abay

English: abay

(rare, Late Middle English) The baying of hounds in order to stop prey from escaping.


elk

desctree

English: elk
→ German: Elk (obsolete)
→ Korean: 엘크 (elkeu)
→ Malayalam: എൽക്ക് (elkkŭ)
→ Welsh: elc

Apparently from Old English eolh, though it is not found before 1475 and the phonetic development is unexpected, though compare dialectal English fleck (“flea”).

(Late Middle English, rare) elk, moose (Alces alces)


abstract

English: abstract

Norwegian Bokmål: abstrakt

Scots: abstract

(Late Middle English, rare) abstract, synopsis


win

English: win

From Old English winn, from Proto-West Germanic *winnan, from Proto-Germanic *winną, *winnaną; akin to winnen. Reinforced by earlier iwin, from Old English ġewinn.


bombard

English: bombard

Scots: bombard


green

green (infinitive)
to green (infinitive)
gree (infinitive)
gree (first-person present singular)
greed (first-person past singular)
greest (present second-person singular)
greedest (past second-person singular)
greeth (present singular third-person)
greed (past singular third-person)
gree (present singular subjunctive)
greed (past singular subjunctive)
gree (imperative present singular)
green (plural present)
gree (plural present)
greeden (past plural)
greede (past plural)
greeth (imperative plural present)
gree (imperative plural present)
greynge (participle present)
greende (participle present)
greed (participle past)
ygreed (participle past)

English: gree (obsolete)

Scots: gree

Borrowed from Old French greer; equivalent to gre + -en (infinitival suffix).

To come to an understanding or agreement.

(rare) To make a compact of reconciliation.


male

Borrowed from Latin mālum, from Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon), of unknown origin.

Malus domestica
Malus domestica#Translingual

(chiefly Late Middle English, uncommon) The appletree (Malus domestica) or its fruit.


mother

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of moder


whose

(chiefly Late Middle English) Alternative form of whos (“whose”, genitive)


father

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of fader


man

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of mone (“shall”)


nose

English: noose

Probably from Old French nous, nos, nominative singular of nou, no (“knot”).


path

English: path

Scots: peth, paith

Inherited from Old English pæþ, from Proto-West Germanic *paþ, from Proto-Germanic *paþaz, from an Iranian language, from Proto-Iranian *pántaHh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pántaHs.
The spellings paath and pathe and Scots paith prove that a pronunciation of this word with /aː/ existed; it presumably originated from open-syllable lengthening in inflected forms.

(rare, Late Middle English) A course or route.

(rare, Late Middle English) A vessel or vein.


bat

English: bat, batt

Scots: bat

Yola: bath, bat

→ Irish: bata

→ Scottish Gaelic: bata

From Old English batt, from Celtic; influenced by Old French batte.

(rare, Late Middle English) A strike or hit from a weapon.

(rare, Late Middle English) A clump of soft material.


won

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of on


cloth

English: cloth

Scots: clath, clathe, claith

From Old English clāþ, from Proto-Germanic *klaiþą.

(Late Middle English) A bodily tissue or layer.

(Late Middle English, rare) An illness or medical condition evident from boils.


cotton

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of coton


potable

English: potable

Borrowed from Old French potable, from Latin pōtābilis.


incorrigible

English: incorrigible

Borrowed from Middle French incorrigible, from Latin incorrigibilis.


stroke

English: stroke

Scots: strake, straik, strak

Yola: stroke

From Old English *strāc, from Proto-West Germanic *straik.

(Late Middle English) The feeling of an intense emotion or mood.

(Late Middle English) The process of making a striking or hitting motion.


aa

Borrowed from Old Norse á, from Proto-Germanic *ahwō (“water, stream”). Doublet of ee.

(Late Middle English, hapax) river, stream (in place name)


original

head

original (plural and weak singular originale)

originale (plural)
originale (singular weak)

English: original

Scots: original, oreeginal

From Old French original, from Late Latin orīginālis; equivalent to origyne + -al.

original, primordial; preceding everything else

connected to the origin or beginning of something


original

English: original

Scots: original, oreeginal

the authoritative, authorial, or primordial version of a work or source

(rare, religion) the making of the universe

(rare, law) a legal document beginning legal action


quest

English: quest

Scots: quest

Partly from Anglo-Norman queste, Old French queste, and partly from their source, Latin quaesta.

(Late Middle English) A legal inquest or investigation; a session of court.

(Late Middle English) A group or body of jurors

(rare, Late Middle English) The howling upon finding prey by hunting dogs during a hunt.

(rare, Late Middle English) A petition or asking.


universe

English: universe

Scots: universe

From Old French univers, from Latin ūniversus.

(Late Middle English, rare) The universe; the stars.


universal

English: universal

From Old French universel, from Latin ūniversālis; equivalent to universe + -al.

(Late Middle English) absolute, subject to everything in a given area or subject (e.g. a settlement; a person)

(Late Middle English) frequently practiced, usual, customary.

(Late Middle English, rare) Given total leeway and control; with universal power.

(Late Middle English, rare) unbiased, unprejudiced, nonpolitical

(Late Middle English, rare) general, non-specific, generic

(Late Middle English, philosophy, rare) unformed, uncreated, unmade.

(Late Middle English, philosophy, rare) theoretical, abstract, general.


universal

English: universal

(Late Middle English, philosophy, rare) A category, class, or classification.


universal

(Late Middle English) The whole, all of, every portion of, all parts of.

(Late Middle English, rare) Every kind of; all sorts of


supernatural

English: supernatural

Scots: supernatural

From Middle French supernaturel, from Latin supernātūrālis; equivalent to super- + natural.

(Late Middle English, religion) Deity-related; from God.


requiem

English: requiem

Scots: requiem (obsolete)

From Latin requiem, the first word of the introit for the traditional requiem mass.

requiem (mass for commemoration of the dead)


real

English: real

Scots: real

Borrowed from Old French reel, from Late Latin reālis.

(Late Middle English) real, true, factual

(Late Middle English, law) concerning possessions


ruse

English: ruse

borrowed from Anglo-Norman reuse, ruse; compare rusen.

The evasive movements of a pursued animal.

A circuitous course taken by a hunter to pursue a game animal.


request

English: request

Scots: request

From Old French requeste, from Vulgar Latin *requaesita; equivalent to re- + quest.

(Late Middle English) What is requested or petitioned for; something that is sought-after.

(Late Middle English) An adventure or heroic journey.


don

don (infinitive)
to don (infinitive)
done (first-person present singular)
doned (first-person past singular)
donest (present second-person singular)
donedest (past second-person singular)
doneth (present singular third-person)
doned (past singular third-person)
done (present singular subjunctive)
doned (past singular subjunctive)
done (imperative present singular)
donen (plural present)
done (plural present)
doneden (past plural)
donede (past plural)
doneth (imperative plural present)
done (imperative plural present)
donynge (participle present)
donende (participle present)
doned (participle past)
ydoned (participle past)

English: don

Yola: don


canon

English: cannon

From Middle French canon, from Italian cannone, from Latin canna, from Ancient Greek κάννα (kánna, “reed”), from Akkadian 𒄀 (qanû, “reed”), from Sumerian 𒄀𒈾 (gi.na).


mode

English: mood

Scots: mude, muid

From Old English mōd, from Proto-Germanic *mōdaz.

One's current mindset or feelings; mood:

One's overall or overarching feelings; an opinion or will.

(rare) One's actions as a whole; the way one behaves.


massif

English: massive

Scots: massive (obsolete)

From Middle French massif; equivalent to mass + -if.

(Late Middle English) weighty, massy, weighing very much.

(Late Middle English, rare) massive, huge, enormous.

(Late Middle English, rare) not sharp, unsharpened, coarse.


comparable

English: comparable

Borrowed from Middle French comparable, from Latin comparābilis; equivalent to comparen + -able.

Of identical or similar value; comparing favourably.


ample

English: ample

Scots: ample

Borrowed from Middle French ample, from Old French ample, from Latin amplus.

(Late Middle English) ample, copious, profuse


bark

English: bark

Scots: bark

From Old English bark, from Old Norse bǫrkr, from Proto-Germanic *barkuz.

(rare, Late Middle English, figurative) A shallow look at something.


ken

English: ken

Yola: ken, kin

(Late Middle English, hapax) recognition


buffet

desctree

English: buffet, beaufet (archaic) (remodelled after modern French)
→ Japanese: ビュッフェ (byuffe)
→ Korean: 뷔페 (bwipe)

⇒ Scots: buffet stule

Borrowed from Middle French bufet (“side table”), from Old French bufet, of unknown origin.

bor+

primus tortor. we shall teche hym, I wote / a new play of yoyll,
And hold hym full hote / frawrord, a stoyll
Go fetch vs!
ffroward. We, dote! / now els were it doyll
And vnneth;
ffor the wo that he shall dre
let hym knele on his kne.
Secundus tortor. And so shall he for me;
Go fetch vs a light buffit.

15th c., “Coliphizacio [The Buffeting]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 239:

First torturer: We shall teach him, I say, a new Christmas-time game, and treat him very hotly—Froward, go fetch us a stool!
Froward: Whoa! Fool! We wouldn't want this to be painful and difficult. For the sake of the pain that he shall dread, let him kneel.
Second torturer: And he shall [dread it] on my account. Go fetch us a light stool.


stale

English: stale

Yola: sthall

In werd ben men & women[…]þat þer stale mown not holde.

14th c., Stockh. Medical MS. in Anglia XVIII.299

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


deluge

English: deluge

From Old French deluge, from Latin dīluvium.

A deluge; a massive flooding or raining.

(rare, figurative) Any cataclysmic or catastrophic event.


equal

en-adj

equal (not generally comparable, comparative more equal, superlative most equal)

more equal (comparative)
most equal (superlative)

From Middle English equal, from Latin aequālis. Doublet of aequalis and egal.

Near-synonym: equivalent

Equal conditions should produce equal results.

All men are created equal.

They who are not disposed to receive them may let them alone or reject them; it is equal to me.

1705, George Cheyne, The Philosophical Principles of Religion Natural and Revealed:

I now believe that evolution, or deevolution, never ends short of death, that no society has ever achieved an absolute pinnacle, that all humans are not created equal. In fact, I believe attempts to create some abstract equalization create a morass of injustices that rebound on the equalizers. Equal justice and equal opportunity are ideals we should seek, but we should recognize that humans administer the ideals and that humans do not have equal ability.

1980 July, Frank Herbert, “Dune Genesis”, in Omni, volume 2, number 10, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 74, column 2; republished as Ultimate Guide To Dune (Part 2) Book One (1:11:30), 2017:

(not comparable) The same in all respects.


equal

en-verb

equal (third-person singular simple present equals, present participle (Commonwealth) equalling or (US) equaling, simple past and past participle (Commonwealth) equalled or (US) equaled)

equals (present singular third-person)
equalling (Commonwealth participle present)
equaling (US participle present)
equalled (Commonwealth participle past)
equalled (Commonwealth past)
equaled (US participle past)
equaled (US past)

Two plus two equals four.

