abductor

la-noun

abductor m (genitive abductōris); third declension

abductōris (genitive)
abductor (nominative singular)
abductōrēs (nominative plural)
abductōris (genitive singular)
abductōrum (genitive plural)
abductōrī (dative singular)
abductōribus (dative plural)
abductōrem (accusative singular)
abductōrēs (accusative plural)
abductōre (ablative singular)
abductōribus (ablative plural)
abductor (singular vocative)
abductōrēs (plural vocative)


lens

lēns f (genitive lentis); third declension

lēns (canonical feminine)
lentis (genitive)
lēns (nominative singular)
lentēs (nominative plural)
lentis (genitive singular)
lentium (genitive plural)
lentī (dative singular)
lentibus (dative plural)
lentem (accusative singular)
lentim (accusative singular)
lentēs (accusative plural)
lentīs (accusative plural)
lente (ablative singular)
lentī (ablative singular)
lentibus (ablative plural)
lēns (singular vocative)
lentēs (plural vocative)

Aromanian: linti

→ Catalan: lent

Friulian: lint

→ Galician: lente

→ Italian: lente

→ Portuguese: lente

Romanian: linte

Sicilian: lenti

→ Spanish: lente

Venetan: lente

→ Tashelhit: tilintit

→ Dutch: lens (learned) (see there for further descendants)

→ English: lens (learned) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *linsī (see there for further descendants)

Unknown, likely a borrowing from an unidentified source.
Compare Old High German linsa (“lentil”), Lithuanian lęšis (“lentil”), Proto-Slavic *lęťa (“lentil”), and Albanian lend (“acorn”), sounding too similar for a coincidence, however different enough to prohibit reconstruction of a common PIE protoform. May also be related to Ancient Greek λάθυρος (láthuros).
If ultimately a non-IE substrate loanword, locating the source is virtually impossible because cultivation of lentil was widespread in the region since the Neolithic.


guerra

guerra f (genitive guerrae); first declension

guerrae (genitive)
guerra (nominative singular)
guerrae (nominative plural)
guerrae (genitive singular)
guerrārum (genitive plural)
guerrae (dative singular)
guerrīs (dative plural)
guerram (accusative singular)
guerrās (accusative plural)
guerrā (ablative singular)
guerrīs (ablative plural)
guerra (singular vocative)
guerrae (plural vocative)

(Medieval Latin) alternative form of werra (“war”)


Estonia

la-proper noun

Estonia f sg (genitive Estoniae); first declension

Estoniae (genitive)
Estonia (nominative singular)
Estoniae (genitive singular)
Estoniae (dative singular)
Estoniam (accusative singular)
Estoniā (ablative singular)
Estonia (singular vocative)
Aestonia (alternative)
Esthonia (alternative)
Aesthonia (alternative)
Estlandia (alternative)
Estia (alternative)

Possibly derived from the tribal name Aestī described by the Roman historian Tacitus in his Germania (ca. 98 AD).

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) Estonia (a country in northeastern Europe, on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea)


Albania

Albānia f sg (genitive Albāniae); first declension

Albānia (canonical feminine singular)
Albāniae (genitive)
Albānia (nominative singular)
Albāniae (genitive singular)
Albāniae (dative singular)
Albāniam (accusative singular)
Albāniā (ablative singular)
Albānia (singular vocative)

⇒ Russian: Алба́нія (Albánija) (Pre-reform orthography (1918)), Алба́ния (Albánija)

Borrowed from Byzantine Greek Ἀλβανία (Albanía) (or Old Irish Albu, Albain, Alban for the "Scotland" sense).

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) Albania (a country in Southeast Europe)


Bulgaria

Bulgaria f sg (genitive Bulgariae); first declension

Bulgariae (genitive)
Bulgaria (nominative singular)
Bulgariae (genitive singular)
Bulgariae (dative singular)
Bulgariam (accusative singular)
Bulgariā (ablative singular)
Bulgaria (singular vocative)

⇒ Georgian: ბულგარეთი (bulgareti)

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) Bulgaria (a country in Southeast Europe)


Romania

Rōmānia f sg (genitive Rōmāniae); first declension

Rōmānia (canonical feminine singular)
Rōmāniae (genitive)
Rōmānia (nominative singular)
Rōmāniae (genitive singular)
Rōmāniae (dative singular)
Rōmāniam (accusative singular)
Rōmāniā (ablative singular)
Rōmānia (singular vocative)

Italian: Romagna

Romagnol: Rumâgna

q

from a Vulgar Latin variant <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">Rōmănia</i> with a short a in the second syllable

→ Proto-Brythonic: *rrʉβ̃ėn (from a Vulgar Latin variant Rōmănia with a short a in the second syllable)

Middle Welsh: Ruvein

Welsh: Rhufain

From Ancient Greek Ῥωμᾱνῐ́ᾱ (Rhōmānĭ́ā).

(historical, Medieval Latin) Byzantine Empire


Croatia

la-proper noun

Croātia f sg (genitive Croātiae); first declension

Croātia (canonical feminine singular)
Croātiae (genitive)
Croātia (nominative singular)
Croātiae (genitive singular)
Croātiae (dative singular)
Croātiam (accusative singular)
Croātiā (ablative singular)
Croātia (singular vocative)
Chroātia (alternative)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Χρωβατία (Khrōbatía).

bor+

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) Croatia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Georgia

la-proper noun

Geōrgia f sg (genitive Geōrgiae); first declension

Geōrgia (canonical feminine singular)
Geōrgiae (genitive)
Geōrgia (nominative singular)
Geōrgiae (genitive singular)
Geōrgiae (dative singular)
Geōrgiam (accusative singular)
Geōrgiā (ablative singular)
Geōrgia (singular vocative)
Geōrgiae (locative singular)

→ English: Georgia (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle French: Georgie

French: Géorgie

→ Middle English: Georgie

English: Georgie (obsolete)

→ Italian: Georgia

→ Norwegian Bokmål: Georgia

→ Romanian: Georgia

→ Spanish: Georgia

A borrowing from Classical Persian گرج (gurj), from Middle Persian 𐭥𐭫𐭥𐭰𐭠𐭭 pl (Wiruz-ān, “Iberians, Georgians”), of unknown origin. The Latin form was influenced by (sānctus) Geōrgius (“Saint George”) due to the saint's popularity in the country.

der

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) Georgia (a transcontinental country in the Caucasus region of Europe and Asia, on the coast of the Black Sea, often considered to belong politically to Europe)


icon

la-noun

īcōn f (genitive īconis); third declension

īcōn (canonical feminine)
īconis (genitive)
īcōn (nominative singular)
īconēs (nominative plural)
īconis (genitive singular)
īconum (genitive plural)
īconī (dative singular)
īconibus (dative plural)
īconem (accusative singular)
īconēs (accusative plural)
īcone (ablative singular)
īconibus (ablative plural)
īcōn (singular vocative)
īconēs (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek εἰκών (eikṓn, “likeness, image, portrait”).

der

(Medieval Latin) icon, a religious portrait


ipse dixit

Calque of Ancient Greek αὐτὸς ἔφα (autòs épha, “he himself said it”), originally used by Pythagoreans.

calque

(rhetoric, chiefly Medieval Latin) Used after a statement claimed to be by Aristotle, whose absolute authority made it incontestable.


analysis

la-noun

analysis f (genitive analysis or analyseōs or analysios); third declension

analysis (genitive)
analyseōs (genitive)
analysios (genitive)
analysis (nominative singular)
analysēs (nominative plural)
analyseis (nominative plural)
analysis (genitive singular)
analyseōs (genitive singular)
analysios (genitive singular)
analysium (genitive plural)
analysī (dative singular)
analysibus (dative plural)
analysim (accusative singular)
analysin (accusative singular)
analysem (accusative singular)
analysēs (accusative plural)
analysīs (accusative plural)
analysī (ablative singular)
analyse (ablative singular)
analysibus (ablative plural)
analysis (singular vocative)
analysi (singular vocative)
analysēs (plural vocative)
analyseis (plural vocative)

Catalan: anàlisi

Danish: analyse

Dutch: analyse

English: analysis

French: analyse

Romanian: analiză

German: Analyse

Indonesian: analisis

Irish: anailís

Italian: analisi

Norwegian Bokmål: analyse

Occitan: analisi

Portuguese: análise

Russian: ана́лиз m (análiz)

Swedish: analys

Spanish: análisis m

Tagalog: análisís

From Ancient Greek ἀνάλυσις (análusis), from ἀναλύω (analúō, “I unravel, investigate”), from ἀνά (aná, “on, up”) + λύω (lúō, “I loosen”).


essere

omns·qvị[- - -]inhancavlamọ[- - -]/rationem·orateprmẹ/peccatoresid͞mabeatis/protectoremqviacod/estisfvi·etqvodsvm/essereabetisetsiqvis/sepresv̄seritcontra/hoctvmvlv̄mev̄biola/[- - -]ạbeāindeinqvisitio/[- - -]ṭetribvnald͞nin͞r͞i/[- - -]bivcatv̄cv̄/[- - -]irase
omn[e]s quị ... in hanc aulam ... [o?]rationem orate pr[o] mẹ peccatore si d(eu)m [h]abeatis protectorem quia [qu]od estis fui et quod sum essere [h]abetis et si quis se pr[a]esu(m)[p]serit contra hoc tumulu(m) meu(m) [v]iola⟨re h⟩ạbea[t] inde inquisitio⟨nem an⟩ṭe tribunal d(omi)ni n(ost)ri ... ⟨sub?⟩iu[g?]atu(m) cu(m)...

Roman epitaph (uncertain date but after the 4th–5th c. AD)

All who... in this court... Pray for me, the sinner that I was, if you have God as your protector. For I once was what you are, and you will one day be what I am [sc. a corpse]. Should anyone dare desecrate this grave of mine, may he be judged for it before the tribunal of our Lord...

Lex Curiensis (8th c.)

...tam de facultatem quam et de colonaria familia qui exinde causam cum altero habuerit infra annum prosequat cuius essere debeat...

Alvarus' Confessio (mid-9th c. AD)

For here is sown what there is reaped, and it is impossible to believe that the brilliant world you have deigned to live in, and sustain, which you intended to be a place for the dispensing of justice, accepts sinners.

Hic enim seritur quod illic metitur nec fas est credi illum lucifluum seculum peccantes recipere in quo tu eum sustinendo dignatus est abitare quem locum retributjonis iustitje essere uoluisti.

Cartulário de San Vicente de Oviedo n.ᵒ6 (AD 905)

I, Gundesalvus Nepotani, was present (as witness for the signing of this document) whilst being lodged at the home of this very same Gundefredus.

