ²⁴ fɑŋ⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ foŋ²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ fɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ hɔŋ³³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ hŋ̍³³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ³³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/toŋ⁵⁵ faŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴ fɑŋ²⁴/

/tuŋ²⁴ fɑŋ⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ foŋ²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ fɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ hɔŋ³³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ hŋ̍³³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ³³/

東方朔

东方朔


安國

/ˀän⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/ˀän⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/


司空

/sz̩⁵⁵ kʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ hʊŋ⁵⁵/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sɯ³³ kʰɔŋ³³/

/sz̩⁵⁵ kʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ hʊŋ⁵⁵/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sɯ³³ kʰɔŋ³³/

Written as 司工 (OC *slɯ koːŋ) in the bronze inscription.


士孫

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ su̯ən⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹ su̯ən⁵⁵/


南郭

/nän³⁵ ku̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/nän³⁵ ku̯ɔ⁵⁵/


濮陽

/pʰu³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/pʊk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/puʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/pʰok̚²⁻⁴ iaŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/pʊk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/puʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/pʰok̚²⁻⁴ iaŋ⁵⁵/


太史

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Subordinate to the Minister of Ceremonies, the Court Astronomer made astronomical observations and drafted the annual lunisolar calendar. The Court Astronomer also upheld a literacy test of 9,000 characters for nominees aspiring to become subordinate officials for either the Minister Steward or Palace Assistant Imperial Clerk.

太史慈


翡翠

Sino-Xenic (翡翠):
* → Japanese: 翡(ひ)翠(すい) (hisui)
* → Korean: 비취(翡翠) (bichwi)
* → Vietnamese: phỉ thúy (翡翠), phỉ thuý (翡翠)

/feɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/fei̯³⁵ t͡sʰɵy̯³³/

/hui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰui²¹/

/hui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰui⁴¹/

/hui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰui²¹/

/hui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰui¹¹/

/hui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰui²¹/

/hui³³⁻²³ t͡sʰui²¹³/

/fi³³ t͡sʰø⁴⁴/

/feɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/fei̯³⁵ t͡sʰɵy̯³³/

/hui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰui²¹/

/hui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰui⁴¹/

/hui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰui²¹/

/hui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰui¹¹/

/hui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰui²¹/

/hui³³⁻²³ t͡sʰui²¹³/

/fi³³ t͡sʰø⁴⁴/


單于

/ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵ y³⁵/

/siɛn²⁴⁻²² u²⁴/

/siɛn²⁴⁻²² u³³/

/siɛn¹³⁻²² i¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵ y³⁵/

/siɛn²⁴⁻²² u²⁴/

/siɛn²⁴⁻²² u³³/

/siɛn¹³⁻²² i¹³/

From Xiongnu. Earliest extant attestations of this title (reconstructed as *darƣʷa) are in Chinese language inscriptions found in ruins of Xiongnu's capital 龍城／龙城 (Lóngchéng), in modern Mongolia.
Cognate with Mongolian ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠ (darug-a) / дарга (darga, “chief; head; governor”), Persian داروغه (dâruğe, “governor”), Old Turkic 𐱃𐰺𐰴𐰣 (tarqan, “commander”).
Related to 答剌罕 (dálàhǎn, “tarkhan”), 達魯噶／达鲁噶 (“darugha”), 達魯花赤／达鲁花赤 (“darughachi”).

zh-l

達魯噶／达鲁噶 (“darugha”)


行人

/ɕiŋ³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/hɐŋ²¹ jɐn²¹/

/hɛiŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^((Ø-))ŋiŋ⁵³/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/hiɪŋ²³⁻³³ zin²³/

/hiɪŋ¹³⁻²² d͡zin¹³/

/kĩã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ naŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/hɐŋ²¹ jɐn²¹/

/hɛiŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^((Ø-))ŋiŋ⁵³/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/

/hiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/hiɪŋ²³⁻³³ zin²³/

/hiɪŋ¹³⁻²² d͡zin¹³/

/kĩã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ naŋ⁵⁵/

/haːŋ²¹ jɐn²¹/

/haːŋ²¹ jɐn²¹/


歐陽

ja-r

欧陽(おうよう) (ōyō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (歐陽):
* → Japanese: 欧陽(おうよう) (ōyō)
* → Korean: 구양(歐陽) (guyang)
* → Vietnamese: Âu Dương (歐陽)

→ English: Ouyang, O'Young

/ˀoʊ̯⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/ɐu̯⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/eu̯²⁴ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/au⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/au⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/au³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/au⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/au⁴⁴⁻²² iaŋ¹³/

/au³³⁻²³ iaŋ⁵⁵/

/au³⁵⁻³³ ziaŋ²²/

/ˀoʊ̯⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/ɐu̯⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/eu̯²⁴ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/au⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/au⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/au³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/au⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/au⁴⁴⁻²² iaŋ¹³/

/au³³⁻²³ iaŋ⁵⁵/

/au³⁵⁻³³ ziaŋ²²/

According to 11th-century CE writer Ouyang Xiu, the surname originated with 4th-century BCE Prince 蹄 (Tí) of Yue, who settled on the southern face (陽／阳 (yáng)) of 歐餘山／欧余山 (Ōuyúshān, “mountain in Huzhou”).

zh-l

Ouyang Xiu (Song dynasty politician and essayist)

歐陽修

欧阳修


巴里

/pä⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pä⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

* The city in Ontario is borrowed from English Barrie.
* The city in Italy is borrowed from Italian Bari.


公明

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/


邯鄲

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (邯鄲):
* → Japanese: 邯鄲(かんたん) (Kantan)
* → Korean: 한단(邯鄲) (Handan)

→ English: Handan, Han-tan

/xän³⁵ tän⁵⁵/

/hɔːn²¹ taːn⁵⁵/

/xän³⁵ tän⁵⁵/

/hɔːn²¹ taːn⁵⁵/


鮮卑

Sino-Xenic (鮮卑):
* → Japanese: 鮮(せん)卑(ぴ) (senpi)
* → Korean: 선비(鮮卑) (seonbi)
* → Vietnamese: Tiên Ti (鮮卑)

→ English: Xianbei

→ French: Xianbei

→ German: Xianbei

→ Portuguese: xianbei

desc

→ Russian: сяньби́ (sjanʹbí), сяньбэ́й (sjanʹbɛ́j)

→ Spanish: xianbei

→ Ukrainian: сяньбі́ (sjanʹbí)

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ peɪ̯⁵⁵/

/si̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ pi²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² pi⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² pi⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ pi⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ pi⁴⁴/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ peɪ̯⁵⁵/

/si̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ pi²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² pi⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² pi⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ pi⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ pi⁴⁴/

; "Xianbei"
: Paul Pelliot (1928:141, 142) suggested this was borrowed from Xianbei *serbi ~ *särbi.
; "belt hook"


大成

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²¹/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²¹/


北野

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


中野

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jɛː¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jɛː¹³/


新垣

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/


瓜田

/ku̯ä⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/kʷaː⁵⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

/ku̯ä⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/kʷaː⁵⁵ tʰiːn²¹/


若干

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (若干):
* → Japanese: 若(じゃっ)干(かん) (jakkan)
* → Korean: 약간(若干) (yakgan)

/ʐɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ kän⁵⁵/

/ʐɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹ kän⁵⁵/

Most likely from Xianbei 若干 (*ñaqañ) meaning "dog", related to Mongolian нохой (noxoj).


第五

/ti⁵¹ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɐi̯²² ŋ̍¹³/

/tʰi⁵⁵ ŋ̍³¹/

/tɛ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ŋou²⁴²/

/te²²⁻²¹ ɡɔ²²/

/te³³⁻²¹ ɡɔ³³/

/te³³⁻¹¹ ɡɔ³³/

/te⁴¹⁻²² ɡɔ²²/

/tõĩ³⁵⁻¹¹ ŋou³⁵/

/ti⁵¹ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɐi̯²² ŋ̍¹³/

/tʰi⁵⁵ ŋ̍³¹/

/tɛ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ŋou²⁴²/

/te²²⁻²¹ ɡɔ²²/

/te³³⁻²¹ ɡɔ³³/

/te³³⁻¹¹ ɡɔ³³/

/te⁴¹⁻²² ɡɔ²²/

/tõĩ³⁵⁻¹¹ ŋou³⁵/


𨚵

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): phonetic 𢦏 (OC *ʔslɯː) + semantic 邑.