(mathematics, copulative) To be equal to, to have the same value as; to correspond to.

And what delights can equal those
That stir the spirit’s inner deeps,
When one that loves but knows not, reaps
A truth from one that loves and knows?

1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, Canto XLI, page 64:

(transitive) To match in degree or some other quality, to match up to.


equal

en-noun

equal (countable and uncountable, plural equals)

We're all equals here.

This beer has no equal.

Those who were once his equals envy and defame him.

1712 January 4 (Gregorian calendar), [Joseph Addison; Richard Steele et al.], “MONDAY, December 24, 1711”, in The Spectator, number 256; republished in Alexander Chalmers, editor, The Spectator; a New Edition, […], volume III, New York, N.Y.: D[aniel] Appleton & Company, 1853, →OCLC:

The two who have no equals become friends without equal.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 192:

They had hoped their son, a stockbroker, would marry a financial equal, but Suzette, a teacher, did not come from money.

2005, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, David Kessler, On Grief and Grieving, →ISBN, page 150:

A person or thing of equal status to others.


luk

English: luck

Yola: lhuck, looke

(Late Middle English) good fortune; gain, profit


pro

English: pro

(Late Middle English, rare) advantage, benefit, upside


grace

English: grace

Scots: grace

Yola: greash, graace

→ Welsh: gras

→ Cornish: gras

From Old French grace, from Latin grātia.

(rare, Late Middle English) unfairness, partisanship


ergo

English: ergo

(Late Middle English) thus, consequently, ergo


royal

head

royal (plural and weak singular royalle, comparative royaller, superlative royallyst)

royalle (plural)
royalle (singular weak)
royaller (comparative)
royallyst (superlative)

English: royal

Scots: royal

From Old French roial, from Latin rēgālis. Doublet of ryal.


trant

en-verb

trant (third-person singular simple present trants, present participle tranting, simple past and past participle tranted)

trants (present singular third-person)
tranting (participle present)
tranted (participle past)
tranted (past)

From Middle English tranten, from or cognate with Middle Dutch tranten (“to step, walk”), perhaps ultimately from Proto-Germanic *trent-, *trant- (“to walk”). Cognate with West Frisian trantsje (“to step, step time; dance, jump”). Compare also Dutch drentelen (“to saunter”).


fragment

English: fragment

Learned borrowing from Latin fragmentum.


gate

English: gate, gait

Scots: gate

From Old Norse gata, from Proto-Germanic *gatwǭ.

The way which one acts; one's mode of behaviour:

(Late Middle English) One's lifestyle or demeanour; the way one chooses to act.

(Late Middle English) Gait; the way one walks.


godmother

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of godmoder


immutable

English: immutable

Borrowed from Latin immutabilis; equivalent to in- + mutable.


garbage

From late Middle English garbage (“the offal of a fowl, giblets, kitchen waste”, originally “refuse, what is purged away”), from Anglo-Norman, from Old French garber (“to refine, make neat or clean”), of Germanic origin, from Frankish *garwijan (“to make ready”).
Akin to Old High German garawan (“to prepare, make ready”), Old English ġearwian (“to make ready, adorn”). More at garb, yare, gear

cog

(England, dialectal, Cumbria, Lancashire, archaic) foul, rotten or unripe vegetable matter.

Yet, even without the three second rule, where your big man could camp underneath and take those delightful “garbage” shots, there was little or no pivot offense, no cutting off the bucket.

[…] the aging pro, in a much-heralded "boys against the girls" tennis match, annihilated Margaret Court with an array of "garbage shots and cotton balls."

1981, Update 1981: The Great Contemporary Issues, New York Times Company, page 78:

(sports, slang, Canada, US, attributive) An easy shot.


garbage

en-verb

garbage (third-person singular simple present garbages, present participle garbaging, simple past and past participle garbaged)

garbages (present singular third-person)
garbaging (participle present)
garbaged (participle past)
garbaged (past)

I have bought at Boston a dozen Pidgeons ready pulled and garbidged for three pence.

1674, John Josselyn, Two Voyages to New England, Made During the Years 1638-63 (quoted in William Butts Mershon, The Passenger Pigeon, 1907, The Outing Publishing Company)

(transitive, chiefly US, Canada, obsolete) to eviscerate


grave

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of greyve


bever

English: bever

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman bever (modern French boire), from Latin bibō.


peril

English: peril

Scots: peril

From Old French peril, from Latin perīculum.

(Late Middle English) Bad fortune; unluckiness or mischance.


node

English: node
→ Irish: nód

Borrowed from Latin nōdus. Doublet of knotte.

(medicine, Late Middle English) lump, swelling


onerous

English: onerous

From Middle French onereux, from Old French onereus, from Latin onerosus.


youth

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of youthe


trip

English: trip

Scots: trip

(rare, Late Middle English) A voyage; an excursion.


rebel

Borrowed from Old French rebelle, from Latin rebellis.

(rare) Refractory, set in one's ways or opinions.


hood

English: hood

Scots: hude, huid

From Old English hōd, from Proto-Germanic *hōdaz.

(rare, Late Middle English) Any sort of protective cloaking or covering.


besom

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of besme


perilous

head

perilous (plural and weak singular perilouse, superlative perilousest)

perilouse (plural)
perilouse (singular weak)
perilousest (superlative)

English: perilous, parlous

Scots: perilous (obsolete)

From Old French perilleus, from Latin perīculōsus; equivalent to peril + -ous.

Full of danger or peril; dangerous, harmful, periculous:

(Late Middle English) Religiously harmful or hurtful

(Late Middle English) Unfortunate; experiencing bad luck.


squamous

English: squamous

From Latin squāmōsus; equivalent to squame + -ous.

(Late Middle English) scaly (especially due to disease)


dresser

English: dresser

(Late Middle English, rare) leader, guide


gul

⇒ Scots: golgrav

Yola: ghou

Borrowed from Old Norse gulr, from Proto-Germanic *gulaz.


roster

English: roaster

(rare, Late Middle English) A roaster (a person who roasts).


mature

English: mature

From Middle French mature and its etymon Latin mātūrus.


oblivious

English: oblivious


oblivion

English: oblivion

From Anglo-Norman oblivion, from Latin oblīviō.


arable

English: arable

Borrowed from Middle French arable, from Old French arable, borrowed from Latin arābilis. Equivalent to Middle French arer + -able.


graceful

English: graceful

Scots: gracefu

(rare, Late Middle English) Giving grace; grace-inducing.

(rare, Late Middle English) nice, kindly


nervous

en-adj

nervous (comparative more nervous, superlative most nervous)

more nervous (comparative)
most nervous (superlative)

Baths of Caracalla
Farnese Hercules
National Archaeological Museum, Naples

From Middle English nervous (“composed of or incorporating nerves”), from Latin nervōsus (“nervous; sinewy; energetic, vigorous”), from nervus (“nerve; muscle; sinew, tendon; (figuratively) energy, power; nerve; force, strength, vigour”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *snéh₁wr̥ (“sinew, tendon”)) + -ōsus (suffix meaning ‘full of, prone to’ forming adjectives from nouns). The English word is analysable as nerve + -ous.

refn

From R. Lawton Roberts (1888) “Lecture I”, in Illustrated Lectures on Ambulance Work, 3rd edition, London: H. K. Lewis, […], →OCLC, figure 3, page 20.

From the collection of the National Archaeological Museum, Naples in Italy.

der

nervous as a long-tailed cat in a room full of rocking chairs

Of nerves.
Supplied with nerves; innervated.

CANNACORUS, […] It hath a knobbed tuberoſe Root: The Leaves are long and nervous: […]

1733, Philip Miller, “CANNACORUS”, in The Gardeners Dictionary: […], 2nd edition, volume I, London: […] C[harles] Rivington, […], →OCLC, column 1:

Being in a crowd of strangers makes me nervous.

I can only assure you here that there is such a thing as a nervous child; whose nervous system is unstable; who is easily upset; whose pulse is apt to "run away" at any excitement; who blushes and pales and sweats easily; who tires easily; and who may be subject to headache and eye strain.

1928 November, Norman B. Cole, “Present Day Opinion Regarding the Relationship between Athletics and the Heart”, in James Huff McCurdy, editor, American Physical Education Review, volume XXXIII, number 9 (number 241 overall), Springfield, Mass.: American Physical Education Association, page 575, column 2:

Easily agitated or alarmed; edgy, on edge.

şaşkın ördek (colloquial) literally a confused duck.

deli tavuk (colloquial) literally a crazy chicken.

They were looking at the table (which was spread out in great array); for these young housekeepers are always nervous on such points, and like to see that everything is right.

1843 December 19, Charles Dickens, “Stave Five. The End of It.”, in A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, page 161:

Various harbours fit to receive settlers are now enumerated by the author; and as for the cold, of which some, through report, entertained a nervous dread, he invites his readers to reflect on "the great colde that is at times in Muſcouia, Sweidon, Norway, Spruceland, Poland, Denmarke, and other Eaſterne and Northerne parts of the world, where the people liue well and grow rich;" […]

1870, Richard Whitbourne, “A Relation of the New-found-land, with a More Ample Discouery of that Countrey, […]”, in T. Whitburn, editor, Westward Hoe for Avalon in the New-found-land: As described by Captain Richard Whitbourne, of Exmouth, Devon, 1622, London: Sampson Low, Son, and Marston, […]; Field and Tuer, […], →OCLC, page 25:

"My baby is a perfect bundle of nerves," said one mother to another. "She is so sensitive, she starts at the slightest sound. She sleeps only a few minutes at a time, and has to be walked or rocked to get her off again. She won't go to strangers, and I am a nervous wreck taking care of her."

1915, Cecilia Farwell, “The Nervous Child”, in The Child Welfare Manual […], volume 1, New York, N.Y.: The University Society, →OCLC, page 331, column 1:

Apprehensive, anxious, hesitant, worried.


oracle

English: oracle

Scots: oracle

Borrowed from Middle French oracle m, from Old French oracle m, from Latin ōrāculum n.

(Late Middle English) A shrine where hidden religious knowledge is imparted.

(Late Middle English, rare) A heavenly or godly message.


convent

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of covent


sward

English: sward

Scots: swaird

From Old English sweard, from Proto-Germanic *swarduz; compare Old Norse svǫrðr.

(Late Middle English) Skin, especially that on meat.


cubicle

English: cubicle

Learned borrowing from Latin cubiculum (“bedroom”).


heft

English: heft

⇒ Yola: heifteen, heiftem

From heven, on the model of weven and weft.


quiste

From Old English *cwiss, from Proto-Germanic *kwissiz; the consonantism is from influence from quethen.

