ömödö

ewü (personal pronoun singular)
^Y üwü (personal pronoun singular)
nña (dual personal pronoun)
nña (personal plural pronoun)
küwü (dual personal pronoun)
künwanno (personal plural pronoun)
amödö (personal pronoun second-person singular)
^Y ömödö (personal pronoun second-person singular)
önwanno (personal plural pronoun second-person)
tüwü (personal pronoun singular third-person)
tünwanno (personal plural pronoun third-person)

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of amödö (“the second-person singular pronoun; you”)


tünwanno

Possibly from t(ü)- (reflexive or coreference marker) + a plural personal pronoun base *nwanno, by analogy with künwanno and önwanno. The Ye'kwana third-person pronoun series is not reconstructible to Proto-Cariban.

the third-person plural pronoun; they, them


üwü

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of ewü (“the first-person singular pronoun; I, me”)


ewü

From Proto-Cariban *ôwɨ. By surface analysis, ü- (first-person prefix) + a singular/dual personal pronoun base *wü, with subsequent sound change.

surf

(Caura River dialect) the first-person singular pronoun; I, me


nña

From Proto-Cariban *apina. Compare Trió anja, Wayana emna, Waiwai amna.

the first-person exclusive dual pronoun; he and I, she and I, it and I

the first-person exclusive plural pronoun; they and I, we (exclusive)


tüwü

Possibly from t(ü)- (reflexive or coreference marker) + a singular/dual personal pronoun base *wü, by analogy with üwü / ewü and küwü. The Ye'kwana third-person pronoun series is not reconstructible to Proto-Cariban.

the third-person singular pronoun; he, she, it, him, her


tüwü

functions as a definite article for a following proper noun


küwü

Possibly from Proto-Cariban *kɨwɨ. Compare Waiwai kïwï and (with suffixed emphatic particle) Hixkaryana kàwro; but note forms such as Trió kïmë, Wayana kunmë, that suggest only the initial *kɨ- element may be reconstructible to Proto-Cariban. By surface analysis, k(ü)- (first-person inclusive prefix) + a singular/dual personal pronoun base *wü.

the first-person inclusive dual pronoun; you and I, me and you, the two of us


önwanno

From Proto-Cariban *ômjamo (second-person collective pronoun) + *rô (emphatic particle), the former from *ômô (second-person singular pronoun) + *-jamo (collective suffix). Analogous forms in other Cariban languages are similarly formed from the singular/non-collective form combined with various collective and emphatic suffixes in different orders. Compare Trió ëmënjamo, Wayana ëmëlamkom, Waiwai amyamro, Hixkaryana omnyamo. By surface analysis, ö- (second-person prefix) + *nwanno (plural personal pronoun base).


amödö

From Proto-Cariban *ômô (“you”) + *rô (emphatic particle). Compare Trió ëmë, Wayana ëmë, Waiwai amoro, Hixkaryana omoro.

(Caura River dialect and Brazil) the second-person singular pronoun; you


künwanno

Likely from forms such as Proto-Cariban *kɨwɨ (first-person inclusive dual pronoun) + *-jamo (collective suffix) + *rô (emphatic particle). Analogous forms in other Cariban languages are similarly formed from the dual/non-collective form combined with various collective and emphatic suffixes in different orders. Compare Trió kïmënjamo, Wayana kunmëlamkom, Waiwai kïwyam, Hixkaryana kàwyamo. However, this leaves the Ye'kwana -n- unexplained, unless perhaps the first element of the Ye'kwana term corresponds not to Proto-Cariban *kɨwɨ but to first-person inclusive forms such as Trió kïmë, Wayana kunmë. By surface analysis, k(ü)- (first-person inclusive prefix) + *nwanno (plural personal pronoun base).

surf

the first-person inclusive plural pronoun; all of us, me and all of you, we (inclusive)


e'dö

edö (inanimate pronoun proximal)
^Y e'dö (inanimate pronoun proximal)
mö'dö (proximal singular)
eetö (anaphoric proximal)
eetö (proximal)
eese (proximal)
eesemjo (proximal)
sadö (proximal)
mödö (inanimate medial pronoun proximal)
mööyö (medial proximal singular)
^Y möödhö (medial proximal singular)
kanno (medial plural proximal)
möötö (anaphoric medial proximal)
möönü (distal inanimate medial pronoun)
mökkü (distal medial singular)
makkamo (distal medial plural)
inña (distal medial)
möntö (anaphoric distal medial)
mönse (distal medial)
aneeseja (distal medial)
mönsemjo (distal medial)
maadö (distal medial)
iyö (distal inanimate pronoun)
^Y iiyö (distal inanimate pronoun)
ñöödö (distal singular)
ñanno (distal plural)
yöötö (anaphoric distal)
unwaa (distal)
Y. Caura River dialect.
Y. Caura River dialect. (inanimate pronoun)
Y. Caura River dialect. (singular)
D. Cunucunuma River dialect.
D. Cunucunuma River dialect. (inanimate pronoun)
D. Cunucunuma River dialect. (singular)
V. Alto Ventuari River dialect.
V. Alto Ventuari River dialect. (inanimate pronoun)
V. Alto Ventuari River dialect. (singular)