𠐊

For pronunciation and definitions of 𠐊 – see 豎 (“to erect; to make vertical; vertical; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 豎).


㝒

For pronunciation and definitions of 㝒 – see 居 (“to live; to dwell; to reside; to occupy; to be located at; to rank; etc.”).
(This character is an ancient form of 居).


㝹

Han char

㝹 (Kangxi radical 42, 小+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 火竹弓日山 (FHNAU), composition ⿱少兔)


㝸

㝸 (Kangxi radical 42, 小+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 火竹日山 (FHAU), composition ⿱小皃)


㡞

㡞 (Kangxi radical 50, 巾+11, 14 strokes, cangjie input 中月中中女 (LBLLV), composition ⿰巾婁)


㡷

㡷 (Kangxi radical 53, 广+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 戈木一 (IDM), composition ⿸广本)


㡻

㡻 (Kangxi radical 53, 广+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 戈竹竹中 (IHHL), composition ⿸广卯)


㣠

㣠 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹人中竹卜 (HOLHY), composition ⿲彳丨冬)

竹人中竹卜 (cangjie-input)
⿲彳丨冬 (composition)


㣝

㣝 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹人戈十 (HOIJ), composition ⿰彳戎)


㩦

㩦 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+15, 18 strokes, cangjie input 手人土月 (QOGB), four-corner 5002₇, composition ⿰扌⿱隹冏 or ⿰扌𮥼)

手人土月 (cangjie-input)
⿰扌⿱隹冏 (composition)
⿰扌𮥼 (composition)


㨅

㨅 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 手廿人月 (QTOB), composition ⿰扌芮)


㬊

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 爰 (OC *ɢʷan)


呼延

/hɔ⁴⁴⁻²² iɛn²⁴/

/hɔ³³ iɛn²⁴/

/hɔ⁴⁴⁻²² iɛn¹³/

/hɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɛn²⁴/

/hɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɛn²³/

/hɔ⁴⁴⁻²² iɛn²⁴/

/hɔ³³ iɛn²⁴/

/hɔ⁴⁴⁻²² iɛn¹³/

/hɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɛn²⁴/

/hɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɛn²³/


慕容

/mu⁵¹ ʐʊŋ³⁵/

/mou̯²² jʊŋ²¹/

/bɔ²²⁻²¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/bɔ⁴¹⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/bɔ²²⁻²¹ iɔŋ¹³/

/bɔ³³⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/bɔ³³⁻²¹ iɔŋ²³/

/mu⁵¹ ʐʊŋ³⁵/

/mou̯²² jʊŋ²¹/

/bɔ²²⁻²¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/bɔ⁴¹⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/bɔ²²⁻²¹ iɔŋ¹³/

/bɔ³³⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/bɔ³³⁻²¹ iɔŋ²³/


聞人

/wən⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/wən³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/mɐn²² jɐn²¹/

/wən⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/

/wən³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/mɐn²² jɐn²¹/

/mɐn²¹ jɐn²¹/

/wən³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/mɐn²¹ jɐn²¹/


禿髮

From Xianbei. Compare Mongolian ᠳᠡᠪᠡᠯ (debel).