Gundesalvus Nepotiani dum essere pausati in domo istius Gundefredi presentes fuimus.

alternative form of esse, present active infinitive of sum (“to be”)


latino

la-verb

latīnō (present infinitive latīnāre, perfect active latīnāvī, supine latīnātum); first conjugation

latīnō (canonical)
latīnāre (infinitive present)
latīnāvī (active perfect)
latīnātum (supine)
latinō (active first-person indicative present singular)
latinās (active indicative present second-person singular)
latinat (active indicative present singular third-person)
latināmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
latinātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
latinant (active indicative plural present third-person)
latinābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
latinābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
latinābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
latinābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
latinābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
latinābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
latinābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
latinābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
latinābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
latinābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
latinābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
latinābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
latināvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
latināvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
latināvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
latināvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
latināvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
latināvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
latināvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
latināveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
latināverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
latināverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
latināverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
latināverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
latināverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
latināverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
latināveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
latināverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
latināverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
latināveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
latināverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
latinor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
latināris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
latināre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
latinātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
latināmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
latināminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
latinantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
latinābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
latinābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
latinābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
latinābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
latinābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
latinābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
latinābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
latinābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
latināberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
latinābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
latinābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
latinābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
latinābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
latinābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
latinem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
latinēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
latinet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
latinēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
latinētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
latinent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
latinārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
latinārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
latināret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
latinārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
latinārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
latinārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
latināverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
latināverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
latināverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
latināverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
latināverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
latināverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
latināvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
latināvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
latināvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
latināvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
latināvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
latināvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
latiner (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
latinēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
latinēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
latinētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
latinēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
latinēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
latinentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
latinārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
latinārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
latinārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
latinārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
latinārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
latinārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
latinārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
latinā (active imperative present second-person singular)
latināte (active imperative plural present second-person)
latinātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
latinātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
latinātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
latinantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
latināre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
latināminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
latinātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
latinātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
latinantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
latināre (active infinitive present)
latinārī (infinitive passive present)
latināns (active participle present)
latinātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
latinātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
latinātūrus (active future participle)
latinandus (future participle passive)
latināvisse (active infinitive perfect)
latinātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
latinātus (participle passive perfect)
latinātum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
latinātūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
latinandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
latinandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
latinandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
latinandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
latinātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
latinātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

→ Portuguese: latinar (learned)

→ Spanish: latinar (learned)


unus

ūnus (canonical)
ūnus (masculine nominative singular)
ūna (feminine nominative singular)
ūnum (neuter nominative singular)
ūnī̆us (genitive singular)
ūnī (dative singular)
ūnum (accusative masculine singular)
ūnam (accusative feminine singular)
ūnum (accusative neuter singular)
ūnō (ablative masculine singular)
ūnā (ablative feminine singular)
ūnō (ablative neuter singular)
ūne (masculine singular vocative)
ūna (feminine singular vocative)
ūnum (neuter singular vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: unu, un

Istro-Romanian: un, ur

Megleno-Romanian: un

Romanian: unu, un

Dalmatian:

join

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: unu

Italian: uno, un

Neapolitan: uno, nu

Sicilian: unu, un, nu, 'n

North Italian:

Emilian: unu

Istriot: oûn

Lombard: vun

Romagnol: un

Venetan: uno, un, on

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: un

Ladin: un

Romansch: in, egn, ün

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: un, yon

desctree

Old French: un
Middle French: un, ung
French: un
Norman: un, iun (Guernsey)
Walloon: un

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: un

Occitan: un

Ibero-Romance:

Old Leonese: un, uno

Asturian: ún, un

Leonese: ún

Mirandese: un

Old Galician-Portuguese: ũu
Fala: un
Galician: un
Macanese: (from ũa) unga, ung'a
Portuguese: um (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: un, uno

Ladino: uno

Spanish: un, uno

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: unu

From Old Latin oinos, from Proto-Italic *oinos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos (“one, single”).
Cognates include Ancient Greek οἶος (oîos), Sanskrit एक (éka), Old Church Slavonic ѥдинъ (jedinŭ), Old Irish óen, and Old English ān (English one and an).


talo

la-noun

tālō m (genitive tālōnis); third declension

tālō (canonical masculine)
tālōnis (genitive)
tālō (nominative singular)
tālōnēs (nominative plural)
tālōnis (genitive singular)
tālōnum (genitive plural)
tālōnī (dative singular)
tālōnibus (dative plural)
tālōnem (accusative singular)
tālōnēs (accusative plural)
tālōne (ablative singular)
tālōnibus (ablative plural)
tālō (singular vocative)
tālōnēs (plural vocative)
talonus (alternative)

Adapted from Middle French talon, Italian tallone as tālus + -ō; also as +-ōnus.


casa

casa f (genitive casae); first declension

casae (genitive)
casa (nominative singular)
casae (nominative plural)
casae (genitive singular)
casārum (genitive plural)
casae (dative singular)
casīs (dative plural)
casam (accusative singular)
casās (accusative plural)
casā (ablative singular)
casīs (ablative plural)
casa (singular vocative)
casae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: casã

Istro-Romanian: kåsę

Megleno-Romanian: casă

Romanian: casă

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: casa

Asturian: casa

Mirandese: casa

Old Galician-Portuguese: casa

Fala: casa

Galician: casa, cas

desctree

Portuguese: casa, caza (obsolete)
Guinea-Bissau Creole: kasa, kaza
Indo-Portuguese: casa
Kabuverdianu: kasa
Karipúna Creole French: kaz
Korlai Creole Portuguese: kadz
Kristang: kaza
Macanese: casa
Papiamentu: ka (partly)
→ Gujarati: ગાજ (gāj), કાજ (kāj)
→ Hindustani: (see there for further descendants)
Hindi: काज (kāj)
Urdu: کاج (kāj)
→ Konkani: काझ (kājh)
→ Marathi: काज (kāj)

Old Spanish: casa

Spanish: casa
→ Cebuano: kasa
→ English: casa
→ Papiamentu: kas (partly)

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: chèṡa, cà

Ligurian: câza

Lombard: cà

Piedmontese: ca

Romagnol: ca

Sammarinese: chêsa, ca’

Venetan: caxa, ca’

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: casa, ca

Occitan: casa, cò

Old French: chiese, chese

French: chez
→ English: chez

⇒ Norman: caisèye, Norman: quieux (preposition), Norman: ciez (Coutance, preposition)

Italo-Dalmatian:

Dalmatian: cuosa

Istriot: casa

Italian: casa, ca’

Judeo-Italian: קַאסַה (qaʔsah /casa/)

Sicilian: casa

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: cjase, čhase

Ladin: cèsa, cesa

Romansch: chasa

Sardinian:

càsa

→ Interlingua: casa (and from Italian and Spanish)

Uncertain. Possibly from either Proto-Indo-European *kat- (“to link or weave together; chain, net”) (compare catēna (“chain”)), or Proto-Indo-European *ket- (“hut, shed”) (compare Old English heaþor (“restraint, confinement, enclosure, prison”), Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬀 (kata, “chamber”), Mazanderani کَت (kat, “wall”)), likely through borrowing from another Indo-European language rather than inheritance due to the presence of the medial -s-. Ultimately may be of substrate or wanderwort origin; more at cot, and see Proto-Uralic *kota.

cog

(Late Latin, Medieval Latin) dwelling, residence, house


promontorium

la-noun

prōmontōrium n (genitive prōmontōriī or prōmontōrī); second declension

prōmontōrium (canonical neuter)
prōmontōriī (genitive)
prōmontōrī (genitive)
prōmontōrium (nominative singular)
prōmontōria (nominative plural)
prōmontōriī (genitive singular)
prōmontōrī (genitive singular)
prōmontōriōrum (genitive plural)
prōmontōriō (dative singular)
prōmontōriīs (dative plural)
prōmontōrium (accusative singular)
prōmontōria (accusative plural)
prōmontōriō (ablative singular)
prōmontōriīs (ablative plural)
prōmontōrium (singular vocative)
prōmontōria (plural vocative)

(Medieval Latin) alternative form of prōmunturium


algebra

algebra f (genitive algebrae); first declension

algebrae (genitive)
algebra (nominative singular)
algebrae (nominative plural)
algebrae (genitive singular)
algebrārum (genitive plural)
algebrae (dative singular)
algebrīs (dative plural)
algebram (accusative singular)
algebrās (accusative plural)
algebrā (ablative singular)
algebrīs (ablative plural)
algebra (singular vocative)
algebrae (plural vocative)

→ Danish: algebra

⇒ Dutch: algebra

→ English: algebra (see there for further descendants)

→ Finnish: algebra

→ French: algèbre
→ Romanian: algebră

⇒ Georgian: ალგებრა (algebra)

desctree

→ German: Algebra
→? Bulgarian: а́лгебра (álgebra)

→ Greek: άλγεβρα (álgevra) (learned)

⇒ Hungarian: algebra

⇒ Italian: algebra
→ Maltese: alġebra

⇒ Latvian: algebra

⇒ Polish: algebra

→ Portuguese: álgebra

⇒ Russian: а́лгебра (álgebra) (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Arabic الْجَبْر (al-jabr, “reunion, resetting of broken parts”).


feta

la-noun

fēta f (genitive fētae); first declension

fēta (canonical feminine)
fētae (genitive)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: featã, fiate

Istro-Romanian: fetĕ

Megleno-Romanian: feată, fętă

Romanian: fată

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Lombard: feda

Old Ligurian: fea

Piedmontese: fèja, fea

Friulian: fede

Venetan: feda

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: fèya

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: feda (northern)

Gascon: heda, hede

Occitan: feda

Vivaro-Alpine: fea, feia, fià, fié

Substantivization of the feminine of fētus (“having recently given birth”). Found in Classical Latin in senses 1 and 2.


Verona

la-proper noun

Vērōna f sg (genitive Vērōnae); first declension

Vērōna (canonical feminine singular)
Vērōnae (genitive)
Vērōna (nominative singular)
Vērōnae (genitive singular)
Vērōnae (dative singular)
Vērōnam (accusative singular)
Vērōnā (ablative singular)
Vērōna (singular vocative)
Vērōnae (locative singular)

From Cisalpine Gaulish *Wernomagos, from Proto-Celtic *wernā (“alder”) + *magos (“field”).

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

(Medieval Latin) an independent city in modern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, on the Rhine River


Vienna

Vienna f sg (genitive Viennae); first declension

Viennae (genitive)
Vienna (nominative singular)
Viennae (genitive singular)
Viennae (dative singular)
Viennam (accusative singular)
Viennā (ablative singular)
Vienna (singular vocative)
Viennae (locative singular)

Of disputed origin. Possibly from Vindobona, or from a Celtic word *Vedunia (“forest stream”), for which compare Proto-Celtic *widus (“woodland”).

...verum etiam illum in Austria, patria scilicet sua hereditaria agentem adorsi Viennam, civitatem celebrerrimam et eius provincie caput...

