藤岡

藤(ふじ)岡(おか) • (Fujioka) ^(←ふぢをか (Fudiwoka)?)

藤岡 (canonical)
Fujioka (romanization)
Fudiwoka (romanization)
ふぢをか (hiragana historical)


藤崎

ja:藤崎 (曖昧さ回避)


藤原

ja-pos

藤(ふじ)原(わら) • (Fujiwara) ^(←ふぢはら (Fudifara)?)

藤原 (canonical)
Fujiwara (romanization)
Fudifara (romanization)
ふぢはら (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟ʑiβ̞a̠ɾa̠]

/pudi para/ → /ɸud͡ʑiɸara/ → /ɸuʑiwara/
Shift from Fujihara (Old Japanese Pudipara) below.

a surname, especially those from a powerful clan descended from Nakatomi no Kamatari


藤原

藤(ふじ)原(はら) • (Fujihara) ^(←ふぢはら (Fudifara)?)

藤原 (canonical)
Fujihara (romanization)
Fudifara (romanization)
ふぢはら (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟ʑiha̠ɾa̠]

Compound of 藤 (fuji, “Wisteria floribunda”) + 原 (hara, “(uncultivated) field”).


藤本

ja-pos

藤(ふじ)本(もと) • (Fujimoto) ^(←ふぢもと (Fudimoto)?)

藤本 (canonical)
Fujimoto (romanization)
Fudimoto (romanization)
ふぢもと (hiragana historical)


二村

二村 (canonical)
Futamura (romanization)
二村 (canonical)
Nimura (romanization)

[ɸɯ̟ta̠mɯ̟ɾa̠]


古田

Compound of 古(ふる) (furu, “old, worn out”, noun) + 田(た) (ta, “field, paddy”). Literally, “old (rice) field”.


古谷

古谷 (canonical)
Furutani (romanization)
古谷 (canonical)
Furuya (romanization)


星野

星野源


安住

ja:あずみ (曖昧さ回避)


細見

By surface analysis, 細い (“thin, slender”) + み (“-ness”).


細山田

細山田 (canonical)
Hosoyamada (romanization)


前川

前 (mae, “before, in front”) + 川 (kawa, “river”)


前田

前田 (canonical)
Maeda (romanization)
Mafeda (romanization)
まへだ (hiragana historical)
前田 (canonical)
Maeta (romanization)
Mafeta (romanization)
まへた (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 前田 (Qiántián)

→ English: Maeda


矢沢

ja-pos

矢(や)沢(ざわ) or 矢(や)沢(さわ) or 矢沢(やざ) • (Yazawa or Yasawa or Yaza)

矢沢 (canonical)
矢沢 (canonical)
矢沢 (canonical)
Yazawa (romanization)
Yasawa (romanization)
Yaza (romanization)


松久保

松久保 (canonical)
Matsukubo (romanization)


松下

松下 (canonical)
Matsushita (romanization)


松島

松島 (canonical)
Matsushima (romanization)


松葉

松(まつ) (matsu, “pine”) + 葉(は) (ha, “leaf”)


松橋

松橋 (canonical)
Matsuhashi (romanization)


松比良

松比良 (canonical)
Matsuhira (romanization)


円子

円子宏 ― Maruko Hiroshi ― Hiroshi Maruko


三上

三(み) (mi) + 上(かみ) (kami, literally “three high (things)”). Attested from at least the 10th century.


御子柴

御子柴 (canonical)
Mikoshiba (romanization)


水尾

水尾 (canonical)
Mio (romanization)
Miwo (romanization)
みを (hiragana historical)


水尾

ja-pos

水(みずの)尾(お) • (Mizunoo) ^(←みづのを (Midunowo)?)

水尾 (canonical)
Suibi (romanization)
水尾 (canonical)
Mizuo (romanization)
Midwo (romanization)
みづを (hiragana historical)
水尾 (canonical)
Mizunoo (romanization)
Midunowo (romanization)
みづのを (hiragana historical)


水上

水(みず)上(かみ) • (Mizukami) ^(←みづかみ (Midukami)?)

水上 (canonical)
Mizukami (romanization)
Midukami (romanization)
みづかみ (hiragana historical)


水口

水(みず)口(ぐち) • (Mizuguchi) ^(←みづぐち (Miduguti)?)

水口 (canonical)
Mizuguchi (romanization)
Miduguti (romanization)
みづぐち (hiragana historical)

[mʲizɨɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]

[mʲiɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]


水口

[mʲizɨɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]

[mʲiɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]


水口

[mʲizɨɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]

[mʲiɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]


水口

[mʲizɨɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]

[mʲiɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]


水口

[mʲizɨɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]

[mʲiɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]


水口

[mʲizɨɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]

[mʲiɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]


水口

[mʲizɨɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]

[mʲiɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]


水原

水(みず)原(はら) • (Mizuhara) ^(←みづはら (Midufara)?)

水原 (canonical)
Mizuhara (romanization)
Midufara (romanization)
みづはら (hiragana historical)


三井

三井 (canonical)
Mitsui (romanization)
Mitwi (romanization)
みつゐ (hiragana historical)


三橋

三橋 (canonical)
Mitsuhashi (romanization)


三ツ俣

三ツ俣 (canonical)
Mitsumata (romanization)


皆川

皆(みな)川(がわ) • (Minagawa) ^(←みながは (Minagafa)?)

皆川 (canonical)
Minagawa (romanization)
Minagafa (romanization)
みながは (hiragana historical)


湊川

湊川 (canonical)
Minatogawa (romanization)


南渕

南渕 (canonical)
Minamibuchi (romanization)


南村

南村 (canonical)
Minamimura (romanization)


南牟礼

南牟礼 (canonical)
Minamimure (romanization)


三平

三(み)平(ひら) or 三(みつ)平(ひら) • (Mihira or Mitsuhira)

三平 (canonical)
Sanpei (romanization)
三平 (canonical)
三平 (canonical)
Mihira (romanization)
Mitsuhira (romanization)


宮崎

宮(みや)崎(ざき) • (Miyazaki) ^(←みやざき (Miyazaki)?)

宮崎 (canonical)
Miyazaki (romanization)
みやざき (hiragana historical)


宮崎

宮(みや)崎(さき) • (Miyasaki) ^(←みやさき (Miyasaki)?)

宮崎 (canonical)
Miyasaki (romanization)
みやさき (hiragana historical)


宮本

宮本武蔵

宮本茂


村上

Literally “upper town, upper part of a town”.


村田

村(むら)田(た) or 村(むら)田(だ) • (Murata or Murada)

村田 (canonical)
村田 (canonical)
Murata (romanization)
Murada (romanization)


望月

Compound of 望 (mochi) + 月 (tsuki, “moon”). The mochi element is of uncertain derivation. It probably derives from the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 持つ (motsu, “to have, to possess; to keep, to maintain”), but the semantic relationship remains unclear. The tsuki changes to zuki as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


本東

本東 (canonical)
Motohigashi (romanization)


本屋敷

本屋敷 (canonical)
Motoyashiki (romanization)


本柳

本柳 (canonical)
Motoyanagi (romanization)


森谷

森(もり)谷(たに) or 森(もり)谷(や) • (Moritani or Moriya)

森谷 (canonical)
森谷 (canonical)
Moritani (romanization)
Moriya (romanization)


薬師神

薬師神 (canonical)
Yakushijin (romanization)


八島

八島 (canonical)
Yashima (romanization)
八島 (canonical)
Yajima (romanization)


矢田

矢田 (canonical)
矢田 (canonical)
Yata (romanization)
Yada (romanization)


梁川

梁(やな)川(がわ) • (Yanagawa) ^(←やながは (Yanagafa)?)

梁川 (canonical)
Yanagawa (romanization)
Yanagafa (romanization)
やながは (hiragana historical)


柳川

柳(やな)川(がわ) • (Yanagawa) ^(←やながは (Yanagafa)?)

柳川 (canonical)
Yanagawa (romanization)
Yanagafa (romanization)
やながは (hiragana historical)


柳沢

柳(やなぎ)沢(さわ) • (Yanagisawa) ^(←やなぎざは (Yanagizafa)?)

柳沢 (canonical)
Yanagisawa (romanization)
Yanagizafa (romanization)
やなぎざは (hiragana historical)


柳原

柳原 (canonical)
Yanagihara (romanization)


山井

山井 (canonical)
Yamai (romanization)
Yamawi (romanization)
やまゐ (hiragana historical)

Compound of 山 (yama, “mountain”) + 井 (i, “well (water source)”). Appears in the late 900s.


山井

ja-pos

山(やまの)井(い) • (Yamanoi) ^(←やまのゐ (Yamanowi)?)

山井 (canonical)
Yamanoi (romanization)
Yamanowi (romanization)
やまのゐ (hiragana historical)

Compound of 山 (yama, “mountain”) + の (no, possessive particle) + 井 (i, “well (water source)”).


吉鶴

吉鶴 (canonical)
Yoshitsuru (romanization)


吉年

吉年 (canonical)
Yoshitoshi (romanization)


若菜

From Old Japanese.
Compound of 若(わか) (waka, “young, new”) + 菜(な) (na, “greens”).


若林

若林 (canonical)
Wakabayashi (romanization)


こうじ

ja-pos

こうじ • (Kōji)

口耳 口事 工事 公示 公事 爻辞 康治 弘治 向自 好字 好事 好辞 好餌 行事 孝慈 更事 垢膩 後事 柑子 狡児 香餌 校時 高次 勘事 康治 硬磁 項辞 鉤餌 講師 鴻慈 鏗爾

(The following entries do not have a page created for them yet: 口耳, 口事, 爻辞, 向自, 好字, 好辞, 行事, 孝慈, 更事, 垢膩, 狡児, 香餌, 校時, 勘事, 硬磁, 項辞, 鉤餌, 講師, 鴻慈, 鏗爾.)
Two likely derivations:
* Shift from a compound of 黴 (kabi, “mold”) + 発ち (tachi, stem or continuative form of verb 発つ (tatsu), "to arise").
*: /kabi tati/ → /kaũtat͡ɕi/ → /kaũdat͡ɕi/ → /kaud͡ʑi/ → /kɔːd͡ʑi/ → /koːd͡ʑi/
* Alternatively, a shift from 醸し (kamoshi), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 醸す (kamosu, “to brew”).
*: /kamosi/ → /kamuɕi/ → /kaũɕi/ → /kaũʑi/ → /kɔːʑi/ → /koːd͡ʑi/

compound

stem or continuative form of verb <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">発つ</i> (tatsu), "to arise"


和田

和(わ) (wa) + 田(た) (ta, literally “tranquil field”)


渡部

ja-pos

渡(わた)部(べ) or 渡部(わたなべ) • (Watabe or Watanabe)

渡部 (canonical)
渡部 (canonical)
Watabe (romanization)
Watanabe (romanization)


綿貫

Unclear. Homophonous with 綿抜き (watanuki, “getting out of quilted clothing → changing into summer clothing”), and with 腸抜き (watanuki, “the act of gutting fish or poultry; gutted fish or poultry”).
The kanji used may be an example of ateji.


相沢

相(あい)沢(ざわ) • (Aizawa) ^(←あひざは (Afizafa)?)