(Late Middle English, rare) Bequest, inheritance


ardour

English: ardor, ardour

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman ardour, ardur, from Latin ārdor, ārdōrem; compare ardaunt.


fissure

English: fissure

From Old French fissure, from Latin fissūra.


brill

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of beryl


scrape

English: scrape

Yola: scrawb


canner

English: canner

(rare, Late Middle English) A machine that removes impurities from wine.


tumour

English: tumour, tumor

From Old French tumour, from Latin tumor.


vinous

English: vinous, vinose


mutable

English: mutable

Borrowed from Old French mutable, from Latin mutabilis.


ron

English: rowan

(Late Middle English) A rowan-tree berry.


universally

English: universally

en masse; impacting or influencing everything or everyone.


unnan

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of onyoun


a

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of I (“I”)


potent

English: potent

(chiefly Late Middle English) staff, crutch


hateful

English: hateful

(rare, Late Middle English) Hateful, angry, ireful, raging.


hos

(Late Middle English, rare) Alternative form of whos (“whose”, genitive)


liken

enm-verb

liken (third-person singular simple present liketh, present participle likende, likynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle liked)

liketh (present singular third-person)
likende (participle present)
likynge (participle present)
liked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
liken (infinitive)
to liken (infinitive)
like (infinitive)
like (first-person present singular)
liked (first-person past singular)
likest (present second-person singular)
likedest (past second-person singular)
liketh (present singular third-person)
liked (past singular third-person)
like (present singular subjunctive)
liked (past singular subjunctive)
like (imperative present singular)
liken (plural present)
like (plural present)
likeden (past plural)
likede (past plural)
liketh (imperative plural present)
like (imperative plural present)
likynge (participle present)
likende (participle present)
liked (participle past)
yliked (participle past)

English: like

Scots: like

Yola: lick, licke, lik

From Old English līcian, from Proto-West Germanic *līkēn, from Proto-Germanic *līkāną.

(especially Late Middle English) To like or enjoy; to find pleasant.


credible

en-adj

credible (comparative more credible, superlative most credible)

more credible (comparative)
most credible (superlative)

From Middle English credible, borrowed from Middle French credible, from Latin crēdibilis (“worthy of belief”), from crēdō (“believe”); see credit.

credible acting


injurious

injurious (comparative more injurious, superlative most injurious)

more injurious (comparative)
most injurious (superlative)

/ɪnˈdʒʊəɹɪəs/

/ɪnˈdʒɔːɹɪəs/

/ɪnˈd͡ʒʊɹi.əs/

From Middle English injurious, from Anglo-Norman enjurius, from Latin iniūriōsus; analysable as injury + -ous.

Causing physical harm or injury; harmful, hurtful.


revel

English: revel

Borrowed from Old French revel, from reveler.

(rare, Late Middle English) Chaos, disorder.


binden

binden (infinitive)
to binden (infinitive)
binde (infinitive)
binde (first-person present singular)
band (first-person past singular)
bond (first-person past singular)
bound (first-person past singular)
bindest (present second-person singular)
bounde (past second-person singular)
bonde (past second-person singular)
band (past second-person singular)
bindeth (present singular third-person)
band (past singular third-person)
bond (past singular third-person)
bound (past singular third-person)
binde (present singular subjunctive)
bounde (past singular subjunctive)
bonde (past singular subjunctive)
binde (imperative present singular)
binden (plural present)
binde (plural present)
bounden (past plural)
bounde (past plural)
bonden (past plural)
bonde (past plural)
bindeth (imperative plural present)
binde (imperative plural present)
bindynge (participle present)
bindende (participle present)
bounden (participle past)
bounde (participle past)
ybounden (participle past)
ybounde (participle past)

English: bind

Scots: bind

From Old English bindan, from Proto-West Germanic *bindan, from Proto-Germanic *bindaną; equivalent to bynde + -en (infinitival suffix).

To enter into a socially binding obligation or agreement:

(rare, Late Middle English) To copulate; to have sex.


cavernous

cavernous (comparative more cavernous, superlative most cavernous)

more cavernous (comparative)
most cavernous (superlative)

Late Middle English cavernous, cavernose, borrowing from Old French caverneux or Latin cavernōsus (“full of hollows or cavities”), from caverna (“a hollow, cavity, cave”) + -ōsus (“-ous, -ose”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to cavern + -ous.

af

(anatomy, zootomy) Composed largely of vascular sinuses and capable of dilating with blood to bring about the erection of a body part.


doucet

English: dulcet

From Old French doucet; equivalent to douce + -et.

(rare, Late Middle English) Sweet-tasting, sugary.

(rare, Late Middle English) Nice-tasting, tasty or delicious.

(rare, Late Middle English) Melodious, harmonious.

(rare, Late Middle English) Nice, friendly, kind.


doucet

English: doucet

(rare, Late Middle English) A sort of dessert.

(rare, Late Middle English) A sort of musical instrument.


ferial

English: ferial

Borrowed from Medieval Latin fēriālis; equivalent to ferie (“weekday”) + -al.

(chiefly Late Middle English) ferial (pertaining to an ordinary day)


frith

English: frith, firth

Scots: firth (poetic)

From Old English fyrhþe, fyrhþ, from Proto-West Germanic *furhiþi, from Proto-Germanic *furhiþją, *furhiþǭ.

(rare, Late Middle English) hedging (as a fence)


skene

English: skean, skene, skeyn

Borrowed from Middle Irish scian, from Old Irish scían, from Proto-Celtic *skiyenā; compare Middle Welsh ysgien. This word was borrowed late enough for the orthographic final vowel to be illusory.

(Late Middle English, rare) skean (kind of dagger)


rebellious

English: rebellious

Refusing to submit to authorities; rebellious.


fantasie

English: fantasy, fancy (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Old French fantasie, from Latin phantasia (“an idea, notion, fancy, phantasm”), from Ancient Greek φαντασία (phantasía). More at fantasy.

der

(Late Middle English) product of imagination, creative or artistic work


hak

Probably derived from Old Norse [Term?], compare Old Icelandic hākr (“in personal names”).

(Late Middle English, hapax) unsparing; ruthless, rough;


werpen

enm-verb

werpen (third-person singular simple present werpeth, present participle werpynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative warp, past participle worpen)

werpeth (present singular third-person)
werpynge (participle present)
warp (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
worpen (participle past)
werpen (infinitive)
to werpen (infinitive)
werpe (infinitive)
werpe (first-person present singular)
warp (first-person past singular)
werped (first-person past singular)
werpest (present second-person singular)
worpe (past second-person singular)
warp (past second-person singular)
werpedest (past second-person singular)
werpeth (present singular third-person)
warp (past singular third-person)
werped (past singular third-person)
werpe (present singular subjunctive)
worpe (past singular subjunctive)
werped (past singular subjunctive)
werpe (imperative present singular)
werpen (plural present)
werpe (plural present)
worpen (past plural)
worpe (past plural)
werpeden (past plural)
werpede (past plural)
werpeth (imperative plural present)
werpe (imperative plural present)
werpynge (participle present)
werpende (participle present)
worpen (participle past)
worpe (participle past)
werped (participle past)
yworpen (participle past)
yworpe (participle past)

English: warp

Scots: warp

From Old English weorpan, from Proto-West Germanic *werpan, from Proto-Germanic *werpaną.

(Late Middle English, rare) To fill up; to stuff.


pele

English: peel

Yola: peel


spet

English: spet

Yola: speate


ferm

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of ferme (“lease”)


fotbal

English: football (see there for further descendants)

Scots: fitbaw

American football
American football#English

football (game played with a ball; ancestor of soccer, American football, and rugby)


graciously

English: graciously

(Late Middle English) With the kindness and mercy of God.

(rare, Late Middle English) In a good-looking or desiring way.


salade

English: salad

Scots: sallet

Borrowed from Old French salade, from Italian salada, which some forms are directly from.

(Late Middle English, rare) salad (dish made of mixed vegetables)

(Late Middle English, rare) An ingredient in a salad.


calme

English: calm

Borrowed from Middle French calme, from Old Italian calma, of unclear further origin.


fullen

fullen (third-person singular simple present fulleth, present participle fullende, fullynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fulled)

fulleth (present singular third-person)
fullende (participle present)
fullynge (participle present)
fulled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
fullen (infinitive)
to fullen (infinitive)
fulle (infinitive)
fulle (first-person present singular)
fulled (first-person past singular)
fullest (present second-person singular)
fulledest (past second-person singular)
fulleth (present singular third-person)
fulled (past singular third-person)
fulle (present singular subjunctive)
fulled (past singular subjunctive)
fulle (imperative present singular)
fullen (plural present)
fulle (plural present)
fulleden (past plural)
fullede (past plural)
fulleth (imperative plural present)
fulle (imperative plural present)
fullynge (participle present)
fullende (participle present)
fulled (participle past)
yfulled (participle past)

English: full

Borrowed from Middle French fouler, from Old French fouler, foler, from Late Latin fullare.

(figurative, rare) To overcome or crush.


hoys

(Late Middle English, rare) Alternative form of whos (“whose”, genitive)


dotage

English: dotage


versifier

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of versifiour


deciden

deciden (infinitive)
to deciden (infinitive)
decide (infinitive)
decide (first-person present singular)
decided (first-person past singular)
decidest (present second-person singular)
decidedest (past second-person singular)
decideth (present singular third-person)
decided (past singular third-person)
decide (present singular subjunctive)
decided (past singular subjunctive)
decide (imperative present singular)
deciden (plural present)
decide (plural present)
decideden (past plural)
decidede (past plural)
decideth (imperative plural present)
decide (imperative plural present)
decidynge (participle present)
decidende (participle present)
decided (participle past)
ydecided (participle past)

English: decide

Scots: decide

From Middle French decider, from Latin dēcīdō.

To make a ruling or judgement; to decide an issue or matter of discontent.


congelen

congelen (infinitive)
to congelen (infinitive)
congele (infinitive)
congele (first-person present singular)
congeled (first-person past singular)
congelest (present second-person singular)
congeledest (past second-person singular)
congeleth (present singular third-person)
congeled (past singular third-person)
congele (present singular subjunctive)
congeled (past singular subjunctive)
congele (imperative present singular)
congelen (plural present)
congele (plural present)
congeleden (past plural)
congelede (past plural)
congeleth (imperative plural present)
congele (imperative plural present)
congelynge (participle present)
congelende (participle present)
congeled (participle past)
ycongeled (participle past)

English: congeal

From Middle French congeler, from Latin congēlō; equivalent to con- + gelen.


fleten

fleten (infinitive)
to fleten (infinitive)
flete (infinitive)
flete (first-person present singular)
fleted (first-person past singular)
flette (first-person past singular)
flet (first-person past singular)
fletest (present second-person singular)
fletedest (past second-person singular)
flettest (past second-person singular)
flute (past second-person singular)
flet (past second-person singular)
fleteth (present singular third-person)
fleted (past singular third-person)
flette (past singular third-person)
flet (past singular third-person)
flete (present singular subjunctive)
fleted (past singular subjunctive)
flette (past singular subjunctive)
flute (past singular subjunctive)
flete (imperative present singular)
fleten (plural present)
flete (plural present)
fleteden (past plural)
fletede (past plural)
fletten (past plural)
flette (past plural)
fluten (past plural)
flute (past plural)
fleteth (imperative plural present)
flete (imperative plural present)
fletynge (participle present)
fletende (participle present)
fleted (participle past)
floten (participle past)

English: fleet

Scots: fleet

From Old English flēotan, from Proto-Germanic *fleutaną.