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of edö (“the inanimate proximal demonstrative pronoun; this, these”)


mööñö

(Alto Ventuari River, regional) Synonym of mö'dö (animate singular proximal demonstrative pronoun)


mööyö

(Caura River dialect) the animate singular medial demonstrative pronoun; this, that


mö'kü

Alternative form of mökkü (“that, this”)


edö

From Proto-Cariban *(tj)ôrô. Compare Trió serë, Wayana helë, Kari'na ero.

(Caura River dialect) the inanimate proximal demonstrative pronoun; this, these


mödö

From Proto-Cariban *môrô. Compare Trió mërë, Wayana mëlë, Waiwai moro, Kari'na moro.

(Caura River dialect) the inanimate medial demonstrative pronoun; this, these, that, those

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Synonym of e'dö (inanimate proximal demonstrative pronoun)


möönü

From Proto-Cariban *mônɨ. Compare Trió mënï, Wayana mïn, Waiwai mïnï, Kari'na mony.

(Caura River dialect) the inanimate distal demonstrative pronoun; that, those

(Cunucunuma River dialect) the inanimate medial demonstrative pronoun; this, these, that, those


iyö

From Proto-Cariban *irô (inanimate anaphoric demonstrative pronoun). Compare Trió irë, Wayana ilë, Kari'na iro.

inh

(Caura River dialect) the inanimate invisible demonstrative pronoun; that, those (that I can’t see)


ñöödö

From Proto-Cariban *inôrô, *nôrô (animate singular anaphoric demonstrative pronoun). Compare Trió nërë, Wayana inëlë, Waiwai noro, Kari'na inoro.

(Caura River dialect) the animate singular invisible demonstrative pronoun; that (that I can’t see)

(Cunucunuma River dialect) the animate singular distal demonstrative pronoun; that


makkamo

From Proto-Cariban *môkjamo (animate plural distal demonstrative pronoun), from *môkɨ (animate singular distal demonstrative pronoun) + *-jamo (collective suffix). Compare Apalaí mokamo, Trió mëkïjamo, Wayana mëkjam, Waiwai mïkyam, Kari'na mòkan.

(Caura River dialect) the animate plural distal demonstrative pronoun; those

(Cunucunuma River dialect) the animate plural medial demonstrative pronoun; these, those


ñanno

From Proto-Cariban *injamo (animate plural anaphoric demonstrative pronoun) + *rô (emphatic particle), the former from *inôrô (animate singular anaphoric demonstrative pronoun) + *-jamo (collective suffix). Compare Trió namo, Wayana inamolo, Waiwai ñešamro, Kari'na inaro(n).

der

(Caura River dialect) the animate plural invisible demonstrative pronoun; those (that I can’t see)

(Cunucunuma River dialect) the animate plural distal demonstrative pronoun; those


iiyö

From Proto-Cariban *irô (anaphoric demonstrative pronoun). Compare Trió irë, Wayana ilë, Kari'na iro.

inh

(Cunucunuma River dialect) the inanimate distal demonstrative pronoun; that, those


kanno

From Proto-Cariban *môkɨ (animate singular distal demonstrative pronoun) + *-jamo (collective suffix) + *rô (emphatic particle), with subsequent loss of the first syllable. Analogous forms in other Cariban languages are similarly formed with various collective and emphatic suffixes in different orders. Compare Trió mëëjamo, Kari'na mòkaro. The first element is equivalent to ma'kamo / makkamo.

der

(Caura River dialect) the animate plural medial demonstrative pronoun; these, those

(Cunucunuma River dialect) the animate plural proximal demonstrative pronoun; these


mö'dö

From Proto-Cariban *môkɨ (animate singular distal demonstrative pronoun) + *-rô (emphatic particle). Compare Trió mëërë, Wayana mëklë, Waiwai mïkro, Kari'na mòko. The first element is equivalent to the distal demonstrative mö'kü, mökkü.

the animate singular proximal demonstrative pronoun; this


ma'kamo

Alternative form of makkamo (“those, these”)


mökkü

From Proto-Cariban *môkɨ. Compare Trió mëkï, Wayana mëk, Waiwai mïkï, Kari'na moky. The geminate k/glottal stop is unexpected; but compare the form möökü given by Hall in her glossary, perhaps the etymologically original one.

(Caura River dialect) the animate singular distal demonstrative pronoun; that

(Cunucunuma River dialect) the animate singular medial demonstrative pronoun; this, that


öneköömü

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of ane'köömü (“what?”)


ane'köömü

(Caura River dialect, interrogative) what?


möödhö

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Synonym of mö'dö (animate singular proximal demonstrative pronoun)