相沢 (canonical)
Aizawa (romanization)
Afizafa (romanization)
あひざは (hiragana historical)


相澤

相(あい)澤(ざわ) • (Aizawa) ^(←あひざは (Afizafa)?)

相澤 (canonical)
Aizawa (romanization)
Afizafa (romanization)
あひざは (hiragana historical)


高柳

高柳 (canonical)
Takayanagi (romanization)


よしひろ

吉弘, 吉広, 吉廣, 善弘, 義広, 好広, 好廣, 好博: a surname


青柳

青(あお)柳(やぎ) • (Aoyagi) ^(←あをやぎ (Awoyagi)?)

青柳 (canonical)
Aoyagi (romanization)
Awoyagi (romanization)
あをやぎ (hiragana historical)

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

From Old Japanese. Cited in the Man'yōshū of 759.
Analyzable as a compound of 青 (ao, “green, as of lush plant life”) + 柳 (yagi, “willow”, shorter compounding reading for 柳 (yanagi)).

compound

shorter compounding reading for <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">柳</i> (yanagi)


赤坂

Literally "red hill", from 赤(あか) (aka, “red”) and 坂(さか) (saka, “hill”). The placename does not refer to any known specific hill, and may be reduced from an earlier 茜坂(あかねさか) (akanesaka, “madder hill”, literally “red root hill”).


秋葉

秋葉 (canonical)
秋葉 (canonical)
Akiba (romanization)

Compound of 秋 (aki, “autumn”) + 葉 (ha, “leaf”).
The ha changes to ba as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


秋葉

Compound of 秋 (aki, “autumn”) + 葉 (ha, “leaf”), without rendaku (連濁).


新垣

ja-pos

新(あら)垣(がき) or 新(あら)垣(かき) or 新(しん)垣(がき) or 新(にい)垣(がき) • (Aragaki or Arakaki or Shingaki or Nīgaki)

新垣 (canonical)
新垣 (canonical)
新垣 (canonical)
新垣 (canonical)
Aragaki (romanization)
Arakaki (romanization)
Shingaki (romanization)
Nīgaki (romanization)


石橋

→ English: Bridgestone (calque)


山崎

山(やま)崎(さき) or 山(やま)崎(ざき) • (Yamasaki or Yamazaki)

山崎 (canonical)
山崎 (canonical)
Yamasaki (romanization)
Yamazaki (romanization)


田名部

田(た)名(な)部(べ) or 田(た)名(な)部(ぶ) • (Tanabe or Tanabu)

田名部 (canonical)
田名部 (canonical)
Tanabe (romanization)
Tanabu (romanization)


小泉

小(こ)泉(いずみ) • (Koizumi) ^(←こいづみ (Koidumi)?)

小泉 (canonical)
Koizumi (romanization)
Koidumi (romanization)
こいづみ (hiragana historical)

From 小 (ko-, “small”) + 泉 (izumi, “fountain”).


拝藤

ja-pos

拝(はい)藤(とう) or 拝(はい)藤(どう) • (Haitō or Haidō)

拝藤 (canonical)
拝藤 (canonical)
Haitō (romanization)
Haidō (romanization)


横尾

横尾太郎


米沢

米(よね)沢(ざわ) • (Yonezawa) ^(←よねざは (Yonezafa)?)

米沢 (canonical)
Yonezawa (romanization)
Yonezafa (romanization)
よねざは (hiragana historical)


米澤

米(よね)澤(ざわ) • (Yonezawa) ^(←よねざは (Yonezafa)?)

米澤 (canonical)
Yonezawa (romanization)
Yonezafa (romanization)
よねざは (hiragana historical)


吉用

吉用 (canonical)
Yoshimochi (romanization)


義達

義達 (canonical)
Yoshitatsu (romanization)


兵藤

兵(ひょう)藤(どう) • (Hyōdō)


羽田

羽田 (canonical)
Haneda (romanization)
羽田 (canonical)
Haneta (romanization)
羽田 (canonical)
Handa (romanization)

→ Chinese: 羽田 (Yǔtián)


羽田

羽田 (canonical)
Hata (romanization)
羽田 (canonical)
Hada (romanization)

→ English: Hata, Hada


畠山

畠山 (canonical)
Hatakeyama (romanization)


中河内

中河内 (canonical)
Nakagauchi (romanization)


中ノ森

中ノ森 (canonical)
Nakanomori (romanization)


塩崎

塩(しお)崎(ざき) • (Shiozaki) ^(←しほざき (Sifozaki)?)

塩崎 (canonical)
Shiozaki (romanization)
Sifozaki (romanization)
しほざき (hiragana historical)


塩屋

塩屋 (canonical)
Shioya (romanization)
Sifoya (romanization)
しほや (hiragana historical)

Compound of 塩 (shio, “salt”) + 屋 (ya, “house; building; store, shop; shopkeeper”).
First cited in The Tale of Genji, circa 1014.


重松

重松 (canonical)
Shigematsu (romanization)


志田

志田 (canonical)
志田 (canonical)
Shida (romanization)
Shita (romanization)


地頭方

ja-pos

地頭方(じとうほう) • (Jitōhō)


篠原

From Old Japanese.
Compound of 篠 (shino, “dwarf bamboo; bamboo grass”) + 原 (hara, “(uncultivated) field”).


篠原

ja-pos

篠(しの)原(わら) • (Shinowara) ^(←しのはら (Sinofara)?)

篠原 (canonical)
Shinowara (romanization)
Sinofara (romanization)
しのはら (hiragana historical)

⟨sino₁ para⟩ → */sinʷopara/ → /ɕinofara/ → /ɕinowara/
Variant shift from shinohara above, Old Japanese sino₁para.


篠原

From 笹 (sasa, “bamboo grass”) + 原 (hara, “(uncultivated) field”).
The hara changes to bara as an instance of rendaku (連濁)..


芝草

ja-pos

芝(しば)草(くさ) • (Shibakusa) ^(←しばくさ (Sibakusa)?)

芝草 (canonical)
Shibakusa (romanization)
Sibakusa (romanization)
しばくさ (hiragana historical)


嶋田

The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


島原

島原半島

島原半島 しまばらはんとう


島袋

島袋 (canonical)
Shimabukuro (romanization)

Orthographic borrowing from Okinawan 島袋 (Shimabuku).


下須崎

下須崎 (canonical)
Shimosuzaki (romanization)


下柳

下柳 (canonical)
Shimoyanagi (romanization)


白木

Literally, “white tree”, 白(しら) (shira, “white”) + 木(き) (ki, “tree”)


白滝

Compound of 白 (shira, “white”, combining form, only used in compounds) + 滝 (taki, “waterfall”). The "konjac noodles" sense comes from a visual resemblance of the noodles to the individual streams of water in a waterfall.


白滝

Compound of 白 (shiro, “white”, standalone form, also used in compounds) + 滝 (taki, “waterfall”).


佐津川

佐津川 (canonical)
Satsukawa (romanization)


牛之濱

牛之濱 (canonical)
Ushinohama (romanization)


新谷

ja-pos

新(あら)谷(たに) or 新(あら)谷(や) or 新(しん)谷(たに) or 新(しん)谷(や) • (Aratani or Araya or Shintani or Shin'ya)

新谷 (canonical)
新谷 (canonical)
新谷 (canonical)
新谷 (canonical)
Aratani (romanization)
Araya (romanization)
Shintani (romanization)
Shin'ya (romanization)


末次

末(すえ)次(つぐ) • (Suetsugu) ^(←すゑつぐ (Swetugu)?)

末次 (canonical)
Suetsugu (romanization)
Swetugu (romanization)
すゑつぐ (hiragana historical)


仙頭

[sɨβ̞a̠to̞ː]


仙頭

[sɨβ̞a̠to̞ː]


早苗

早苗 (canonical)
Sanae (romanization)
Sanafe (romanization)
さなへ (hiragana historical)

Compound of さ (sa-, prefix for "early") + 苗(なえ) (nae, “seedling”).
The use of 早 (“early”) is an example of phonetic ateji (当て字).


立木

ja-pos

立(たち)木(き) or 立(た)木(き) • (Tachiki or Taki)

立木 (canonical)
立木 (canonical)
Tachiki (romanization)
Taki (romanization)


茶園

茶園 (canonical)
Chaen (romanization)
Tyawen (romanization)
ちやゑん (hiragana historical)


投野

投野(とうの) • (Tōno)


戸川

戸川 (canonical)
Togawa (romanization)
Togafa (romanization)
とがは (hiragana historical)

[to̞ɡa̠β̞a̠]


戸塚

戸(と)塚(つか) or 戸(と)塚(ずか) • (Totsuka or Tozuka)

戸塚 (canonical)
戸塚 (canonical)
Totsuka (romanization)
Tozuka (romanization)


東條

東條 (canonical)
Tōjō (romanization)
Toudeu (romanization)
とうでう (hiragana historical)


堂島

堂(どう)島(じま) • (Dōjima) ^(←だうじま (Dauzima)?)

堂島 (canonical)
Dōjima (romanization)
Dauzima (romanization)
だうじま (hiragana historical)


丹羽

丹羽 (canonical)
Niwa (romanization)
Nifa (romanization)
には (hiragana historical)


柿本

柿(かき)本(もと) or 柿(かきの)本(もと) • (Kakimoto or Kakinomoto)

柿本 (canonical)
柿本 (canonical)
Kakimoto (romanization)
Kakinomoto (romanization)


時雨

From Old Japanese.
The 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) and 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of classical verb 時雨る (shiguru), modern 時雨れる (shigureru, “to rain a shower”).
Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 時雨 /时雨 (shíyǔ).


たつみ

Compound of 辰 (tatsu, “Dragon (fifth earthly branch of the Chinese zodiac) → east-southeast”) + 巳 (mi, “Snake (sixth earthly branch) → south-southeast”).


躑躅

Ultimate derivation unknown. Various theories have been proposed, including:
* A shift from 続き咲き (tsuzuki saki, literally “continuously blooming”)
* Possibly related to Korean 철쭉 (cheoljjuk), as in 황철쭉 (hwangcheoljjuk, “Rhododendron japonicum”)
The kanji are jukujikun (熟字訓), an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 躑躅 /踯躅 (zhízhú).


やなぎ

Man'yōgana
Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

From Old Japanese. Cognate with Kunigami 柳 (yanāji), Miyako 柳 (yanagzï), Okinawan 柳 (yanaji) (likely all early borrowings from Middle Japanese).
The ultimate derivation is uncertain, with several theories presented in reference works. Some of the main theories:
* Appears to be derived from a compound, possibly 矢 (ya, “arrow”) + な (na, Old Japanese apophonic form of possessive particle の (no)) + 木 (ki, “tree”). The ki changes to gi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
* Alternatively, the ya might be from the 字音 (jion, “character reading”) of Middle Chinese 楊 (MC yang, “willow”) + Japanese 木 (ki, “tree”).
Considering the existence of synonymous form やぎ (yagi) that appears in certain compounds, the medial na element is likely the particle.
First cited to roughly 759 CE, in the Man'yōshū collection of poetry with the phonetic Man'yōgana spelling 也奈宜.