To go or change position; to experience movement:

(Late Middle English) To spread or propel throughout the air.

(Late Middle English) To remove scum or cream from a fluid.


fumen

fumen (infinitive)
to fumen (infinitive)
fume (infinitive)
fume (first-person present singular)
fumed (first-person past singular)
fumest (present second-person singular)
fumedest (past second-person singular)
fumeth (present singular third-person)
fumed (past singular third-person)
fume (present singular subjunctive)
fumed (past singular subjunctive)
fume (imperative present singular)
fumen (plural present)
fume (plural present)
fumeden (past plural)
fumede (past plural)
fumeth (imperative plural present)
fume (imperative plural present)
fumynge (participle present)
fumende (participle present)
fumed (participle past)
yfumed (participle past)

English: fume

Borrowed from Old French fumer; equivalent to fume + -en (infinitival suffix).

To emit fumes, especially for fumigation.


jure

English: jury (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman juree, from Medieval Latin iūrāta.

(Late Middle English) jury; panel of jurors


jale

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of gayole


sellar

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of sellere


molesten

molesten (third-person singular simple present molesteth, present participle molestende, molestynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle molested)

molesteth (present singular third-person)
molestende (participle present)
molestynge (participle present)
molested (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
molesten (infinitive)
to molesten (infinitive)
moleste (infinitive)
moleste (first-person present singular)
molested (first-person past singular)
moleste (first-person past singular)
molestest (present second-person singular)
molestedest (past second-person singular)
molestest (past second-person singular)
molesteth (present singular third-person)
molested (past singular third-person)
moleste (past singular third-person)
moleste (present singular subjunctive)
molested (past singular subjunctive)
moleste (past singular subjunctive)
moleste (imperative present singular)
molesten (plural present)
moleste (plural present)
molesteden (past plural)
molestede (past plural)
molesten (past plural)
moleste (past plural)
molesteth (imperative plural present)
moleste (imperative plural present)
molestynge (participle present)
molestende (participle present)
molested (participle past)
molest (participle past)
ymolested (participle past)
ymolest (participle past)

English: molest

Scots: molest

Borrowed from Middle French molester and its etymon, Latin molestāre.

(rare, formal, Late Middle English) To harm, disturb, or distress.


releven

releven (infinitive)
to releven (infinitive)
releve (infinitive)
releve (first-person present singular)
releved (first-person past singular)
relevest (present second-person singular)
relevedest (past second-person singular)
releveth (present singular third-person)
releved (past singular third-person)
releve (present singular subjunctive)
releved (past singular subjunctive)
releve (imperative present singular)
releven (plural present)
releve (plural present)
releveden (past plural)
relevede (past plural)
releveth (imperative plural present)
releve (imperative plural present)
relevynge (participle present)
relevende (participle present)
releved (participle past)
yreleved (participle past)

English: relieve

From Old French relever, specifically from the conjugated forms such as (jeo) relieve (“I lift up”), and its source, Latin relevo (“to lift up, lighten, relieve, alleviate”), combined form of re- (“back”) + levo (“to lift”).


tosen

enm-verb

tosen (third-person singular simple present toseth, present participle tosende, tosynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle tosed)

toseth (present singular third-person)
tosende (participle present)
tosynge (participle present)
tosed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
tosen (infinitive)
to tosen (infinitive)
tose (infinitive)
tose (first-person present singular)
tosed (first-person past singular)
tosest (present second-person singular)
tosedest (past second-person singular)
toseth (present singular third-person)
tosed (past singular third-person)
tose (present singular subjunctive)
tosed (past singular subjunctive)
tose (imperative present singular)
tosen (plural present)
tose (plural present)
toseden (past plural)
tosede (past plural)
toseth (imperative plural present)
tose (imperative plural present)
tosynge (participle present)
tosende (participle present)
tosed (participle past)
ytosed (participle past)

desc

English: tose, toze, toase, toaze (obsolete)

From Old English *tāsan, from Proto-West Germanic *taisan, from Proto-Germanic *taisaną. Compare tesen.

To card (straighten the fibres of) wool.

(figuratively, rare) To dissect or examine.


gloriously

English: gloriously

(Late Middle English) In an attractive or pleasing way; in a way that displays beauty.


savable

From Middle English savable, from Middle French sauvable, from Old French salvable, sauvable, from Medieval Latin salvābilis; equivalent to save + -able.

Near-synonyms: recoverable, reparable, rescuable, retrievable


savable

English: savable

Borrowed from Middle French sauvable, from Old French salvable, sauvable, from Medieval Latin salvābilis; equivalent to saven + -able.

(theology) Able to be delivered from perdition.

(medicine) Able to be cured; remediable.


manfully

English: manfully

Bravely, strongly, daringly, determinedly


pakken

enm-verb

pakken (third-person singular simple present pakketh, present participle pakkende, pakkynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle pakked)

pakketh (present singular third-person)
pakkende (participle present)
pakkynge (participle present)
pakked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
pakken (infinitive)
to pakken (infinitive)
pakke (infinitive)
pakke (first-person present singular)
pakked (first-person past singular)
pakkest (present second-person singular)
pakkedest (past second-person singular)
pakketh (present singular third-person)
pakked (past singular third-person)
pakke (present singular subjunctive)
pakked (past singular subjunctive)
pakke (imperative present singular)
pakken (plural present)
pakke (plural present)
pakkeden (past plural)
pakkede (past plural)
pakketh (imperative plural present)
pakke (imperative plural present)
pakkynge (participle present)
pakkende (participle present)
pakked (participle past)
ypakked (participle past)

English: pack

Scots: pack

→⇒ Medieval Latin: paccāgium


commendably

English: commendably


originali

English: originally

With respect to the origin or beginning of something..


bestially

English: bestially


quene

English: queen (see there for further descendants)

Scots: queen, wheen

Yola: queen

From Old English cwēn (“woman, wife, queen”) (the final schwa is by analogy with other Old English feminine nouns, such as Etymology 2), from Proto-West Germanic *kwāni, from Proto-Germanic *kwēniz, from a derivative of *gʷḗn (“woman, wife”). Cognates include:
* Ancient Greek γυνή (gunḗ), Greek γυναίκα (gynaíka)
* Old Prussian genna
* Persian زَن (zan)
* Sanskrit जनि (jani)
* Proto-Slavic *žena

(rare, Late Middle English) The queen (chess piece introduced towards the end of the ME era)


pegge

English: peg

From Middle Dutch pegge; see more at English peg.


walken

walken (third-person singular simple present walketh, present participle walkynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative welk, past participle walken)

walketh (present singular third-person)
walkynge (participle present)
welk (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
walken (participle past)
walken (infinitive)
to walken (infinitive)
walke (infinitive)
walke (first-person present singular)
welk (first-person past singular)
walked (first-person past singular)
walkest (present second-person singular)
welke (past second-person singular)
welk (past second-person singular)
walkedest (past second-person singular)
walketh (present singular third-person)
welk (past singular third-person)
walked (past singular third-person)
walke (present singular subjunctive)
welke (past singular subjunctive)
walked (past singular subjunctive)
walke (imperative present singular)
walken (plural present)
walke (plural present)
welken (past plural)
welke (past plural)
walkeden (past plural)
walkede (past plural)
walketh (imperative plural present)
walke (imperative plural present)
walkynge (participle present)
walkende (participle present)
walken (participle past)
walke (participle past)
walked (participle past)
ywalken (participle past)
ywalke (participle past)

English: walk, waulk

Scots: walk

Originally two verbs; in both cases, equivalent to walk + -en (infinitival suffix):
* Old English wealcan, from Proto-West Germanic *walkan, from Proto-Germanic *walkaną.
* Old English wealcian, from Proto-West Germanic *walkōn, from Proto-Germanic *walkōną.

(Late Middle English) To full or beat (cloth).


gracelessly

English: gracelessly

(Late Middle English, rare) Lacking God's beneficence.


macula

English: macula

Borrowed from Latin macula. Doublet of mayle.

(Late Middle English, rare) A lesion on the eye or skin.


wones

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of ones


rioter

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of riotour


ridership

(Late Middle English, rare) The position of a ranger who travels on horse.


markat

(Kent or Late Middle English) Alternative form of market


rubriche

English: rubric

Borrowed from Middle French rubrique, rubriche, rubrice, from borrowed itself from Latin rubrīca.


limbus

English: limbus

Scots: lymbus (obsolete)

(Late Middle English, rare) limbo (waiting place for souls)


gunner

English: gunner

Scots: gunner

→ Medieval Latin: gunnārius

From gunne + -er; compare Medieval Latin gunnārius.


adressen

adressen (third-person singular simple present adresseth, present participle adressende, adressynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle adressed)

adresseth (present singular third-person)
adressende (participle present)
adressynge (participle present)
adressed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
adressen (infinitive)
to adressen (infinitive)
adresse (infinitive)
adresse (first-person present singular)
adressed (first-person past singular)
adreste (first-person past singular)
adressest (present second-person singular)
adressedest (past second-person singular)
adrestest (past second-person singular)
adresseth (present singular third-person)
adressed (past singular third-person)
adreste (past singular third-person)
adresse (present singular subjunctive)
adressed (past singular subjunctive)
adreste (past singular subjunctive)
adresse (imperative present singular)
adressen (plural present)
adresse (plural present)
adresseden (past plural)
adressede (past plural)
adresten (past plural)
adreste (past plural)
adresseth (imperative plural present)
adresse (imperative plural present)
adressynge (participle present)
adressende (participle present)
adressed (participle past)
adrest (participle past)

English: address (see there for further descendants)

Scots: address

From Old French adresser, adrescer, adrecier; equivalent to a- + dressen.

(rare, Late Middle English) To address a letter.


gome

English: gum (dialectal goom)

Scots: goom, geem, gum

Inherited from Old English gōma, from Proto-West Germanic *gōmō, from Proto-Germanic *gōmô.

(rare, Late Middle English) One's teeth or jaws.


vewe

English: view

Scots: view

(Late Middle English) A scheduled minor court held in a local administrative district.

