campana

la-noun

campāna f (genitive campānae); first declension

campāna (canonical feminine)
campānae (genitive)
campāna (nominative singular)
campānae (nominative plural)
campānae (genitive singular)
campānārum (genitive plural)
campānae (dative singular)
campānīs (dative plural)
campānam (accusative singular)
campānās (accusative plural)
campānā (ablative singular)
campānīs (ablative plural)
campāna (singular vocative)
campānae (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

campuona, campen

Italo-Romance:

Italian: campana

Sicilian: campana

desc

→ Maltese: qanpiena, qanpiela (rarer byform)

W. Romance of N. Italy:

Friulian: cjampane

Venetan: canpana

Gallo-Romance:

Franc-Comtois: [tʃãpãn] 'stove-plate'

Old Franco-Provençal: campanna

Franco-Provençal: tsampêna, champane, ⇒ tsampainot, /tsãpãna/, /θãpãna/

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: campana

Gascon: campane

Occitan: campana (see there for further descendants)

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: campana

Asturian: campana

Mirandese: campana

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: campãa
Galician: campá
Portuguese: campa, campã

Spanish: campana (see there for further descendants)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: campana

desc

→ Albanian: këmborë, këmbonë — Gheg, kumborë — Arbëresh (”bell”)

→ Ancient Greek: κάμπανος (kámpanos), γάμπανος (gámpanos, “steelyard”)

desctree

→ Arabic: قَبَّان (qabbān), قَفَّان (qaffān), قَنْبَان (qanbān)
→ Amharic: ቀባን (ḳäbban)

desc

→ Old Church Slavonic: камъбанъ (kamŭbanŭ), камьбань (kamĭbanĭ), камбанъ (kambanŭ), кампанъ (kampanŭ)

desctree

→ Persian: قپان (qapân), کپان (kapân), قپون (qapun) (colloquial Teherani)
→ Azerbaijani: qapan
→ Turkish: kapan

→ Classical Syriac: ܩܐܦܐܢܐ (/*qapānā/)

desc

→ Basque: kanpana (“bell”) (or from Spanish?)

→ Byzantine Greek: καμπάνα (kampána, “bell”) (or from Venetan?)

desctree

Greek: καμπάνα (kampána)
→ Aromanian: cãmbanã
→ Bulgarian: камбана (kambana)
→ Macedonian: камбана (kambana)

desc

→ Old Church Slavonic: кѫпона (kǫpona, “steelyard”)

⇒ Old Church Slavonic: кѫпонити (kǫponiti, verb)

→ Bulgarian: къпони m pl (kǎponi)

→ Old East Slavic: купона (kupona)

desctree

→ Romanian: cumpănă
→ Hungarian: kompona

From Campānus, as the region was a centre for bronze production. Already in the first century CE Pliny speaks of the quality of aes campānum (“Campanian bronze”) and refers to vāsa campāna (“Campanian vessels [or utensils]”). First attested as a bare feminine noun in 510 CE. Notably, bronze is a traditional material for making both bells and steelyards.
It has also been suggested that Campania was simply the location where St Paulinus introduced bells to Christian ceremony.
The word has alternatively been linked, probably spuriously, to the Ancient Greek καπάνη (kapánē, “felt helmet”), owing to a supposed resemblance of shape, and also to Thessalian variants of the Ancient Greek ἀπήνη (apḗnē) bearing the sense of 'cross-piece, middle-beam'.

a large bell used in late classical or medieval church towers or steeples.


tenebrae

la-noun

tenebrae f pl (genitive tenebrārum); first declension

tenebrārum (genitive)
tenebrae (nominative plural)
tenebrārum (genitive plural)
tenebrīs (dative plural)
tenebrās (accusative plural)
tenebrīs (ablative plural)
tenebrae (plural vocative)

Italo-Dalmatian:

Istriot: tienabre

Italian: tenebre

Ibero-Romance:

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: tẽevras
Galician: tebras
Portuguese: trevas

Spanish: tinieblas

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: tenebres

→ French: ténèbres

→ Romanian: tenebră

→ Ido: tenebro

→⇒ English: tenebrism

With regressive dissimilation (*m-b > n-b) from *temabrāi, nominalized feminine plural from Proto-Italic *temazros (“dark”), from Proto-Indo-European *temH-(e)s-ro-, from *temH-. Related to temere.

Quamquam si illustres ævi nostri viros attigissem, non dicam te, ne tibi, quod placatus non soleo, iratus adulari videar, at certe nec patruum, nec patrem tuum silentio oppressurus fuerim. Nolui autem pro tam paucis nominibus claris, tam procul tantasque per tenebras stilum ferre: ideoque vel materiæ vel labori parcens, longe ante hoc sæculum historiæ limitem statui ac defixi.

1359, Franciscus Petrarca, “Franciscus Petrarca Agapito de Columna S. P. D.: Ægre fert incusari se ob partas divitias amicorum oblivione captum insolescere.” (epistola VIII, pages 28–34), in Josephus Fracassettus, editor, Epistolæ de Rebus Familiaribus et Variæ, volume III, Florentia: Felix Le Monnier, published 1863, book XX, pages 30–31:

And yet had I touched upon illustrious men of our time, I will not say that I should have introduced your name (lest in my present anger I should seem to flatter you, a thing which is not my habit even when well disposed), but most assuredly I should not have passed over in silence either your uncle or your father. I did not wish for the sake of so few famous names, however, to guide my pen so far and through such darkness. Therefore sparing myself the excess both of subject-matter and of effort, I have determined to fix a limit to my history long before this century.

(Medieval Latin) pervasive artistic, cultural, intellectual, moral, or spiritual benightedness


basileus

la-noun

basileus m (genitive basileī); second declension

basileī (genitive)
basileus (nominative singular)
basileī (nominative plural)
basileī (genitive singular)
basileos (genitive singular)
basileōrum (genitive plural)
basileōn (genitive plural)
basileō (dative singular)
basileīs (dative plural)
basileum (accusative singular)
basileon (accusative singular)
basileōs (accusative plural)
basileō (ablative singular)
basileīs (ablative plural)
basileu (singular vocative)
basileī (plural vocative)
basileos (alternative)
basilleus (alternative)
vasileus (alternative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek βασιλεύς (basileús).


terminus

la-noun

terminus m (genitive terminī); second declension

terminī (genitive)
terminus (nominative singular)
terminī (nominative plural)
terminī (genitive singular)
terminōrum (genitive plural)
terminō (dative singular)
terminīs (dative plural)
terminum (accusative singular)
terminōs (accusative plural)
terminō (ablative singular)
terminīs (ablative plural)
termine (singular vocative)
terminī (plural vocative)
termen (alternative uncommon)
termō (alternative)

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: țărm

Italo-Romance:

Italian: termine

Padanian:

Ladin: terminn, termin

Ligurian: tèrmi, tèrme, tèima

Lombard: termen

Ossolano: termo, termi, termign

Piedmontese: termo, terme, termon

Northern Gallo-Romance:

desc

Franco-Provençal: tèrmeno, térme, têrmne, térmouno, tirme, tièrno

Valdôtain: tèrmo, tèrman, tèrmeo, tarmêyo

Old French: terme

French: terme

→ Middle English: term

English: term

→ Irish: téarma

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: termi

q

Catalan: terme (archaic plural térmens in western dialects)

Occitan: tèrme, tèrmi

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: termĩo

Galician: termo

Portuguese: termo

→ Bulgarian: те́рмин (términ)

→ Dutch: term, termijn

→ English: terminus

→ French: terminus

→ German: Termin, Terminus

→ Middle Irish: termonn

desctree

Irish: tearmann, tearmainn f
→ English: termon
→ Scottish Gaelic: tèarmann

→ Polish: termin
→ Kashubian: termin
→ Russian: те́рмин (términ), те́рминъ (términ) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Armenian: տերմին (termin)
→ Kazakh: термин (termin)
→ Yakut: тиэрмин (tiermin)

→ Portuguese: término

→ Romanian: terminus, termen

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: термин

Latin script: termin

→ Spanish: término

→ Proto-Brythonic: *terβ̃ɨn

Cornish: termyn

Welsh: terfyn

From Proto-Italic *termenos, from Proto-Indo-European *térmn̥ (“boundary”). Cognate with Ancient Greek τέρμα (térma, “a goal”), τέρμων (térmōn, “a border”). Synchronically a thematicized variant of the rare synonym termen, which was directly inherited from the PIE word, and so equivalent to termen + -us. The synonym termō is, like Ancient Greek τέρμων (térmōn), from the collective form *térmō.

(Medieval Latin) due date, a time to convene

(Medieval Latin) mode, wise, fashion, manner


typhus

la-noun

tȳphus m (genitive tȳphī); second declension

tȳphus (canonical masculine)
tȳphī (genitive)
tȳphus (nominative singular)
tȳphī (nominative plural)
tȳphī (genitive singular)
tȳphōrum (genitive plural)
tȳphō (dative singular)
tȳphīs (dative plural)
tȳphum (accusative singular)
tȳphōs (accusative plural)
tȳphō (ablative singular)
tȳphīs (ablative plural)
tȳphe (singular vocative)
tȳphī (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: tifus

→ Danish: tyfus

→ English: typhus

→ French: typhus

→ German: Typhus

→ Italian: tifo

→ Korean: 티푸스 (tipuseu)

→ Russian: тиф (tif)

→ Sicilian: tifu

→ Spanish: tifus

Early modern coinage from Ancient Greek τῦφος (tûphos, “fever, stupor”).

der

(medicine) a form, type, or character of a fever.

a form, type, or character of a fever.
A periodic fever.


a fortiori

Ellipsis of ā fortiōrī ratiōne (literally “from a stronger reason”).

ellipsis

Cuius rei veritas vt magis elucescat queritur. An malefice valeant membra virilia virtute demonum vere et realiter vel solummodo prestigiosa apparitione auferre? et arguitur quod vere et realiter per argumentum a fortiori.