/tʰu⁵⁵ fä⁵¹/

/tʰu⁵⁵ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰʊk̚⁵ faːt̚³/

/tʰu⁵⁵ fä⁵¹/

/tʰu⁵⁵ fä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰʊk̚⁵ faːt̚³/


胡母

/xu³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xu³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xu³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


万俟

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/mɐk̚² kʰei̯²¹/

/biɪk̚⁴⁻³² ki²⁴/

/biɪk̚⁴⁻³² ki²³/

/biɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ki¹³/

/mok̚⁴⁻² kʰi⁵⁵/

/mu̯ɔ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/mɐk̚² kʰei̯²¹/

/biɪk̚⁴⁻³² ki²⁴/

/biɪk̚⁴⁻³² ki²³/

/biɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ki¹³/

/mok̚⁴⁻² kʰi⁵⁵/


侯莫陳

/xoʊ̯³⁵ mu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵/

/hɐu̯²¹ mɔːk̚² t͡sʰɐn²¹/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² bɔk̚⁴⁻³² tin²⁴/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² bɔk̚²⁴⁻² tin²⁴/

/hɔ¹³⁻²² bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tin¹³/

/hɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² tin²⁴/

/hɔ²³⁻³³ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² tin²³/

/xoʊ̯³⁵ mu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵/

/hɐu̯²¹ mɔːk̚² t͡sʰɐn²¹/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² bɔk̚⁴⁻³² tin²⁴/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² bɔk̚²⁴⁻² tin²⁴/

/hɔ¹³⁻²² bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ tin¹³/

/hɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² tin²⁴/

/hɔ²³⁻³³ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² tin²³/

Borne by people from the ancient Xianbei ethnic group in northern China; originally the name of a clan. Later sinicised into the surname 陳／陈 (chén).


樂正

/ɥɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/ŋɔːk̚² t͡sɪŋ³³/

/ɡak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡siɪŋ²¹/

/ɡak̚⁴⁻³² t͡siɪŋ²¹/

/ɡak̚²⁴⁻² t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/

/ɥɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/ŋɔːk̚² t͡sɪŋ³³/

/ɡak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡siɪŋ²¹/

/ɡak̚⁴⁻³² t͡siɪŋ²¹/

/ɡak̚²⁴⁻² t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/


長孫

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ su̯ən⁵⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ³⁵ syːn⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sun³³/

/tiaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sun⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ su̯ən⁵⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ³⁵ syːn⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sun³³/

/tiaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sun⁴⁴/


鐵力

/tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹/

/tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹/


中行

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xɑŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xɑŋ³⁵/

Beidi
Duke Wen of Jin
Jin (Chinese state)
Kong Yingda
zh:先蔑
zh:屠擊 (晉國)
zh:荀林父

Originally, a 氏 (shì, “hereditary clan; house”) created in the state of Jin (晉), taking the name from the "Central Column" — 中 (zhōng)行 (háng) — of the Jin armies.
According to Kong Yingda's annotations to the Zuozhuan, the Middle Chinese fanqie of 行 in this context was 戶郎反 (reconstructed: /*ɦɑŋ/, /*ɣɑŋ/ > Mandarin háng).

The Marquis of Jin established the Three Columns in order to defend against the Di. Xun Linfu, Tu Ji, and Xian Mie commanded the Central, Right, and Left columns respectively.

Jìnhóu zuò sān háng yǐ yù Dí, Xún Línfǔ jiàng zhōng háng, Tú Jī jiàng yòu háng, Xiān Miè jiàng zuǒ háng.

晉侯作三行以禦狄，荀林父將中行，屠擊將右行，先蔑將左行。

晋侯作三行以御狄，荀林父将中行，屠击将右行，先蔑将左行。

Lord Huan of Zhonghang (posthumous appellation of Xun/Zhonghang Linfu, fl. c. 7th century BCE)

中行桓子

中行說

中行说


軒轅

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/hiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² uan²⁴/

/hiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² uan¹³/

/hiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ uan²⁴/

/hiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ uan²³/

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/hiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² uan²⁴/

/hiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² uan¹³/

/hiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ uan²⁴/

/hiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ uan²³/


公羊

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/kuŋ²⁴ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/kaŋ³³ iũ²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔ̃¹³/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/kuŋ²⁴ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/kaŋ³³ iũ²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔ̃¹³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iaŋ¹³/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/kuŋ²⁴ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iaŋ¹³/


舍利

/ʂɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/ʂɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/


百里

/paɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/piak̚⁵⁻²⁴ li⁵⁵⁴/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁵ li⁵³/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li⁵³/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li⁴¹/

/paɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/piak̚⁵⁻²⁴ li⁵⁵⁴/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁵ li⁵³/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li⁵³/

/piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ li⁴¹/


𥕥

For pronunciation and definitions of 𥕥 – see 區 (“area; district; region; ward; administrative division; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 區).