1486, “Commissio propria domini regis”, in Decreta Regni Hungariae 1458-1490, Budapest, published 1989, page 267:


Macerata

Mācerāta f sg (genitive Mācerātae); first declension

Mācerāta (canonical feminine singular)
Mācerātae (genitive)
Mācerāta (nominative singular)
Mācerātae (genitive singular)
Mācerātae (dative singular)
Mācerātam (accusative singular)
Mācerātā (ablative singular)
Mācerāta (singular vocative)
Mācerātae (locative singular)

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) Macerata (a town in Marche, Italy)


rhombus

la-noun

rhombus m (genitive rhombī); second declension

rhombī (genitive)
rhombus (nominative singular)
rhombī (nominative plural)
rhombī (genitive singular)
rhombōrum (genitive plural)
rhombō (dative singular)
rhombīs (dative plural)
rhombum (accusative singular)
rhombōs (accusative plural)
rhombō (ablative singular)
rhombīs (ablative plural)
rhombe (singular vocative)
rhombī (plural vocative)
rombus (alternative Medieval-Latin)
rumbus (alternative Medieval-Latin)

Catalan: rom

Italian: rombo

Portuguese: rumo

Spanish: rumbo, romo

→ English: rhumb

Sicilian: rummu

→ Albanian: romb

→ Azerbaijani: romb

→ Catalan: rombe

→ Danish: rombe

→ English: rhombus, rhomb

→ French: rhombe

→ Galician: rombo

→ Georgian: რომბი (rombi)

→ German: Rhombus
→ Estonian: romb

→ Hungarian: rombusz

→ Latvian: rombs

→ Lithuanian: rombas

→ Macedonian: ромб (romb)

→ Norwegian: rombe

→ Polish: romb

→ Portuguese: rombo

→ Romanian: romb

desctree

→ Russian: ромб (romb)
→ Kazakh: ромб (romb)

→ Serbo-Croatian: romb / ромб

→ Slovene: romb

→ Spanish: rombo

→ Swedish: romb

→ Ukrainian: ромб (romb)

From Ancient Greek ῥόμβος (rhómbos, “rhombus, spinning top”), from ῥέμβω (rhémbō, “I turn around”).


bacterium

la-noun

bactērium n (genitive bactēriī); second declension

bactērium (canonical neuter)
bactēriī (genitive)
bactērium (nominative singular)
bactēria (nominative plural)
bactēriī (genitive singular)
bactēriōrum (genitive plural)
bactēriō (dative singular)
bactēriīs (dative plural)
bactērium (accusative singular)
bactēria (accusative plural)
bactēriō (ablative singular)
bactēriīs (ablative plural)
bactērium (singular vocative)
bactēria (plural vocative)
bactērius (alternative)

From Ancient Greek βακτήριον (baktḗrion, “small staff”), from βακτηρία (baktēría).

bor

(Late Latin, Medieval Latin) cane, walking-stick; staff (of a shepherd)


corpus

la-noun

corpus n (genitive corporis); third declension

corporis (genitive)
corpus (nominative singular)
corpora (nominative plural)
corporis (genitive singular)
corporum (genitive plural)
corporī (dative singular)
corporibus (dative plural)
corpus (accusative singular)
corpora (accusative plural)
corpore (ablative singular)
corporibus (ablative plural)
corpus (singular vocative)
corpora (plural vocative)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: cólpus, corpus, cropus

Balkano-Romance:

Megleno-Romanian: corp

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: corpu

Gallurese: colpu

Sassarese: coìpu

Dalmatian: cuarp, kuarp

Istriot: cuorpo

Italian: corpo

Neapolitan: cuorpo

Sicilian: corpu

Venetan: corpo, corp

→ Cimbrian: khòrp

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: cuarp

Ladin: corp

Romansch: corp

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: côrp

Ligurian: còrpo

Lombard: còrp

Piedmontese: còrp

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: corps

Old Catalan: cors

Catalan: cos

desctree

Old French: cors
Middle French: cors
French: corps
Karipúna Creole French: kó
→ Danish: korps
→ English: corps
→ Dutch: corps, korps
→ German: Korps
→ Norwegian Bokmål: korps
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: korps
→ Romanian: corp (in part)
→ Swedish: kår
Walloon: coirps, corps
→ Middle English: corse
English: corpse
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: cos
Galician: cós
Portuguese: cós

Old Occitan: cors

Occitan: còrs

Ibero-Romance:

Extremaduran: cuerpu

Old Galician-Portuguese: corpo

Fala: corpo

Galician: corpo

Portuguese: corpo

Guinea-Bissau Creole: kurpu

Kristang: korpu

Macanese: corpo

Old Leonese:

desc

Asturian: cuerpu, cuörpu, cuorpu, cuirpu, cuerpo

Leonese: cuerpu

Mirandese: cuorpo

Old Navarro-Aragonese: cuerpo

Aragonese: cuerpo

Old Spanish: cuerpo

Spanish: cuerpo, cuelpo

Borrowings:

→ Basque: gorputz

→ Catalan: corpus

→ English: corpus

→ Esperanto: korpo

Ido: korpo

→ German: Korpus

→ Romanian: corp

→ Italian: corpus

→ Middle High German: korper, körper, körpel

German: Körper

desctree

→ Old Irish: corp
Irish: corp
Manx: corp
Scottish Gaelic: corp

→ Portuguese: corpus

→ Proto-Brythonic: *korf

Breton: korv

Middle Welsh: corff

Welsh: corff

→ Russian: ко́рпус (kórpus)

→ Spanish: corpus

From Proto-Italic *korpos, from Proto-Indo-European *krépos (“body”), from the root *krep-. Equivalent to the Proto-Germanic neuter noun *hrefaz (“body, torso”), whence e.g. Old High German href, Old Dutch ref, Old English hrif (> English riff).

(Medieval Latin) a corpus (collection of writings by a single author or addressing a certain topic)


vita

la-noun

vīta f (genitive vītae); first declension

vīta (canonical feminine)
vītae (genitive)
vīta (nominative singular)
vītae (nominative plural)
vītae (genitive singular)
vītārum (genitive plural)
vītae (dative singular)
vītīs (dative plural)
vītam (accusative singular)
vītās (accusative plural)
vītā (ablative singular)
vītīs (ablative plural)
vīta (singular vocative)
vītae (plural vocative)

Balkan-Romance:

Megleno-Romanian: vítă

Romanian: vită

Dalmato-Romance:

Dalmatian: vaita

Istriot: veîta

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: vita

Italian: vita

→ Emilian: vétta

→ Friulian: vite

→ Judeo-Italian: וִיטַה (wiṭah /vita/)

→ Lombard: vita

→ Ladin: vita

→ Piedmontese: vita

→ Romagnol: vita

→ Romansch: vita

→ Sabir: vita

→ Venetan: vita

Neapolitan: vita, bita

Sicilian: vita

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: vida

North-Italian:

Piedmontese: via, visa

Gallo-Romance:

Old Navarro-Aragonese: vida

Aragonese: vida, vita

Catalan: vida

Gascon: vita, vida, via

Franco-Provençal: via

desctree

Old French: vie
Middle French: vie
French: vie
Antillean Creole: vi
Guianese Creole: lavi
Haitian Creole: lavi
Louisiana Creole: vi
Seychellois Creole: lavi
Norman: vie (Guernésiais)
Walloon: veye, vèie

Occitan: vida

Ibero-Romance:

Old Leonese: vida

Asturian: vida, vía

Extremaduran: vía

Leonese: vida

Mirandese: bida

Old Galician-Portuguese: vida

Fala: vía

Galician: vida

Portuguese: vida

→ Shona: vida, bida, vira, vita

Old Spanish: vida

Ladino: vida

Spanish: vida
Palenquero: bila
Papiamentu: bida
→ Tagalog: bida

Borrowing:

→ Dutch: vita (learned)

desc

→ English: vita, → life (semantic loan) (learned)

Dutch: → vita (learned), → leven (semantic loan)

→ Interlingua: vita (learned)

From Proto-Italic *gʷītā. Possibly corresponds to a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wo-teh₂ (compare Ancient Greek βίοτος (bíotos, “life”), Old Irish bethu, bethad, Irish beatha, Welsh bywyd, Old Church Slavonic животъ (životŭ, “life”), Lithuanian gyvatà (“life”), Sanskrit जीवित (jīvitá), Avestan gayo (accusative ǰyātum) "life")), ultimately from *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”).

cog

(Medieval Latin) biography, life (particularly but not necessarily a hagiography)


romanus

la-adj

rōmānus (feminine rōmāna, neuter rōmānum, adverb rōmānē); first/second-declension adjective

rōmānus (canonical)
rōmāna (feminine)
rōmānum (neuter)
rōmānē (adverb)
rōmānus (masculine nominative singular)
rōmāna (feminine nominative singular)
rōmānum (neuter nominative singular)
rōmānī (masculine nominative plural)
rōmānae (feminine nominative plural)
rōmāna (neuter nominative plural)
rōmānī (genitive masculine singular)
rōmānae (feminine genitive singular)
rōmānī (genitive neuter singular)
rōmānōrum (genitive masculine plural)
rōmānārum (feminine genitive plural)
rōmānōrum (genitive neuter plural)
rōmānō (dative masculine singular)
rōmānae (dative feminine singular)
rōmānō (dative neuter singular)
rōmānīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
rōmānum (accusative masculine singular)
rōmānam (accusative feminine singular)
rōmānum (accusative neuter singular)
rōmānōs (accusative masculine plural)
rōmānās (accusative feminine plural)
rōmāna (accusative neuter plural)
rōmānō (ablative masculine singular)
rōmānā (ablative feminine singular)
rōmānō (ablative neuter singular)
rōmānīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
rōmāne (masculine singular vocative)
rōmāna (feminine singular vocative)
rōmānum (neuter singular vocative)
rōmānī (masculine plural vocative)
rōmānae (feminine plural vocative)
rōmāna (neuter plural vocative)
Rōmānus (alternative adjective)

Albanian: rëmër, rëmen

desc

Aromanian: armãn, arãmãn, rãmãn, rrãmãn, rãmen, rrãmen

Asturian: romanu

Catalan: romà

Friulian: roman

Istro-Romanian: rumăr

Italian: romano

Old French: romain

French: romain

→ English: romaine

→ English: Roman

Old Galician-Portuguese: romão

Portuguese: romão, romã

Romanian: român, rumân

Sicilian: rumanu

Spanish: romano

Venetan: roman

→ Proto-Germanic: *rūmōniz

→ Dutch: Romeins

→ Norwegian Bokmål: roman

→ Portuguese: romano

→ Romanian: roman

From Rōma (“Rome”) + -ānus (“-an”, adjectival derivational suffix).

suf

(Medieval Latin) Christian, sometimes particularly Catholic.


romanus

la-noun

rōmānus m (genitive rōmānī); second declension

rōmānus (canonical masculine)
rōmānī (genitive)
rōmānus (nominative singular)
rōmānī (nominative plural)
rōmānī (genitive singular)
rōmānōrum (genitive plural)
rōmānō (dative singular)
rōmānīs (dative plural)
rōmānum (accusative singular)
rōmānōs (accusative plural)
rōmānō (ablative singular)
rōmānīs (ablative plural)
rōmāne (singular vocative)
rōmānī (plural vocative)
Rōmānus (alternative adjective)

Aromanian: armãn

Catalan: romà

Dutch: Romein

English: Roman

French: Romain

Italian: romano

Portuguese: romão

→ Portuguese: romano

Romanian: roman, român

Sicilian: rumanu

Spanish: romano

(Medieval Latin) Latin Frank (a Latin-speaking inhabitant of the Frankish Kingdom)


Venetia

la-proper noun

Venetia f sg (genitive Venetiae); first declension

Venetiae (genitive)
Venetia (nominative singular)
Venetiae (genitive singular)
Venetiae (dative singular)
Venetiam (accusative singular)
Venetiā (ablative singular)
Venetia (singular vocative)
Venetiae (locative singular)
Venetiae (alternative)