1486, Heinrich Kramer, “Pars prīma, Quaestiō nōna”, in Malleus maleficarum [The hammer of witches]^(https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Malleus_maleficarum_(ed._II)):

In order to make the truth of this matter clearer, it is asked whether witches can—with the help of devils—really and actually remove the virile members, or can only take them away through an illusion. And that they can really and actually do so is argued a fortiori.

(rhetoric, logic, Medieval Latin) a fortiori (as a corollary implied by a stronger claim)


trivium

la-noun

trivium n (genitive triviī or trivī); second declension

triviī (genitive)
trivī (genitive)
trivium (nominative singular)
trivia (nominative plural)
triviī (genitive singular)
trivī (genitive singular)
triviōrum (genitive plural)
triviō (dative singular)
triviīs (dative plural)
trivium (accusative singular)
trivia (accusative plural)
triviō (ablative singular)
triviīs (ablative plural)
trivium (singular vocative)
trivia (plural vocative)

desc

Italian: treppio, treppo, trebbio, trebbo

→ English: trivium

→ Italian: trivio

→ Ukrainian: три́віум (trývium)

From tri- (“three”) + via (“road”). Compare trivius (“epithet of deities having temples at the intersection of three roads”).


capitale

la-noun

capitāle n (genitive capitālis); third declension

capitāle (canonical neuter)
capitālis (genitive)
capitāle (nominative singular)
capitālia (nominative plural)
capitālis (genitive singular)
capitālium (genitive plural)
capitālī (dative singular)
capitālibus (dative plural)
capitāle (accusative singular)
capitālia (accusative plural)
capitālī (ablative singular)
capitālibus (ablative plural)
capitāle (singular vocative)
capitālia (plural vocative)

(Medieval Latin, finance) capital (money)


Germania

la-proper noun

Germānia f sg (genitive Germāniae); first declension

Germānia (canonical feminine singular)
Germāniae (genitive)
Germānia (nominative singular)
Germāniae (genitive singular)
Germāniae (dative singular)
Germāniam (accusative singular)
Germāniā (ablative singular)
Germānia (singular vocative)
Iermania (alternative)

Middle English: Germanie

Irish: Gearmáin

Italian: Germania

Romanian: Germania

Russian: Герма́ния (Germánija)

Sicilian: Girmània

From Germānī + -ia. Germani was an exonym applied by the Romans to a tribe (or nearby tribes) living around and east of the Rhine; it was first attested in the 1st century b.c. works of Julius Caesar and is of uncertain etymology. It was said by Strabo to derive from germānus (“close kin; genuine”), making it cognate with "germane" and "german", but this seems unsupported. Attempts to derive it from Germanic or Celtic roots are all problematic (although see Germany).

Germany in its various senses, including:

(Medieval Latin) the lands of the Germans, sometimes inclusive of conquered areas in France, England, and Eastern Europe


jarra

la-noun

jarra f (genitive jarrae); first declension

jarrae (genitive)
jarra (nominative singular)
jarrae (nominative plural)
jarrae (genitive singular)
jarrārum (genitive plural)
jarrae (dative singular)
jarrīs (dative plural)
jarram (accusative singular)
jarrās (accusative plural)
jarrā (ablative singular)
jarrīs (ablative plural)
jarra (singular vocative)
jarrae (plural vocative)
jarrus (alternative)
jarrum (alternative)

From Arabic جَرَّة (jarra). Widely loaned into Romance languages; compare Old French jare (modern French jarre), Italian giara, Spanish jarra.

(Medieval Latin) a liquid measure based on the size of a jar


cultura

cultūra f (genitive cultūrae); first declension

cultūra (canonical feminine)
cultūrae (genitive)
cultūra (nominative singular)
cultūrae (nominative plural)
cultūrae (genitive singular)
cultūrārum (genitive plural)
cultūrae (dative singular)
cultūrīs (dative plural)
cultūram (accusative singular)
cultūrās (accusative plural)
cultūrā (ablative singular)
cultūrīs (ablative plural)
cultūra (singular vocative)
cultūrae (plural vocative)

Asturian: cultura

→ Bulgarian: култура (kultura)

Catalan: cultura

→ Czech: kultura

→ Danish: kultur

Middle French: culture

→ English: culture

desctree

→ French: culture
Tok Pisin: kalsa
→ Turkish: kültür

Galician: cultura

→ German: Kultur

→ Irish: cultúr

Italian: cultura, coltura

Ladino: kultura

→ Macedonian: култура (kultura)

→ Maltese: kultura

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kultur

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kultur

Occitan: cultura

→ Polish: kultura

Portuguese: cultura

Romanian: cultură

→ Russian: культу́ра (kulʹtúra)
→ Armenian: կուլտուրա (kultura)
→ Georgian: კულტურა (ḳulṭura)
→ Ingrian: kulttuura, kultuuri, kuljtuura
→ Karelian: kulʹtura
→ Yakut: култуура (kultuura)

→ Serbo-Croatian: kultúra/култу́ра

Sicilian: curtura

Spanish: cultura

→ Basque: kultura

→ Tagalog: kultura

→ Swedish: kultur

From cultus, perfect passive participle of colō (“I till, cultivate”).


Polonia

la-proper noun

Polonia f sg (genitive Poloniae); first declension

Poloniae (genitive)
Polonia (nominative singular)
Poloniae (genitive singular)
Poloniae (dative singular)
Poloniam (accusative singular)
Poloniā (ablative singular)
Polonia (singular vocative)

Aragonese: Polonia

Aromanian: Pulunia

Asturian: Polonia

Catalan: Polònia

Franco-Provençal: Pologne

French: Pologne

Friulian: Polonie

Galician: Polonia

Italian: Polonia

Ligurian: Polònia

Norman: Polongne

Occitan: Polonha

Portuguese: Polônia, Polónia

Romanian: Polonia

Romansch: Pologna

Sardinian: Polonia

Spanish: Polonia

Venetan: Połonia

Walloon: Pologne

→ Chinese: 波羅泥亞 /波罗泥亚 (Bōluóníyà)

→ Manchu: ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨᡳᠶᠠ (boloniya)

⇒ English: Polono-

⇒ Georgian: პოლონეთი (ṗoloneti)

→ Polish: Polonia

From Proto-Slavic *poľane, plural of *poľaninъ (“field dweller”).

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) Poland (a country in Central Europe)


Serbia

Serbia f sg (genitive Serbiae); first declension

Serbiae (genitive)
Serbia (nominative singular)
Serbiae (genitive singular)
Serbiae (dative singular)
Serbiam (accusative singular)
Serbiā (ablative singular)
Serbia (singular vocative)
Servia (alternative)

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) Serbia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


duro

la-verb

dūrō (present infinitive dūrāre, perfect active dūrāvī, supine dūrātum); first conjugation

dūrō (canonical)
dūrāre (infinitive present)
dūrāvī (active perfect)
dūrātum (supine)
dūrō (active first-person indicative present singular)
dūrās (active indicative present second-person singular)
dūrat (active indicative present singular third-person)
dūrāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
dūrātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
dūrant (active indicative plural present third-person)
dūrābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
dūrābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
dūrābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
dūrābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
dūrābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
dūrābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
dūrābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
dūrābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
dūrābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
dūrābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
dūrābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
dūrābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
dūrāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
dūrāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
dūrāstī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
dūrāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
dūrāt (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
dūrāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
dūrāmus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
dūrāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
dūrāstis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
dūrāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
dūrārunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
dūrāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
dūrāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
dūrāram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
dūrāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
dūrārās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
dūrāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
dūrārat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
dūrāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
dūrārāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
dūrāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
dūrārātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
dūrāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
dūrārant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
dūrāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
dūrārō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
dūrāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
dūrāris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
dūrāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
dūrārit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
dūrāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
dūrārimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
dūrāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
dūrāritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
dūrāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
dūrārint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
dūror (first-person indicative passive present singular)
dūrāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
dūrāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
dūrātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
dūrāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
dūrāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
dūrantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
dūrābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
dūrābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
dūrābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
dūrābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
dūrābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
dūrābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
dūrābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
dūrābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
dūrāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
dūrābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
dūrābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
dūrābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
dūrābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
dūrābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
dūrem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
dūrēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
dūret (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
dūrēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
dūrētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
dūrent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
dūrārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
dūrārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dūrāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dūrārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
dūrārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dūrārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dūrāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
dūrārim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
dūrāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dūrārīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dūrāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dūrārit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dūrāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
dūrārīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
dūrāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dūrārītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dūrāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dūrārint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dūrāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
dūrāssem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
dūrāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dūrāssēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
dūrāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dūrāsset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
dūrāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
dūrāssēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
dūrāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dūrāssētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
dūrāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dūrāssent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
dūrer (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
dūrēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
dūrēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
dūrētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
dūrēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
dūrēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
dūrentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
dūrārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
dūrārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dūrārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dūrārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dūrārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
dūrārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dūrārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dūrā (active imperative present second-person singular)
dūrāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
dūrātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
dūrātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
dūrātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
dūrantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
dūrāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
dūrāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
dūrātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
dūrātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
dūrantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
dūrāre (active infinitive present)
dūrārī (infinitive passive present)
dūrāns (active participle present)
dūrātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
dūrātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
dūrātūrus (active future participle)
dūrandus (future participle passive)
dūrāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
dūrāsse (active infinitive perfect)
dūrātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
dūrātus (participle passive perfect)
dūrātum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
dūrātūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
dūrandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
dūrandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
dūrandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
dūrandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
dūrātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
dūrātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Italo-Dalmatian:

Dalmatian: dorur

Italian: durare

Venetan: durar

→ Cimbrian: duraaran

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: durar

Old French: durer (see there for further descendants)