撫子

⟨nade si ko₁⟩ → /nadeɕiko/
From Old Japanese, first attested in the Izumo-no-kuni Fudoki (733 CE).
Originally derived from 撫で (nade), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of classical verb 撫づ (nadu), modern 撫でる (naderu, “to brush, stroke, or caress gently”) + し (-shi, continuative suffix) + 子 (-ko, diminutive and feminine suffix).

lang

日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ

日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ


下方

From 下 (shimo, “lower”) + 方 (kata, “person”).
Sometimes pronounced with rendaku (連濁).


井桁

井桁 (canonical)
Igeta (romanization)
Wigeta (romanization)
ゐげた (hiragana historical)

Compound of 井 (i, “well, as in a water source”) + 桁 (keta, “beam, girder”), from the way that four stout wooden beams would be crossed to form the top of a wellhead, similar in shape to a tic-tac-toe board.
The keta changes to geta as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


諸見里

諸見里 (canonical)
Moromizato (romanization)


難波

難波 (canonical)
Naniwa (romanization)
Nanifa (romanization)
なには (hiragana historical)

/nanipa/ → /naniɸa/ → /naniwa/
From Old Japanese 難波 (Nanipa), itself a corruption of 浪速 (Nami₁paya) or 浪花 (Nami₁pana).


難波

/nanipa/ → /naniɸa/ → /naɴba/ → /namba/
Shift from Naniwa above.


野々口

野々口 (canonical)
Nonoguchi (romanization)


藤森

ja-pos

藤(ふじ)森(もり) • (Fujimori) ^(←ふぢもり (Fudimori)?)

藤森 (canonical)
Fujimori (romanization)
Fudimori (romanization)
ふぢもり (hiragana historical)

[ɸɯ̟ʑimo̞ɾʲi]

Compound of 藤(ふじ) (fuji, “Japanese wisteria”) + 森(もり) (mori, “forest”). Literally, “wisteria forest”.


船橋

船(ふな) (funa, combining form of 船(ふね) (fune, “ship, vessel”)) + 橋(はし) (hashi, “bridge”). The hashi changes to bashi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


船橋

船(ふな) (funa, combining form of 船(ふね) (fune, “ship, vessel”)) + 橋(はし) (hashi, “bridge”).


前林

前林 (canonical)
Maebayashi (romanization)


東雲

From 篠の目 (shino no me), 篠 (shino), abbreviation of 篠竹 (shinodake, “a kind of bamboo”), and 目 (me, “eye”). The kanji compound literally means "east clouds", similar to the direction of sunrise. The kanji are jukujikun (熟字訓).


松嶋

松嶋 (canonical)
Matsushima (romanization)


南野

南野陽子 ― Minamino Yōko ― Yoko Minamino


南野

南野知惠子 ― Nōno Chieko ― Chieko Nōno


山城

Compound of 山 (yama, “mountain”) + 城 (shiro, “castle, fortress”).


山城

Compound of 山 (yama, “mountain”) + 城 (ki, “castle, fortress”, ancient reading).


結城

結城 (canonical)
Yūki (romanization)
Yufuki (romanization)
ゆふき (hiragana historical)

From the many 楮 (kōzo, “paper mulberry”) trees originally planted there, from 木綿 (yuu, “string made from the fibers of the paper mulberry”), cognate with 結う (yuu, “to tie up”).


朝比奈

The kyogen play is named after Asahina Yoshihide.


雨宮

ja-pos

雨(あま)宮(みや) or 雨(あめ)宮(みや) • (Amamiya or Amemiya)

雨宮 (canonical)
雨宮 (canonical)
Amamiya (romanization)
Amemiya (romanization)

ja:雨宮 (曖昧さ回避)


真弓

→ English: Mayumi

Compound of 真(ま) (ma-, “pure, genuine; beautiful”) + 弓(ゆみ) (yumi, “bow”).


麻里

ja-pos

麻(あさ)里(ざと) or 麻(あさ)里(り) • (Asazato or Asari)

麻里 (canonical)
麻里 (canonical)
Asazato (romanization)
Asari (romanization)


金城

金(きん)城(じょう) • (Kinjō) ^(←きんじやう (Kinzyau)?)

金城 (canonical)
Kinjō (romanization)
Kinzyau (romanization)
きんじやう (hiragana historical)

[kʲĩɲ̟d͡ʑo̞ː]

[kʲĩɲ̟d͡ʑo̞ː]


天宮

ja:天宮 (曖昧さ回避)


おおとり

Ōtori (romanization)
Ofotori (romanization)
おほとり (hiragana historical)

From 大 (ō-, “large, great”) + 鳥 (tori, “bird”).


醍醐

From Middle Chinese 醍醐 (MC dej hu), itself a translation of Sanskrit मण्ड (maṇḍa, literally “cream of milk”).


道行

Compound of 道 (michi, “road”) + 行き (yuki, “going”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 行く (yuku), “to go”).


行方

行方 (canonical)
Yukue (romanization)
Yukufe (romanization)
ゆくへ (hiragana historical)

⟨yukupe₁⟩ → */jukupʲe/ → /jukuɸe/ → /jukuwe/ → /jukue/
From Old Japanese.
From verb 行く (yuku, “to go”) + 辺 (-he, “direction, location”).


行方

Also spelled Namekata (without rendaku) in older texts.


行方

ja-pos

行方(ぎょうほう) • (Gyōhō) ^(←ぎやうはう (Gyaufau)?)

行方 (canonical)
Gyōhō (romanization)
Gyaufau (romanization)
ぎやうはう (hiragana historical)


行方

行方(ひじかた) • (Hijikata) ^(←ひぢかた (Fidikata)?)

行方 (canonical)
Hijikata (romanization)
Fidikata (romanization)
ひぢかた (hiragana historical)


鳥居

鳥居 (canonical)
Torii (romanization)
Toriwi (romanization)
とりゐ (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 鳥居 /鸟居 (niǎojū)

→ English: torii

→ Korean: 도리이 (dorii)

→ Russian: то́рии (tórii)

Compound of 鳥 (tori, “bird”) + 居 (i, “abode”). From old legends about birds possessed by kami and sitting on tree branches.
First cited to a text from 922 CE.


鳴門

From Etymology 1 above.
The “edible seaweed” sense is associated with 鳴門若布 (Naruto wakame), which is traditionally made in Naruto, Tokushima.


不知火

不知(しらぬ)火(い) • (Shiranui) ^(←しらぬひ (Siranufi)?)

不知火 (canonical)
Shiranui (romanization)
Siranufi (romanization)
しらぬひ (hiragana historical)

/ɕiranu ɸi/ → /ɕiranuwi/ → /ɕiranui/
From 知らぬ (shiranu, “unknown”, archaic negative form of 知る (shiru), “to know”) + 火 (hi, “fire”). Literally “unknown fire”, incorporating the 不知 kanbun or Chinese-derived spelling for the 知らぬ (shiranu, “not know(n), unknown”) portion.
First attested in a text from 1470.

com

archaic negative form of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">知る</i> (shiru), “to know”

不知火型: one of the kata performed by a yokozuna when entering the dohyō


鍛冶

鍛冶 (canonical)
Kaji (romanization)
Kadi (romanization)
かぢ (hiragana historical)

⟨kana uti⟩ → ⟨kanuti⟩ → */kaᶮdi/ → /kad͡ʑi/ → /kaʑi/
Shift from Old Japanese 鍛 (kanuti, modern pronunciation kanuchi, literally “forging, smithing”), equivalent to a compound of 金 (kana, ancient combining form of kane, “metal”) + 打ち (uchi, “striking”).
The kanji spelling is an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 鍛冶 /锻冶 (duànyě).


神楽

/kamu kura/ → /kankura/ → /kaŋɡura/ → /kaɡura/
From Old Japanese.
Originally a compound of 神 (kamu, “spirit, god”, combining form) + 座 (kura, “seat”). The kura changes to gura as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
The original compound referred to the place used to call down the 神 (kami, “spirits and gods”) to earth, when a 巫女 (miko, “shrine maiden”) would act as a medium for the kami. Over time, the term came to refer to the music and dance of the ceremony. The use of the 楽 character here is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓), reflecting the change in meaning.


神楽

[d͡ʑĩn̺ɾa̠kɯ̟]

Probably from Middle Chinese 神樂 (MC zyin lak, literally “god, spirit + happy”).


家茂

Unclear. The mochi reading for 茂 is irregular. The kanji spelling may be ateji for 家持ち (iemochi, “homeowner”). Alternatively, the reading of the second character may be a shift from 茂し (moshi, “lush, luxuriant, flourishing”, obsolete adjective).


桜木

[sa̠kɯ̟ɾa̠ɡʲi]

Compound of 桜 (sakura, “cherry, cherry tree”) + 木 (ki, “tree”). The ki changes to gi as an instance of rendaku (連濁)..
The term 桜 (sakura) on its own is ambiguous, and could be used to mean either the tree or the blossom. The addition of 木 (ki, “tree”) makes this distinction clear.


田圃

Ateji. Sound change from 田面(たのも) (tanomo) or 田面(たおも) (taomo).


大木

大木 (canonical)
Ōki (romanization)
Ofoki (romanization)
おほき (hiragana historical)


木綿

Compound of 木 (ki, “tree”) + 綿 (wata, “batting”).


木綿

/mokumen/ → */momːen/ → /momen/
Alteration of mokumen, itself derived from Middle Chinese elements 木 (moku, “tree”) + 綿 (men, “cotton”).


三日月

From Old Japanese.
Compound of 三日 (mika, “third day of a lunar month”) + 月 (tsuki, “moon”). The tsuki changes to zuki as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


人目

Compound of 人 (hito, “person”) + 目 (me, “eye”).


安倍

安倍晋三


森羅

From Middle Chinese 森羅 (MC srim la, literally “forest + spread out → trees growing in an arrangement”).


早乙女

ja-pos

早(さ)乙(おと)女(め) • (Saotome) ^(←さをとめ (Sawotome)?)

早乙女 (canonical)
Saotome (romanization)
Sawotome (romanization)
さをとめ (hiragana historical)


神奈川

神(か)奈(な)川(がわ) • (Kanagawa) ^(←かながは (Kanagafa)?)

神奈川 (canonical)
Kanagawa (romanization)
Kanagafa (romanization)
かながは (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 神奈川 (Shénnàichuān)

→ English: Kanagawa

→ Russian: Канага́ва f (Kanagáva)

The name of a port near present-day Kanagawa-ku in Kanagawa Prefecture that served as a stop on the Tōkaidō, the historical route from Edo to Kyoto during the Edo period. The name is perhaps related to 上無川 (Kaminashigawa), a river near Edo. Attested from the 17th century. Variously written as かな川, 金川, 狩野川, or かぬ川 in historical texts.


芥川

芥(あくた)川(がわ) • (Akutagawa) ^(←あくたがは (Akutagafa)?)