(rare, Late Middle English) oversight, overseeing, direction, instruction

(rare, Late Middle English) One's focus; what one is concentrating on.


heate

(Early Middle English, Late Middle English) Alternative form of hete (“heat”)


crucifier

crucifier (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
crucifiant (gerund participle present)
ayant + past participle (gerund multiword-construction participle present)
crucifié (participle past)
crucifie (first-person indicative present singular)
crucifies (indicative present second-person singular)
crucifie (indicative present singular third-person)
crucifions (first-person indicative plural present)
crucifiez (indicative plural present second-person)
crucifient (indicative plural present third-person)
crucifiais (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
crucifiais (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
crucifiait (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
crucifiions (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
crucifiiez (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
crucifiaient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
crucifiai (first-person historic indicative past singular)
crucifias (historic indicative past second-person singular)
crucifia (historic indicative past singular third-person)
crucifiâmes (first-person historic indicative past plural)
crucifiâtes (historic indicative past plural second-person)
crucifièrent (historic indicative past plural third-person)
crucifierai (first-person future indicative singular)
crucifieras (future indicative second-person singular)
crucifiera (future indicative singular third-person)
crucifierons (first-person future indicative plural)
crucifierez (future indicative plural second-person)
crucifieront (future indicative plural third-person)
crucifierais (conditional first-person singular)
crucifierais (conditional second-person singular)
crucifierait (conditional singular third-person)
crucifierions (conditional first-person plural)
crucifieriez (conditional plural second-person)
crucifieraient (conditional plural third-person)
future of avoir + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
conditional of avoir + past participle (conditional multiword-construction perfect)
crucifie (first-person present singular subjunctive)
crucifies (present second-person singular subjunctive)
crucifie (present singular subjunctive third-person)
crucifiions (first-person plural present subjunctive)
crucifiiez (plural present second-person subjunctive)
crucifient (plural present subjunctive third-person)
crucifiasse (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
crucifiasses (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
crucifiât (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
crucifiassions (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
crucifiassiez (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
crucifiassent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
crucifie (imperative second-person singular)
crucifions (first-person imperative plural)
crucifiez (imperative plural second-person)

Romanian: crucifica


couvent

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of covent


whois

(chiefly Late Middle English) Alternative form of whos (“whose”, genitive)


placen

placen (third-person singular simple present placeth, present participle placende, placynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle placed)

placeth (present singular third-person)
placende (participle present)
placynge (participle present)
placed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
placen (infinitive)
to placen (infinitive)
place (infinitive)
place (first-person present singular)
placed (first-person past singular)
placest (present second-person singular)
placedest (past second-person singular)
placeth (present singular third-person)
placed (past singular third-person)
place (present singular subjunctive)
placed (past singular subjunctive)
place (imperative present singular)
placen (plural present)
place (plural present)
placeden (past plural)
placede (past plural)
placeth (imperative plural present)
place (imperative plural present)
placynge (participle present)
placed (participle past)
yplaced (participle past)

English: place

Scots: place

From place + -en (infinitival suffix); compare Middle French placer, which postdates this verb.


bason

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of basyn


pety

English: petty

From Middle French petit, from Old French petit, from Vulgar Latin pittitus, of disputed origin.

(Late Middle English) diminutive, tiny, little

(Late Middle English) petty, insignificant, unimportant


reiser

English: raiser

(rare, Late Middle English) Someone who revitalises or revives.

(rare, Late Middle English) Someone who provokes or defames.

(rare, Late Middle English) A person who levies fees or tolls.

(rare, Late Middle English) A person who builds.


coton

English: cotton

→ Irish: cotún

Scots: cotton, catton

→ Welsh: cotwm

From Old French cotoun, from Italian cotone, from Arabic قُطْن (quṭn, “cotton”). Compare aketon.


tracen

tracen (infinitive)
to tracen (infinitive)
trace (infinitive)
trace (first-person present singular)
traced (first-person past singular)
tracest (present second-person singular)
tracedest (past second-person singular)
traceth (present singular third-person)
traced (past singular third-person)
trace (present singular subjunctive)
traced (past singular subjunctive)
trace (imperative present singular)
tracen (plural present)
trace (plural present)
traceden (past plural)
tracede (past plural)
traceth (imperative plural present)
trace (imperative plural present)
tracynge (participle present)
tracende (participle present)
traced (participle past)
ytraced (participle past)

English: trace

Borrowed from Old French tracer, tracier, from Vulgar Latin *tractiō; equivalent to trace + -en (infinitival suffix).

To go along a set route; to follow an itinerary or planned route.

To walk towards a moving thing; to be following someone or something.

To participate in dancing or footwork; to move one's feet rhythmically.

(rare) To find out or research something; to think about something.

(rare) To trace an object; to draw something based on an outline.

(rare) To embellish; to ornament or spread something.


muren

muren (infinitive)
to muren (infinitive)
mure (first-person present singular)
mured (first-person past singular)
murest (present second-person singular)
muredest (past second-person singular)
mureth (present singular third-person)
mured (past singular third-person)
mure (present singular subjunctive)
mured (past singular subjunctive)
mure (imperative present singular)
muren (plural present)
mure (plural present)
mureden (past plural)
murede (past plural)
mureth (imperative plural present)
mure (imperative plural present)
murynge (participle present)
murende (participle present)
mured (participle past)

English: mure

Borrowed from Middle French murer, from Old French murer, from Late Latin mūrō, mūrāre.

(Late Middle English) To enclose or surround; to wall in.


frenesie

English: frenzy

Scots: franazy (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle French frenesie, from Medieval Latin phrenesia, modification of Latin phrenēsis. Compare frenetik.
For pronunciations of this word with /a/, compare Old French franaisie, variant of frenesie; the MED's belief that such pronunciations are influenced by fantasie is unnecessary.

Irrationality, insanity; the condition of lacking a sound mind.


bestel

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of bestaile


tusky

English: tusky


maner

English: manor

Scots: maner

→ Middle Irish: mainér

Irish: mainéar

Borrowed from Old French manoir, from Latin manēre (“to stay”).

(figurative, Late Middle English, rare) Any dwelling or abode.


historier

Borrowed from Middle French historieur, with the ending assimilated to historie + -er.


toppen

toppen (infinitive)
to toppen (infinitive)
toppe (infinitive)
toppe (first-person present singular)
topped (first-person past singular)
toppest (present second-person singular)
toppedest (past second-person singular)
toppeth (present singular third-person)
topped (past singular third-person)
toppe (present singular subjunctive)
topped (past singular subjunctive)
toppe (imperative present singular)
toppen (plural present)
toppe (plural present)
toppeden (past plural)
toppede (past plural)
toppeth (imperative plural present)
toppe (imperative plural present)
toppynge (participle present)
toppende (participle present)
topped (participle past)
ytopped (participle past)

English: top

Scots: tap

(rare, Late Middle English) To provide roofing; to give a roof.


bonden

bonden (infinitive)
to bonden (infinitive)
bonde (infinitive)
bonde (first-person present singular)
bonded (first-person past singular)
bondest (present second-person singular)
bondedest (past second-person singular)
bondeth (present singular third-person)
bonded (past singular third-person)
bonde (present singular subjunctive)
bonded (past singular subjunctive)
bonde (imperative present singular)
bonden (plural present)
bonde (plural present)
bondeden (past plural)
bondede (past plural)
bondeth (imperative plural present)
bonde (imperative plural present)
bondynge (participle present)
bondende (participle present)
bonded (participle past)
ybonded (participle past)

English: bond

Yola: ee-bond

(Late Middle English, hapax) To put in bonds, take prisoner.


helte

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of helthe (“health”)


forke

English: fork (see there for further descendants)

Scots: fork

Yola: vork

From Old English force, from Proto-West Germanic *furkō, from Latin furca; also influenced by Anglo-Norman forque and Old French forche, both from the same Latin word.

(Late Middle English) A fork-shaped fire iron.

(Late Middle English, anatomy) A point, spike, or projection on a bone or tooth.

(rare, Late Middle English) A fork (piece of cutlery).

(rare, Late Middle English) A forked supporting pole.


forken

forken (infinitive)
to forken (infinitive)
forke (infinitive)
forke (first-person present singular)
forked (first-person past singular)
forkest (present second-person singular)
forkedest (past second-person singular)
forketh (present singular third-person)
forked (past singular third-person)
forke (present singular subjunctive)
forked (past singular subjunctive)
forke (imperative present singular)
forken (plural present)
forke (plural present)
forkeden (past plural)
forkede (past plural)
forketh (imperative plural present)
forke (imperative plural present)
forkynge (participle present)
forkende (participle present)
forked (participle past)
yforked (participle past)

English: (to) fork

(intransitive, anatomical, rare, Late Middle English) To have a point or spike.


riden

riden (infinitive)
to riden (infinitive)
ride (infinitive)
ride (first-person present singular)
rod (first-person past singular)
ridest (present second-person singular)
rode (past second-person singular)
ride (past second-person singular)
rede (past second-person singular)
rod (past second-person singular)
rideth (present singular third-person)
rod (past singular third-person)
ride (present singular subjunctive)
rode (past singular subjunctive)
ride (past singular subjunctive)
rede (past singular subjunctive)
ride (imperative present singular)
riden (plural present)
ride (plural present)
roden (past plural)
rode (past plural)
riden (past plural)
ride (past plural)
reden (past plural)
rede (past plural)
rideth (imperative plural present)
ride (imperative plural present)
ridynge (participle present)
ridende (participle present)
riden (participle past)
yriden (participle past)
ride (participle past)
yride (participle past)
reden (participle past)
yreden (participle past)
rede (participle past)
yrede (participle past)

English: ride

Scots: ride, ryde

From Old English rīdan, from Proto-West Germanic *rīdan, from Proto-Germanic *rīdaną.
Cognates include Middle Dutch riden, Middle Low German riden, and Old Swedish rīþa.

(rare, Late Middle English) To move, to slide towards.

(rare, Late Middle English) To sit on a stool or beam; to mount something as if it was a horse.

(rare, Late Middle English) To remain, to dwell.

(rare, Late Middle English) To undergo execution.


rusen

rusen (third-person singular simple present ruseth, present participle rusende, rusynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle rused)

ruseth (present singular third-person)
rusende (participle present)
rusynge (participle present)
rused (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
rusen (infinitive)
to rusen (infinitive)
ruse (infinitive)
ruse (first-person present singular)
rused (first-person past singular)
rusest (present second-person singular)
rusedest (past second-person singular)
ruseth (present singular third-person)
rused (past singular third-person)
ruse (present singular subjunctive)
rused (past singular subjunctive)
ruse (imperative present singular)
rusen (plural present)
ruse (plural present)
ruseden (past plural)
rusede (past plural)
ruseth (imperative plural present)
ruse (imperative plural present)
rusynge (participle present)
rusende (participle present)
rused (participle past)
yrused (participle past)

English: ruse

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman ruser, reuser; by surface analysis, ruse + -en (infinitival suffix).

surf

The mayſter hunte, anone fote hote / wyth his horne blewe thre mote / At the uncouplynge of hys houndes / wythin a whyle the herte founde is / Ihalowed, and rechaſed faſt / Longe tyme, and ſo at the laſt / Thys herte rouſed and ſtale awaye / Fro all the houndes a preuy waye

[c. 1368–1372 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Dreame of Chaucer”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […] (in Middle English), [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio cclxviii, verso, column 2, lines 375–382:

The master hunter, anon foothot [at once without stopping] / with his horne blew three mote [notes] / At the uncoupling of his hounds / within a while the hart found is / Hallooed, and rechased fast / Long time, and so at the last / This hart rused and stole away / From all the hounds a privy way

(hunting) To turn to elude hunters or their hunting dogs.


enden

enden (infinitive)
to enden (infinitive)
ende (infinitive)
ende (first-person present singular)
ended (first-person past singular)
endest (present second-person singular)
endedest (past second-person singular)
endeth (present singular third-person)
ended (past singular third-person)
ende (present singular subjunctive)
ended (past singular subjunctive)
ende (imperative present singular)
enden (plural present)
ende (plural present)
endeden (past plural)
endede (past plural)
endeth (imperative plural present)
ende (imperative plural present)
endynge (participle present)
endende (participle present)
ended (participle past)
yended (participle past)

English: end

Scots: ende, end

From Old English endian; equivalent to ende + -en (infinitival suffix).