Old Occitan: durar

Occitan: durar

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: durar

Old Galician-Portuguese: durar

Galician: durar

Portuguese: durar

Spanish: durar

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: duroj

From dūrus (“hard”) + -ō (denominative).

etymon

dūrō


dux

la-noun

dux m or f (genitive ducis); third declension

ducis (genitive)
dux (nominative singular)
ducēs (nominative plural)
ducis (genitive singular)
ducum (genitive plural)
ducī (dative singular)
ducibus (dative plural)
ducem (accusative singular)
ducēs (accusative plural)
duce (ablative singular)
ducibus (ablative plural)
dux (singular vocative)
ducēs (plural vocative)

Inherited:

Friulian: dûs

Ligurian: dûxe, Dûxe

Lombard: dus

desctree

Venetan: doxe, Doxe, doze, Doze — non-traditional spelling
→ Italian: doge
→ Arabic: دوج (dōj)
→ Czech: dóže
→ English: doge
→ Esperanto: doĝo
→ Irish: dóg
→ Finnish: doge
→ French: doge
→ German: Doge
→ Ido: dojo
→ Polish: doża
→ Russian: дож (dož)
→ Armenian: դոժ (dož)
→ Azerbaijani: doj
→ Georgian: დოჟი (doži)
→ Kazakh: дож (doj)
→ Ukrainian: дож (dož)
→ Greek: δόγης (dógis)
→ Hungarian: dózse
→ Macedonian: дужд (dužd)
→ Ottoman Turkish: دوژ (doj)
→ Portuguese: doge
→ Romanian: doge
→ Serbo-Croatian: dudž

Borrowed:

desc

→ Ancient Greek: δούξ (doúx, “leader”), δούκα (doúka, acc.sg.)

Byzantine Greek: δούξ (doúx), δούκα (doúka, acc.sg.)

Greek: δούκας (doúkas, “duke”)

desctree

→ Italian: duca
→ Ottoman Turkish: دوقه (duka)
Turkish: duka

→ Friulian: duche

→ Romanian: ducă ⇒? duce

→ Sicilian: duca

→ Old Armenian: դուքս (dukʻs)

Armenian: դուքս (dukʻs)

→ English: dux

→ Italian: duce

→ Occitan: duc

→ Old French: duc (“duke”) ⇒ duchesse f (“duchess”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Spanish: dux

From dūcō (“lead”, verb) + -s (noun-forming suffix).


commune

la-noun

commūne n (genitive commūnis); third declension

commūne (canonical neuter)
commūnis (genitive)
commūne (nominative singular)
commūnia (nominative plural)
commūnis (genitive singular)
commūnium (genitive plural)
commūnī (dative singular)
commūnibus (dative plural)
commūne (accusative singular)
commūnia (accusative plural)
commūnī (ablative singular)
commūnibus (ablative plural)
commūne (singular vocative)
commūnia (plural vocative)

(Medieval Latin) league or corporation of citizens


stapes

stapēs m (genitive stapedis); third declension

stapēs (canonical masculine)
stapedis (genitive)
stapēs (nominative singular)
stapedēs (nominative plural)
stapedis (genitive singular)
stapedum (genitive plural)
stapedī (dative singular)
stapedibus (dative plural)
stapedem (accusative singular)
stapedēs (accusative plural)
stapede (ablative singular)
stapedibus (ablative plural)
stapēs (singular vocative)
stapedēs (plural vocative)
stapia (alternative rare)

→ English: stapes

→ French: stapes

→ Spanish: estápede

From a Germanic source, possibly Frankish *stap or Old High German stapf, staph (“step, stirrup”), both from Proto-Germanic *stapiz (“a step, rung (of a ladder)”). More at step.
Alternatively: Late Latin; possibly from stō (“to stand”) + pēs (“foot”).

der

[…]quīdam duōs stapedēs et trēs cingulās ūnā cum sella annumerant, aliī hīs singulīs pretium lēgitimum assignant, id est, stapedibus aurātīs

(Can we date this quote?), Dē Tribus Columnīs Jūris Secundum Powissiensēs, volume 2, 16. Dē Pretiīs Rērum:

[…] some two stirrups and three belts with a chair are paid out, all assigned a single worth, that is, golden stirrups


mo

(Medieval Latin, historical) abbreviation of monētārius (moneyer, minter) in its various forms.


sors

la-noun

sors f (genitive sortis); third declension

sortis (genitive)
sors (nominative singular)
sortēs (nominative plural)
sortis (genitive singular)
sortium (genitive plural)
sortī (dative singular)
sortibus (dative plural)
sortem (accusative singular)
sortēs (accusative plural)
sortīs (accusative plural)
sorte (ablative singular)
sortī (ablative singular)
sortibus (ablative plural)
sors (singular vocative)
sortēs (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: short

Aromanian: soarti, soarte

Asturian: suerte

Catalan: sort

Dalmatian: suart

⇒ English: sorcery

French: sort

Friulian: sorte

Galician: sorte

→ Hungarian: sors

Istriot: suorto

Italian: sorte

Neapolitan: ciorta

Norman: sort

Occitan: sòrt

desctree

Old French: sorte
→ English: sort
French: sorte
→ Central Franconian: Zoot, Zort (chiefly Moselle Franconian)
→ Danish: sort
→ German: Sorte
→ Russian: сорт (sort)
→ Yiddish: סאָרט (sort)
Norman: sorte
→ Scots: sort

Portuguese: sorte

Romanian: soartă, soarte

Romansch: sort

Sardinian: solte, solti, sorte, sorti

Sicilian: sorti

Spanish: suerte

Venetan: sòrt, sorte

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *sorticula

Catalan: sortilla

Old Galician-Portuguese: sortella

Galician: sortella

Old Spanish: sortija

Spanish: sortija

From Proto-Italic *sortis (“joining, joint”), from Proto-Indo-European *sér-ti-s, from *ser- (“to bind”). Cognate with serō (“to link together”), seriēs (“row, series”), sermō (“conversation”).

(Medieval Latin) partitioning of an inheritance by lot

(Medieval Latin) share in an estate or inheritance, especially one divided by lot

(Medieval Latin, law) lands and easements attached to a property


rotula

la-noun

rotula f (genitive rotulae); first declension

rotulae (genitive)
rotula (nominative singular)
rotulae (nominative plural)
rotulae (genitive singular)
rotulārum (genitive plural)
rotulae (dative singular)
rotulīs (dative plural)
rotulam (accusative singular)
rotulās (accusative plural)
rotulā (ablative singular)
rotulīs (ablative plural)
rotula (singular vocative)
rotulae (plural vocative)

From Arabic رَطْل (raṭl); the form is influenced by etymology 1. Doublet of litra.

(Medieval Latin) a rottol (any of various measures of dry or liquid weight originating in the Arab world)


Britannia

la-proper noun

Britannia f (genitive Britanniae); first declension

Britanniae (genitive)
Britannia (nominative singular)
Britanniae (nominative plural)
Britanniae (genitive singular)
Britanniārum (genitive plural)
Britanniae (dative singular)
Britanniīs (dative plural)
Britanniam (accusative singular)
Britanniās (accusative plural)
Britanniā (ablative singular)
Britanniīs (ablative plural)
Britannia (singular vocative)
Britanniae (plural vocative)
Britanniae (locative singular)
Britanniīs (locative plural)
Brittannia (alternative)
Brittania (alternative)
Britania (alternative)
Bretannia (alternative)
Brettannia (alternative)
Brettania (alternative)
Brictania (alternative obsolete)
Brintania (alternative obsolete)
Brytannia (alternative Medieval-Latin)

desctree

بَرْطَانِيَة

→ Arabic: بَرْطَانِيَة (barṭāniya), بِرِيطانِيَا (birīṭāniyā)
→ Classical Persian: برطانیه (biritâniya)
→ Pashto: برطانيه (bartānya)
→ Urdu: بَرْطانِیَہ (bartāniya)

desc

Catalan: → Bretanya, → Britània (learned)

→ Dutch: Brittannië (learned)

→ English: Britannia (learned)

→ Finnish: Britannia (learned)

→ French: Britannia (learned)

→ German: Britannien (learned)

→ Hungarian: Britannia (learned)

Italian: Bretagna, → Britannia (learned)

→ Old English: Breten

Old French: Bretaigne, Britaine

→ Middle English: Breteyn, Britayne

English: Britain, Brittany

→ Japanese: ブリテン (Buriten)

→ Korean: 브리튼 (Beuriteun)

→ Mandarin: 不列顛 /不列颠 (Bùlièdiān)

French: Bretagne

→ Japanese: ブルターニュ (Burutānyu)

Old Galician-Portuguese: Bretanha

Galician: Bretaña

Portuguese: Bretanha, Britânia

Sicilian: Britagna, Britanja

Spanish: Bretaña

பிரித்தானியா

→ Tamil: பிரித்தானியா (pirittāṉiyā)

→ Tamil: பிரித்தானியா (pirittāṉiyā)

Diodorus
Pytheas
en:Britain (name)
la:Britannia (discretiva)

Attested from the 1st century BCE, directly or from Ancient Greek Βρεττανία (Brettanía), Πρεττανία (Prettanía) (in Diodorus), earlier νῆσος Πρεττανική (nêsos Prettanikḗ) or Βρεττανίαι (Brettaníai), used by Pytheas (4th century BCE) of the entire archipelago now known as the British Isles.
The Ancient Greek name is ultimately from a Celtic ethnonym, reconstructed as early Brythonic *Pritani, perhaps from a Proto-Celtic *Kʷritanī, *Kʷritenī, whence Welsh Prydyn (“Picts”), Old Irish Cruthne, Cru(i)then-túath (“Picts”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“to do”).