芥川 (canonical)
Akutagawa (romanization)
Akutagafa (romanization)
あくたがは (hiragana historical)

[a̠kɯ̟̊ta̠ɡa̠β̞a̠]


おおくま

おおくま • (Ōkuma)


おおすぎ

おおすぎ • (Ōsugi)


近衛

近衛 (canonical)
Konoe (romanization)
Konowe (romanization)
このゑ (hiragana historical)

このえ: /koɴ.we/ → /konowe/ → /konoe/
こんえ: /koɴ.we/ → /kon.e/
ちかきまもり: 近き (tikaki, attributive of 近し (tikasi)) + 守り (mamori, “guard”)

af

attributive of <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">近し</i> (tikasi)


対馬

The kanji were transliterated into Old Chinese by Chen Shou in Wajinden(original text here)

After crossing a sea for the first time, one arrives at Tsushima Province in more than 1,000 li.(Wiktionary translation)

Shǐ dù yī hǎi, qiān yú lǐ zhì Duìmǎ guó.

始度一海，千餘里至對馬國。

始度一海，千余里至对马国。


富士

→ Chinese:

→ Mandarin: 富士 (Fùshì)

→ Cantonese: 富士 (fu³ si⁶)

→ Dutch: Fuji

→ English: Fuji

→ French: Fuji

→ German: Fuji

→ Italian: Fuji

→ Korean: 후지 (Huji)

→ Portuguese: Fuji

→ Russian: Фудзи (Fudzi)

→ Spanish: Fuji

→ Vietnamese: Phú Sĩ

⟨puzi⟩ → /ɸuʑi/ → /fuʑi/
From Old Japanese 富士 (Puzi).


小倉

小倉 (canonical)
Ogura (romanization)
小倉 (canonical)
Kokura (romanization)


ため

⟨tame₂⟩ → */taməi̯/ → /tame/
From Old Japanese, attested alongside with older た (ta).


松平

松平 (canonical)
Matsudaira (romanization)

From 松 (matsu, “pine tree”) + 平 (taira, “plain”).
The surname comes from their origin from the historical township of Matsudaira in Mikawa Province.

com

a surname, especially the older name for the Tokugawa before their rise to power during the Edo period


北条

ja-pos

北(ほう)条(じょう) or 北(きた)条(じょう) • (Hōjō or Kitajō)

北条 (canonical)
北条 (canonical)
Hōjō (romanization)
Kitajō (romanization)

北条早雲


岡山

岡(おか)山(やま) • (Okayama) ^(←をかやま (Wokayama)?)

岡山(かんしゃん) or 岡山(カンシャン) • (Kanshan)

岡山 (canonical)
Okayama (romanization)
Wokayama (romanization)
をかやま (hiragana historical)
岡山 (canonical)
岡山 (canonical)
Kanshan (romanization)


埼玉

Russian: Са́йтама f (Sájtama)

⟨saki₁tama⟩ → */sakʲitama/ → /saĩtama//saĩdama/ → /saitama/
Shift from Old Japanese 埼玉 (Saki₁tama).
Also read as Saidama in older texts.


兵庫

兵庫 (canonical)
Hyōgo (romanization)
Fyaugo (romanization)
ひやうご (hiragana historical)


岐阜

→ English: Gifu

→ Russian: Ги́фу m (Gífu)

Blend of 岐山 + 曲阜, of which the former is the place where Zhou Dynasty originated and the latter is the place of birth of Confucius. Coined by Oda Nobunaga.


青森

青(あお)森(もり) • (Aomori) ^(←あをもり (Awomori)?)

青森 (canonical)
Aomori (romanization)
Awomori (romanization)
あをもり (hiragana historical)


岩手

岩手 (canonical)
Iwate (romanization)
Ifate (romanization)
いはて (hiragana historical)


栃木

Also called 橡木 or 杤木, the use of 栃 as official name was proposed in October 1872, and finalized in April 1879.


群馬

アメリカ人の群馬.wav


佐賀

Russian: Са́га f (Sága)


沼間

Compound of Old Japanese elements 沼 (nu, “swamp, marsh, bog”) + 間 (ma, “space, area”).


桐生

桐生 (canonical)
Kiryū (romanization)
Kirifu (romanization)
きりふ (hiragana historical)


足利

足利義輝


武蔵

Alexander Vovin
John Batchelor
John Batchelor (missionary)
Kantō Plain
Kojiki
Wamyō Ruijushō
folk etymology
man'yōgana

/muzasi/ → /musaɕi/
From Old Japanese. Attested in the Kojiki spelled phonetically in man'yōgana as 无耶志 (Muzashi).
Ultimate derivation unknown. One theory is based on an earlier placename, 身狭 (Musa), which was apparently divided into upper 身狭上 (Musa-gami) and lower 身狭下 (Musa-shimo) portions, roughly corresponding to the later provinces of 相模 (Sagami) and 武蔵 (Musashi). The modern name Sagami then arose as a corruption of Musa-gami, while Musashi derived from Musa-shimo. However, this may be only a folk etymology.
A separate theory suggests that Musashi derives from an old Ainu borrowing. Linguist Alexander Vovin derives this from ムンサリ (mun-sar-i) or ムンサリヒ (mun-sar-ihi, “weed-marsh-[possessive suffix]”), hypothetical Ainu forms that would mean "marsh/wetland of (i.e. belonging to) weeds/inedible or otherwise useless plants," and Musashi sits in the middle of the Kantō Plain. However, John Batchelor's 1905 Ainu dictionary and grammar includes no mention of a possessive suffix -i or -ihi. Another possible Ainu source could be ムンサシㇼ (mun sa shir, “nettle plain land”).
The kanji spelling 武藏 probably first appeared in the Wamyō Ruijushō of 938 CE, but that origin is also unknown.


武蔵

ja-pos

武蔵(むぞう) • (Muzō)


上杉

上杉


宇都宮

宇都宮 (canonical)
Utsunomiya (romanization)


五輪

From 五 (itsu, “five, 5”) + 輪 (wa, “ring”).


豊臣

豊臣秀吉


函館

→ English: Hakodate

→ Russian: Хакода́те m (Xakodátɛ)

Probably borrowed from Ainu ハㇰ チャシ (hak casi), meaning "shallow fort".


越後

越後 (canonical)
Echigo (romanization)
Wetigo (romanization)
ゑちご (hiragana historical)


近江

近江 (canonical)
Ōmi (romanization)
Afumi (romanization)
あふみ (hiragana historical)

⟨apa umi₁⟩ → ⟨apumi₁⟩ → /apumi/ → /afumi/ → */awumi/ → /aumi/ → /ɔːmi/ → /oːmi/
From Old Japanese, first attested in the Kojiki (712 CE).
Shift from 淡海 (awaumi, “freshwater lake”).
The kanji spelling is jukujikun (熟字訓), 近 is derived from 近つ淡海 (Chika-tsu-ōmi, literally “near freshwater lake”), and 江 (Kō), both being old names for Lake Biwa.


浦和

浦和 (canonical)
Urawa (romanization)
うらわ (hiragana historical)

ja:浦和区 ja:浦和市


三河

三河 (canonical)
Mikawa (romanization)
Mikafa (romanization)
みかは (hiragana historical)

From the presence of three rivers in the former province: 男(おと)川(がわ) (Otogawa), 豊(とよ)川(かわ) (Toyokawa), and 矢(や)作(はぎ)川(がわ) (Yahagigawa). The name 三川 (Mikawa) is included in the Kojiki.


伏見

Thought to be derived from 伏し水 (fushimizu, literally “unflowing water”).


淡路

淡路 (canonical)
Awaji (romanization)
Afadi (romanization)
あはぢ (hiragana historical)


白河

[ɕiɾa̠ka̠β̞a̠]

Compound of 白 (shira, “white”, compounding form) + 河 (kawa, “river”).


石原

石原 (canonical)
Ishihara (romanization)
石原 (canonical)
Ishiwara (romanization)
石原 (canonical)
Ishibara (romanization)

→ Chinese: 石原 (Shíyuán)

→ English: Ishihara, Ishiwara

[iɕiβ̞a̠ɾa̠]

Compound of 石(いし) (ishi, “stone”) + 原(はら) (hara, “field, meadow”). Literally, “stone meadow”.

ja-com

石原忍

Shinobu Ishihara, designer of the color vision test


大井

大井 (canonical)
Ōi (romanization)
Ofowi (romanization)
おほゐ (hiragana historical)


小笠原

ja-pos

小(お)笠(がさ)原(わら) • (Ogasawara) ^(←をがさはら (Wogasafara)?)

小笠原 (canonical)
Ogasawara (romanization)
Wogasafara (romanization)
をがさはら (hiragana historical)


一宮

一宮 (canonical)
Ichinomiya (romanization)


富田

富(とみ)田(た) or 富(とみ)田(だ) • (Tomita or Tomida)

富田 (canonical)
富田 (canonical)
Tomita (romanization)
Tomida (romanization)


あかね

あかね (canonical)
アカネ (canonical)
Akane (romanization)


大内

大内 (canonical)
Ōuchi (romanization)
大内 (canonical)
Ōchi (romanization)
大内 (canonical)
Daidai (romanization)


くじょう

くじょう • (Kujō)


鎮守

[t͡ɕĩɲ̟d͡ʑɨ]


いいじま

いいじま • (Ījima)


はえ

From Proto-Japonic *pape. Cognate with Okinawan 南 (ふぇー, fē, “south”) and Yonaguni 南 (はい, hai, “south”).
Common usage in western Japan.


上園

上(うえ)園(ぞの) • (Uezono) ^(←うへぞの (Ufezono)?)

上園 (canonical)
Uezono (romanization)
Ufezono (romanization)
うへぞの (hiragana historical)

Compound of 上 (ue, “up, upper”) + 園 (sono, “garden, orchard”). The sono changes to zono as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


上園

ja-pos

上(うえ)園(その) • (Uesono) ^(←うへその (Ufesono)?)

上園 (canonical)
Uesono (romanization)
Ufesono (romanization)
うへその (hiragana historical)

Compound of 上 (ue, “up, upper”) + 園 (sono, “garden, orchard”).


上園

上(うわ)園(ぞの) • (Uwazono) ^(←うはぞの (Ufazono)?)

上園 (canonical)
Uwazono (romanization)
Ufazono (romanization)
うはぞの (hiragana historical)

[ɯ̟β̞a̠zo̞no̞]

Compound of 上 (uwa, “up, upper”, bound form of ue) + 園 (sono, “garden, orchard”). The sono changes to zono as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


上園

Compound of 上 (kami, “up, upper”) + 園 (sono, “garden, orchard”). The sono changes to zono as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


上園

Compound of 上 (kami, “up, upper”) + 園 (sono, “garden, orchard”).


あがた

Likely derived from agata ("administrative district").


つばき

つばき (canonical)
ツバキ (canonical)
Tsubaki (romanization)

⟨tubaki₁⟩ → */tubakʲi/ → /t͡subaki/
From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
Ultimate derivation unknown. Various theories exist, including:
* Possibly from Old Japanese element つば (tsuba, “glossy, shiny”) + 木 (ki, “tree”).
*: Although 艶 (tsuya, “gloss, shine”) is verifiable, つば (tsuba, “glossy, shiny”) does not appear in references.
*: Moreover, the final ki portion in the Old Japanese phonetic spelling of ⟨tubaki₁⟩ does not match the ⟨ki₂⟩ phonetic spelling for 木 (ki, “tree”).
* Possibly a contraction from 艶葉木 (tsuya pa ki, literally “glossy leaf tree”), with rendaku changing the pa to ba.
*: The shift from tsuya to just tsu would have had to occur even earlier than the Man'yōshū. There do not appear to be any other terms exhibiting this same shift.
*: This theory also suffers from the same phonetic mismatch for the ki portion.
* Possibly borrowed from Korean 동백(冬柏) (dongbaek).