爾朱

/ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵/

/jiː¹³ t͡syː⁵⁵/

/nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴⁴/

/nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴⁴/

/ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵/

/jiː¹³ t͡syː⁵⁵/

/nĩ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴⁴/

/nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴⁴/


耶律

/jɛː²¹ lɵt̚²/

/jɛː²¹ lɵt̚²/

耶律阿保機

耶律阿保机


高車

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ kɵy̯⁵⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ kɵy̯⁵⁵/


宇文

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵/

/jyː¹³ mɐn²¹/

/u⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bun²³/

/u⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun²⁴/

/u⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bun²⁴/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun¹³/

/i⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bun²³/

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵/

/jyː¹³ mɐn²¹/

/u⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bun²³/

/u⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun²⁴/

/u⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bun²⁴/

/i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun¹³/

/i⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bun²³/


甘地

/kam⁴⁴⁻³³ te³³/

/kam⁴⁴⁻³³ te³³/


宰父

/t͡saɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ fu⁵¹/

/t͡saɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ fu⁵¹/


閭丘

/ly³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ly³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/


公冶

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ jɛː¹³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ia⁵³/

/kɔŋ³³ ia⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ia⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ia⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ia⁴¹/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ jɛː¹³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ia⁵³/

/kɔŋ³³ ia⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ia⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ia⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ia⁴¹/


壤駟

/ʐɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵¹/

/ʐɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵¹/


宗政

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/


仲孫

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ su̯ən⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ²² syːn⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ sun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² sun³³/

/tiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ sun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ sun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ sun⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ su̯ən⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ²² syːn⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ sun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² sun³³/

/tiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ sun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ sun⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ sun⁴⁴/


東郭

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/


申屠

/ʂən⁵⁵ tʰu³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ tʰou̯²¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² tɔ²⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² tɔ¹³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ²⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ²³/

/ʂən⁵⁵ tʰu³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ tʰou̯²¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² tɔ²⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² tɔ¹³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ²⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔ²³/


巫馬

/u⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/bu²⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/

/bu²⁴⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴/

/bu¹³⁻²² mã⁵³/

/bu²⁴⁻¹¹ mã⁵³/

/bu²³⁻³³ mã⁴¹/

/u⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/bu²⁴⁻²² mã⁵³/

/bu²⁴⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴/

/bu¹³⁻²² mã⁵³/

/bu²⁴⁻¹¹ mã⁵³/

/bu²³⁻³³ mã⁴¹/


段干

/tu̯än⁵¹ kän⁵⁵/

/tyːn²² kɔːn⁵⁵/

/tu̯än⁵¹ kän⁵⁵/

/tyːn²² kɔːn⁵⁵/


公良

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ lœːŋ²¹/

/kɔŋ³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ¹³/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ lœːŋ²¹/

/kɔŋ³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liaŋ¹³/


顓孫

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än⁵⁵ su̯ən⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än⁵⁵ su̯ən⁵⁵/


梁丘

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/lœːŋ²¹ jɐu̯⁵⁵/

/liɔŋ²³⁻³³ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kʰiu³³/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kʰiu⁴⁴/

/liaŋ¹³⁻²² kʰiu⁴⁴/

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/lœːŋ²¹ jɐu̯⁵⁵/

/liɔŋ²³⁻³³ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kʰiu³³/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kʰiu⁴⁴/

/liaŋ¹³⁻²² kʰiu⁴⁴/


鍾離

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ li³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ lei̯²¹/

/t͡siɔŋ³³ li²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² li²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² li¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ li³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ lei̯²¹/