(Medieval Latin) Brittany (a region and peninsula in modern France, populated by speakers of Breton)

(Medieval Latin) Wales (a region in the modern United Kingdom, populated by speakers of Welsh)


azureus

la-adj

azureus (feminine azurea, neuter azureum); first/second-declension adjective

azurea (feminine)
azureum (neuter)
azureus (masculine nominative singular)
azurea (feminine nominative singular)
azureum (neuter nominative singular)
azureī (masculine nominative plural)
azureae (feminine nominative plural)
azurea (neuter nominative plural)
azureī (genitive masculine singular)
azureae (feminine genitive singular)
azureī (genitive neuter singular)
azureōrum (genitive masculine plural)
azureārum (feminine genitive plural)
azureōrum (genitive neuter plural)
azureō (dative masculine singular)
azureae (dative feminine singular)
azureō (dative neuter singular)
azureīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
azureum (accusative masculine singular)
azuream (accusative feminine singular)
azureum (accusative neuter singular)
azureōs (accusative masculine plural)
azureās (accusative feminine plural)
azurea (accusative neuter plural)
azureō (ablative masculine singular)
azureā (ablative feminine singular)
azureō (ablative neuter singular)
azureīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
azuree (masculine singular vocative)
azurea (feminine singular vocative)
azureum (neuter singular vocative)
azureī (masculine plural vocative)
azureae (feminine plural vocative)
azurea (neuter plural vocative)

taxonomic name: Hypothymis azurea

Ultimately from Arabic لَازُوَرْد (lāzuward, “lapis lazuli”), from Persian لاجورد (lâjvard, “lapis lazuli”)

der

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) Of a deep blue colour.


sinus

la-noun

sinus m (genitive sinūs); fourth declension

sinūs (genitive)
sinus (nominative singular)
sinūs (nominative plural)
sinūs (genitive singular)
sinuum (genitive plural)
sinuī (dative singular)
sinibus (dative plural)
sinum (accusative singular)
sinūs (accusative plural)
sinū (ablative singular)
sinibus (ablative plural)
sinus (singular vocative)
sinūs (plural vocative)

→ Aromanian: sin

Asturian: senu, sen

Catalan: si; → sina

→ English: sinus, sine

French: sein; → sinus

Friulian: sen

Hebrew: סינוס

Italian: seno

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: sẽo, seo
Galician: seo
Portuguese: seio

Piedmontese: sen

→ Portuguese: sino, seno (learned)

Romanian: sân

Romansch: sain

Sardinian: sinu

Sicilian: sinu

Spanish: seno

Venetan: sen

From Proto-Indo-European *sinos; akin to Albanian gji (“breast, bosom”).
The mathematical sense ‘chord of an arc, sine’ was introduced in the 12th century by Gherardo of Cremona as a semantic loan from Arabic جَيْب (jayb, “chord, sine”) (ultimately a loan from Sanskrit ज्या (jyā, “bowstring”)) by confusion with جَيْب (jayb, “bosom, fold in a garment”).

semantic loan

a gulf, bay, bight
(Medieval Latin) a fjord

(Medieval Latin, mathematics) the chord of an arc; a sine


Bohemia

la-proper noun

Bohēmia f sg (genitive Bohēmiae); first declension

Bohēmia (canonical feminine singular)
Bohēmiae (genitive)
Bohēmia (nominative singular)
Bohēmiae (genitive singular)
Bohēmiae (dative singular)
Bohēmiam (accusative singular)
Bohēmiā (ablative singular)
Bohēmia (singular vocative)
Bohaemia (alternative)
Boemia (alternative)
Boihemia (alternative)
Boihaemia (alternative)
*Boiohaemia (alternative)

→ English: Bohemia

→ French: Bohême

→ Italian: Boemia

→ Spanish: Bohemia

(Medieval Latin) Bohemia (a cultural region in the west of the former Czechoslovakia and present-day Czech Republic)

(Medieval Latin) a geographic region of Central Europe, inhabited by the Czechs


cerca

la-noun

cerca f (genitive cercae); first declension

Taken from Old Catalan cerca, itself from Vulgar Latin *circa (“surrounding structure”). Attested in the single mid-11th century Catalan document quoted below. Note the ⟨e⟩ for etymological Latin /ĭ/ as well as how it is paired with ⟨manedas⟩, another Romance word derived ultimately from Latin manēre through a Vulgar Latin *manita, showing both /ĭ/ > /e/ and /-t-/ > /d/.

Notum sit omnibus hominibus qualiter Domina Ermisendis Comitissa, et Dominus Petrus Rodegarii Gerundensis Episcopus, atque Gaufredus Vitalis cum uxore sua Chixol, Domnus quoque Landricus sancti Felicis Guixalensis Abbas cum monachis suis, convenere ad Ecclesiam sanctae Christinae Vallis-aradi; ubi statuentes et disponentes utrique ordinaverunt quomodo illum castrum appelatum Benedormiens ab omnibus eisdem in commune aedificatum custodiretur a militibus, vel peditibus per diem et noctem omni tempore; ut omnes homines a Colonico usque ad Monasterium sancti Felicis cohabitantes absque ulla paganorum infestatione manere possent. Facta vero dispositione sive ordinatione praefati castri, dixerunt ad invicem nihil suarum rerum alicuae laicae personae causa custodiendi castrum dari nisi tali personae qui nullam calumniam praeter ab illis constitutam honori vel hominibus suis immittere praesumeret. Unde non parva dissona verba referentes, sedatis jam omnibus, idem castrum cum omnibus quae ad illud custodiendum pertinent, dederunt in jus, et potestatem sancti Felicis monasterii Guixalensis, Landrici Abbatis et monachorum ejus, atque omnium successorum suorum tradiderunt in perpetuum habiturum per hanc seriem verborum sic insequentem: 'In nomine Dei summi. Ego Ermissendes Comitissa, et ego Petrus Rodegarii Gerundensis Episcopus donamus Deo, sanctoque Felici monasterio Guixalensi et omnibus Abbatibus vel monachis in perpetuum ibi habitantibus cunctas decimas et primitias vel universa alia quae nos habemus et habere debemus, vel possumus, aut aliquis homo per nos infra parrochiam sanctae Christinae vallis Aradi cum eodem castro Benedormientis solide sine ullo retentu, cum exitibus, et ingressibus suis, ad custodiendum praedictum castrum ab ipso portu de Pinel usque ad portum de Castellar, sicut ipsa via exiens a monasterio, et vadens per ipsas Canellas, et per planum vel collum sancti Pauli, usque ad parrochiam sanctae Mariae de Fanales per directum pergens determinat in rivum Aradi, et sic descendit ab ipsa via praedicta in omnibus locis usque in mare, et de nostro jure, vel sanctae Christinae in jus et dominium sancti Felicis, et omnium hominum ibi in perpetuum habitantium tradimus. Sic et ego praenominatus Gaufredus Vitalis, et ego uxor ejus Chixol donamus Domino Deo et sancto Felici monasterio Guixalensi omne illud alodium, quod nos habemus in parrochia sanctae Christinae vallis Aradi ab ipso portu de Pinel usque ad praedictum castrum cum decimis et primitiis praefati alodii, praedictum quoque castrum, cercas et manedas suas, sicut illa via quae ducit vel exit a monasterio, vadit per Canellas et per planum vel collum sancti Pauli contra Fenals, per directum determinat in rivum Aradi, et sic descendit ab ipsa via praedicta in omnibus locis usque ad mare, et omnes cercas, et manedas quas nos dedimus ad praedictum castrum custodiendum; tam in mari quam in domibus nostrorum hominum infra parrochiam sanctae Christinae vel sanctae Mariae Fenals habitantium, ut Abbas praefati loci semper faciat custodire praefatum castrum, et de nostro jure in potestatem sancti Felicis tradimus, et dominium sine ullo retentu.' Siquis contra hanc scripturam venerit ad irrumpendum, vel defraudandum, non valeat perficere, sed praedicta omnia in duplo componat sancto Felici praefato. Actum est hoc VII Kal. Junii anno decimo Henrici Regis...
Let it be known to all how Countess Ermessenda, bishop of Girona Pere Roger, Gaufred Vidal along with his wife Quíxol, and abbot Llandric of the Monastery of St. Felix of Guíxols, along with his monks, gathered at the Church of St. Cristina of Aro, where they came to an agreement on ordering the castle called Benedormiens, which was jointly built by the aforementioned individuals, to be garrisoned by knights or infantrymen, night and day at all hours, so that everyone living in the area from Calonge to the Monastery of St. Felix of Guíxols could live free of any Saracen raiding. Once this arrangement for the aforementioned castle was made, they declared to each other that they would not give any of their possessions to a lay person for the protection of the castle, unless it be to a person who would not presume to besmirch their honor or their men. Once everything was settled, after considerable debate on the matter, they transferred the castle, along with everything needed for its defence, to the possession of the Monastery of St. Felix of Guíxols, of Abbot Llandric and his monks, and of all their successors in perpetuity, by speaking the following words: 'In the name of almighty God, I, Countess Ermessenda, and I, bishop of Girona Pere Roger, give to God, to the Monastery of St. Felix of Guíxols, and to all the abbots or monks dwelling therein all the tithes and first fruits in perpetuity, or anything else that we possess and [anything that] we should possess, or can possess, or that another man [possesses] through us, in the parish of St. Cristina of Aro, along with the aforementioned castle of Benedormiens in its entirety, not keeping any of it for ourselves, along with its exits and entrances, so that they may protect the aforementioned castle from the port of Pinell to the port of Castellar, along the road that begins from the monastery and passes through Canellas and the plane or hill of St. Paul, to the parish of St. Mary of Fenals, continues straight to the river Ridaura, and descends from the aforementioned road along all the places to the sea. And we transfer [all this] from our possession, or that of [the Church of] St. Cristina, to the possession of [the Monastery of] St. Felix and everyone residing therein in perpetuity. Likewise I, the aforementioned Gaufred Vidal, and I, his wife Quíxol, give to God and to the Monastery of St. Felix of Guíxols all the property that we own in the parish of St. Cristina of Aro, from the port of Pinell to the aforementioned castle, along with all the tithes and first fruits of the aforementioned property, as well as the aforementioned castle, along with its enclosures and habitations, along the road that begins from the monastery, passes through Canellas and the plain or hill of St. Paul, opposite Fenals, reaches an end at the river Ridaura, and descends from the aforementioned road along all locations to the sea and to all the enclosures and habitations that we are handing over for the protection of the aforementioned castle, along the sea as well as among the homes of our men living in the parishes of St. Cristina or St. Maria of Fenals, so that the abbot of the aforementioned place may always have the castle protected, and we transfer [all the above] from our possession to that of [the Monastery of] St. Felix, keeping none of it for ourselves.' If anyone should venture to violate this agreement, may he fail to do so, and may he atone for it by handing over twice as much property to the aforementioned [Monastery of] St. Felix. [This document was] drawn up on the 26th of May in the tenth year of [the reign of] King Henry [of France]...