Gallo-Italic

Emilian: Venêzia

Ligurian: Venessia

Lombard: Venèzia

Piedmontese: Venessia

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: Venezia

Italian: Venezia

Greek: Βενέτσια (Venétsia)

Neapolitan: Venezia

Sicilian: Vinezzia

Old French: Venise

Middle French: Venisse

French: Venise
→ Vietnamese: Vơ-ni-dơ

Norman: V'nise, Venise

Picard: Venise

desctree

→ Middle English: Venyse, Venys, Venyce, Venice, Venise, Venecia
English: Venice (see there for further descendants)
Scots: Venis, Venise, Veneis, Venice

Old Occitan:

Catalan: Venècia

Occitan: Venècia

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: Vignesie

Ladin: Unieja

Romansch: Vaniescha, Venezia

Sardinian: Venetzia

desc

Venetan: Venesia, Venèsia, Venexia, Venèxia, Venèzsia, Venezsia

West Iberian

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: Venecia

Portuguese: Veneza

Old Spanish:

Spanish: Venecia

→ Greek: Βενετία (Venetía)

→ Irish: Veinéis

→ Romanian: Veneția

→ Russian: Венеция (Venecija) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

→ Slovene: Benetke
→ Czech: Benátky
→ Slovak: Benátky

From Venetī + -ia (suffix forming place names).

suffix

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) Venice (a city and former polity in northeastern Italy)


sum

la-verb

sum (present infinitive esse, perfect active fuī, future active participle futūrus); irregular conjugation, suppletive, no passive, no supine stem except in the future active participle, no gerund

sum (canonical)
irregular conjugation (canonical)
no passive (canonical)
no gerund (canonical)
esse (infinitive present)
fuī (active perfect)
futūrus (active future participle)
sum (active first-person indicative present singular)
es (active indicative present second-person singular)
est (active indicative present singular third-person)
sumus (active first-person indicative plural present)
estis (active indicative plural present second-person)
sunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
eram (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
erās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
erat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
erāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
erātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
erant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
erō (active first-person future indicative singular)
eris (active future indicative second-person singular)
ere (active future indicative second-person singular)
erit (active future indicative singular third-person)
erimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
eritis (active future indicative plural second-person)
erunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
fuī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
fuistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
fuit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
fuimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
fuistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
fuērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
fuēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
fueram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
fuerās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
fuerat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
fuerāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
fuerātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
fuerant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
fuerō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
fueris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
fuerit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
fuerimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
fueritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
fuerint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
sim (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
siem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
fuam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
sīs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
siēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
fuās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
sit (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
siet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
fuat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
sīmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
siēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
fuāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
sītis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
siētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
fuātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
sint (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
sient (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
fuant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
essem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
forem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
essēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
forēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
esset (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
foret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
essēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
forēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
essētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
forētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
essent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
forent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
fuerim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
fuerīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
fuerit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
fuerīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
fuerītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
fuerint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
fuissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
fuissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
fuisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
fuissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
fuissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
fuissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
es (active imperative present second-person singular)
este (active imperative plural present second-person)
estō (active future imperative second-person singular)
estō (active future imperative singular third-person)
estōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
suntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
esse (active infinitive present)
futūrum esse (active future infinitive)
fore (active future infinitive)
futūrus (active future participle)
fuisse (active infinitive perfect)
futūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
esom (alternative Old-Latin)
som (alternative Old-Latin)
esum (alternative)
essere (alternative)

q

blended with <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">fierī</i>

Balkan Romance: (blended with fierī)

Megleno-Romanian: săm

Aromanian: hiu

Istro-Romanian: fi

Romanian: fi

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: esse

Gallurese: esse

Italian: essere

desc

Judeo-Italian: אֵיסֵירֵי (ʔesere /essere/)

Neapolitan: essere

Neapolitan: éssene

Sassarese: assé

Sicilian: èssiri

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: èssere

Padanian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: èser

Istriot: ièsi

Ligurian: êse

Lombard: vésser

Piedmontese: esse

Romagnol: es

Friulian: jessi, sei

Ladin: ester

Romansch: esser

Venetan: èser

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: ésser

Franco-Provençal: étre

Old French: estre (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: èsser

q

blended with <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">sedēre</i>

Ibero-Romance: (blended with sedēre)

Mozarabic: שיראד (šyrʔd)

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: seer
Fala: sel
Galician: ser
Portuguese: ser

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: ser

Leonese: sere

Mirandese: ser

Extremaduran: sel

Old Spanish: eser, seer
Spanish: ser (in part)

→? Catalan: ser

Borrowings:

→ English: esse

→ German: Esse

From Proto-Italic *som~*ezom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (“be”) + *bʰúHt (“become”). From the latter of the two derive all the /f-/ forms of Latin sum (including fore), the separate verb fīō (“become”), and the verb-endings -bō (future) and -bam (past imperfect). Clipped conjugations with /s-/, such as sum itself, occurred alongside more conservative equivalents with /es-/ in early Latin, such as the archaic esum. The clipped forms likely arose as unstressed clitics.

Ad quod castrum vincendum Pisani fuerunt cum quinquaginta navibus, plattis et schafis, etc,

They went to conquer Pisanius' castle with fifty boats, engines, siege weapons, etc.

(Medieval Latin, in the past tense) to go

Audīte disciplīnam et estōte sapientēs et nōlīte abicere eam.

Hear instruction and be wise, and refuse it not.

(Medieval Latin, Ecclesiastical Latin), imperative be


homo

la-noun

homō̆ m (genitive hominis); third declension

homō̆ (canonical masculine)
hominis (genitive)
homō̆ (nominative singular)
hominēs (nominative plural)
hominis (genitive singular)
hominum (genitive plural)
hominī (dative singular)
hominibus (dative plural)
hominem (accusative singular)
hominēs (accusative plural)
homine (ablative singular)
hominibus (ablative plural)
homō̆ (singular vocative)
hominēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: om

Istro-Romanian: om

Megleno-Romanian: om, uom

Romanian: om

Dalmatian:

jomno

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: omu

Istriot: omo

Italian: uomo, omo

Judeo-Italian: אוֹמוֹ (ʔomo /omo/)

Neapolitan: ommo

Sicilian: omu, òminu

Padanian:

Emilian: òmen, òm

Ligurian: òmmo

Lombard: òmm, òmen

Piedmontese: òm, òmon

Romagnol: òm, òman

Friulian: omp, om

Romansch: um

Venetan: omo, òmeno

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: homo, on

Old French: home (see there for further descendants)

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: home

desctree

Old Occitan: ome, hom, home, om, omne
Occitan: òme, ome

Sardinian:

òmine

Ibero-Romance:

Old Navarro-Aragonese: hombre, ombre, ome, omme, homme, uamne (11th century, Glosas Emilianenses)
Aragonese: ombre

Old Leonese: ome

Asturian: home

Leonese: home

Mirandese: home

Old Galician-Portuguese: ome, home, omen, omẽe
Fala: homi
Galician: home
Portuguese: homem, home (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: omne, ome, om̃e, homne
Ladino:
Hebrew script: אומברי
Latin script: ombre
Spanish: hombre, honbre, ombre, onbre (obsolete)
Chavacano: hombre
→ English: hombre
→ French: hombre
→ English: ombre
→ Papiamentu: hòmber

Borrowings:

desc

→ English: homo; argumentum ad hominem, ad hominem

→ Esperanto: homo

→ Ido: homo

→ Interlingua: homine

→ Translingual: Homo

From earlier hemō, from Proto-Italic *hemō, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰm̥mṓ (“earthling”), from *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”), whence Latin humus. Cognates include Old Lithuanian žmuõ (“man”), Gothic 𐌲𐌿𐌼𐌰 (guma) and Old English guma (“man”) (whence English gome). See also nēmō (“no one”), from *ne hemō.

etymon

homō

vir

adult human man; with connotations of freeborn status and possession of masculine virtues

fēmina

female; woman; in Republican Latin, used especially to refer to women of social rank, functioning as a female counterpart of vir and a more respectful synonym of mulier


servitus

la-noun

servitūs f (genitive servitūtis); third declension

servitūs (canonical feminine)
servitūtis (genitive)
servitūs (nominative singular)
servitūtēs (nominative plural)
servitūtis (genitive singular)
servitūtum (genitive plural)
servitūtī (dative singular)
servitūtibus (dative plural)
servitūtem (accusative singular)
servitūtēs (accusative plural)
servitūte (ablative singular)
servitūtibus (ablative plural)
servitūs (singular vocative)
servitūtēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: servitud

Italian: servitù

Portuguese: servitude

Spanish: servitud

(Medieval Latin) worship, religious ministry


lactatio

lactātiō f (genitive lactātiōnis); third declension

lactātiō (canonical feminine)
lactātiōnis (genitive)
lactātiō (nominative singular)
lactātiōnēs (nominative plural)
lactātiōnis (genitive singular)
lactātiōnum (genitive plural)
lactātiōnī (dative singular)
lactātiōnibus (dative plural)
lactātiōnem (accusative singular)
lactātiōnēs (accusative plural)
lactātiōne (ablative singular)
lactātiōnibus (ablative plural)
lactātiō (singular vocative)
lactātiōnēs (plural vocative)

English: lactation

French: lactation

Italian: lattazione

Portuguese: lactação


libra

lībra f (genitive lībrae); first declension

lībra (canonical feminine)
lībrae (genitive)
lībra (nominative singular)
lībrae (nominative plural)
lībrae (genitive singular)
lībrārum (genitive plural)
lībrae (dative singular)
lībrīs (dative plural)
lībram (accusative singular)
lībrās (accusative plural)
lībrā (ablative singular)
lībrīs (ablative plural)
lībra (singular vocative)
lībrae (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: libra, libbra, lira

→ Catalan: lira

→ Czech: lira

→ Danish: lire

→ Faroese: liri

→ English: lira

→ Finnish: liira

→ German: Lira

→ Galician: lira

→ Maori: rira

→ Malay: lira

→ Maltese: lira

→ Norwegian: lira

→ Portuguese: lira

→ Serbo-Croatian: lira

→ Spanish: lira

→ Turkish: lira

Gallo-Italic:

Piedmontese: livra

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: lliura

Old French: livre m

Middle French: livre

French: livre

Louisiana Creole: liv

→ English: livre

→ Romanian: livră

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: libra

Portuguese: libra

Spanish: libra

→ Tagalog: libra

Of uncertain origin. The word's original form was something like Proto-Italic *līðrā, *leiðrā (“pound”), surviving also in Ancient Greek λίτρα (lítra), whence English liter.
Weiss derives the term from Proto-Indo-European *leyH- (“to pour”) suffixed with the instrumental/resultative suffix *-dʰrom, under the assumption that the term originally meant "pouring (of metal)" before evolving to mean a unit of weight. In this case, then cognate with Proto-Slavic *lìti (“to pour”), Proto-Celtic *liyeti (“to flow”), Ancient Greek λείβω (leíbō, “to pour”), Lithuanian li̇́eti (“to let flow”).