To come to an end, stop, or termination (usually of an era or event)

(rare, Late Middle English) To be suffixed or inflected.

(rare, Late Middle English) To vanquish; to cause to die; to inflict fatal wounds.


manchet

English: manchet

Unknown; the second element may be chet.

(rare, Late Middle English) Bread of higher quality (than chet); manchet.


matere

English: mater

At fourten yer sche conseyved Cryste in hire matere clere,
And in the fiftene yer sche chyldyd, this avowe dare I;
Here lyvyng wyth that swete sone thre and thretty yere,

ante''' 1475: Ludus Coventriæ, XLI: “The Assumption of the Virgin”, lines 5–8

And after his deth in erthe xij. yer dede sche tary.


herbergen

enm-verb

herbergen (third-person singular simple present herbergeth, present participle herbergende, herbergynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle herberged)

herbergeth (present singular third-person)
herbergende (participle present)
herbergynge (participle present)
herberged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
herbergen (infinitive)
to herbergen (infinitive)
herberge (first-person present singular)
herberged (first-person past singular)
herbergest (present second-person singular)
herbergedest (past second-person singular)
herbergeth (present singular third-person)
herberged (past singular third-person)
herberge (present singular subjunctive)
herberged (past singular subjunctive)
herberge (imperative present singular)
herbergen (plural present)
herberge (plural present)
herbergeden (past plural)
herbergede (past plural)
herbergeth (imperative plural present)
herberge (imperative plural present)
herbergynge (participle present)
herbergende (participle present)
herberged (participle past)
yherberged (participle past)

English: harbinge (obsolete)

Apparently a back-formation from herberjour.


winge

English: wing

Scots: weeng

Yola: wing

From Old Norse vængr, from Proto-Germanic *wēngijaz.

(rare, Late Middle English) A portion; a section.

(rare, Late Middle English) A projection; a spur.


carpette

English: carpet

Scots: carpet

Borrowed from Old French carpite, from Medieval Latin carpita and Italian carpita, both from Middle Armenian կարպետ (karpet), կապերտ (kapert, “carpet, rug”).

(Late Middle English) A fabric cover for beds or furniture; a tablecloth or throw.


scutage

English: scutage

Borrowed from Medieval Latin scūtāgium, calquing Old French escuage. Compare scuage and scute.

(Late Middle English) scutage (medieval English tax)


orthodoxe

English: orthodox

Borrowed from Middle French orthodoxe and Late Latin orthodoxus, form Ancient Greek ὀρθόδοξος (orthódoxos).

(rare, Late Middle English) orthodox (conforming to true and received religious doctrine)


smert

head

smert (plural and weak singular smerte, comparative smerter, superlative smertest)

smerte (plural)
smerte (singular weak)
smerter (comparative)
smertest (superlative)

English: smart (see there for further descendants)

Scots: smert

Inherited from Old English smeart, from Proto-West Germanic *smart, from Proto-Germanic *smartaz. Forms in -e- reflect the usual development of OE -ea- in some dialects, but are probably largely due to the influence of smerten.

(Late Middle English) quick, speedy, alert


geylere

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of gayoler


fleme

English: fleam

Borrowed from Old French flieme, from Vulgar Latin *fletoma, from Late Latin phlebotomus, from Ancient Greek φλεβότομος (phlebótomos), φλεβοτόμον (phlebotómon).

(Late Middle English, rare) A lancet or fleam.


spytte

English: spit


papirus

English: papyrus

From Latin papȳrus, from Ancient Greek πάπυρος (pápuros).

(rare, Late Middle English) papyrus (plant).


cedule

English: schedule; cedule (see there for further descendants)

desc

Middle Scots: cedule, cedull, chedull, schedul, sedule, sedull

Borrowed from Middle French cedule, cedulle, from Old French cedule, from Latin schedula.

(especially) A list appended to another document.


baptisterie

English: baptistry, baptistery

Borrowed from Ecclesiastical Latin baptistērium, baptizātōrium, from Ancient Greek βαπτιστήριον (baptistḗrion); equivalent to baptiste + -erie.

der

βαπτιστήριον

The church service held in conjunction with baptism.


wardenship

English: wardenship


gaiole

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of gayole


rere

⇒ Yola: raree (<*rare)

Not at all, neither in front nor behind;


farme

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of ferme (“lease”)


potentat

English: potentate

Borrowed from Old French potentat, from Latin potentātus.


whome

(chiefly Late Middle English) Alternative form of whom (“who, whom”, accusative)


fumous

English: fumous

Borrowed from Old French fumeus, from Latin fūmōsus (which some forms are directly from); equivalent to fume + -ous.


alienat

English: alienate

From Latin aliēnātus; equivalent to alienen + -at.

Stored away for safeguarding; held securely.


relicte

English: relict

Borrowed from Middle French relicte, from Late Latin relicta, from Latin relictus, past participle of relinquere.


relicte

English: relict

(uncommon, Late Middle English) undamaged, left alone


choken

choken (infinitive)
to choken (infinitive)
choke (first-person present singular)
choked (first-person past singular)
chokest (present second-person singular)
chokedest (past second-person singular)
choketh (present singular third-person)
choked (past singular third-person)
choke (present singular subjunctive)
choked (past singular subjunctive)
choke (imperative present singular)
choken (plural present)
choke (plural present)
chokeden (past plural)
chokede (past plural)
choketh (imperative plural present)
choke (imperative plural present)
chokynge (participle present)
chokende (participle present)
choked (participle past)

English: choke

Scots: choke

To asphyxiate or strangle (to cause to choke).


fage

(Late Middle English) deception, hoodwinking


berylle

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of beryl


acten

acten (infinitive)
to acten (infinitive)
acte (infinitive)
acte (first-person present singular)
acted (first-person past singular)
actest (present second-person singular)
actedest (past second-person singular)
acteth (present singular third-person)
acted (past singular third-person)
acte (present singular subjunctive)
acted (past singular subjunctive)
acte (imperative present singular)
acten (plural present)
acte (plural present)
acteden (past plural)
actede (past plural)
acteth (imperative plural present)
acte (imperative plural present)
actynge (participle present)
actende (participle present)
acted (participle past)
yacted (participle past)

English: act

Scots: ack

(Late Middle English, rare) To act upon or adjudicate (a case at law).


merket

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of market


fantasien

enm-verb

fantasien (third-person singular simple present fantasieth, present participle fantasiende, fantasiynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fantasied)

fantasieth (present singular third-person)
fantasiende (participle present)
fantasiynge (participle present)
fantasied (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
fantasien (infinitive)
to fantasien (infinitive)
fantasie (infinitive)
fantasie (first-person present singular)
fantasied (first-person past singular)
fantasiest (present second-person singular)
fantasiedest (past second-person singular)
fantasieth (present singular third-person)
fantasied (past singular third-person)
fantasie (present singular subjunctive)
fantasied (past singular subjunctive)
fantasie (imperative present singular)
fantasien (plural present)
fantasie (plural present)
fantasieden (past plural)
fantasiede (past plural)
fantasieth (imperative plural present)
fantasie (imperative plural present)
fantasiynge (participle present)
fantasiende (participle present)
fantasied (participle past)

English: fancy, fantasy

(transitive) to fantasize, to imagine, to think up (an idea, etc., especially a false one)


webben

webben (third-person singular simple present webbeth, present participle webbende, webbynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle webbed)

webbeth (present singular third-person)
webbende (participle present)
webbynge (participle present)
webbed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
webben (infinitive)
to webben (infinitive)
webbe (infinitive)
webbe (first-person present singular)
webbed (first-person past singular)
webbest (present second-person singular)
webbedest (past second-person singular)
webbeth (present singular third-person)
webbed (past singular third-person)
webbe (present singular subjunctive)
webbed (past singular subjunctive)
webbe (imperative present singular)
webben (plural present)
webbe (plural present)
webbeden (past plural)
webbede (past plural)
webbeth (imperative plural present)
webbe (imperative plural present)
webbynge (participle present)
webbende (participle present)
webbed (participle past)
ywebbed (participle past)

English: web

Scots: wab

From web + -en (infinitival suffix); compare Old English webbian (“to concoct (slander)”).


marcat

(Kent or Late Middle English) Alternative form of market


parlen

parlen (infinitive)
to parlen (infinitive)
parle (infinitive)
parle (first-person present singular)
parled (first-person past singular)
parlest (present second-person singular)
parledest (past second-person singular)
parleth (present singular third-person)
parled (past singular third-person)
parle (present singular subjunctive)
parled (past singular subjunctive)
parle (imperative present singular)
parlen (plural present)
parle (plural present)
parleden (past plural)
parlede (past plural)
parleth (imperative plural present)
parle (imperative plural present)
parlynge (participle present)
parlende (participle present)
parled (participle past)
yparled (participle past)

English: parle

Borrowed from Middle French parler, from Old French parler, from Latin parabolō, parabolāre; compare parable.

(Late Middle English) To talk or discuss.


rebellen

rebellen (infinitive)
to rebellen (infinitive)
rebelle (infinitive)
rebelle (first-person present singular)
rebelled (first-person past singular)
rebellest (present second-person singular)
rebelledest (past second-person singular)
rebelleth (present singular third-person)
rebelled (past singular third-person)
rebelle (present singular subjunctive)
rebelled (past singular subjunctive)
rebelle (imperative present singular)
rebellen (plural present)
rebelle (plural present)
rebelleden (past plural)
rebellede (past plural)
rebelleth (imperative plural present)
rebelle (imperative plural present)
rebellynge (participle present)
rebellende (participle present)
rebelled (participle past)
yrebelled (participle past)

English: rebel

Scots: rebel

Borrowed from Old French rebeller, in turn borrowed from Latin rebellō. Doublet of revelen (“to revel”); equivalent to rebel + -en (infinitival suffix).

To rebel; to start a revolt or uprising against authorities.

To disobey rules, regulations, or one's better judgement; to break rules.

(rare) To rebel against divine authority.


populer

English: popular

Yola: poplare

Borrowed from Old French populaire and Latin populāris.

(Late Middle English, hapax) Commonly known.


saulter

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of sauter


goode

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of gode


bredd

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of bred (“bread”)


frie

English: fry

Scots: fry

* Traditionally seen as from Old Norse frjó (“seed”), from Proto-Germanic *fraiwą, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)per-.
* Alternatively from Old French *frie, collateral form of froi (“spawn”), from froier, freier (“to spawn”), from Latin fricō (“to rub”).