1041, Santa Cristina d'Aro, Marcæ Hisp. col. 1083


embolus

embolus m (genitive embolī); second declension

embolī (genitive)
embolus (nominative singular)
embolī (nominative plural)
embolī (genitive singular)
embolōrum (genitive plural)
embolō (dative singular)
embolīs (dative plural)
embolum (accusative singular)
embolōs (accusative plural)
embolō (ablative singular)
embolīs (ablative plural)
embole (singular vocative)
embolī (plural vocative)
imbolus (alternative Medieval-Latin)

→ Catalan: èmbol

→ Czech: embolus

→ English: embolus

→ Spanish: émbolo


brenna

brenna f (genitive brennae); first declension

brennae (genitive)
brenna (nominative singular)
brennae (nominative plural)
brennae (genitive singular)
brennārum (genitive plural)
brennae (dative singular)
brennīs (dative plural)
brennam (accusative singular)
brennās (accusative plural)
brennā (ablative singular)
brennīs (ablative plural)
brenna (singular vocative)
brennae (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Frankish, itself from a Celtic language, ultimately from Proto-Celtic *bragnos (“foul, rotten”); compare Old French bren.

(Medieval Latin) bran, in particular as dog food


pinna

pinna f (genitive pinnae); first declension

pinnae (genitive)
pinna (nominative singular)
pinnae (nominative plural)
pinnae (genitive singular)
pinnārum (genitive plural)
pinnae (dative singular)
pinnīs (dative plural)
pinnam (accusative singular)
pinnās (accusative plural)
pinnā (ablative singular)
pinnīs (ablative plural)
pinna (singular vocative)
pinnae (plural vocative)

Italian: pinna

Sicilian: pinna

Uncertain, could be a merger of two etymons:
* In the sense "fin", from Proto-Indo-European *(s)piHn- (“backbone, dorsal fin”), cognate to Old Irish ind (“end, point”), Tocharian A spin (“hook”), English fin.
* In other senses, a dialectal form of penna with either pre-nasal (as in dignus) or post-labial (as in firmus) raising, from Proto-Italic *petnā, from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”).

der

idiom, perh. referring to pins set inside drinking cups to mark exact quantities

ad pinnās bibere

to drink in large quantities or competitively


gravamen

la-noun

gravāmen n (genitive gravāminis); third declension

gravāmen (canonical neuter)
gravāminis (genitive)
gravāmen (nominative singular)
gravāmina (nominative plural)
gravāminis (genitive singular)
gravāminum (genitive plural)
gravāminī (dative singular)
gravāminibus (dative plural)
gravāmen (accusative singular)
gravāmina (accusative plural)
gravāmine (ablative singular)
gravāminibus (ablative plural)
gravāmen (singular vocative)
gravāmina (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: gravamen

→ English: gravamen

→ Spanish: gravamen

(financially) imposition, financial burden


bulla

bulla f (genitive bullae); first declension

bullae (genitive)
bulla (nominative singular)
bullae (nominative plural)
bullae (genitive singular)
bullārum (genitive plural)
bullae (dative singular)
bullīs (dative plural)
bullam (accusative singular)
bullās (accusative plural)
bullā (ablative singular)
bullīs (ablative plural)
bulla (singular vocative)
bullae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance:

Romanian: bulă

Italo-Dalmatian:

Italian: bolla

Sicilian: buḍḍa

Western Romance:

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: bole

Venetan: bóła

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: bole (“knob, ball; *bowl”)

Middle French: boule

French: boule

West Iberian:

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: bola

Portuguese: bola, bolha

Old Spanish:

Spanish: bula

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: butlla

→ English: bull, bulla

→ Galician: bula

→ Old Irish: bulla

Irish: bulla

→ Polish: bulla

→ Portuguese: bula

desctree

→ Old French: bulle, boille, boule, boulle, burle, bille
Middle French: bulle
French: bulle
→ Middle English: bulle
English: bull
Scots: bull, bul
→ Middle English: bille
English: bill

q

merger with Frankish <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*bollā</i>; see there for more descendants

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *bolla (merger with Frankish *bollā; see there for more descendants)

Uncertain. Possibly from Gaulish [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *bew- (“swelling”), same source as Middle Dutch puyl (“bag”) and Lithuanian bule (“buttocks”), or from *bʰel- (“to blow, inflate, swell”). Ultimately onomatopoeic.

a swollen or bubble-shaped object, particularly:

(Medieval Latin, historical) a round metallic seal certifying official medieval documents, particularly the golden imperial seal and the leaden papal one.

(Medieval Latin) a papal bull or other official document sealed with a bulla


solidus

la-noun

solidus m (genitive solidī); second declension

solidī (genitive)
solidus (nominative singular)
solidī (nominative plural)
solidī (genitive singular)
solidōrum (genitive plural)
solidō (dative singular)
solidīs (dative plural)
solidum (accusative singular)
solidōs (accusative plural)
solidō (ablative singular)
solidīs (ablative plural)
solide (singular vocative)
solidī (plural vocative)
soldus (alternative)

Balkano-Romance:

>? Romanian: solz

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: soldu, sollu (“cent”)

Dalmatian: suald (“cent”)

Italian: soldo (“cent”)

→ English: soldo

desc

→ Middle French: solde, soulde (“balance”)

French: solde (“pay”)

→ English: sold

→ Neapolitan: sordo

→ Sicilian: soldu

>? Sicilian: sordu (“cent”)

Gallo-Italic:

Piedmontese: sòld

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old French: solt

French: sou, sol

→ English: sou

→ English: sol

→ Middle High German: solt

German: Sold

→ Czech: žold

→ Hungarian: zsold

→ Polish: żołd

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: sou

Occitan: sòu

Ibero-Romance:

Portuguese: soldo

Spanish: sueldo

Borrowings:

Ancient:

→ Proto-Brythonic: *solt

Old Breton: solt

Breton: saout (“livestock”)

Old Cornish: sols

Cornish: zowlz

Old Welsh: swllt (“shilling”)

Welsh: swllt

Later:

→ English: solidus

→ Portuguese: sólido

→ Romanian: solid

→ Spanish: sólido

From Proto-Italic *soliðos, from Proto-Indo-European *solh₂-i-dʰ-o-s (“entire”), suffixed form of root *solh₂- (“integrate, whole”).

(Medieval Latin) A bezant: the solidus's debased Byzantine successors.

Libra continet viginti solidos

c. 1300, Tractatus de Ponderibus et Mensuris:

The [London] pound contains twenty shillings.

(Medieval Latin) A shilling, as a unit of account or silver coin.


nenia

la-noun

nēnia f (genitive nēniae); first declension

nēnia (canonical feminine)
nēniae (genitive)
nēnia (nominative singular)
nēniae (nominative plural)
nēniae (genitive singular)
nēniārum (genitive plural)
nēniae (dative singular)
nēniīs (dative plural)
nēniam (accusative singular)
nēniās (accusative plural)
nēniā (ablative singular)
nēniīs (ablative plural)
nēnia (singular vocative)
nēniae (plural vocative)
naenia (alternative)

→ English: nenia

→ French: nénie

→ German: Nänie

→ Italian: nenia

→ Portuguese: nénia, nênia (Brazil)

→ Romanian: nenie

→ Spanish: nenia

Perhaps from Ancient Greek νηνία (nēnía).

(Late Latin, Medieval Latin) a complaint, criticism


cepa

cēpa f (genitive cēpae); first declension

cēpa (canonical feminine)
cēpae (genitive)
cēpa (nominative singular)
cēpae (nominative plural)
cēpae (genitive singular)
cēpārum (genitive plural)
cēpae (dative singular)
cēpīs (dative plural)
cēpam (accusative singular)
cēpās (accusative plural)
cēpā (ablative singular)
cēpīs (ablative plural)
cēpa (singular vocative)
cēpae (plural vocative)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


cifra

la-noun

cifra f (genitive cifrae); first declension

cifrae (genitive)
cifra (nominative singular)
cifrae (nominative plural)
cifrae (genitive singular)
cifrārum (genitive plural)
cifrae (dative singular)
cifrīs (dative plural)
cifram (accusative singular)
cifrās (accusative plural)
cifrā (ablative singular)
cifrīs (ablative plural)
cifra (singular vocative)
cifrae (plural vocative)
cifera (alternative)
ciphra (alternative)

English: cipher

French: chiffre

Friulian: cifre

Hungarian: cifra

Italian: cifra

Piedmontese: cifra

Borrowed from Arabic صِفْر (ṣifr, “zero, empty, nothing”).