/t͡siɔŋ³³ li²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² li²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² li¹³/


左丘

/t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sɔː³⁵ jɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰiu³³/

/t͡sɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/t͡so⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sɔː³⁵ jɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰiu³³/

/t͡sɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/

/t͡so⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰiu⁴⁴/


羊舌

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʂɤ³⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ siːt̚²/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siɛt̚⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siɛt̚²⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siɛt̚⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ siɛt̚⁴/

/iaŋ¹³⁻²² siɛt̚¹²¹/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʂɤ³⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ siːt̚²/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siɛt̚⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siɛt̚²⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siɛt̚⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ siɛt̚⁴/

/iaŋ¹³⁻²² siɛt̚¹²¹/


端木

/tuan⁴⁴⁻²² bɔk̚⁴/

/tuan⁴⁴⁻²² bɔk̚¹²¹/

/tuan⁴⁴⁻³³ bɔk̚⁴/

/tuan⁴⁴⁻³³ bɔk̚⁴/

/tuan⁴⁴⁻²² bɔk̚⁴/

/tuan⁴⁴⁻²² bɔk̚¹²¹/

/tuan⁴⁴⁻³³ bɔk̚⁴/

/tuan⁴⁴⁻³³ bɔk̚⁴/


子車

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕy⁵⁵/

/t͡siː³⁵ kɵy̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɯ³³/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ku⁴⁴/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki⁴⁴/

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕy⁵⁵/

/t͡siː³⁵ kɵy̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɯ³³/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ku⁴⁴/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki⁴⁴/


漆雕

/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ ti̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɐt̚⁵ tiːu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ tiau⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ ti̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɐt̚⁵ tiːu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ tiau⁴⁴/


赫連

/xɤ⁵¹ li̯ɛn³⁵/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɛn¹³/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɛn²⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɛn²³/

/xɤ⁵¹ li̯ɛn³⁵/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɛn¹³/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɛn²⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɛn²³/

Reportedly transcription of a Xiongnu word for "sky". Chen (1998) relates this to 昊天 (OC *g'ôg-hlin) and proposes cognation with 祁連 (OC *g'ieg-lian), reportedly another transcription, and 天 (OC *hlin). See 天 for etymology.
Compare also Turkmen Gökleň (a tribe's name), which -if related- might have been re-analyzed as literally "green hobbler" by folk etymology.


拓跋

/tʰu̯ɔ⁵¹ pä³⁵/

/tʰɔːk̚³ pɐt̚²/

/tʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ puat̚⁴/

/tʰɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ puat̚²⁴/

/tʰɔk̚³²⁻⁵ puat̚¹²¹/

/tʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ puat̚⁴/

/tʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ puat̚⁴/

/tʰu̯ɔ⁵¹ pä³⁵/

/tʰɔːk̚³ pɐt̚²/

/tʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ puat̚⁴/

/tʰɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ puat̚²⁴/

/tʰɔk̚³²⁻⁵ puat̚¹²¹/

/tʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ puat̚⁴/

/tʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ puat̚⁴/

From Xianbei. Compare English Tabgach, Old Turkic 𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲 (t¹b¹ǧč /tabɣač/).


公西

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ se³³/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ se³³/


穀梁

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/kʊk̚⁵ lœːŋ²¹/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²³/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ liaŋ¹³/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/kʊk̚⁵ lœːŋ²¹/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²³/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ liaŋ¹³/

Guliang Chi (said to be author of Guliang Zhuan)

穀梁赤


尉遲

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (尉遲):
* → Japanese: 尉(うっ)遅(ち) (Utchi)
* → Korean: 울지(尉遲) (Ulji)
* → Vietnamese: Uất Trì (尉遲)

/y⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/wɐt̚⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/ut̚³²⁻⁴ ti²⁴/

/ut̚⁵⁻²⁴ ti²⁴/

/ut̚³²⁻⁵ ti¹³/

/ut̚³²⁻⁴ ti²⁴/

/ut̚³²⁻⁴ ti²³/

/y⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/wɐt̚⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/ut̚³²⁻⁴ ti²⁴/