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) pound, any of various units of mass derived from or roughly equivalent to the Roman libra

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) pound, any of various currencies derived from the use of pound as a weight in silver


canon

canōn m (genitive canonis); third declension

canōn (canonical masculine)
canonis (genitive)
canōn (nominative singular)
canonēs (nominative plural)
canonis (genitive singular)
canonum (genitive plural)
canonī (dative singular)
canonibus (dative plural)
canonem (accusative singular)
canonēs (accusative plural)
canone (ablative singular)
canonibus (ablative plural)
canōn (singular vocative)
canonēs (plural vocative)

Italian: canone

Sicilian: cànuni

→ Catalan: cànon

→ German: Kanon

→ Japanese: カノン

→ Dutch: canon

→ Old French: canon (see there for further descendants)

→ Portuguese: cânone

→ Russian: канон (kanon)

→ Spanish: canon

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κανών (kanṓn, “measuring rod, standard”), akin to κάννα (kánna, “reed”), perhaps from Semitic (compare Hebrew קנה (qaneh, “reed”)).

bor

a yearly tribute paid to the emperor; (Medieval Latin, by extension) a periodic payment


canon

la-noun

canōn m (genitive canōnis); third declension

canōn (canonical masculine)
canōnis (genitive)

From canna (“pipe”), compare Italian cannone and Old French canon.


scilicet

scīlicet (canonical)
scīre licet (alternative)
sciꝫ (alternative contraction)
sciz (alternative contraction)
sciz. (alternative contraction)
scil. (alternative abbreviation)
silicet (alternative Medieval-Latin)

→ English: scilicet

→ Portuguese: scilicet

A contraction from scīre (“to know”) + licet (“it is permitted”). Literally “it is permitted to know.” Compare īlicet and vidēlicet.


Londinium

la-proper noun

Londinium n sg (genitive Londiniī or Londinī); second declension

Londiniī (genitive)
Londinī (genitive)
Londinium (nominative singular)
Londiniī (genitive singular)
Londinī (genitive singular)
Londiniō (dative singular)
Londinium (accusative singular)
Londiniō (ablative singular)
Londinium (singular vocative)
Londiniī (locative singular)
Lundinium (alternative Late Medieval-Latin)
Londonium (alternative Late Medieval-Latin)
Lundonium (alternative Late Medieval-Latin)
Londonum (alternative Late Medieval-Latin)
Londinum (alternative Late Medieval-Latin)
Lundonia (alternative Medieval-Latin)
Londonia (alternative Medieval-Latin)
Lundoniae (alternative Medieval-Latin)

→ Ancient Greek: Λονδίνιον (Londínion)

desctree

→ Old English: Lunden, *ᛚᚢᚾᛞᛖᚾ (*lunden)
Middle English: Lunden, London
English: London
Norwegian Bokmål: London
→ Latin: Lundonia
→? Old French: Londres, Londrez
Middle French: Londres
French: Londres (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: Londres
Galician: Londres
Portuguese: Londres

→ English: Londinium

→ German: London

Sicilian: Lògnina, Lònnira

Uncertain, but likely from Proto-Celtic *Londinyom (“place that floods”), from Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ- (“heath; wild land”) + *-injo-, a suffix forming specific nouns and found in other Romano-Celtic placenames. Cognate to Proto-Celtic *landā (“low-lying land”), whence Old Irish land, Welsh llan, as well as *londos (“subduing > fierce”, adj.), whence Old Irish lond.
Details
An earlier, more difficult proposal derives it from *Φlowonidonyom, morphologically adapted from a pre-Celtic Indo-European substrate word meaning something like “Boat River, Unfordable River” or “Flooding-River” and made up of Proto-Indo-European *plew- (“to flow”) and a disputed *neyd- (“to flow”).
Forms in -don- could be artificial Latinizations modelled after e.g. Old English Wreocen < Latin Viroconium (modern Wroxeter). Appears as Middle Welsh Llundein, Old English Lunden, which may not continue the Classical Latin form, but may continue Late British Latin *Lundeinju if the medial -i- of the original word was short. Cf. Etymology of London.

der

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) London (the capital city of the United Kingdom; the capital city of England)


pagina

la-noun

pāgina f (genitive pāginae); first declension

pāgina (canonical feminine)
pāginae (genitive)
pāgina (nominative singular)
pāginae (nominative plural)
pāginae (genitive singular)
pāginārum (genitive plural)
pāginae (dative singular)
pāginīs (dative plural)
pāginam (accusative singular)
pāginās (accusative plural)
pāginā (ablative singular)
pāginīs (ablative plural)
pāgina (singular vocative)
pāginae (plural vocative)

Italian: pania (“birdlime”)

Italian: panione, paniuzza; painella (Lucca)

→ Aromanian: padzinã

→ Asturian: páxina

→ Catalan: pàgina

→ Dutch: pagina
→ Indonesian: pagina

→ English: pagina

→ Middle English: pagent

English: pageant

→ Friulian: pagjine

→ Galician: páxina

→ Ido: pagino

→ Interlingua: pagina

→ Italian: pagina

→ Occitan: pagina

→ Old French: page

Middle French: page

→ Dutch: page

→ English: page

→ Hindi: पेज (pej)

→ Japanese: ページ

→ Korean: 페이지 (peiji)

Pitcairn-Norfolk: paij

Tok Pisin: pes

French: page

Haitian Creole: page

Walloon: pådje

→ Piedmontese: pàgina

→ Portuguese: página

→ Romanian: pagină

→ Romansch: pagina

→ Sardinian: pàgina

→ Sicilian: pàggina

→ Maltese: paġna

→ Spanish: página

→ Tagalog: pahina

→ Venetan: pajina, pàxena

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ- (“to fasten, fix”), perhaps from “papyrus sheets fastened to each other” or from “fastening/imprinting letters”. See also pangō (“to insert firmly, to fix”).

der

(Medieval Latin) a legal document (charter, will)

a written page, leaf, sheet
a legal document (charter, will)

(transferred) of rectangular shapes
(Medieval Latin) a pane, piece or side

of rectangular shapes
a pane, piece or side

(Medieval Latin) a pageant (usu. in a cycle of mystery plays, esp. as performed by guild of craftsmen)


maior

la-noun

maior m (genitive maiōris); third declension

maiōris (genitive)
maior (nominative singular)
maiōrēs (nominative plural)
maiōris (genitive singular)
maiōrum (genitive plural)
maiōrī (dative singular)
maiōribus (dative plural)
maiōrem (accusative singular)
maiōrēs (accusative plural)
maiōre (ablative singular)
maiōribus (ablative plural)
maior (singular vocative)
maiōrēs (plural vocative)
major (alternative)
maiior (alternative)

desctree

Old French: maire m
Middle French: maire m
French: maire m
Norman: maire m
→ Middle English: maire
English: mayor

From Proto-Italic *magjōs, from Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂yōs, from *meǵh₂- (“great”) + *-yōs (comparative suffix).

af

(Medieval Latin) A mayor (a leader of a city or town).


mundus

la-noun

mundus m (genitive mundī); second declension

mundī (genitive)
mundus (nominative singular)
mundī (nominative plural)
mundī (genitive singular)
mundōrum (genitive plural)
mundō (dative singular)
mundīs (dative plural)
mundum (accusative singular)
mundōs (accusative plural)
mundō (ablative singular)
mundīs (ablative plural)
munde (singular vocative)
mundī (plural vocative)

Basque: mundu

Corsican: munnu

Dalmatian: muand

Esperanto: mondo

Ido: mondo

Interlingua: mundo

Istriot: mondo

Italian: mondo

Navarro-Aragonese:

Aragonese: mundo

Neapolitan: munno

Old French: monde, mont, mund

Middle French: monde

desctree

French: monde
Saint Dominican Creole French: monde
Haitian Creole: moun
→ English: monde

Norman: maonde

Walloon: monde

Old Leonese:

Asturian: mundiu, mundu

Extremaduran: mundu

Leonese: mundiu

Mirandese: mundo

Old Occitan: mon

Catalan: món

Occitan: mond

Old Galician-Portuguese: mundo

Galician: mundo

Portuguese: mundo, mũdo (obsolete, abbreviation)
Kabuverdianu: mundu
Papiamentu: mundu
→ Tetum: mundu

Old Spanish: mundo

Ladino: mundo / מונדו

Spanish: mundo, mondo (archaic)
→ Tagalog: mundo

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: mond

Ladin: mond

Romansch: mund, mond, muond

Sardinian: mundhu, mundu, munnu

Sicilian: munnu

Venetan: móndo

From mundus (adjective). In the sense “universe”, calque of Ancient Greek κόσμος (kósmos).


historia

la-noun

historia f (genitive historiae); first declension

historiae (genitive)
historia (nominative singular)
historiae (nominative plural)
historiae (genitive singular)
historiārum (genitive plural)
historiae (dative singular)
historiīs (dative plural)
historiam (accusative singular)
historiās (accusative plural)
historiā (ablative singular)
historiīs (ablative plural)
historia (singular vocative)
historiae (plural vocative)
istoria (alternative Late-Latin)
storia (alternative Late-Latin)
hystoria (alternative Medieval New-Latin)

→ Albanian: histori

→ Aragonese: istoria

desc

→ Asturian: historia, hestoria, historica

→ Basque: historia

→ Breton: istor

→ Catalan: història

→ Corsican: storia

→ Czech: historie

→ Danish: historie

desctree

→ Middle Dutch: historie
Dutch: historie
→ Indonesian: histori

→ English: storey

→ Finnish: historia

→ Old French: estoire, historie
Anglo-Norman: estorie (see there for further descendants)
French: histoire, hîtoire (obsolete)
Haitian Creole: istwa
Gallo: istoèrr
Norman: histouaire, histouaithe (Jersey), histouère (continental), istwer (Sark), histouère, istwer
→ Middle English: historie (see there for further descendants)

→ Friulian: istorie, storie

→ Galician: historia

→ German: Historie

→ Hungarian: história

→ Istriot: stuoria (perhaps via Italian)

→ Old Italian: istoria

Italian: storia

→ Old Irish: stoir
Middle Irish: stair
Irish: stair

→ Irish: stór

desc

→ Ladino: istoria, estoria, estorya, historia, istoriya, istorya

→ Lithuanian: istorija

→ Mirandese: stória

→ Norwegian: historie

→ Occitan: istòria

→ Piedmontese: stòria

Old Lombard: istoria

Lombard: storia

desctree

→ Old Polish: historyja, istoryja (learned)
Polish: historia, historyja, istoryja (Middle Polish), historya (pre-reform orthography (1816)), historja (pre-reform orthography (1936)), kfisteryja (Podegrodzie)
→ Kashubian: historiô
Silesian: historyjŏ

→ Portuguese: história

→ Old Prussian: istōrija

→ Romanian: istorie

→ Romansch: istorgia

→ Samogitian: istuorėjė

→ Sicilian: storia

→ Maltese: storja

→ Slovak: história

→ Spanish: historia

→ Sranan Tongo: historia (learned)

→ Swahili: historia

→ Swedish: historia

→ Venetan: istoria, storia

→ Cimbrian: stòrdja

→ Middle Welsh: ystyr

Welsh: ystyr

→ Yiddish: היסטאָריע (historye)