Spania

la-proper noun

Spānia f sg (genitive Spāniae); first declension

Spānia (canonical feminine singular)
Spāniae (genitive)
Spānia (nominative singular)
Spāniae (genitive singular)
Spāniae (dative singular)
Spāniam (accusative singular)
Spāniā (ablative singular)
Spānia (singular vocative)

(Medieval Latin) alternative spelling of Hispānia


cara

la-noun

cara f (genitive carae); first declension

carae (genitive)
cara (nominative singular)
carae (nominative plural)
carae (genitive singular)
carārum (genitive plural)
carae (dative singular)
carīs (dative plural)
caram (accusative singular)
carās (accusative plural)
carā (ablative singular)
carīs (ablative plural)
cara (singular vocative)
carae (plural vocative)

North Italian:

Old Ligurian: cera

→ Gallurese: cera

Ligurian: cêa

→ Sassarese: cera

Piedmontese: cera

Northern Gallo-Romance:

desctree

Old French: chiere
French: chère
→ Middle English: chere
English: cheer

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: cara

Catalan: cara

→ Sardinian: cara

q

merger with <i class="Latn mention" lang="oc">visatge</i>

Occitan: cara ⇒ caratge (merger with visatge)

Nord-Occitan: chara

Ibero-Romance:

Old Leonese: cara

Asturian: cara

Extremaduran: cara

Leonese: cara

Mirandese: cara

Old Galician-Portuguese: cara

Fala: cara

Galician: cara

Portuguese: cara

Old Spanish: cara

Spanish: cara

Apparently borrowed from Ancient Greek κάρᾱ (kárā, “head, face”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂-(e)s-n-, from the root *ḱerh₂- (“top, head, horn”). Cognate to Latin cornū, corvus, crabrō, cerebrum and cernuus.
Attested tenuously in a single late Latin glossary, where it is given as Greek, and then in medieval Latin documents from Spain. Appears in Romance languages with the meaning “face, facial features” (corresponding to Latin vultus).

'Gargara' quasi cara, caros, idest 'caput, capitis'

Corpus Glossariorum Latinorum, 4 587.8, (etymologising on Virgil's Georgics III, 269)

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

dente […] dolentibus et carā satis antidotī adpositum prōdest

(Late Latin, rare, glosses, Medieval Latin, uncertain) the head


Hugo

la-proper noun

Hugo m (genitive Hugonis); third declension

Hugonis (genitive)
Hugo (nominative singular)
Hugonēs (nominative plural)
Hugonis (genitive singular)
Hugonum (genitive plural)
Hugonī (dative singular)
Hugonibus (dative plural)
Hugonem (accusative singular)
Hugonēs (accusative plural)
Hugone (ablative singular)
Hugonibus (ablative plural)
Hugo (singular vocative)
Hugonēs (plural vocative)
Ugo (alternative)

From Old High German Hugo, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *hugiz.

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) a male given name, equivalent to English Hugh


praesto

la-verb

praestō (present infinitive praestāre, perfect active praestitī or praestāvī, supine praestātum or praestitum); first conjugation

praestō (canonical)
praestāre (infinitive present)
praestitī (active perfect)
praestāvī (active perfect)
praestātum (supine)
praestitum (supine)
praestō (active first-person indicative present singular)
praestās (active indicative present second-person singular)
praestat (active indicative present singular third-person)
praestāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
praestātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
praestant (active indicative plural present third-person)
praestābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
praestābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
praestābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
praestābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
praestābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
praestābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
praestābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
praestābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
praestābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
praestābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
praestābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
praestābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
praestitī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
praestāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
praestitistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
praestāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
praestitit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
praestāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
praestitimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
praestāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
praestitistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
praestāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
praestitērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
praestitēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
praestāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
praestāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
praestiteram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
praestāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
praestiterās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
praestāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
praestiterat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
praestāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
praestiterāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
praestāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
praestiterātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
praestāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
praestiterant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
praestāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
praestiterō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
praestāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
praestiteris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
praestāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
praestiterit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
praestāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
praestiterimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
praestāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
praestiteritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
praestāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
praestiterint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
praestāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
praestor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
praestāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
praestāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
praestātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
praestāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
praestāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
praestantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
praestābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
praestābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
praestābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
praestābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
praestābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
praestābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
praestābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
praestābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
praestāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
praestābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
praestābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
praestābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
praestābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
praestābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
praestātus (indicative passive perfect)
praestātus (indicative passive pluperfect)
praestātus (future indicative passive perfect)
praestem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
praestēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
praestet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
praestēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
praestētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
praestent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
praestārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
praestārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
praestāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
praestārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
praestārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
praestārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
praestiterim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
praestāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
praestiterīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
praestāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
praestiterit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
praestāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
praestiterīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
praestāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
praestiterītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
praestāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
praestiterint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
praestāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
praestitissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
praestāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
praestitissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
praestāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
praestitisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
praestāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
praestitissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
praestāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
praestitissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
praestāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
praestitissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
praestāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
praester (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
praestēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
praestēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
praestētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
praestēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
praestēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
praestentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
praestārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
praestārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
praestārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
praestārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
praestārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
praestārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
praestārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
praestātus (passive perfect subjunctive)
praestātus (passive pluperfect subjunctive)
praestā (active imperative present second-person singular)
praestāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
praestātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
praestātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
praestātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
praestantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
praestāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
praestāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
praestātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
praestātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
praestantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
praestāre (active infinitive present)
praestārī (infinitive passive present)
praestāns (active participle present)
praestātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
praestitūrum esse (active future infinitive)
praestātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
praestitum īrī (future infinitive passive)
praestātūrus (active future participle)
praestitūrus (active future participle)
praestandus (future participle passive)
praestitisse (active infinitive perfect)
praestāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
praestātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
praestitum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
praestātus (participle passive perfect)
praestitus (participle passive perfect)
praestātum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
praestitum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
praestātūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
praestitūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
praestandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
praestandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
praestandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
praestandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
praestātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
praestitum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
praestātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)
praestitū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Asturian: prestar

Catalan: prestar

Danish: præstere

Friulian: imprestâ

Galician: prestar

Interlingua: prestar

Italian: prestare

Old French: prester

Middle French: prester, preter

French: prêter

Norman: prêter

→ Middle English: prest

English: prest

Portuguese: prestar, prestes, emprestar

Romanian: presta

Sicilian: pristari, mpristari

Spanish: prestar, emprestar

Venetan: inprestar

→ Dutch: presteren

→ English: prestate, imprest

→ German: prästieren

→ Swedish: prestera

(Late Latin, Medieval Latin) to lend, loan


civitas

la-noun

cīvitās f (genitive cīvitātis); third declension

cīvitās (canonical feminine)
cīvitātis (genitive)
cīvitās (nominative singular)
cīvitātēs (nominative plural)
cīvitātis (genitive singular)
cīvitātum (genitive plural)
cīvitātium (genitive plural)
cīvitātī (dative singular)
cīvitātibus (dative plural)
cīvitātem (accusative singular)
cīvitātēs (accusative plural)
cīvitātīs (accusative plural)
cīvitāte (ablative singular)
cīvitātibus (ablative plural)
cīvitās (singular vocative)
cīvitātēs (plural vocative)
ceivitās (alternative Old-Latin)
cibitās (alternative Medieval-Latin)
civetās (alternative Medieval-Latin)

Insular Romance:

⇒ Sardinian: Sa Chitade

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: tsitati

Istro-Romanian: četåte

Romanian: cetate

Italo-Dalmatian:

Dalmatian: cituot

Istriot: sità

desctree

Italian: città, cittade (archaic), Civita (toponym)
→ Sardinian: tzitade
→ Slavomolisano: čita

Neapolitan: cità, cetate

Sicilian: cità, citati, cìvita

Venetan: sità

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: citât

Ladin: zità

Romansch: citad

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: çittæ

Lombard: çitâ, citâ

Piedmontese: sità

Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: ciutat
Catalan: ciutat

Old French: citet (see there for further descendants)

Old Occitan: ciutat, ciptat, ciu
Occitan: ciutat

Ibero-Romance:

Old Navarro-Aragonese: ciudat, çiudat, ciudad
Aragonese: ciudat, ziudat (superseded)

Old Galician-Portuguese: cidade, çibdade
Galician: cidade, Cidá (toponym)
Portuguese: cidade

Old Leonese: ciubdad
Asturian: ciodá, ciudá
Leonese: ciudá
Mirandese: cidade

Old Spanish: cibdat, çibdad, cipdad, cipdat
Ladino: sivdad
Spanish: ciudad (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ English: civitas

→ Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: qytet

→ Proto-Brythonic: *kiwdọd (see there for further descendants)

From earlier ceivitās, from Proto-Italic *keiwitāts. By surface analysis, cīvi(s) (“citizen”) + -tās.

surf

His diebus Langobardi Italia invaserunt, Vincentiam Veronamque et reliquas Venetiarum civitates coepit, et per tres annos Ticino possedit.

In those days that the Lombards invaded Italy, he began Vincentia & Verona and the rest of the Venetian cities, and possessed Ticino for three years.

(Medieval Latin) a city: a major, biblical, or specially incorporated town, particularly cathedral cities.