Deus. Noe, to the and to thi fry / My blyssyng graunt I; / Ye shall wax and multiply, / And fill the erth agane

15th c., “Processus Noe cum filiis [Noah and the Ark]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 28, lines 177–180:

God. Noah, I grant my blessing to you and to your offspring. You will grow and multiply and fill the earth again

(rare, Late Middle English) offspring, children


gaole

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of gayole


terrour

English: terror

Scots: terror

Borrowed from Middle French terreur, terrour, and its etymon Latin terror, terrōr-.

(rare, Late Middle English) A terror; a fright.


whoes

(Late Middle English, rare) Alternative form of whos (“whose”, genitive)


creditour

English: creditor

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman creditour, itself borrowed from Latin crēditor, crēditōrem.


sinfull

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of synful


pacquet

English: packet

Scots: packet

Either from Middle French pacquet, or formed independently from pak + -et (which in any case it is equivalent to).


ryal

head

ryal (plural and weak singular ryalle, comparative ryallere, superlative ryaleste)

ryalle (plural)
ryalle (singular weak)
ryallere (comparative)
ryaleste (superlative)

English: rial, ryal

Scots: rial, ryal

From Anglo-Norman reial, rial, from Latin rēgālis. Doublet of royal.

(Late Middle English) royal, kingly, of a king

(Late Middle English) majestic, befitting a king, worthy

(Late Middle English) amazing, effective, fine

(Late Middle English) noble, good, honourable


ryal

English: rial, ryal

Scots: rial, ryal

(Late Middle English) A royal, noble, member of royalty or nobility.

(Late Middle English) ryal/royal (coin), or a similar coin

(Late Middle English, hunting) The second protrusion coming from a deer's antler.


mokadour

desc

English: muckender, mockador, mockadour, muckenger, muckinder, muckinger, muckiter

Borrowed from Old Occitan mocador (“handkerchief”).

bor+

w:Webster's Dictionary#Webster's New International Dictionary 1909


infaunt

English: infant


muskadel

English: muscadel, muscatel

Borrowed from Old Occitan muscadel, diminutive of muscat. Compare Medieval Latin muscatellum, muscadellum.

(Late Middle English) Wine made from muscat grapes; muscatel.


recoveree

English: recovery

From Old French recovree; equivalent to recoveren + -e (participial suffix).

(rare, Late Middle English) Restoration or granting of that which is legally due.


eschaunge

en-noun

eschaunge (countable and uncountable, plural eschaunges)


eschaunge

en-verb

eschaunge (third-person singular simple present eschaunges, present participle eschaunging, simple past and past participle eschaunged)

eschaunges (present singular third-person)
eschaunging (participle present)
eschaunged (participle past)
eschaunged (past)


eschaunge

English: exchange

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman eschaunge, from eschaungier (“to exchange”); equivalent to es- + chaunge.

Exchange; giving in compensation for something received:

Trade, commerce; mercantile intercourse.

Moneychanging; the exchange of currency.


storier

Either from storie + -er or a shortening of historier.

(rare, Late Middle English) historian, storyteller


surveyour

English: surveyor

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman surveour; equivalent to surveyen + -our.

An overseer, superintendent, or supervisor:

A household official who manages and organises meals.

(law) One who oversees the executors of a will.

One who manages and enforces the regulations of a guild or university.

A government officer or supervisor, especially of customs.


furour

desc

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">furour</i>

English: furor (obsolete furour)

Borrowed from Middle French fureur, from Old French furor, from Latin furōrem.

(Late Middle English, rare) furor, wrath


hosse

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of whos (“whose”, genitive)


aungel

English: angel (see there for further descendants)

Scots: angel, aungel

From Anglo-Norman angle, from Latin angelus, from Ancient Greek ἄγγελος (ángelos).

(rare, Late Middle English) The lowest rank of angels.


sanguisuge

English: sanguisuge (obsolete)


viciate

English: vitiate

Borrowed from Latin vitiātus, the past participle of vitiō; equivalent to vice + -at.

Spoiled, injured, or ruined; made corrupt or base.


chawnce

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of chaunce


eame

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of em


flathe

English: flathe, flath

Inherited from Old English *flaþa, from Proto-West Germanic *flaþō. Doublet of flathon and flaun.


flathon

English: flathon (obsolete)

Borrowed from Medieval Latin fladonem, accusative of flado, from Frankish *flaþō. Doublet of flathe and flaun.


vaile

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of vale


perer

From Old French perier, from Vulgar Latin *pirarius; equivalent to pere (“pear”) + -er.


wombed

English: wombed

(Late Middle English) Possessing a stomach.


lymon

English: lemon

Scots: leemon

From Old French lymon, from Arabic لَيْمُون (laymūn), from Persian لیمو (limu).


baviere

English: bevor, bever, beaver


spumous

English: spumous

Borrowed from Latin spūmōsus; equivalent to spume + -ous.

(pathology, Late Middle English, rare) spumous, foamy


bastardie

English: bastardy, bastardry

From Middle French bastardie; equivalent to bastard + -ie. Some forms are remodelled as bastard + -erie.

bastardy (quality of being a bastard, of being born out of wedlock)


aiden

aiden (infinitive)
to aiden (infinitive)
aide (infinitive)
aide (first-person present singular)
aided (first-person past singular)
aidest (present second-person singular)
aidedest (past second-person singular)
aideth (present singular third-person)
aided (past singular third-person)
aide (present singular subjunctive)
aided (past singular subjunctive)
aide (imperative present singular)
aiden (plural present)
aide (plural present)
aideden (past plural)
aidede (past plural)
aideth (imperative plural present)
aide (imperative plural present)
aidynge (participle present)
aidende (participle present)
aided (participle past)
yaided (participle past)

English: aid

Scots: aid

From Middle French ayder, from Latin adiutō; equivalent to aide + -en (infinitival suffix).


gige

→ English: guige

Borrowed from Old French guige, from Frankish *widdja.

(rare, Late Middle English) guige (shield strap)


depe

English: deep

(rare, Late Middle English) The inside of a territorial unit.


goren

goren (infinitive)
to goren (infinitive)
gore (infinitive)
gore (first-person present singular)
gored (first-person past singular)
gorest (present second-person singular)
goredest (past second-person singular)
goreth (present singular third-person)
gored (past singular third-person)
gore (present singular subjunctive)
gored (past singular subjunctive)
gore (imperative present singular)
goren (plural present)
gore (plural present)
goreden (past plural)
gorede (past plural)
goreth (imperative plural present)
gore (imperative plural present)
gorynge (participle present)
gorende (participle present)
gored (participle past)
ygored (participle past)

English: gore

From gor (“weapon”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(Late Middle English) to gore; to puncture


Dauphin

English: dauphin, Dauphin

Borrowed from Middle French dauphin, from Old French dalphin, from Latin delphīnus, from Ancient Greek δελφίς (delphís); doublet of delphyn, which some forms are influenced by.

(Late Middle English) The Dauphin (French crown prince)


fonned

English: fond

Scots: fond

From the past participle of fonnen; equivalent to fonnen + -ed.


whoos

(chiefly Late Middle English) Alternative form of whos (“whose”, genitive)


dressen

enm-verb

dressen (third-person singular simple present dresseth, present participle dressende, dressynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle dressed)

dresseth (present singular third-person)
dressende (participle present)
dressynge (participle present)
dressed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
dressen (infinitive)
to dressen (infinitive)
dresse (infinitive)
dresse (first-person present singular)
dressed (first-person past singular)
dreste (first-person past singular)
dressest (present second-person singular)
dressedest (past second-person singular)
drestest (past second-person singular)
dresseth (present singular third-person)
dressed (past singular third-person)
dreste (past singular third-person)
dresse (present singular subjunctive)
dressed (past singular subjunctive)
dreste (past singular subjunctive)
dresse (imperative present singular)
dressen (plural present)
dresse (plural present)
dresseden (past plural)
dressede (past plural)
dresten (past plural)
dreste (past plural)
dresseth (imperative plural present)
dresse (imperative plural present)
dressynge (participle present)
dressende (participle present)
dressed (participle past)
drest (participle past)
ydressed (participle past)
ydrest (participle past)

English: dress (see there for further descendants)

Scots: dress

From Old French dresser, drescer, drecier, from Medieval Latin *directiō.

(rare, Late Middle English) To adorn; to ornament.

To arrange; to ready or tidy:
To adorn; to ornament.


gayle

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of gayole


peare

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of pere (“pear”)


barke

English: barque, bark

From Middle French barque, from Late Latin barca, from Vulgar Latin barica, from Ancient Greek βάρις (báris), from Coptic ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (baare), from Egyptian bꜣjr.

It [i.e. love] is the star to every wandering barke
whose worth's unknown although his height be taken.

1609, William Shakespeare, “Sonnet 116”, in Shake-speares Sonnets. […], London: By G[eorge] Eld for T[homas] T[horpe] and are to be sold by William Aspley, →OCLC:

(rare, Late Middle English) A seafaring vessel.


chet

English: cheat

(rare, Late Middle English) Bread of lower quality (than manchet)


bassene

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of basyn


orenge

desctree

English: orange
→ Esperanto: oranĝo
→ Japanese: オレンジ (orenji)
→ Kashubian: orendż (Canada, United States)
→ Korean: 오렌지 (orenji)
→ Makah: ʔo·linčas
→ Malay: oren
→ Marshallese: oran

Scots: orange, oranger

Borrowed from Middle French orange, from Old French orenge, from pomme d'orenge.

(rare) orange (A tree that bears oranges)


plovere

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of plover


deluden

deluden (infinitive)
to deluden (infinitive)
delude (infinitive)
delude (first-person present singular)
deluded (first-person past singular)
deludest (present second-person singular)
deludedest (past second-person singular)
deludeth (present singular third-person)
deluded (past singular third-person)
delude (present singular subjunctive)
deluded (past singular subjunctive)
delude (imperative present singular)
deluden (plural present)
delude (plural present)
deludeden (past plural)
deludede (past plural)
deludeth (imperative plural present)
delude (imperative plural present)
deludynge (participle present)
deludende (participle present)
deluded (participle past)
ydeluded (participle past)

English: delude

To delude or mislead, to fill people's mind with wrong

(rare) To parody or make fun of; to joke about someone.


wearen

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of weren (“to wear”)


mewe

From Anglo-Norman mue; reinforced by Middle French mue.

(rare, Late Middle English) Currently shedding its feathers.


origyne

English: origin

Scots: origin, oreegin

From Old French origine, from Latin orīginem, accusative of orīgō.

The origin, lineage, or provenance of something.


berel

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of beryl


depthe

English: depth

Scots: deepth

Inherited from Old English *dīepþ, from Proto-West Germanic *diupiþu, from Proto-Germanic *diupiþō; equivalent to depe + -the (abstract nominal suffix).

(rare, Late Middle English) The lower or inner part of something; the interior of something.


securite

A high explosive in the form of a yellowish powder.


securite

English: security

From Middle French securité, from Latin sēcūritās; equivalent to Latin securus + -ite. Doublet of surete.