From Ancient Greek ἱστορία (historía, “learning through research, narration of what is learned”), from ἱστορέω (historéō, “to learn through research, to inquire”), from ἵστωρ (hístōr, “the one who knows, the expert, the judge”).

der

(Medieval Latin, England) a narrative illustration, frieze or inscription (esp. on a wall)

clāra historia

upper level, storey (esp. of a church, where a frieze would often appear); (later) a window level


moneta

la-noun

monēta f (genitive monētae); first declension

monēta (canonical feminine)
monētae (genitive)
monēta (nominative singular)
monētae (nominative plural)
monētae (genitive singular)
monētārum (genitive plural)
monētae (dative singular)
monētīs (dative plural)
monētam (accusative singular)
monētās (accusative plural)
monētā (ablative singular)
monētīs (ablative plural)
monēta (singular vocative)
monētae (plural vocative)

Cicero
Domitian
Suda
Æthelwulf, King of Wessex

Dalmatian:

monaita

Italo-Romance:

Italian: moneta

Sicilian: munita

Padanian:

Friulian: monede

Ladin: muneida, munëida

Ligurian: monæa, monæ

Lombard: moneda, monida

→ Piedmontese: monèda

desc

Piedmontese: monèja, monèa, monè, monèida (Oriental)

Romansch: munaida, muneida

Venetan: monéda, monèa

→? Albanian: monedhë

→ Greek: μονέδα (monéda)

→ Romanian: monedă

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old Francoprovençal: moneia

Franco-Provençal: monéya, mounêya, mounia, môniiâ

desctree

Old French: monoie, menoie, menoiie, moneie, monoë, monnoie, monnoye, monoye, muneie (Anglo-Norman)
Middle French: monnoye, monnoie
French: monnaie
Poitevin-Saintongeais: mounàie
Norman: mounaie
Picard: monnouaie
→ Middle English: moneye (see there for further descendants)
→? Walloon: manoye

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: moneda

Catalan: moneda

Old Occitan: moneda
Occitan: moneda
Limousin: moneda, monuda
Vivaro-Alpine: monea, moneia, monha, monìa

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: moneda, monea

Old Galician-Portuguese: mõeda, moeda, moneda
Fala: muea, moneda, moea
Galician: moeda
Portuguese: moeda

Old Spanish: moneda

Spanish: moneda

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: moneda, moneta, muneda

Borrowings:

→ Basque: mota

→ Bulgarian: моне́та (monéta)

→ German: Moneten

→ Ido: moneto

→? Middle Scots: monet

→ Polish: moneta

→ Russian: моне́та (monéta)

→ Azerbaijani: manat

→ English: manat

→ Turkmen: manat

→ English: manat

→ Proto-West Germanic: *munit (see there for further descendants)

From Monēta, an Italian goddess conflated with Juno after her introduction (cf. evocatio) to Rome in 344 BC. Her temple was used by the Roman mint from 273 BC until it was destroyed by fire and moved to the Colosseum by Domitian in AD 84. The usual derivation—given by Cicero and the Byzantine Suda— is from monēre (“to warn, to advise”) + a variant of -īta, but it is now considered more likely the earlier Italian goddess's name came from a form of Ancient Greek μονήρης (monḗrēs, “solitary, alone, unique”).

der

(Medieval Latin, historical) abbreviation of monētārius (“moneyer, minter”), in its various forms


pedo

la-noun

pedō m (genitive pedōnis); third declension

pedō (canonical masculine)
pedōnis (genitive)
pedō (nominative singular)
pedōnēs (nominative plural)
pedōnis (genitive singular)
pedōnum (genitive plural)
pedōnī (dative singular)
pedōnibus (dative plural)
pedōnem (accusative singular)
pedōnēs (accusative plural)
pedōne (ablative singular)
pedōnibus (ablative plural)
pedō (singular vocative)
pedōnēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: pedone

Sicilian: piduni

North Italian:

Lombard: pedon

Ligurian: peon

Piedmontese: pivon

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: peó

Old French: peon (see there for further descendants)

Old Occitan: pezon

Occitan: peon

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: peon

Galician: peón

Portuguese: peão, pião

Old Spanish: pedon

Spanish: peón

From ped- (“foot”) + -ō (noun-forming suffix). Found only in late glosses. Replaced the Classical equivalent pedĕs, since the latter was at risk of homophony with pedēs ("feet", and other inflections thereof) due to ongoing sound changes in the vernacular. Romance inherited sense 1, often with transferred meanings like 'footsoldier', 'peasant'.


amen

tlb

(biblical, Christianity, Late Latin, Medieval Latin, Ecclesiastical Latin)

Borrowed from Koine Greek ᾱ̓μήν (āmḗn), from Biblical Hebrew אָמֵן (ʾāmēn, “certainly, truly”); cognate with Arabic آمِين (ʔāmīn), Aramaic אַמִין (ʾamīn), Classical Syriac ܐܰܡܺܝܢ (ʾamīn).


alcohol

la-noun

alcohol n (genitive alcohōlis); third declension

alcohōlis (genitive)
alcohol (nominative singular)
alcohōla (nominative plural)
alcohōlis (genitive singular)
alcohōlum (genitive plural)
alcohōlī (dative singular)
alcohōlibus (dative plural)
alcohol (accusative singular)
alcohōla (accusative plural)
alcohōle (ablative singular)
alcohōlibus (ablative plural)
alcohol (singular vocative)
alcohōla (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: alkool

→ Armenian: ալկոհոլ (alkohol)

→ Asturian: alcohol

→ Catalan: alcohol

desctree

→ Dutch: alcohol, alkohol (superseded)
Afrikaans: alkohol
→ Indonesian: alkohol
→ Japanese: アルコール (arukōru)
→ Pohnpeian: ahrkohl

→ Esperanto: alkoholo

→ Ido: alkoholo

→ Old French: alcohol
Middle French: alcohol
French: alcohol, alcool (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle English: alcofol
English: alcohol (see there for further descendants)

→ Galician: alcohol

→ German: Alkohol (see there for further descendants)

desc

אַלְכּוֹהוֹל

→ Hebrew: אַלְכּוֹהוֹל

→ Hebrew: אַלְכּוֹהוֹל

→ Interlingua: alcohol

→ Italian: alcool, alcol

→ Kazakh: алкоголь (alkogol)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: alkohol

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: alkohol

→ Portuguese: álcool

→ Romanian: alcool

→ Russian: алкоголь (alkogolʹ)

→ Serbo-Croatian: àlkohol/а̀лкохол

→ Slovak: alkohol

→ Slovene: alkohọ̑l

→ Ukrainian: алкоголь (alkoholʹ)

desctree

→ Spanish: alcohol
→ Basque: alkohol
→ Quechua: alkul

From Andalusian Arabic اَلْكُحُول (al-kuḥūl), اَلْقُحُول (al-quḥūl), earlier اَلْكُحْل (al-kuḥl, “kohl”). Ultimately from Akkadian.

(Medieval Latin) kohl, collyrium, stibium

alcohol ferrī

(Medieval Latin) any other powder obtained from triturating a material

(Medieval Latin) distilled essence, spirit


anno Domini

annō Dominī (canonical)
annō Dominī nostrī Iēsū Christī (alternative)

Literally, “in the year of the Lord” (ablative of annus (“year”), genitive of Dominus (“Lord”)). The numbering system and the appellation are ascribed to Dionysius Exiguus (c. 6th century), though he most likely drew on earlier sources. Dionysius gives the full name annī ab incarnātiōne Dominī (“years from the incarnation of the Lord”) to the series of years since AD 1, with annus Dominī and (annus) ab incarnātiōne serving as short forms in early uses. Annō Dominī is a fixed phrase by the 11th century.

Anno Domini millesimo quadringentesimo quinquagesimo nono.

Igitur in aetate sexta saeculi multiplicati Huni in Scitia habitando ut arena, anno Domini septingentesimo in unum congregati, capitaneos inter se[…]

1282–1285, Simon de Keza, Gesta Hungarorum; section 7

Therefore, in the sixth century, the Huns, who had multiplied in Scythia like sand, and living there, gathered together in the year of our Lord seven hundred, and appointed captains among themselves […]

Datum Bude in Dominica reminiscere anno Domini millesimo quadringentesimo septuagesimo sexto regnorum nostrorum anno Hungarie etc.

1476, “Commissio propria domini regis”, in Decreta Regni Hungariae 1458–1490, Budapest, published 1989:

Given in Buda on Sunday, in the year of our Lord one thousand four hundred seventy-six, in the year of our reigns in Hungary, etc.

in the year of our Lord
in the year of our Lord


tenor

la-noun

tenor m (genitive tenōris); third declension

tenōris (genitive)
tenor (nominative singular)
tenōrēs (nominative plural)
tenōris (genitive singular)
tenōrum (genitive plural)
tenōrī (dative singular)
tenōribus (dative plural)
tenōrem (accusative singular)
tenōrēs (accusative plural)
tenōre (ablative singular)
tenōribus (ablative plural)
tenor (singular vocative)
tenōrēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: tenor

Old French: tenor

French: teneur, ténor

→ Dutch: teneur

→ English: tenor

Galician: teor, tenor

German: Tenor

→ Icelandic: tenór

Italian: tenore
→ Portuguese: tenor

Portuguese: teor, tenor

Sicilian: tinuri

Spanish: tenor

teneō (“to hold”) + -or (“abstract noun suffix”)


populus

la-noun

populus m (genitive populī); second declension

populī (genitive)
populus (nominative singular)
populī (nominative plural)
populī (genitive singular)
populōrum (genitive plural)
populō (dative singular)
populīs (dative plural)
populum (accusative singular)
populōs (accusative plural)
populō (ablative singular)
populīs (ablative plural)
popule (singular vocative)
populī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: popul, poplu, pupul

Romanian: popor

Italo-Romance:

Italian: popolo (see there for further descendants)

Judeo-Italian: פוּפֵילוֹ (pupelo)

Sicilian: populu

North Italian:

Old Emilian: povolo

Old Ligurian: povoro

Old Piedmontese: povol

Old Venetan: puovolo

Romansch: pievel

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: poble

Franco-Provençal: poplo

Old French: pueple (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: pòble

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: pueblu, poblu

Extremaduran: puebru

Leonese: pueblu

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: poboo, poblo, pobro, povoo
Galician: pobo
Portuguese: povo
Kabuverdianu: povu
→ Makalero: povu
→ Mirandese: pobo

Old Spanish: pueblo
Ladino: puevlo
Spanish: pueblo, puebo (dialectal)
Papiamentu: pueblo
→ English: pueblo

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: pobulu, poburu, populu

Borrowings:

→ Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: popull

→ Proto-Brythonic: *pobl (see there for further descendants)

Mirandese: Pruoba

Portuguese: póvoa, Póvoa

Spanish: puebla, Puebla

From Old Latin populus (since mid-2nd c. BC), from earlier poplus, from even earlier poplos (attested already since early 5th c. BC), from Proto-Italic *poplos (“army”), further origin unknown; perhaps from Etruscan or from the root of pleō. See also plēbs.