(Medieval Latin) a borough: a walled settlement, sometimes particularly former Roman towns.


studeo

la-verb

studeō (present infinitive studēre, perfect active studuī); second conjugation, no passive, no supine stem

studeō (canonical)
no passive (canonical)
studēre (infinitive present)
studuī (active perfect)
studeō (active first-person indicative present singular)
studēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
studet (active indicative present singular third-person)
studēmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
studētis (active indicative plural present second-person)
student (active indicative plural present third-person)
studēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
studēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
studēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
studēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
studēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
studēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
studēbō (active first-person future indicative singular)
studēbis (active future indicative second-person singular)
studēbit (active future indicative singular third-person)
studēbimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
studēbitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
studēbunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
studuī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
studuistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
studuit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
studuimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
studuistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
studuērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
studuēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
studueram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
studuerās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
studuerat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
studuerāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
studuerātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
studuerant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
studuerō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
studueris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
studuerit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
studuerimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
studueritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
studuerint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
studētur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
studentur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
studēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
studēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
studēbitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
studēbuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
studitum est (indicative passive perfect singular third-person)
studita sunt (indicative passive perfect plural third-person)
studitum erat (indicative passive pluperfect singular third-person)
studita erant (indicative passive pluperfect plural third-person)
studitum erit (future indicative passive perfect singular third-person)
studita erint (future indicative passive perfect plural third-person)
studeam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
studeās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
studeat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
studeāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
studeātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
studeant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
studērem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
studērēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
studēret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
studērēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
studērētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
studērent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
studuerim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
studuerīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
studuerit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
studuerīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
studuerītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
studuerint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
studuissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
studuissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
studuisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
studuissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
studuissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
studuissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
studeātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
studeantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
studērētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
studērentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
studitum sit (passive perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
studita sint (passive perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
studitum esset (passive pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
studita essent (passive pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
studē (active imperative present second-person singular)
studēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
studētō (active future imperative second-person singular)
studētō (active future imperative singular third-person)
studētōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
studentō (active future imperative plural third-person)
studētor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
studentor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
studēre (active infinitive present)
studērī (infinitive passive present)
studēns (active participle present)
studitūrum esse (active future infinitive)
studitum īrī (future infinitive passive)
studitūrus (active future participle)
studendum (future participle passive)
studuisse (active infinitive perfect)
studitum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
studitum (participle passive perfect)
studitum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
studitūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
studendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
studendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
studendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
studendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
studitum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
studitū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)
studio (alternative)

Afrikaans: studeer

Albanian: studioj

Aragonese: estudiar

Asturian: estudiar

Breton: studiañ

Catalan: estudiar

Cornish: studhya

Corsican: studià

Czech: studovat

Danish: studere

Dutch: studeren

English: study

Esperanto: studi

Faroese: studera

Franco-Provençal: êtudier, êtudiar

French: étudier

⇒ Haitian Creole: etidye

Friulian: studiâ

Galician: estudar

German: studieren

⇒ Lower Sorbian: studěrowaś

Ido: studiar

Interlingua: studiar

Irish: staidéar

Italian: studiare

Kashubian: sztudérowac

Ladin: studièr

Latvian: studēt

Ligurian: studiâ

Lithuanian: studijuoti

Lombard: stüdià

Middle French: estudier

Neapolitan: studià

Norman: êtudier (Jersey)

Norwegian: studere

Occitan: estudiar

Papiamentu: studia

Piedmontese: studié

Polish: studiować

Portuguese: estudar, studar

Romanian: studia

Romansch: studegiar

Russian: штудировать (študirovatʹ)

Sardinian: istudiai, istudiare

Serbo-Croatian: studírati (студи́рати)

Sicilian: studiari

Slovak: študovať

Slovene: študirati

Spanish: estudiar

Swedish: studera

Venetan: studiar

Volapük: studön

Walloon: studyî

Welsh: astudio

West Frisian: studearje

Yiddish: שטודירן (shtudirn)

From Proto-Italic *studēō, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewd-, from *(s)tew- (“to push, hit”). Related to tundō (“to beat, strike”), English stub; compare also Scots stap (“to strike, to insert forcibly”).

cog

Studēs an piscāris?

61 CE – c. 112 CE, Pliny the Younger, Epistulae

(especially Late Latin, Medieval Latin) to study, to apply oneself to learning

STUDERE, Studiare : Curare, Gall. Penser. Gregorius Turon. lib. 6. Hist. c. 32.

[1678, du Cange, Glossarium mediæ et infimæ latinitatis, volume 3, column 977:


crucifer

la-noun

crucifer m (genitive cruciferī); second declension

cruciferī (genitive)
crucifer (nominative singular)
cruciferī (nominative plural)
cruciferī (genitive singular)
cruciferōrum (genitive plural)
cruciferō (dative singular)
cruciferīs (dative plural)
cruciferum (accusative singular)
cruciferōs (accusative plural)
cruciferō (ablative singular)
cruciferīs (ablative plural)
crucifer (singular vocative)
cruciferī (plural vocative)

Catalan: crucífer

English: crucifer

French: crucifère

Italian: crocifero

Portuguese: crucífero

Spanish: crucífero


aula

aula f (genitive aulae); first declension

aulae (genitive)
aula (nominative singular)
aulae (nominative plural)
aulae (genitive singular)
aulārum (genitive plural)
aulae (dative singular)
aulīs (dative plural)
aulam (accusative singular)
aulās (accusative plural)
aulā (ablative singular)
aulīs (ablative plural)
aula (singular vocative)
aulae (plural vocative)

Catalan: aula

→ Dutch: aula

→ English: aula

→ Finnish: aula

Galician: aula

Italian: aula

→ German: Aula

→ Polish: aula

Portuguese: aula

→ Romanian: aulă

Sicilian: aula

Spanish: aula

From Ancient Greek αὐλή (aulḗ, “courtyard”).

(Medieval Latin) hall, large room, dining room

(Medieval Latin) law court, hall of justice, guildhall

(Medieval Latin) hall, manor house, demesne

(Medieval Latin) hall of residence or college


neco

la-verb

necō (present infinitive necāre, perfect active necāvī, supine necātum); first conjugation

necō (canonical)
necāre (infinitive present)
necāvī (active perfect)
necātum (supine)
necō (active first-person indicative present singular)
necās (active indicative present second-person singular)
necat (active indicative present singular third-person)
necāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
necātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
necant (active indicative plural present third-person)
necābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
necābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
necābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
necābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
necābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
necābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
necābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
necābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
necābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
necābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
necābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
necābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
necāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
necāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
necāstī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
necāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
necāt (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
necāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
necāmus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
necāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
necāstis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
necāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
necārunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
necāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
necāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
necāram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
necāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
necārās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
necāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
necārat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
necāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
necārāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
necāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
necārātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
necāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
necārant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
necāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
necārō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
necāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
necāris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
necāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
necārit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
necāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
necārimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
necāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
necāritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
necāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
necārint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
necor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
necāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
necāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
necātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
necāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
necāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
necantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
necābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
necābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
necābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
necābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
necābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
necābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
necābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
necābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
necāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
necābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
necābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
necābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
necābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
necābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
necem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
necēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
necet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
necēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
necētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
necent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
necārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
necārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
necāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
necārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
necārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
necārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
necāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
necārim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
necāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
necārīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
necāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
necārit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
necāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
necārīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
necāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
necārītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
necāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
necārint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
necāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
necāssem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
necāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
necāssēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
necāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
necāsset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
necāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
necāssēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
necāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
necāssētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
necāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
necāssent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
necer (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
necēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
necēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
necētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
necēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
necēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
necentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
necārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
necārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
necārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
necārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
necārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
necārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
necārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
necā (active imperative present second-person singular)
necāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
necātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
necātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
necātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
necantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
necāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
necāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
necātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
necātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
necantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
necāre (active infinitive present)
necārī (infinitive passive present)
necāns (active participle present)
necātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
necātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
necātūrus (active future participle)
necandus (future participle passive)
necāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
necāsse (active infinitive perfect)
necātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
necātus (participle passive perfect)
necātum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
necātūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
necandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
necandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
necandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
necandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
necātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
necātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Balkano-Romance:

Aromanian: nec, nicari

Megleno-Romanian: nec, nicari

⇒ Romanian: îneca, înecare

Italo-Dalmatian:

Italian: negare (archaic)

Venetan: negar

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: negâ

Lombard: negar, negà

Piedmontese: nié, nijé

Rhaeto-Romance:

Romansch: nuscher, nugher

Gallo-Romance:

Northern:

Old French: noiier, noier

Anglo-Norman: neier

Norman: néyaer

French: noyer

Picard: noéïer

Walloon: neyî

Southern:

Catalan: negar

desc

Occitan: negar, nejar (northern), neiar (Vivaro-Alpine)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *adnecō (see there for further descendants)

From nec- + -ō (denominative verb suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *neḱ- (“perish, disappear”).
See also noxius (“harmful”), noceō (“I hurt, harm”), nex (“murder, violent death”) (as opposed to mors), as well as Middle Welsh angheu (“death”), Breton ankou, Old Irish éc, Ancient Greek νέκυς (nékus, “a dead body”) and νεκρός (nekrós, “dead”), Old Persian 𐎻𐎴𐎰𐎹𐎫𐎹 (vi-n-θ-y-t-y /vi-nathayatiy/, “he injures”), Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (nasiieⁱti, “disappears”), 𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬎- (nasu-, “corpse”), Sanskrit नश्यति (naśyati, “to disappear, perish”).

cog

(Late Latin, Medieval Latin) (transitive) to drown


ingenium

la-noun

ingenium n (genitive ingeniī or ingenī); second declension

ingeniī (genitive)
ingenī (genitive)
ingenium (nominative singular)
ingenia (nominative plural)
ingeniī (genitive singular)
ingenī (genitive singular)
ingeniōrum (genitive plural)
ingeniō (dative singular)
ingeniīs (dative plural)
ingenium (accusative singular)
ingenia (accusative plural)
ingeniō (ablative singular)
ingeniīs (ablative plural)
ingenium (singular vocative)
ingenia (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: ingegno m

Sicilian: gnegnu m

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: enginy m

Old French: engin m (see there for further descendants)

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: engẽnho

Galician: enxeño m

Portuguese: engenho m

Spanish: engeño m

Borrowings:

→ Romanian: ingeniu m

→ Spanish: ingenio m

[ɪŋˈɡɛ.ni.ũː]


comes

comes m or f (genitive comitis); third declension

comitis (genitive)
comes (nominative singular)
comitēs (nominative plural)
comitis (genitive singular)
comitum (genitive plural)
comitī (dative singular)
comitibus (dative plural)
comitem (accusative singular)
comitēs (accusative plural)
comite (ablative singular)
comitibus (ablative plural)
comes (singular vocative)
comitēs (plural vocative)

→ Arabic: قَوْمَس (qawmas)