南山

南山 (canonical)
Minamiyama (romanization)


小柳

ja-pos

小(こ)柳(やなぎ) or 小(お)柳(やなぎ) • (Koyanagi or Oyanagi)

小柳 (canonical)
小柳 (canonical)
Koyanagi (romanization)
Oyanagi (romanization)


東海林

東海林(しょうじ) • (Shōji)


東海林

東海林(とうかいりん) • (Tōkairin)


上村

Compound of 上 (kami, “upper”) + 村 (mura, “village”).


上村

上(うえ)村(むら) • (Uemura) ^(←うへむら (Ufemura)?)

上村 (canonical)
Uemura (romanization)
Ufemura (romanization)
うへむら (hiragana historical)

[ɯ̟e̞mɯ̟ɾa̠]

Compound of 上 (ue, “up, upper”) + 村 (mura, “village”).


石塚

Compound of 石 (ishi, “stone, rock”) + 塚 (tsuka, “mound, hillock, heap, tumulus”). The tsuka changes to zuka as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


勅使河原

ja-pos

勅(て)使(し)河(が)原(はら) or 勅(て)使(し)河(が)原(わら) • (Teshigahara or Teshigawara) ^(←てしがはら (Tesigafara)?)

勅使河原 (canonical)
勅使河原 (canonical)
Teshigahara (romanization)
Teshigawara (romanization)
Tesigafara (romanization)
てしがはら (hiragana historical)


小比類巻

小比類巻 (canonical)
Kohiruimaki (romanization)


小山内

小(お)山(さ)内(ない) or 小(お)山(やま)内(うち) or 小(こ)山(や)内(ない) or 小(こ)山(やま)内(うち) or 小(こ)山(やま)内(ち) or 小(こ)山(やま)内(ない) or 小(お)山(さん)内(ない) • (Osanai or Oyamauchi or Koyanai or Koyamauchi or Koyamachi or Koyamanai or Osannai) ^(←をさない (Wosanai)?)

小山内 (canonical)
小山内 (canonical)
小山内 (canonical)
小山内 (canonical)
小山内 (canonical)
小山内 (canonical)
小山内 (canonical)
Osanai (romanization)
Oyamauchi (romanization)
Koyanai (romanization)
Koyamauchi (romanization)
Koyamachi (romanization)
Koyamanai (romanization)
Osannai (romanization)
Wosanai (romanization)
をさない (hiragana historical)


川内

川(かわ)内(うち) • (Kawauchi) ^(←かはうち (Kafauti)?)

川内 (canonical)
Kawauchi (romanization)
Kafauti (romanization)
かはうち (hiragana historical)


ほうらい

ほうらい • (Hōrai)


菅原

菅(すが)原(わら) • (Sugawara) ^(←すがはら (Sugafara)?)

菅原 (canonical)
Sugawara (romanization)
Sugafara (romanization)
すがはら (hiragana historical)


川村

川(かわ)村(むら) • (Kawamura) ^(←かはむら (Kafamura)?)

川村 (canonical)
Kawamura (romanization)
Kafamura (romanization)
かはむら (hiragana historical)


菅野

菅(かん)野(の) or 菅(すが)野(の) • (Kanno or Sugano)

菅野 (canonical)
菅野 (canonical)
Kanno (romanization)
Sugano (romanization)


須藤

須藤 (canonical)
須藤 (canonical)
Sudō (romanization)
Sutō (romanization)

English: Sudo, Suto


沢田

沢田 (canonical)
Sawada (romanization)
Safada (romanization)
さはだ (hiragana historical)


奥田

The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

奥田邦雄

Kunio Okuda, hepatologist known for the Okuda needle (Chiba needle)


小原

小(お)原(はら) or 小(お)原(ばら) • (Ohara or Obara)

小原 (canonical)
小原 (canonical)
Ohara (romanization)
Obara (romanization)


河村

河(かわ)村(むら) • (Kawamura) ^(←かはむら (Kafamura)?)

河村 (canonical)
Kawamura (romanization)
Kafamura (romanization)
かはむら (hiragana historical)


蓜島

蓜(はい)島(じま) or 蓜(はい)島(しま) • (Haijima or Haishima)

蓜島 (canonical)
蓜島 (canonical)
Haijima (romanization)
Haishima (romanization)


角田

角(かく)田(た) or 角(すみ)田(だ) or 角(すみ)田(た) or 角(つの)田(だ) or 角(つの)田(た) • (Kakuta or Sumida or Sumita or Tsunoda or Tsunota)

角田 (canonical)
Kadota (romanization)
角田 (canonical)
Kakuda (romanization)
角田 (canonical)
角田 (canonical)
角田 (canonical)
角田 (canonical)
角田 (canonical)
Kakuta (romanization)
Sumida (romanization)
Sumita (romanization)
Tsunoda (romanization)
Tsunota (romanization)


今野

今(いま)野(の) or 今(こん)野(の) • (Imano or Konno)

今野 (canonical)
今野 (canonical)
Imano (romanization)
Konno (romanization)


安達

ja:安達氏 ja:安達町 ja:安達郡


神谷

神谷英樹


岡野

岡野 (canonical)
Okano (romanization)
Wokano (romanization)
をかの (hiragana historical)


金井

金井 (canonical)
Kanai (romanization)
Kanawi (romanization)
かなゐ (hiragana historical)


岩井

岩井 (canonical)
Iwai (romanization)
Ifawi (romanization)
いはゐ (hiragana historical)


黒川

黒(くろ)川(かわ) • (Kurokawa) ^(←くろかは (Kurokafa)?)

黒川 (canonical)
Kurokawa (romanization)
Kurokafa (romanization)
くろかは (hiragana historical)


大竹

大(おお)竹(たけ) • (Ōtake) ^(←おほたけ (Ofotake)?)

大竹 (canonical)
Ōtake (romanization)
Ofotake (romanization)
おほたけ (hiragana historical)


大場

大場 (canonical)
Ōba (romanization)
Ofoba (romanization)
おほば (hiragana historical)


錦織

錦織 (canonical)
Nishikiori (romanization)

Compound of 錦(にしき) (nishiki, “brocade”) + 織(お)り (ori, “weaving”)


錦織

ja-pos

錦(にし)織(ごり) or 錦織(にしこり) or 錦織(にしこおり) • (Nishigori or Nishikori or Nishikōri)

錦織 (canonical)
錦織 (canonical)
錦織 (canonical)
Nishigori (romanization)
Nishikori (romanization)
Nishikōri (romanization)

[ɲ̟iɕiko̞ːɾʲi]

[ɲ̟iɕiɡo̞ɾʲi]


藤川

藤(ふじ)川(かわ) • (Fujikawa) ^(←ふぢかは (Fudikafa)?)

藤川 (canonical)
Fujikawa (romanization)
Fudikafa (romanization)
ふぢかは (hiragana historical)


上甲

上(じょう)甲(こう) • (Jōkō) ^(←じやうかふ (Zyaukafu)?)

上甲 (canonical)
Jōkō (romanization)
Zyaukafu (romanization)
じやうかふ (hiragana historical)


清野

清(きよ)野(の) or 清(せい)野(の) • (Kiyono or Seino)

清野 (canonical)
清野 (canonical)
Kiyono (romanization)
Seino (romanization)


東条

東条 (canonical)
Tōjō (romanization)
Toudeu (romanization)
とうでう (hiragana historical)


武井

English: Takei


大槻

大(おお)槻(つき) • (Ōtsuki) ^(←おほつき (Ofotuki)?)

大槻 (canonical)
Ōtsuki (romanization)
Ofotuki (romanization)
おほつき (hiragana historical)


河原

河原 (canonical)
Kawara (romanization)
Kafara (romanization)
かはら (hiragana historical)

[ka̠β̞a̠ɾa̠]

⟨kapa para⟩ → /kap̚para/ → ⟨kapara⟩ → /kaɸara/ → /kawara/
From Old Japanese.
Shift from a compound of 河 (kawa, “river”) + 原 (hara, “plain”).


河原

河(かわ)原(はら) • (Kawahara) ^(←かははら (Kafafara)?)

河原 (canonical)
Kawahara (romanization)
Kafafara (romanization)
かははら (hiragana historical)

From 河 (kawa, “river”) + 原 (hara, “plain”).


河原

河(かわ)原(ばら) • (Kawabara) ^(←かはばら (Kafabara)?)

河原 (canonical)
Kawabara (romanization)
Kafabara (romanization)
かはばら (hiragana historical)

From 河 (kawa, “river”) + 原 (hara, “plain”).
The hara changes to bara as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


荻原

荻(おぎ)原(はら) • (Ogihara) ^(←をぎはら (Wogifara)?)

荻(おぎ)原(わら) • (Ogiwara) ^(←をぎはら (Wogifara)?)

荻原 (canonical)
Ogihara (romanization)
Wogifara (romanization)
をぎはら (hiragana historical)
荻原 (canonical)
Ogiwara (romanization)
Wogifara (romanization)
をぎはら (hiragana historical)


大友

大(おお)友(とも) • (Ōtomo) ^(←おほとも (Ofotomo)?)

大友 (canonical)
Ōtomo (romanization)
Ofotomo (romanization)
おほとも (hiragana historical)


今泉

今(いま)泉(いずみ) • (Imaizumi) ^(←いまいづみ (Imaidumi)?)

今泉 (canonical)
Imaizumi (romanization)
Imaidumi (romanization)
いまいづみ (hiragana historical)


皛納

皛(きょう)納(のう) • (Kyōnō)


相模

→ Chinese: 相模

→ English: Sagami

⟨saɡamu⟩ → */saɡamʉ/ → /saɡami/
Shift from Old Japanese 相模 (Sagamu), attested in the Kojiki (712 CE).


能登

From Old Japanese (no₂to₂), from Ainu not (“cape”) or noto (“big cape”).
The kanji are ateji (当て字).


周防

周防 (canonical)
Suō (romanization)
Sufau (romanization)
すはう (hiragana historical)


出雲

出雲 (canonical)
Izumo (romanization)
Idumo (romanization)
いづも (hiragana historical)


朝妻

朝妻 (canonical)
Asatsuma (romanization)
朝妻 (canonical)
Asazuma (romanization)


伊豆

伊豆 (canonical)
Izu (romanization)
Idu (romanization)
いづ (hiragana historical)


下野

下野 (canonical)
Shimotsuke (romanization)

⟨simo₁tuke₂⟩ → */simʷotukei̯/ → /ɕimot͡suke/
Originally a clipping of Old Japanese 下毛野 (Simo₁tuke₂no₁ → Shimotsukeno, literally “Lower Keno”).
The meadowsweet sense was first attested in The Pillow Book (1002), from the province where the flower was first discovered.


下野

From 下 (shimo, “lower”) + 野 (no, “field”).


下野

From 下 (shita, “below”) + 野 (no, “field”).