/ut̚⁵⁻²⁴ ti²⁴/

/ut̚³²⁻⁵ ti¹³/

/ut̚³²⁻⁴ ti²⁴/

/ut̚³²⁻⁴ ti²³/

Found as one of clans of Xianbei, as well as a surname of the king of Khotan.
According to Li-yul lung-bstan-pa (ལི་ཡུལ་ལུང་བསྟན་པ་), retrieved from the Dunhuang manuscripts and translated in Chinese as Yü-t'ien-kuo Hsüan-chi (于闐國懸記), this surname is transliteration of Sanskrit विजय (vijaya).

Dunhuang manuscripts
Kingdom of Khotan
Xianbei


鮮于

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ y³⁵/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ u⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² u²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² i¹³/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ y³⁵/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ u⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² u²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² i¹³/

lw

s:元和姓纂_(四庫全書本)/卷05#鮮于

Jizi was enfeoffed in present-day Korea and began his new dynasty. Jizi's non-heir second son had been granted a fief named Yu, his descendants therefore combined 'Xian' (taken from the kingdom name) with 'Yu', the fiefdom name, forming the compound surname 'Xianyu.'

Jīzǐ fēng yú Cháoxiǎn/Zhāoxiān, zhīzǐ Zhòng shícài yú Yú, zǐsūn yīn hé xiānyú wéi shì.

箕子封於朝鮮，支子仲食采於于，子孫因合鮮于為氏。

箕子封于朝鲜，支子仲食采于于，子孙因合鲜于为氏。

During the Tianbao era, Xianyu Zhongtong who sent down troops from Nanxi used this road as well.

Tiānbǎo zhōng Xiānyú Zhòngtōng Nánxī xiàbīng, yì shì cǐ lù.

天寶中鮮于仲通南溪下兵，亦是此路。

天宝中鲜于仲通南溪下兵，亦是此路。


太叔

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂu⁵⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂu³⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂu⁵⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂu³⁵/


亓官

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵/


微生

/weɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/weɪ̯³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/mei̯²¹ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/bi²⁴⁻²² sŋ̍³³/

/bi²³⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/bi¹³⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/bi²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/bi²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/weɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/weɪ̯³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/mei̯²¹ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/bi²⁴⁻²² sŋ̍³³/

/bi²³⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/bi¹³⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/bi²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/bi²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/


澹臺

/tʰän³⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/tʰaːm²¹ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

/tʰän³⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/tʰaːm²¹ tʰɔːi̯²¹/


夾谷

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕi̯ä³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕi̯ä³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


偪陽

/fu³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/fu³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/


𢒉

Compound glyph of a disyllabic surname 彡且. 彡 is reanalyzed as a phonetic component.


孛兒只斤

ㄅㄛˊ ㄦˊ ㄓˇ ㄐㄧㄣ

Боэрчжицзинь

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ ˀɤɻ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ ˀɤɻ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Middle Mongol ᠪᠣᠷᠵᠢᠭᠢᠨ (borǰigin).


東宮

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯uŋ²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯uŋ²⁴/


司鐸

/sz̩⁵⁵ tu̯ɔ³⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ tɔːk̚²/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/

/sɯ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/

/si³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/

/sz̩⁵⁵ tu̯ɔ³⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ tɔːk̚²/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/

/sɯ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/

/si³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/


司寇

/sz̩⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯⁵¹/

/siː⁵⁵ kʰɐu̯³³/

/sɯ³³ kʰio⁴¹/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ²¹/

/sz̩⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯⁵¹/

/sz̩⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯⁵¹/

/siː⁵⁵ kʰɐu̯³³/

/sɯ³³ kʰio⁴¹/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ²¹/


賀蘭

/xɤ⁵¹ län³⁵/

/hɔː²² laːn²¹/

/xɤ⁵¹ län³⁵/

/hɔː²² laːn²¹/


叱干

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹ kän⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹ kän⁵⁵/


辟閭

/pɪk̚⁵ lɵy̯²¹/

/pɪk̚⁵ lɵy̯²¹/


即墨

/t͡ɕi³⁵ mu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/t͡sɪk̚⁵ mɐk̚²/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ mu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/t͡sɪk̚⁵ mɐk̚²/


小王

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ wɑŋ³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ wɑŋ³⁵/


𩃬

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qrɯm): semantic 雲 + phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm).