unk

unknown

(Medieval Latin) a parish, part of a city


senior

la-noun

senior m (genitive seniōris); third declension

seniōris (genitive)
senior (nominative singular)
seniōrēs (nominative plural)
seniōris (genitive singular)
seniōrum (genitive plural)
seniōrī (dative singular)
seniōribus (dative plural)
seniōrem (accusative singular)
seniōrēs (accusative plural)
seniōre (ablative singular)
seniōribus (ablative plural)
senior (singular vocative)
seniōrēs (plural vocative)

Aragonese: sinyor

Catalan: senyor

Dalmatian: sinaur, sinar

Friulian: signôr, siôr

Italian: signore

Old French: seignor

Middle French: seigneur

French: seigneur

→ English: seigneur

Old French: sire

→ French: sieur, sire, monsieur

→ English: sire, sir

→ Italian: sere, sire

Old French: sendra

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: senhor
Galician: señor, señora
Portuguese: senhor, senhora (see there for further descendants)

Old Lombard: segnior

Lombard: segnor

Old Occitan: senhor, segnor
Occitan: sénher, senhor, signour

Old Spanish: sennor
Ladino: sinyor
Spanish: señor

Piedmontese: sgnor

Romagnol: signôr, sgnôr, Signôr

Romansch: signur

desc

Sardinian: sannori, segnore, segnori, sennore

Sicilian: signuri

Venetan: sior

Borrowings:

→ English: senior

→ French: senior

→ Polish: senior

→ Portuguese: sénior, sênior (Brazil)

→ Romanian: senior

→ Spanish: senior


elixir

la-noun

elixir n (genitive elixiris); third declension

elixiris (genitive)
elixir (nominative singular)
elixira (nominative plural)
elixiris (genitive singular)
elixirium (genitive plural)
elixirum (genitive plural)
elixirī (dative singular)
elixiribus (dative plural)
elixir (accusative singular)
elixira (accusative plural)
elixire (ablative singular)
elixiribus (ablative plural)
elixir (singular vocative)
elixira (plural vocative)
alixir (alternative Medieval-Latin New-Latin)
elixerium (alternative Medieval-Latin New-Latin)
elixer (alternative Medieval-Latin New-Latin)
elixirium (alternative Medieval-Latin New-Latin)

Old French: elixir

French: élixir

→ Middle English: elixir, elixer

English: elixir

From Arabic اَلْإِكْسِير (al-ʔiksīr), from Koine Greek ξηρίον (xēríon, “medicinal powder”), ellipsis of ξηρίον φάρμακον (xēríon phármakon, literally “dry powder medicine”) from Ancient Greek ξηρός (xērós, “dry”).

der

اَلْإِكْسِير

ellipsis

ξηρίον φάρμακον


novenus

la-num-adj

novēnus (feminine novēna, neuter novēnum); first/second-declension numeral

novēnus (canonical)
novēna (feminine)
novēnum (neuter)
novēnus (masculine nominative singular)
novēna (feminine nominative singular)
novēnum (neuter nominative singular)
novēnī (masculine nominative plural)
novēnae (feminine nominative plural)
novēna (neuter nominative plural)
novēnī (genitive masculine singular)
novēnae (feminine genitive singular)
novēnī (genitive neuter singular)
novēnum (genitive masculine plural)
novēnōrum (genitive masculine plural)
novēnum (feminine genitive plural)
novēnārum (feminine genitive plural)
novēnum (genitive neuter plural)
novēnōrum (genitive neuter plural)
novēnō (dative masculine singular)
novēnae (dative feminine singular)
novēnō (dative neuter singular)
novēnīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
novēnum (accusative masculine singular)
novēnam (accusative feminine singular)
novēnum (accusative neuter singular)
novēnōs (accusative masculine plural)
novēnās (accusative feminine plural)
novēna (accusative neuter plural)
novēnō (ablative masculine singular)
novēnā (ablative feminine singular)
novēnō (ablative neuter singular)
novēnīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
novēne (masculine singular vocative)
novēna (feminine singular vocative)
novēnum (neuter singular vocative)
novēnī (masculine plural vocative)
novēnae (feminine plural vocative)
novēna (neuter plural vocative)

Asturian: novenu

Catalan: novè, nové

→ Portuguese: noveno

Sicilian: nuvenu, nuvena

Spanish: noveno

Old Piedmontese: noven

Probably from earlier *nowensnos, equivalent to novem + -nus.

Laudibus angelicus quem succinit ordo novenus

We praise you to whom the ninefold angelic order sing with praises

terminato anno octavo, inchoanteque noveno

c. 1460, Registrum abbatiae Johannis Whethamstede, 1 357

with the eighth year ended, and the ninth beginning


cappella

la-noun

cappella f (genitive cappellae); first declension

cappellae (genitive)
cappella (nominative singular)
cappellae (nominative plural)
cappellae (genitive singular)
cappellārum (genitive plural)
cappellae (dative singular)
cappellīs (dative plural)
cappellam (accusative singular)
cappellās (accusative plural)
cappellā (ablative singular)
cappellīs (ablative plural)
cappella (singular vocative)
cappellae (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: cappella (see there for further descendants)

Venetan: capeła, capela

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: capella (possibly borrowed)

Old French: chapele (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Old Occitan: capella
Occitan: capèla
→ Basque: kapera

Ibero-Romance:

Old Leonese:

Asturian: capiella

Mirandese: capielha

Old Galician-Portuguese: capela

Galician: capela

Portuguese: capela, capella (obsolete)
→ Konkani: कोपेल (kopel)
→ Malayalam: കപ്പേള (kappēḷa)

Old Spanish: capiella

Spanish: capilla (see there for further descendants)

→ Asturian: capiya, capía

Borrowings:

→ Indonesian: kapela

→ Middle Welsh: capel

Welsh: capel

→ Old Czech: caplicě

→ Polish: kaplica

→ Belarusian: каплі́ца (kaplíca)

→ Ukrainian: капли́ця (kaplýcja)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *kappellā (see there for further descendants)

From cappa (“cape; coat”) + -ella (diminutive suffix), literally “little cloak”. First attested circa 660 CE.


delphinus

la-noun

delphīnus m (genitive delphīnī); second declension

delphīnus (canonical masculine)
delphīnī (genitive)
delphīnus (nominative singular)
delphīnī (nominative plural)
delphīnī (genitive singular)
delphīnōrum (genitive plural)
delphīnō (dative singular)
delphīnīs (dative plural)
delphīnum (accusative singular)
delphīnōs (accusative plural)
delphīnō (ablative singular)
delphīnīs (ablative plural)
delphīne (singular vocative)
delphīnī (plural vocative)
delphīn (alternative)

Asturian: llofín

Catalan: dofí, delfí

Dutch: dolfijn

French: dauphin

Galician: delfín

desctree

→ German: Delphin, Delfin (1996 spelling reform, now roughly equally common)
→ Bulgarian: делфи́н (delfín)
→ Czech: delfín
→ Macedonian: делфин (delfin)
→ Middle Russian: дельфи́нъ (delʹfín)
Russian: дельфи́н (delʹfín)
→ Armenian: դելֆին (delfin)
→ Bezhta: делфин (delfin)
→ Kazakh: дельфин (delfin)
→ Polish: delfin
→ Old Ruthenian: делфи́нъ (delfín)
Belarusian: дэльфі́н (delʹfín)
Carpathian Rusyn: делфи́н (delfýn)
Ukrainian: дельфі́н (delʹfín)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: дѐлфӣн
Latin script: dèlfīn
→ Slovak: delfín
→ Swedish: delfin
→ Upper Sorbian: delfin

Istriot: dulfeîn

Italian: delfino

Ligurian: delfìn, drafìn

→ Middle English: delphyn, delfyne, delphin, dolphyn
English: dolphin
Scots: dowphin
→ Welsh: dolffin

Occitan: dalfin

Old Galician-Portuguese: golfinno
Galician: golfiño
Portuguese: golfinho

Portuguese: delfim

Romagnol: dilfòin

Romanian: delfin

Romansch: delfin

Sardinian: gorfinu, grufinu, gurfinu

desc

Sicilian: dirfinu, derfinu, draffinu, darfinu

Spanish: delfín, golfín

Translingual: Delphinus; Delphinium

Venetan: dolfin, delfin

→ Albanian: delfin

Borrowed from Ancient Greek δελφίς (delphís).

bor+

(Medieval Latin) dauphin (the eldest son of the king of France)


idiota

la-noun

idiōta m (genitive idiōtae); first declension

idiōta (canonical masculine)
idiōtae (genitive)
idiōta (nominative singular)
idiōtae (nominative plural)
idiōtae (genitive singular)
idiōtārum (genitive plural)
idiōtae (dative singular)
idiōtīs (dative plural)
idiōtam (accusative singular)
idiōtās (accusative plural)
idiōtā (ablative singular)
idiōtīs (ablative plural)
idiōta (singular vocative)
idiōtae (plural vocative)
idiōtēs (alternative)
ydiōta (alternative Medieval-Latin)

→ Catalan: idiota

→ Old French: idiote, idiot

→ Middle English: idiote

English: idiot

French: idiot

→ Romanian: idiot

→ Galician: idiota

→ German: Idiot

→ Hungarian: idióta

→ Italian: idiota

→ Polish: idiota

→ Portuguese: idiota

→ Serbo-Croatian: idiot

→ Slovak: idiot

→ Spanish: idiota

→ English: idiota

From Ancient Greek ἰδιώτης (idiṓtēs, “person not involved in public affairs, layman”), from ἴδιος (ídios, “private”).

der

(Medieval Latin) convert; conversus (lay brother)


armiger

la-noun

armiger m (genitive armigerī, feminine armigera); second declension

armigerī (genitive)
armigera (feminine)
armiger (nominative singular)
armigerī (nominative plural)
armigerī (genitive singular)
armigerōrum (genitive plural)
armigerō (dative singular)
armigerīs (dative plural)
armigerum (accusative singular)
armigerōs (accusative plural)
armigerō (ablative singular)
armigerīs (ablative plural)
armiger (singular vocative)
armigerī (plural vocative)


duellum

duellum n (genitive duellī); second declension

duellī (genitive)
duellum (nominative singular)
duella (nominative plural)
duellī (genitive singular)
duellōrum (genitive plural)
duellō (dative singular)
duellīs (dative plural)
duellum (accusative singular)
duella (accusative plural)
duellō (ablative singular)
duellīs (ablative plural)
duellum (singular vocative)
duella (plural vocative)
duellī (locative singular)
duellīs (locative plural)

la-ndecl

The locative form duellī occurred as an archaic alternative to <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">bellī</i> with the same sense of "at war", "in wartime"; this form is found in the works of Plautus.