河田

河田 (canonical)
Kawada (romanization)
Kafada (romanization)
かはだ (hiragana historical)


塩田

ja-pos

塩(しお)田(た) or 塩田(しおだ) • (Shiota or Shioda) ^(←しほだ (Sifoda)?)

塩田 (canonical)
塩田 (canonical)
Shiota (romanization)
Shioda (romanization)
Sifoda (romanization)
しほだ (hiragana historical)


葛西

Compound of 葛(か) (ka) + 西(さい) (sai, “the west”), the former an abbreviation of 葛(かつ)飾(しか)郡(ぐん) (katsushika-gun, “Katsushika District”, in Shimōsa Province); originally referring to the western half of the district.

ja-r

葛西森夫

Morio Kasai, known for the Kasai procedure in pediatric surgery


橋口

橋口 (canonical)
Hashiguchi (romanization)


植村

ja-pos

植(うえ)村(むら) • (Uemura) ^(←うゑむら (Uwemura)?)

植村 (canonical)
Uemura (romanization)
Uwemura (romanization)
うゑむら (hiragana historical)


高村

高村 (canonical)
Kōmura (romanization)
高村 (canonical)
Takamura (romanization)


玉井

玉井 (canonical)
Tamai (romanization)
Tamawi (romanization)
たまゐ (hiragana historical)


狩野

狩野 (canonical)
狩野 (canonical)
Kano (romanization)
Kanō (romanization)


犾守

犾守 (canonical)
Ezomori (romanization)
犾守 (canonical)
Izumori (romanization)


尾形

尾形 (canonical)
Ogata (romanization)
Wogata (romanization)
をがた (hiragana historical)


大沼

大(おお)沼(ぬま) • (Ōnuma) ^(←おほぬま (Ofonuma)?)

大沼 (canonical)
Ōnuma (romanization)
Ofonuma (romanization)
おほぬま (hiragana historical)


志賀

→ Chinese: 志賀 /志贺 (Zhìhè)

→ English: Shiga

Superficially 志(し) (shi, “determination”) + 賀(が) (ga, “celebration”). Shiga, the area near Lake Biwa, was the site of Emperor Tenchi’s palace in the late 7th century. In waka poetry 志賀 is often used to evoke nostalgia for the ancient empire.
Compare 滋賀 (Shiga).

志賀潔

Kiyoshi Shiga, physician and eponym of the Shigella genus


大江

大江 (canonical)
Ōe (romanization)
Ofoe (romanization)
おほえ (hiragana historical)


植松

植(うえ)松(まつ) • (Uematsu) ^(←うゑまつ (Uwematu)?)

植松 (canonical)
Uematsu (romanization)
Uwematu (romanization)
うゑまつ (hiragana historical)


坂上

坂上 (canonical)
Sakagami (romanization)
坂上 (canonical)
Sakaue (romanization)


釜萢

釜萢 (canonical)
Kamayachi (romanization)
釜萢 (canonical)
Kamayatsu (romanization)


海野

海野 (canonical)
海野 (canonical)
Umino (romanization)
Unno (romanization)


川井

川井 (canonical)
Kawai (romanization)
Kafawi (romanization)
かはゐ (hiragana historical)


久野

久(ひさ)野(の) or 久(く)野(の) or 久(きゅう)野(の) • (Hisano or Kuno or Kyūno)

久野 (canonical)
久野 (canonical)
久野 (canonical)
Hisano (romanization)
Kuno (romanization)
Kyūno (romanization)


菅谷

菅(すが)谷(たに) or 菅(すが)谷(や) • (Sugatani or Sugaya)

菅谷 (canonical)
菅谷 (canonical)
Sugatani (romanization)
Sugaya (romanization)


内野

内(うち) (uchi, “inside; interior”) + 野(の) (no, “field; plain”)

ja-compound

ja:内野 (曖昧さ回避)


橳島

橳島 (canonical)
Nudejima (romanization)
橳島 (canonical)
Nudeshima (romanization)


小関

小関 (canonical)
Koseki (romanization)
小関 (canonical)
Ozeki (romanization)


金谷

金谷 (canonical)
Kanatani (romanization)
金谷 (canonical)
Kanaya (romanization)


豊島

豊島 (canonical)
Toshima (romanization)
豊島 (canonical)
Toyoshima (romanization)


玉城

ja-pos

玉(たま)城(ぐすく) or 玉(たま)城(き) or 玉(たま)城(しろ) • (Tamagusuku or Tamaki or Tamashiro)

玉城 (canonical)
玉城 (canonical)
玉城 (canonical)
Tamagusuku (romanization)
Tamaki (romanization)
Tamashiro (romanization)


布施

布施 (canonical)
Fuse (romanization)
ふせ (hiragana historical)

Calque of Sanskrit दान (dāna, “generosity, giving”). Compare 檀那 (danna).

clq

布施現之助

Gennosuke Fuse, anatomist known for the Kölliker–Fuse nucleus


金丸

ja-pos

金(かな)丸(まる) or 金(かね)丸(まる) • (Kanamaru or Kanemaru)

金丸 (canonical)
金丸 (canonical)
Kanamaru (romanization)
Kanemaru (romanization)


中林

中林 (canonical)
Nakabayashi (romanization)


土橋

土橋 (canonical)
Dobashi (romanization)
土橋 (canonical)
Tsuchihashi (romanization)


染谷

染谷 (canonical)
Sometani (romanization)
染谷 (canonical)
Someya (romanization)


菅沼

菅(すが)沼(ぬま) or 菅(すげ)沼(ぬま) • (Suganuma or Sugenuma)

菅沼 (canonical)
菅沼 (canonical)
Suganuma (romanization)
Sugenuma (romanization)


栗林

栗林 (canonical)
Kuribayashi (romanization)


首藤

首藤 (canonical)
Shudō (romanization)
首藤 (canonical)
Shutō (romanization)


合田

"Connected rice paddies," from 合 (“connect, join”) + 田 (“paddy”).


海老原

From 海老(えび) (ebi, “lobster”) + 原(はら) (hara, “meadow”).


石渡

Compound of 石 (ishi, “stone, rock”) + 渡 (wata, “crossing; ford”, appears to be a truncation of watari, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 渡る (wataru, “to cross; to ford”)).


石渡

石渡 (canonical)
Ishiwatari (romanization)

Compound of 石 (ishi, “stone, rock”) + 渡り (watari, “crossing; ford”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 渡る (wataru, “to cross; to ford”)).


羽生

羽生 (canonical)
Hanyū (romanization)
Fanifu (romanization)
はにふ (hiragana historical)


西脇

[ɲ̟iɕiβ̞a̠kʲi]


坂野

ja-pos

坂(さか)野(の) or 坂(ばん)野(の) • (Sakano or Banno)

坂野 (canonical)
坂野 (canonical)
Sakano (romanization)
Banno (romanization)


柏原

柏原 (canonical)
Kashiwabara (romanization)


飛鳥

飛鳥 (canonical)
Hichō (romanization)
Fiteu (romanization)
ひてう (hiragana historical)

/pʷi teu/ → /fit͡ɕeu/ → /hit͡ɕoː/
From Middle Chinese compound 飛鳥 (MC pj+j tewX).


飛鳥

Nominalization of 飛ぶ鳥 (tobu tori, “flying bird”).


飛鳥

From Old Japanese.
Asuka was associated with "flying bird" by Emperor Tenmu for several events of spotting auspicious "red birds" (called 朱雀 or 臘子鳥 in Nihon Shoki) in Asuka during his reign (673–686). Starting from about 689, pillow word 飛鳥 (tobu tori no, “... of flying birds”) began to allude to Asuka, and became an interchangeable kanji spelling of it.
Compare 春日 (Kasuga).


角谷

角(かど)谷(たに) or 角(かど)谷(や) or 角(かく)谷(たに) or 角(かく)谷(や) or 角(すみ)谷(たに) or 角(すみ)谷(や) • (Kadotani or Kadoya or Kakutani or Kakuya or Sumitani or Sumiya)

角谷 (canonical)
角谷 (canonical)
角谷 (canonical)
角谷 (canonical)
角谷 (canonical)
角谷 (canonical)
Kadotani (romanization)
Kadoya (romanization)
Kakutani (romanization)
Kakuya (romanization)
Sumitani (romanization)
Sumiya (romanization)


沖田

Compound of 沖(おき) (oki, “distant place of a field”) + 田(た) (ta, “field, paddy”).


鷦鷯

鷦鷯 (canonical)
鷦鷯 (canonical)
Sasaki (romanization)


大高

ja-pos

大(おお)高(たか) • (Ōtaka) ^(←おほたか (Ofotaka)?)

大高 (canonical)
Ōtaka (romanization)
Ofotaka (romanization)
おほたか (hiragana historical)


桜田

Compound of 桜 (sakura, “cherry blossom; cherry tree”) + 田 (ta, “paddy, field”). The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
First cited to a text from 1310.


国分

国分 (canonical)
Kokubu (romanization)
国分 (canonical)
Kokubun (romanization)


熊田

熊田 (canonical)
Kumada (romanization)
熊田 (canonical)
Kumata (romanization)

→ English: Kumada

From compound of くま (kuma, “curved place, corner”) + 田(た) (ta, “field, paddy”), literally, “winding (rice) field”. The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁). The kanji 熊 (kuma, “bear”) is an ateji (当て字) of くま.


猪股

ja-pos

猪股(いのまた) • (Inomata) ^(←ゐのまた (Winomata)?)

猪股 (canonical)
Inomata (romanization)
Winomata (romanization)
ゐのまた (hiragana historical)


新村

新村 (canonical)
Nīmura (romanization)
新村 (canonical)
Shinmura (romanization)


川添

ja:川添 (曖昧さ回避)


末吉

末(すえ)吉(きち) • (suekichi)
# a possible outcome in 御御籤(おみくじ) (omikuji), not good luck that becomes good luck in the future


秋風

Compound of 秋(あき) (aki, “autumn”) + 風(かぜ) (kaze, “wind”).


角川

ja-pos

角(かど)川(かわ) • (Kadokawa) ^(←かどかは (Kadokafa)?)

角川 (canonical)
Kadokawa (romanization)
Kadokafa (romanization)
かどかは (hiragana historical)


小浜

Compound of 小 (o, “small, little”) + 浜 (hama, “beach, shore”). The hama changes to bama as an instance of rendaku (連濁). Piecewise doublet of etymology 2.


小浜

Compound of 小 (o, “small, little”) + 浜 (hama, “beach, shore”). Piecewise doublet of etymology 1.


小浜

Compound of 小 (ko, “small, little”) + 浜 (hama, “beach, shore”).


櫻井

ja-pos

櫻(さくら)井(い) • (Sakurai) ^(←さくらゐ (Sakurawi)?)

櫻井 (canonical)
Sakurai (romanization)
Sakurawi (romanization)
さくらゐ (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 櫻井 /樱井 (Yīngjǐng)

→ English: Sakurai


あいか

あいか (canonical)
アイカ (canonical)
Aika (romanization)


黑川

黑(くろ)川(かわ) • (Kurokawa) ^(←くろかは (Kurokafa)?)