完顏

/wän³⁵ jɛn³⁵/

/jyːn²¹ ŋaːn²¹/

/wän³⁵ jɛn³⁵/

/jyːn²¹ ŋaːn²¹/

完顏阿骨打

完颜阿骨打


叔孫

/t͡siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ sun⁴⁴/

/t͡sek̚²⁻⁴ suŋ³³/

/t͡siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ sun⁴⁴/

/t͡sek̚²⁻⁴ suŋ³³/

/ʂu⁵⁵ su̯ən⁵⁵/

/ʂu³⁵ su̯ən⁵⁵/

/ʂu⁵⁵ su̯ən⁵⁵/

/ʂu³⁵ su̯ən⁵⁵/

Lord Xuan of Shusun (posthumous appellation of Qiaoru, fl. c. 7th century BCE)

叔孫宣伯

叔孙宣伯

叔孫通

叔孙通

Shusun, a historical surname (originally from a 氏 [hereditary house] in the state of 魯 [Lu])


角里

/lu⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lu⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


甪里

/lu⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lu⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


獨孤

/tʊk̚² kuː⁵⁵/

/tʊk̚² kuː⁵⁵/

Dugu Qiubai (character in the novel The Return of the Condor Heroes)

獨孤求敗

独孤求败


𪟮

Simplification of a ligature, left part of 歐 and right part of 陽.


屠岸

/tʰu³⁵ ˀän⁵¹/

/tʰu³⁵ ˀän⁵¹/


十娃子

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ wä³⁵ d͡z̥z̩³/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ va²⁴ t͡sz̩⁰/

/sɐp̚² waː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ wä³⁵ d͡z̥z̩³/

/ʂʐ̩²⁴ va²⁴ t͡sz̩⁰/

/sɐp̚² waː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/


王阿訇

/wɑŋ³⁵ ˀä⁵⁵ xʊŋ⁵⁵/

/væ̃²⁴ a²⁴ xuŋ²⁴/

/wɑŋ³⁵ ˀä⁵⁵ xʊŋ⁵⁵/

/væ̃²⁴ a²⁴ xuŋ²⁴/


丌官

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵/


公保

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ pou̯³⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² po⁵³/

/kɔŋ³³ po⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² po⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ po⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pɤ⁴¹/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ pou̯³⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² po⁵³/

/kɔŋ³³ po⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² po⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ po⁵³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pɤ⁴¹/


封人

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵/


張簡

→ English: Changchien

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tiũ⁴⁴⁻³³ kan⁴¹/

/tiũ⁴⁴⁻³³ kan⁵³/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tiũ⁴⁴⁻³³ kan⁴¹/

/tiũ⁴⁴⁻³³ kan⁵³/

a surname, found chiefly in Fujian and Taiwan


范姜

/fän⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/huan³³⁻¹¹ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/huan³³⁻²¹ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/fän⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/huan³³⁻¹¹ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/huan³³⁻²¹ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/


万紐于

/wän⁵¹ ni̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ y³⁵/

/wän⁵¹ ni̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ y³⁵/


谷渾

/y⁵¹ xu̯ən³⁵/

/y⁵¹ xu̯ən³⁵/


鳩摩

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ mu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ mu̯ɔ³⁵/


自死獨膊

ㄗˋ ㄙˇ ㄉㄨˊ ㄅㄛˊ

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu³⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu³⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/


𨾉

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴/


𨾞

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴/


毌丘

/ku̯än⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kuːn³³ jɐu̯⁵⁵/

/ku̯än⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kuːn³³ jɐu̯⁵⁵/

毌丘儉

毌丘俭