→ Danish: duel

→ English: duel

→ Esperanto: duelo

→ Middle French: duel (semi-learned)

French: duel

→ Russian: дуэль (duelʹ)

→ Dutch: duel

→ Galician: duelo (semi-learned)

→ German: Duell

→ Ido: duelo

→ Italian: duello (semi-learned)

→ English: duelo

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: duell

→ Piedmontese: duel (semi-learned)

→ Portuguese: duelo (semi-learned)

→ Romanian: duel (semi-learned)

→ Spanish: duelo (semi-learned)

→ Swedish: duell

From Proto-Italic *dwellom, further etymology uncertain.
Perhaps from *deh₂w-, *dew- (“to injure, destroy, burn”), cognate with Ancient Greek δαίω (daíō, “to burn”), δηιοτής (dēiotḗs, “battle”), δύη (dúē, “misery, pain”).
See also *dwey- (“to fear”), whence dīrus, Ancient Greek δεινός (deinós), Sanskrit द्वेषस् (dvéṣas) and others.
De Vaan instead favors Pinault 1987's proposal of a derivation from a diminutive of bonus (“good, brave”) (Proto-Italic *dwenos), i.e. bellus, with the sense developing from an originally euphemistic use.
The initial dw of duellum changed to b in bellum (compare the change from duis to bis, and duonos to bonus). See w:History of Latin § Other sequences. The archaic form duellum survived in poetry. In Medieval Latin, the sense shifted to a combat between, specifically, two contenders, under the influence of the (non-cognate) word duo (“two”).

Mors et vita duello conflixere mirando

Death and life have contended in a marvelous combat (from the Easter Sequence)

(Medieval Latin) combat between two contenders, duel


quota

la-noun

quota f (genitive quotae); first declension

quotae (genitive)
quota (nominative singular)
quotae (nominative plural)
quotae (genitive singular)
quotārum (genitive plural)
quotae (dative singular)
quotīs (dative plural)
quotam (accusative singular)
quotās (accusative plural)
quotā (ablative singular)
quotīs (ablative plural)
quota (singular vocative)
quotae (plural vocative)

(Medieval Latin) A percentage of yield owed to the authority as a form of taxation


per se

→ English: per se

⇒ Dutch: per se, (obsolete) persé

→ Polish: per se

→ Portuguese: per se

→ Spanish: per se

→ Danish: per se

First attested in the 11th century. By surface analysis, per (“by, through”) + sē (“itself, himself, herself, themselves”).

surf

sē<t:itself, himself, herself, themselves>

(Medieval Latin) by itself; separately; alone


refrigerator

la-noun

refrīgerātor m (genitive refrīgerātōris); third declension

refrīgerātor (canonical masculine)
refrīgerātōris (genitive)
refrīgerātor (nominative singular)
refrīgerātōrēs (nominative plural)
refrīgerātōris (genitive singular)
refrīgerātōrum (genitive plural)
refrīgerātōrī (dative singular)
refrīgerātōribus (dative plural)
refrīgerātōrem (accusative singular)
refrīgerātōrēs (accusative plural)
refrīgerātōre (ablative singular)
refrīgerātōribus (ablative plural)
refrīgerātor (singular vocative)
refrīgerātōrēs (plural vocative)

→ English: refrigerator

→ French: réfrigérateur (learned)

→ Italian: refrigeratore (learned)

→ Spanish: refrigerador (learned)


bombus

bombus m (genitive bombī); second declension

bombī (genitive)
bombus (nominative singular)
bombī (nominative plural)
bombī (genitive singular)
bombōrum (genitive plural)
bombō (dative singular)
bombīs (dative plural)
bombum (accusative singular)
bombōs (accusative plural)
bombō (ablative singular)
bombīs (ablative plural)
bombe (singular vocative)
bombī (plural vocative)

Translingual: Bombus

Italian: bombo, bomba

→ French: bombe

→ English: bomb (see there for further descendants)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: bombe

Sicilian: bumma

Spanish: bombo, bomba

Borrowed from Ancient Greek βόμβος (bómbos), of onomatopoeic origin.

"Facesse hinc ocyus" Ugulottus ait "atque hanc tuam foetidam barbam, quae nos malo odore conturbat, amove." […] "Referta est", inquit Ugulottus, "omnibus bombis, quae unquam ab hominibus editae sunt […] "

15th c., Poggio Bracciolini, Facetiae Latinae

Ugulottus said, "Go away from here fast, and cut off your stinky beard, which has disturbed us with its bad smell." […] And Ugulottus said, "It's linked to all the farts that have ever been let off by anyone

Terribilem foedo misit de podice bumbum

She blew off a terrible fart from her foul ass


fidelitas

fidēlitās f (genitive fidēlitātis); third declension

fidēlitās (canonical feminine)
fidēlitātis (genitive)
fidēlitās (nominative singular)
fidēlitātēs (nominative plural)
fidēlitātis (genitive singular)
fidēlitātum (genitive plural)
fidēlitātī (dative singular)
fidēlitātibus (dative plural)
fidēlitātem (accusative singular)
fidēlitātēs (accusative plural)
fidēlitāte (ablative singular)
fidēlitātibus (ablative plural)
fidēlitās (singular vocative)
fidēlitātēs (plural vocative)

Italo-Romance;

Italian: fedeltà

Gallo-Romance:

desc

early <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">fedieltad</i>

Old French: fealté, feelté (early fedieltad)

Middle French: féauté

French: féauté (archaic)

Old Lorrain: fauteit

Norman: fiauté

desctree

→ Middle English: feaute, fealtye, feawte, feute, feutee, fewte, fewtee, fewtee, ffeute, foialte
English: fealty (/l/ restored due to learned influence)
Middle Scots: fewte
⇒ Scots: feauto

→ Middle Dutch: fealteit

→ Old Spanish: fealdad

Spanish: fealdad

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: feheltat

Old Occitan: fedaltat, fezeltat

Occitan: feséltat

Provençal: feséutat

West Iberian:

desc

Old Spanish: fieldad (either semi-learned or dialectal)

Spanish: fieldad

Old Galician-Portuguese: fialdade, fieldade

Galician: fieldade

Portuguese: fieldade

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: fidelitat

desctree

→ Middle English: fidelite
English: fidelity

→ Middle French: fidélité

French: fidélité

→ Romanian: fidelitate

→ Portuguese: fidelidade

→ Spanish: fidelidad

From fidēlis (“faithful”) + -tās, from fidēs (“faith”).

(Medieval Latin) homage, fealty (as distinct from fidēs, religious faith)


ñ

Rađ Nepos dix̃ qᵭ [teñ trā

1835, illā] ñ vult iñ respōđe sñ . . ., Rotuli Curiae Regis, &c, page 20:

.VIII. ᵭ. ñ sunt de firma Comitat⁹.

1889, The Great Roll of the Pipe for the thirteenth year of the reign of King Henry the Second: Buchingehāscr̃ et Bedefordscr̃:

(Medieval Latin) scribal abbreviation of nōn (“not”)


pre-

(Medieval Latin) alternative form of prae-


oesophagus

oesophāgus (canonical masculine)
oesophāgus (nominative singular)
oesophāgī (nominative plural)
oesophāgī (genitive singular)
oesophāgōrum (genitive plural)
oesophāgō (dative singular)
oesophāgīs (dative plural)
oesophāgum (accusative singular)
oesophāgōs (accusative plural)
oesophāgō (ablative singular)
oesophāgīs (ablative plural)
oesophāge (singular vocative)
oesophāgī (plural vocative)

→ English: oesophagus

From Ancient Greek οἰσοφάγος (oisophágos), from οἴσω (oísō), future form of φέρω (phérō, “I carry”) + ἔφαγον (éphagon, “I ate”).


andare

Dalmatian:

andur

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: andà

Gallurese: andà

Sassarese: andà

Italian: andare (see there for further descendants)

Central dialects: annà

Neapolitan:

Tarantino: andare

Sicilian: annari (Gallo-italic of Sicily)

North Italian:

Lombard: andà

Ligurian: andâ, anâ

Piedmontese: andè

Venetan: ndar, nar, nare, ndare

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: anar

Old Franco-Provençal: annar, anar

Franco-Provençal: anâ

Old Occitan: annar, anar

Occitan: anar

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: andar

Old Galician-Portuguese: andar (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: andar

→ Gascon: andar

Possibly from *ambitāre (literally “go around”), frequentative of ambiō. Alternatively, perhaps from an earlier *amnāre < *amlāre < ambulāre (“walk”). Attested from 801 CE in southern Italy. Presumably suppletive with vādō and īre in various conjugations, as are most of the descendants, and as was the contemporary synonym alāre.


studio

la-verb

studiō (present infinitive studiāre, perfect active studiāvī, supine studiātum); first conjugation

studiō (canonical)
studiāre (infinitive present)
studiāvī (active perfect)
studiātum (supine)
studiō (active first-person indicative present singular)
studiās (active indicative present second-person singular)
studiat (active indicative present singular third-person)
studiāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
studiātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
studiant (active indicative plural present third-person)
studiābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
studiābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
studiābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
studiābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
studiābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
studiābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
studiābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
studiābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
studiābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
studiābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
studiābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
studiābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
studiāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
studiāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
studiāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
studiāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
studiāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
studiāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
studiāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
studiāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
studiāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
studiāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
studiāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
studiāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
studiāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
studiāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
studiāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
studiāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
studiāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
studiāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
studiāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
studior (first-person indicative passive present singular)
studiāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
studiāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
studiātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
studiāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
studiāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
studiantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
studiābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
studiābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
studiābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
studiābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
studiābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
studiābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
studiābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
studiābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
studiāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
studiābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
studiābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
studiābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
studiābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
studiābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
studiem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
studiēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
studiet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
studiēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
studiētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
studient (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
studiārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
studiārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
studiāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
studiārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
studiārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
studiārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
studiāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
studiāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
studiāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
studiāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
studiāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
studiāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
studiāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
studiāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
studiāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
studiāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
studiāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
studiāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
studier (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
studiēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
studiēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
studiētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
studiēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
studiēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
studientur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
studiārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
studiārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
studiārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
studiārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
studiārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
studiārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
studiārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
studiā (active imperative present second-person singular)
studiāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
studiātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
studiātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
studiātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
studiantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
studiāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
studiāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
studiātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
studiātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
studiantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
studiāre (active infinitive present)
studiārī (infinitive passive present)
studiāns (active participle present)
studiātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
studiātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
studiātūrus (active future participle)
studiandus (future participle passive)
studiāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
studiātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
studiātus (participle passive perfect)
studiātum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
studiātūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
studiandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
studiandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
studiandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
studiandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
studiātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
studiātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

(Medieval Latin) alternative form of studeo


baculum

la-noun

baculum n (genitive baculī); second declension

baculī (genitive)
baculum (nominative singular)
bacula (nominative plural)
baculī (genitive singular)
baculōrum (genitive plural)
baculō (dative singular)
baculīs (dative plural)
baculum (accusative singular)
bacula (accusative plural)
baculō (ablative singular)
baculīs (ablative plural)
baculum (singular vocative)
bacula (plural vocative)
baculus (alternative rare)
vaclus (alternative Late-Latin proscribed)

Catalan: bàcul

English: baculum

French: bâcle

Galician: bagoo (archaic), báculo (borrowing)

Irish: bachall

Italian: abbacchio, bacchio, bacolo

→ Portuguese: báculo (learned)

Sardinian: baculu

→ Spanish: báculo (learned)

→ Welsh: bagl (“crook, staff”)

From Proto-Italic *bakklom, from Proto-Indo-European *baktlom, from *bak- (“stick”). Cognate with Ancient Greek βάκτρον (báktron), βακτηρία (baktēría), English peg. See also beccus.

(Medieval Latin) a stick used as a symbol of warranty or in transfers of property