黑川 (canonical)
Kurokawa (romanization)
Kurokafa (romanization)
くろかは (hiragana historical)


芥子

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 芥子 (MC keajH tsiX). First cited in Japanese in the early 800s in reference to the tiny seeds of the mustard or poppy plants.


水城

水(みず)城(き) or 水(みず)城(しろ) • (Mizuki or Mizushiro)

水城 (canonical)
水城 (canonical)
Mizuki (romanization)
Mizushiro (romanization)


秋津

ja:秋津村 ja:秋津町 ja:秋津駅


夢枕

夢枕 (canonical)
Yumemakura (romanization)


ちよ

ちよ (canonical)
チヨ (canonical)
Chiyo (romanization)


空知

John Batchelor (missionary)
Sorachi
ja:空知

Derived from Ainu ソラㇷ゚チペッ (so rap ci pet), in turn a compound of Ainu so (“waterfall”) + v. rap (“to descend”, plural form of ran) + ci (plural nominalizing marker) + pet (“river”). The kanji spelling is an example of ateji (当て字).


佐倉

Literally “assistant, helper” + “warehouse”.


忍田

→ English: Shinoda

desc

→ Russian: Синода (Sinoda), Шинода (Šinoda)


白雪

Compound of 白 (shira, “white”) + 雪 (yuki, “snow”).


箕作

New Latin: Mitsukurinidae, Mitsukurina


三和

Compound of 三 (mi, “three”) + 和 (wa, “harmony”).


三和

Compound of 三つ (mitsu, “three”) + わ (wa, “harmony”).


金成

金成 (canonical)
Kanari (romanization)
金成 (canonical)
Kannari (romanization)


一井

ja-pos

一(いち)井(い) or 一井(いちのい) or 一(かず)井(い) • (Ichii or Ichinoi or Kazui)

一井 (canonical)
一井 (canonical)
一井 (canonical)
Ichii (romanization)
Ichinoi (romanization)
Kazui (romanization)


久住

久(く)住(すみ) or 久(く)住(ずみ) or 久(ひさ)住(ずみ) • (Kusumi or Kuzumi or Hisazumi)

久住 (canonical)
久住 (canonical)
久住 (canonical)
Kusumi (romanization)
Kuzumi (romanization)
Hisazumi (romanization)

ja:久住
ja:久住村
ja:久住町
ja:久住町 (薩摩川内市)


城平

城平 (canonical)
Shirodaira (romanization)


鷹岬

鷹岬 (canonical)
Takamisaki (romanization)


手代木

手代木 (canonical)
Teshirogi (romanization)


鳥山

Compound of 鳥(とり) (tori, “bird, chicken”) + 山(やま) (yama, “mountain”).

ja-com

鳥山明

Akira Toriyama (manga and video game artist)


若木

ja-pos

若(わか)木(き) or 若(わか)木(ぎ) • (Wakaki or Wakagi)

若木 (canonical)
若木 (canonical)
Wakaki (romanization)
Wakagi (romanization)


渡瀬

渡(わたら)瀬(せ) or 渡(わた)瀬(せ) or 渡(わた)瀬(ぜ) • (Watarase or Watase or Wataze)

渡瀬 (canonical)
渡瀬 (canonical)
渡瀬 (canonical)
Watarase (romanization)
Watase (romanization)
Wataze (romanization)


山原

From 山 (yama, “mountain”) + 原 (hara, “field, plain”).


八十八

八十八 (canonical)
Yasohachi (romanization)


真島

ja-pos

真(ま)島(しま) or 真(ま)島(じま) • (Mashima or Majima)

真島 (canonical)
真島 (canonical)
Mashima (romanization)
Majima (romanization)


緑川

緑川 (canonical)
Midorikawa (romanization)

ja:緑川
ja:緑川 (曖昧さ回避)


目白

Compound of 目(め) (me, “eye”) + 白(しろ) (shiro, “white”).
The shiro changes to jiro as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


しづか

ja-pos

しづか or しずか • (Shizuka) ^(←しづか (Siduka)?)

しづか (canonical)
しずか (canonical)
Shizuka (romanization)
Siduka (romanization)
しづか (hiragana historical)


出水

出(いで)水(みず) • (Idemizu) ^(←いでみづ (Idemidu)?)

出水 (canonical)
Izumi (romanization)
Idumi (romanization)
いづみ (hiragana historical)
出水 (canonical)
Izumi (romanization)
出水 (canonical)
Idemizu (romanization)
Idemidu (romanization)
いでみづ (hiragana historical)
出水 (canonical)
Idemi (romanization)
出水 (canonical)
Imizu (romanization)
Imidu (romanization)
いみづ (hiragana historical)
出水 (canonical)
Idekami (romanization)

Compound of 出(い)づ (izu, “to go or come out”) + 水(み) (mi, “water”); literally, “water that comes out”.


出水

Compound of 出(で) (de, “act of going or coming out”) + 水(すい) (sui, “water”); literally, “act of water coming out”.


菩提

From Middle Chinese 菩提 (MC bu dej), a transliteration of Sanskrit बोधि (bodhi), or Pali bodhi.


積木

Compound of 積み (tsumi, “building up, piling up”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 積む (tsumu, “to build up, to pile up”)) + 木 (ki, “wood”).


積木

Compound of 積む (tsumu, “to build up, to pile up”) + 木 (ki, “wood”).


小酒

Compound of 小 (ko, “small, little”) + 酒 (sake, “alcohol, alcoholic beverage; sake”). Appears from the early 1800s, with apparent free variation in the unvoiced reading kosake and the voiced, rendaku reading kozake.


小酒

ja-pos

小(こ)酒(さか) or 小(こ)酒(ざか) • (Kosaka or Kozaka)

小酒 (canonical)
小酒 (canonical)
Kosaka (romanization)
Kozaka (romanization)

Compound of 小 (ko, “small, little”) + 酒 (saka, “alcohol, alcoholic beverage; sake”, the ancient compounding form).


臥雲

臥雲 (canonical)
Gaun (romanization)
Gwaun (romanization)
ぐわうん (hiragana historical)


土方

ja-pos

土(ひじ)方(かた) • (Hijikata) ^(←ひぢかた (Fidikata)?)

土方 (canonical)
Hijikata (romanization)
Fidikata (romanization)
ひぢかた (hiragana historical)


千代丸

千代丸 (canonical)
Chiyomaru (romanization)


漆原

漆原 (canonical)
Urushihara (romanization)

[ɯ̟ɾɯ̟ɕiha̠ɾa̠]


漆原

漆原 (canonical)
Urushibara (romanization)

[ɯ̟ɾɯ̟ɕiba̠ɾa̠]


中鉢

[t͡ɕɨːba̠t͡ɕi]


種子島

種子島 (canonical)
Tanegashima (romanization)

Daijisen
Nihon Shoki
Tanegashima
Tanegashima (gun)
ja:松村明
ja:種子島

Analyzable as a compound of 種 (tane, “seed”) + が (ga, ancient genitive or possessive particle) + 島 (shima, “island”).
The 種子 spelling for the tane portion is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓), using the spelling from a Chinese-derived synonym.
First mentioned in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE with the spelling 多禰嶋, where 多禰 (tane) appears to be a phonetic spelling of 種 (tane, “seed”), and 嶋 is an alternative form of 島 (shima, “island”).
The matchlock sense arose as an abbreviation of either 種子島銃 (Tanegashima jū, literally “Tanegashima gun”) or 種子島鉄砲 (Tanegashima teppō, literally “Tanegashima cannon”), which names arose due to matchlocks first being imported to Japan by the Portuguese in 1543, via the island of Tanegashima.
This sense is first cited to a text from 1607, but it was likely in use before this date.


日和

Thought to be derived from 日 (hi, “sun”) + 寄り (yori, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 寄る (yoru), “to draw near”).
The use of 和 for "calm" is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓).


日和

日和 (canonical)
Niwa (romanization)
Nifa (romanization)
には (hiragana historical)

From a poem in the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE, a shift in meaning from Old Japanese 庭 (⟨nipa⟩ → niwa, “area → wide open sea”):
* , text here
*: 飼飯(けひの)海(うみ)乃(の)庭(には)好(よく)有之(あらし)苅薦(かりこも)乃(の)乱(みだれて)出(いづ)所見(みゆ)海人(あまの)釣(つり)船(ぶね) [Man'yōgana]
笥飯(けひ)の海(うみ)の庭(には)よくあらし刈(かり)薦(ごも)の乱(みだ)れて出(い)づ見(み)ゆ海人(あま)の釣(つ)り船(ぶね) [Modern spelling]
Kehi-no-umi no niwa yoku arashi karigomo no midarete izu miyu ama no tsuribune
The fishing grounds at Kehi must be yielding their riches today; scattering about on the waves, like freshly cut reeds, I can see the boats of fishermen.
The kanji spelling is an example of ateji (当て字).

ja-usex

飼飯%海%乃 庭好%有之 苅薦%乃 乱%出%所見 海人%釣%船

けひの%うみ%の にはよく%あらし かりこも%の みだれて%いづ%みゆ あまの%つり%ぶね

笥飯の海の庭よくあらし刈%薦の乱れて出づ見ゆ海人の釣り船

^けひ-の-うみ の には よく あらし かり%ごも の みだれて いづ みゆ あま の つりぶね


火打石

火打石 (canonical)
Hiuchiishi (romanization)


弘法

弘法 (canonical)
Kōbō (romanization)
Koubofu (romanization)
こうぼふ (hiragana historical)

The euphemistic sense comes from the belief that Kōbō Daishi was a homosexual.


花草

Compound of 花(はな) (hana, “flower”) + 草(くさ) (kusa, “grass”).


𨨞

ja-pos

𨨞(おの) or 𨨞(オノ) • (Ono) ^(←をの (Wono) or ヲノ (Wono)?)

𨨞 (canonical)
𨨞 (canonical)
Ono (romanization)
Wono (romanization)
をの (hiragana historical)
ヲノ (hiragana historical)


有栖川

有栖川 (canonical)
Arisugawa (romanization)

[a̠ɾʲisɨɡa̠β̞a̠]


小田切

小(お)田(だ)切(ぎり) or 小(こ)田(た)切(ぎり) • (Odagiri or Kotagiri)

小田切 (canonical)
小田切 (canonical)
Odagiri (romanization)
Kotagiri (romanization)


海北

海(かい)北(ほう) or 海(かい)北(ほく) • (Kaihō or Kaihoku)

海北 (canonical)
海北 (canonical)
Kaihō (romanization)
Kaihoku (romanization)


九里

九里亜蓮 ― Kuri Aren ― Aren Kuri


春川

[ha̠ɾɯ̟ka̠β̞a̠]


松林

松林 (canonical)
Matsubayashi (romanization)


西城

西城秀樹


東村

東村 (canonical)
Higashimura (romanization)


桜小路

桜小路 (canonical)
Sakurakōji (romanization)


高嶺

From Old Japanese.
Compound of 高 (taka, stem of adjective 高い (takai), “high, tall”) + 嶺 (ne, “peak”).

com

stem of adjective <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">高い</i> (takai), “high, tall”


高嶺

From 高 (taka, stem of adjective 高い (takai), “high, tall”) + 峰 (mine, “peak”).