The state of being protected; security or safety.


autumpne

English: autumn

Scots: autumn

Borrowed from Middle French automne, from Old French automne, autonne, from Latin autumnus.

(Late Middle English, uncommon) autumn, fall


cuntray

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of contre


brekefast

English: breakfast
→ Afrikaans: brekfis
→ Irish: bricfeasta
→ Maori: parakuihi
→ Scottish Gaelic: bracaist
→ Portuguese: brequefeste, brequefesta
→ Welsh: brecwast

Scots: brekfast

Yola: brekvast

(Late Middle English) breakfast (a meal consumed at the beginning of the day)


waynen

waynen (infinitive)
to waynen (infinitive)
wayne (infinitive)
wayne (first-person present singular)
wayned (first-person past singular)
waynest (present second-person singular)
waynedest (past second-person singular)
wayneth (present singular third-person)
wayned (past singular third-person)
wayne (present singular subjunctive)
wayned (past singular subjunctive)
wayne (imperative present singular)
waynen (plural present)
wayne (plural present)
wayneden (past plural)
waynede (past plural)
wayneth (imperative plural present)
wayne (imperative plural present)
waynynge (participle present)
waynende (participle present)
wayned (participle past)
ywayned (participle past)

English: wain (in part)

Scots: wain, wane

(transitive, Late Middle English) To send or deliver.

(transitive, Late Middle English) To renounce or reject (for semantic development see give up)


barnhede

(Late Middle English) The duration when one is a child; childhood.


barneschen

barneschen (infinitive)
to barneschen (infinitive)
barnesche (infinitive)
barnesche (first-person present singular)
barnesched (first-person past singular)
barneschest (present second-person singular)
barneschedest (past second-person singular)
barnescheth (present singular third-person)
barnesched (past singular third-person)
barnesche (present singular subjunctive)
barnesched (past singular subjunctive)
barnesche (imperative present singular)
barneschen (plural present)
barnesche (plural present)
barnescheden (past plural)
barneschede (past plural)
barnescheth (imperative plural present)
barnesche (imperative plural present)
barneschynge (participle present)
barneschende (participle present)
barnesched (participle past)
ybarnesched (participle past)

Unknown; probably related to barn (“child”).

(Late Middle English, rare) To develop a visible pregnancy.

(Late Middle English, rare) To become mighty.


barntem

English: bairn-team

Scots: bairn-time (influenced by time)

Inherited from Old English bearntēam; equivalent to barn (“child”) + tem (“group”).

(rare, Late Middle English) One's kinfolk or family.


captivite

English: captivity

Scots: captivitie (obsolete)

From Latin captīvitās; equivalent to captif + -ite.

(Late Middle English) captivity or imprisonment.

(figurative, Late Middle English) conquering, control.

(rare, Late Middle English) slavery, enthrallment.

(rare, Late Middle English) A group of hostages or prisoners.


lewedly

English: lewdly

(Late Middle English) In a way showing a lack of mental acuity; idiotically.

(rare, Late Middle English) Unsophisticatedly; in a way befitting a simpleton.

(rare, Late Middle English) In a morally unsanctioned manner; evilly, maliciously.


universalite

English: universality

From Middle French universalité, from Late Latin universalitas; equivalent to universal + -ite.

(Late Middle English, rare) the features common to everything in a class, discerned from the analysis of each thing in the class.

(Late Middle English, rare) the ability to generalise the features of each thing in a class to derive the common features.


fonnen

fonnen (infinitive)
to fonnen (infinitive)
fonne (infinitive)
fonne (first-person present singular)
fonned (first-person past singular)
fonnest (present second-person singular)
fonnedest (past second-person singular)
fonneth (present singular third-person)
fonned (past singular third-person)
fonne (present singular subjunctive)
fonned (past singular subjunctive)
fonne (imperative present singular)
fonnen (plural present)
fonne (plural present)
fonneden (past plural)
fonnede (past plural)
fonneth (imperative plural present)
fonne (imperative plural present)
fonnynge (participle present)
fonnende (participle present)
fonned (participle past)
yfonned (participle past)

English: fon

Unknown; perhaps related to fonne (“idiot”).

(Late Middle English) To be insane, stupid, or ridiculous.

(Late Middle English) To trick or misguide.


eunuk

English: eunuch

From Middle French eunuque and Latin eunūchus, from Ancient Greek εὐνοῦχος (eunoûkhos).

(Late Middle English, rare) A eunuch, especially one working as a guard at a harem.


bargaynynge

English: bargaining

(rare) An item demanded as compensation.


harneysen

harneysen (infinitive)
to harneysen (infinitive)
harneyse (infinitive)
harneyse (first-person present singular)
harneysed (first-person past singular)
harneysest (present second-person singular)
harneysedest (past second-person singular)
harneyseth (present singular third-person)
harneysed (past singular third-person)
harneyse (present singular subjunctive)
harneysed (past singular subjunctive)
harneyse (imperative present singular)
harneysen (plural present)
harneyse (plural present)
harneyseden (past plural)
harneysede (past plural)
harneyseth (imperative plural present)
harneyse (imperative plural present)
harneysynge (participle present)
harneysende (participle present)
harneysed (participle past)
yharneysed (participle past)

English: harness

Scots: harnish, herness

From Anglo-Norman harneschier; equivalent to harneys (“gear, equipment”) + -en (infinitival suffix). Some forms are remodelled on harneys.

af

(Late Middle English) To restrain an animal used as a mount or a beast of burden.

(rare, Late Middle English) To wear clothing or garments.


crymynous

English: criminous

From Latin crīminōsus; equivalent to cryme + -ous.

(rare, Late Middle English) disgraceful, shameful

(rare, Late Middle English) criminally responsible.


iniquite

English: iniquity

From Old French iniquité, from Latin inīquitās.

(rare, Late Middle English) An aggressive or hateful deed.

(rare, Late Middle English) A disaster; an unfortunate event or incident.


greceles

English: grassless


grasy

English: grassy

Scots: gressy, girsie


graceles

English: graceless

Wicked, sinful, not experiencing God's help.


vewer

English: viewer

(rare, Late Middle English) A recorder or examiner, especially a legally ordained one.

(rare, Late Middle English) A surveyor employed by local government.


survewe

English: surview (obsolete)

(Late Middle English) instruction, supervising.

(rare, Late Middle English) A survey, checkup, or examination.


revewe

English: review

Scots: review

From Old French reveue; equivalent to re- + vewe.

(rare, Late Middle English) An examination of an army.


fotles

English: footless

Scots: fitless

Inherited from Old English *fōtlēas, from Proto-West Germanic *fōtalaus, from Proto-Germanic *fōtalausaz; equivalent to fot + -les.

(Late Middle English, uncommon) footless (lacking feet)


fotynge

English: footing

Scots: fittin

A footing, foothold (the hold of one's feet on a surface)


coynour

English: coiner

Borrowed from Middle French coigneur; equivalent to coyn + -our.

(rare, Late Middle English) coiner, coin-maker


londyng

English: landing

(Late Middle English) Leaving one's vessel; landing.

(rare, Late Middle English) landing, arriving, being at one's destination; making landfall

(rare, Late Middle English) The catching of a fish

(rare, Late Middle English) A landing; a port of arrival.


bynde

English: bind

From Old English binde, related to the verb bindan (“to bind”).

(rare, Late Middle English) A climbing or creeping plant.


newte

English: newt

From a reinterpretation of an ewte, a form of evete.

(Late Middle English) A newt or a reptile that resembles one.


dasch

English: dash

(rare, Late Middle English) A powerful striking motion with a weapon.


dasshyng

English: dashing

Scots: dashin

(rare, Late Middle English) A strike with a weapon.

(rare, Late Middle English) The sound of a wheel hitting water.


daschen

daschen (infinitive)
to daschen (infinitive)
dasche (infinitive)
dasche (first-person present singular)
dasched (first-person past singular)
daschest (present second-person singular)
daschedest (past second-person singular)
dascheth (present singular third-person)
dasched (past singular third-person)
dasche (present singular subjunctive)
dasched (past singular subjunctive)
dasche (imperative present singular)
daschen (plural present)
dasche (plural present)
dascheden (past plural)
daschede (past plural)
dascheth (imperative plural present)
dasche (imperative plural present)
daschynge (participle present)
daschende (participle present)
dasched (participle past)
ydasched (participle past)

English: dash

Scots: dash

From the Old Danish ancestor of Danish daske. Equivalent to dasch + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare, Late Middle English) To destroy or ruin by blade or weapon.

(rare, Late Middle English) To ruin a matrimonial bond; to separate partners.


asweved

English: asweve

From Old English āswefan; equivalent to a- + sweven.

(hapax, Late Middle English) Put to sleep, dulled


omitten

omitten (infinitive)
to omitten (infinitive)
omitte (infinitive)
omitte (first-person present singular)
omitted (first-person past singular)
omittest (present second-person singular)
omittedest (past second-person singular)
omitteth (present singular third-person)
omitted (past singular third-person)
omitte (present singular subjunctive)
omitted (past singular subjunctive)
omitte (imperative present singular)
omitten (plural present)
omitte (plural present)
omitteden (past plural)
omittede (past plural)
omitteth (imperative plural present)
omitte (imperative plural present)
omittynge (participle present)
omittende (participle present)
omitted (participle past)
yomitted (participle past)

English: omit

Scots: omit

(Late Middle English, rare) to omit; to leave out or leave alone


omissioun

English: omission

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman omission, and its etymon Late Latin omissiō, from Latin omittō.

(Late Middle English) omission, neglection

(Late Middle English, rare) A sin of omission.


biqueste

English: bequest

Scots: bequeyst

bi- + quiste; see more at English bequest

(Late Middle English) Bequest, inheritance

(Late Middle English) One's will and testament.


enquest

English: inquest

Scots: inquest

From Old French enqueste and Medieval Latin inquesta; equivalent to en- + quest; ultimately from Latin inquīsita.

(rare, Late Middle English) A quest, mission, or search.

(rare, Late Middle English) A petition or asking.


vitailen

vitailen (infinitive)
to vitailen (infinitive)
vitaile (infinitive)
vitaile (first-person present singular)
vitailed (first-person past singular)
vitailest (present second-person singular)
vitailedest (past second-person singular)
vitaileth (present singular third-person)
vitailed (past singular third-person)
vitaile (present singular subjunctive)
vitailed (past singular subjunctive)
vitaile (imperative present singular)
vitailen (plural present)
vitaile (plural present)
vitaileden (past plural)
vitailede (past plural)
vitaileth (imperative plural present)
vitaile (imperative plural present)
vitailynge (participle present)
vitailende (participle present)
vitailed (participle past)
yvitailed (participle past)

English: victual

Scots: victual (obsolete)

From Old French vitaillier; equivalent to vitaile + -en (infinitival suffix).

To feed or nourish; to provision nourishment.


vitaillyng

English: victualling

Scots: wittaling (obsolete)

(Late Middle English) Victualling; rationing or maintaining a stock of food, especially for an army.