Aragonese: conte

Asturian: conde

→ Catalan: còmit (learned)

→ English: comes

Friulian: cont

desctree

→ Koine Greek: κόμης (kómēs)
Byzantine Greek: κόμης (kómēs)
Greek: κόμης (kómis)
→ Classical Syriac: ܩܘܡܝܣ (qwmys), ܩܘܡܣ (qwms)
→ Old Armenian: կոմս (koms)
→ Old Georgian: კომსი (ḳomsi)
→ Old Armenian: կոմէս (komēs)

Italian: comito, conte

Old French: cuens, cons (nominative case), conte (oblique case)

→ English: count

→ Romanian: conte

French: comte

→ English: comte

→ Irish: cunta

Norman: coumte

⇒ Old French: conestable (see there for further descendants)

Old Occitan: comte

Catalan: comte

Occitan: comte

Old Galician-Portuguese: conde

Galician: conde

Portuguese: conde

→ Romanian: comite

Sicilian: conti

→ Proto-Slavic: *kъmetь

Bulgarian: кмет (kmet)

Czech: kmet

Macedonian: кмет (kmet)

Polish: kmieć

Serbo-Croatian: kmȅt

→ English: kmet

Slovene: kmȅt

Spanish: conde, cómitre

Venetan: conte

From com- (“together”) + -es (“-faring”).


scientia

la-noun

scientia f (genitive scientiae); first declension

scientiae (genitive)
scientia (nominative singular)
scientiae (nominative plural)
scientiae (genitive singular)
scientiārum (genitive plural)
scientiae (dative singular)
scientiīs (dative plural)
scientiam (accusative singular)
scientiās (accusative plural)
scientiā (ablative singular)
scientiīs (ablative plural)
scientia (singular vocative)
scientiae (plural vocative)

> Aromanian: shtiintsã (inherited)

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: chencha

> Romanian: știință (inherited)

→ Albanian: shkencë

⇒ Breton: skiant

→ Catalan: ciència

→ Esperanto: scienco
→ Ido: cienco

⇒ Friulian: sience

desctree

→ Italian: scienza, scenza (misspelling), scienzia (archaic)
→ Ido: cienco
→ Maltese: xjenza

→ Occitan: sciéncia

→ Old French: science, escience (learned)
→ Middle English: science, scyence, syens, sciens, sciense, sience
> English: science (inherited) (see there for further descendants)
Scots: science
Middle French: science
French: science (see there for further descendants)
Norman: scienche

desc

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: ciencia (learned)

Fala: ciencia

Galician: ciencia

Portuguese: ciência

desctree

→ Old Spanish: çiençia, sçencia, sciencia, sçiençia, siençia (learned)
> Ladino: sensia (inherited)
> Spanish: ciencia, esciencia (archaic) (inherited)
→ Asturian: ciencia
→ Basque: zientzia
→ Ido: cienco
→ Tagalog: siyensiya

→ Sardinian: iscièntzia

→ Sicilian: scènzia, scienza

⇒ Venetan: sienza, siensa

From sciēns, scientem (“knowing, aware; having expertise”) + -ia (“abstract noun suffix”). Attested from Varro onwards (early 1st century BCE).

af

scientia propter quid

a knowledge derived from cause to effect

scientia quia

a knowledge derived from effect to cause

plūs differunt scientia adquīsīta per dēmōnstrātiōnem et scientia adquīsīta per experientiam, quam scientia quia et scientia propter quid

William of Ockham, Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard I.89

there's a greater difference between knowledge acquired through logical proof and knowledge acquired through practical experience, than between knowledge from effect and knowledge from cause

(philosophy) that which is known (as opposed to a mere belief, translating Ancient Greek ἐπιστήμη (epistḗmē))

(Medieval Latin, logic) knowledge (as distinguished according to the direction: from cause to effect or vice versa, corr. to Ancient Greek διότι (dióti) vs. ὅτι (hóti))

(Medieval Latin) a science (an organized branch of methodically-acquired knowledge with a unified subject-matter)


palma

la-noun

palma f (genitive palmae); first declension

palmae (genitive)
palma (nominative singular)
palmae (nominative plural)
palmae (genitive singular)
palmārum (genitive plural)
palmae (dative singular)
palmīs (dative plural)
palmam (accusative singular)
palmās (accusative plural)
palmā (ablative singular)
palmīs (ablative plural)
palma (singular vocative)
palmae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: palmã

Megleno-Romanian: palmă

Romanian: palmă

Gallo-Italic

Piedmontese: palma

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: palma

Dalmatian: puolma

Italian: palma

→ Maltese: palm

Sicilian: parma, pamma

Occitano-Romance

Catalan: palma, palmell

Occitan: palma, pauma

desctree

Old French: paume, palme, pasme, paulme
Middle French: paulme
French: paume
Norman: paûmé

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: palme

Sardinian: palma, parma, prama

Venetan: palma

West Iberian

Asturian: palma

Old Galician-Portuguese: palma

Galician: palma

Portuguese: palma
→ English: palma

Spanish: palma
→ English: palma

Borrowings

→ Azerbaijani: palma

→ Belarusian: пальма (palʹma)

→ Bulgarian: палма (palma)

→ Czech: palm

→ Estonian: palm

→ Georgian: პალმა (ṗalma)

→ Hungarian: pálma

→ Lao: ປາມ (pām)

→ Latvian: palm

→ Lithuanian: palmė

→ Macedonian: палма (palma)

→ Malayalam: പം (paṁ)

→ Old Dutch: palma

Middle Dutch: palme

Dutch: palm
→ Caribbean Javanese: palem
→ Indonesian: palem

→ Old English: palm (“palm tree”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old French: palme

French: palme
→ Romanian: palm

Norman: palme

→ Middle Dutch: palme

Dutch: palm

→ Old High German: palm m, palma f
Middle High German: palme, balme
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Palme, Pallem
German: Palme

→ Old Norse: palmi

Faroese: pálmi

Icelandic: pálmi

Danish: palme

Norwegian Bokmål: palme

Norwegian Nynorsk: palme

Old Swedish: palma

Swedish: palm
→ Finnish: palmu

→ Polish: palma

→ Russian: пальма (palʹma) (see there for further descendants)

→ Serbo-Croatian: palma, палма

→ Slovak: palma

→ Slovene: palma

→ Turkish: palmiye

→ Turkmen: palma

→ Ukrainian: пальма (palʹma)

→ Uyghur: پالما (palma)

→ Uzbek: palma

→ Proto-Brythonic: *palβ̃

Cornish: palv

Middle Welsh: palyf

→ Welsh: palf

From Proto-Italic *palamā, from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₂meh₂, from *pleh₂- (“flat”). Cognate with Ancient Greek παλάμη (palámē), Old Irish lám, Old English folm, and Albanian shpall.

(Medieval Latin) a linear measure, palm, of various exact values throughout Europe but usually one quarter of the local foot.


ambo

ambō (canonical masculine)
ambō (nominative singular)
ambōnēs (nominative plural)
ambōnis (genitive singular)
ambōnum (genitive plural)
ambōnī (dative singular)
ambōnibus (dative plural)
ambōnem (accusative singular)
ambōnēs (accusative plural)
ambōne (ablative singular)
ambōnibus (ablative plural)
ambō (singular vocative)
ambōnēs (plural vocative)

English: ambo

German: Ambo

Indonesian: ambo

Italian: ambone

Polish: ambona

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἄμβων (ámbōn).


realitas

la-noun

reālitās f (genitive reālitātis); third declension

reālitās (canonical feminine)
reālitātis (genitive)
reālitās (nominative singular)
reālitātēs (nominative plural)
reālitātis (genitive singular)
reālitātum (genitive plural)
reālitātī (dative singular)
reālitātibus (dative plural)
reālitātem (accusative singular)
reālitātēs (accusative plural)
reālitāte (ablative singular)
reālitātibus (ablative plural)
reālitās (singular vocative)
reālitātēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: realitat

German: Realität

Spanish: realidad

→ Hungarian: realitás

→ Indonesian: realitas

Italian: realtà

→ Latvian: realitāte

Portuguese: realidade

French: réalité

English: reality

→ Malay: realiti

→ Luxembourgish: Realitéit

Dutch: realiteit

→ Afrikaans: realiteit

Romanian: realitate

Swedish: realitet

Reālitātis nōmine hic nōbīs venit quidquid entī alicui vērē inesse intelligitur, nōn vērō perperceptiōnēs nostrās cōnfūsās inesse vidētur.

1738, Christian Wolff, Theologia Naturālis, II, §5

(please add an English translation of this quotation)
The name of Reality comes to us here as whatever is understood to be truly in some being, and is seen to not be in the confusion of our perceptions at all.


quadrivium

quadrivium n (genitive quadriviī or quadrivī); second declension

quadriviī (genitive)
quadrivī (genitive)
quadrivium (nominative singular)
quadrivia (nominative plural)
quadriviī (genitive singular)
quadrivī (genitive singular)
quadriviōrum (genitive plural)
quadriviō (dative singular)
quadriviīs (dative plural)
quadrivium (accusative singular)
quadrivia (accusative plural)
quadriviō (ablative singular)
quadriviīs (ablative plural)
quadrivium (singular vocative)
quadrivia (plural vocative)

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *quadruvium

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: caroggio

→ Corsican: carrughju

→ Italian: carruggio

→ Sicilian: carruggiu, carruju

Lombard: carròbbi

→ Italian: carrobbio

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: carroge, carouge

desc

French: Carouge, Carrouge (Swiss toponyms)

Borrowings:

→ English: quadrivium (learned)

→ French: quadrivium (learned)

→ German: Quadrivium (learned)

→ Italian: quadrivio (learned)

→ Polish: quadrivium, kwadrywium (learned)

→ Romanian: cvadrivium, quadrivium (learned)

From quattuor (“four”) + via (“road, path”).

(Medieval Latin) the quadrivium (the four mathematical liberal arts)