新庄

ja-pos

新(しん)庄(しょう) or 新(しん)庄(しょ) or 新(にい)庄(しょう) or 新(あら)庄(しょう) • (Shinshō or Shinsho or Nīshō or Arashō)

新庄 (canonical)
新庄 (canonical)
新庄 (canonical)
新庄 (canonical)
Shinshō (romanization)
Shinsho (romanization)
Nīshō (romanization)
Arashō (romanization)


大田原

大(おお)田(た)原(わら) • (Ōtawara) ^(←おほたはら (Ofotafara)?)

大(おお)田(た)原(はら) • (Ōtahara) ^(←おほたはら (Ofotafara)?)

大田原 (canonical)
Ōtawara (romanization)
Ofotafara (romanization)
おほたはら (hiragana historical)
大田原 (canonical)
Ōtahara (romanization)
Ofotafara (romanization)
おほたはら (hiragana historical)

→ Chinese: 大田原 (Dàtiányuán)

[o̞ːta̠β̞a̠ɾa̠]

大田原俊輔

Shunsuke Ohtahara, neurologist known for the Ohtahara syndrome


海老名

/jebina/ → /ebina/
Uncertain. Literally 海老 (ebi, “shrimp, prawn”) + 名 (na, “name”).
The place name has apparently been in use since roughly the mid-Heian period (794–1185 CE), when the Ebina clan controlled the area. That said, it is unclear whether the place name came from the clan name, or the other way around.
Derivation theories include:
* Named for large shrimp caught at the nearby mouth of the Sagami River
* Named for the bend in the Sagami River where one of the oldest shrines is located, with said bend thought to resemble the arch of a shrimp's back
* Named for the local topography, with the ebi portion of the name (ancient yebi) instead a shift from 指 (yubi, “finger”) in reference to the jointed and stepped shape of the land


春日井

春日井(かすがい) • (Kasugai) ^(←かすがゐ (Kasugawi)?)

春日井 (canonical)
Kasugai (romanization)
Kasugawi (romanization)
かすがゐ (hiragana historical)

The region that is now northern Aichi prefecture was originally called 春部郡 (Kasukabe-gun); compare 春日部(かすかべ) (Kasukabe). In 1880 it was divided into 東春日井・西春日井, East Kasugai and West Kasugai. Compare also Old Japanese 春日 (Kasuga).


岩倉

[iβ̞a̠kɯ̟ɾa̠]


貝塚

貝(かい)塚(づか) • (Kaizuka) ^(←かひづか (Kafiduka)?)

貝塚 (canonical)
Kaizuka (romanization)
Kafiduka (romanization)
かひづか (hiragana historical)

From 貝(かい) (kai) + 塚(つか) (tsuka). The tsuka changes to zuka as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


相生

相生 (canonical)
Aioi (romanization)
Afiofi (romanization)
あひおひ (hiragana historical)


五島

五島 (canonical)
Gotō (romanization)
Gotau (romanization)
ごたう (hiragana historical)


天草

Compound of 天 (ama, “heavens”) + 草 (kusa, “grass, plant”).
The surname likely comes from the place name, the derivation of which is uncertain. Theories include:
* Named for the 海人 (ama, “sea people”) 草 (kusa, “tribe”) that lived in the archipelago in the region, as reported in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE)
* Named for the 甘草 (kanzō, “licorice”, literally “sweet grass”, alternative reading amakusa) harvested in the area
* Shift from 馬草 (makusa, umakusa, literally “horse grass”) from grazing areas in the region


新妻

ja-pos

新(にい)妻(づま) • (Nīzuma) ^(←にひづま (Nifiduma)?)

新妻 (canonical)
Nīzuma (romanization)
Nifiduma (romanization)
にひづま (hiragana historical)

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kōjien
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinmura Izuru

Compound of 新 (nī, “new”) + 妻 (tsuma, “wife”).
First cited to roughly 1500.


天馬

English: Tenma


金田一

金田一 (canonical)
Kindaichi (romanization)


小夜

From Old Japanese. Compound of さ (sa-, prefix meaning "early" or "small", or meaningless) + 夜(よ) (yo, “night”)
The use of 小 in the spelling is an example of ateji (当て字).


海原

⟨unapara⟩ → */unaɸara/ → /unabara/
Originally a compound of 海 (u, compounding form of umi, “sea, ocean”) + な (na, Old Japanese possessive particle, apophonic form of の (no)) + 原 (para, “plain, field”).
The shift to bara occurred in Middle Japanese, an instance of rendaku (連濁).


東郷

ja-pos

東(とう)郷(ごう) • (Tōgō)


たいほう

たいほう • (Taihō)


山桐

山桐(やまきり) or 山(やま)桐(ぎり) • (Yamakiri or Yamagiri)

山桐 (canonical)
山桐 (canonical)
Yamakiri (romanization)
Yamagiri (romanization)

Compound of 山(やま) (yama, “mountain”) + 桐(キリ) (kiri, “paulownia”).
The kiri changes to giri as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


嵯峨

a surname derived from a place name in Kyoto.


五十鈴

五十鈴 (canonical)
五十鈴 (canonical)
Isuzu (romanization)

Compound of 五十 (i-, “fifty”, combining form) + 鈴 (suzu, “bell”).


たき

たき (canonical)
タキ (canonical)
Taki (romanization)

高城, 多伎, 多喜, 多岐, 多幾, 多気, 多紀, 多記: a surname

多木, 多氣, 太記, 太希, 太記, 太木, 只木, 但木: a surname


野菊

From 野(の) (no-, “wild”) + 菊(きく) (kiku, “chrysanthemum”). The kiku changes to giku as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


銭亀

Compound of 銭(ぜに) (zeni, “round coin, often with a hole in the center”) + 亀(かめ) (kame, “turtle”), from the appearance of the pond turtle's shell.
The kame changes to game as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


相子

相子 (canonical)
Aiko (romanization)
Afiko (romanization)
あひこ (hiragana historical)

相(あい) (ai, “together, mutual”) + 子(こ) (-ko, diminutive suffix).


天南

Compound of 天 (ama, “heavens, sky”) + 南 (minami, “south”).


津軽

Aomori Prefecture
Mount Iwaki
Nihon Shoki
Tsugaru Peninsula
Tsugaru Strait

[t͡sɨɡa̠ɾɯ̟]

From Old Japanese, first attested in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).
Possibly from Ainu [Term?], the kanji spelling is an example of phonetic ateji (当て字), literally 津 (tsu, “harbor”) + 軽 (karu, stem meaning “light”). The karu changes to garu as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
Sometimes misspelled as つがろ (Tsugaro) in older texts.


柿原

柿 (kaki, “persimmon”) + 原 (hara, “field, plain”)


禰宜

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of Old Japanese verb 労ぐ (negu, “to pray for blessings or protection”).
The kanji spelling is an example of phonetic ateji (当て字).


淡海

淡海 (canonical)
Ōmi (romanization)
Afumi (romanization)
あふみ (hiragana historical)

[a̠β̞a̠ɯ̟mʲi]

⟨apa umi₁⟩ → /apaumi/ → /aɸaumi/ → /awaumi/
Derived from 淡(あわ) (awa), stem of 淡(あわ)い (awai, “light, pale”) + 海(うみ) (umi, “sea”).
An Old Japanese shift was realized as ōmi, already attested in ancient literature:
: ⟨apa umi₁⟩ → ⟨apumi₁⟩ → /apumi/ → /aɸumi/ → */awumi/ → /aumi/ → /ɔːmi/ → /oːmi/


嵐山

嵐山 (canonical)
Arashiyama (romanization)


嵐山

Likely coined in Japan from Middle Chinese elements.


新橋

Compound of 新(しん) (shin, “new”) + 橋(はし) (hashi, “bridge”). The hashi changes to bashi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


小鳥遊

小鳥遊 (canonical)
Takanashi (romanization)

The kanji spelling, which means “little birds playing,” is a pun on 鷹無し (taka nashi, “no hawk”), because little birds can play when there is no hawk around to hunt them.


天城

天城 (canonical)
Amaki (romanization)
天城 (canonical)
Amagi (romanization)


高安

高安右人

Mikito Takayasu, ophthalmologist known for Takayasu arteritis


黑柳

黑柳 (canonical)
Kuroyanagi (romanization)


奈良原

A topographic surname, from 奈良 (Nara, “Nara city”) + 原 (hara, “meadow, plain, field”)


千早

Possibly from 逸早 (ichihaya), stem of classical verb 逸早し (ichihayashi), modern 逸早い (ichihayai, “swift; harsh; fierce”).


とせ

とせ (canonical)
トセ (canonical)
Tose (romanization)


黄葉

Compound of 黄 (ki, “yellow”) + 葉 (ha, “leaf”). The ha changes to ba as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


黄葉

黄葉 (canonical)
Ōba (romanization)
Wauba (romanization)
わうば (hiragana historical)

Compound of 黄 (ō, “yellow”, the goon reading) + 葉 (ha, “leaf”, the kun-yomi or native Japanese reading).
The ha changes to ba as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


櫻澤

櫻澤 (canonical)
Sakurazawa (romanization)

[sa̠kɯ̟ɾa̠za̠β̞a̠]


京極

[kʲo̞ːɡo̞kɯ̟]


浪速

浪速 (canonical)
Naniwa (romanization)
Nanifa (romanization)
なには (hiragana historical)

Ultimately a corruption of Old Japanese 浪速 (Nami₁paya).


多聞

多 (“poly-; multi-”) + 聞 (“to hear; to learn”)


彌生

彌生 (canonical)
Yayoi (romanization)
Yayofi (romanization)
やよひ (hiragana historical)


蜂須賀

蜂須賀 (canonical)
Hachisuka (romanization)


中坊

中坊 (canonical)
Nakabō (romanization)
厨坊 (alternative)
厨房 (alternative)


神村

Compound of 神 (kami, “god”) + 村 (mura, “village”).


神村

Shift from older kamumura, itself a compound of 神 (kamu, “god”, ancient compounding form) + 村 (mura, “village”).
/kamumura/ → /kɔːmura/ → /koːmura/


一ノ関

一ノ関 (canonical)
Ichinoseki (romanization)


焼島

ja-pos

焼島(やけしま) or 焼島(やきしま) or 焼島(やきじま) • (Yakeshima or Yakishima or Yakijima)

焼島 (canonical)
焼島 (canonical)
焼島 (canonical)
Yakeshima (romanization)
Yakishima (romanization)
Yakijima (romanization)


常磐

常磐 (canonical)
Tokiwa (romanization)
Tokifa (romanization)
ときは (hiragana historical)

⟨to₂ko₂ ipa⟩ → ⟨to₂ki₁pa⟩ → */təkʲipa/ → /tokifa/ → /tokiwa/
From Old Japanese.
Shift from a compound of 常 (toko, “unchanging”) + 岩 (iwa, “rock”).
The evergreen sense is ateji for 常葉 (tokiwa, tokoha, literally “eternal + leaves”).


常磐

ja-pos

常(じょう)磐(ばん) • (Jōban) ^(←じやうばん (Zyauban)?)

常磐 (canonical)
Jōban (romanization)
Zyauban (romanization)
じやうばん (hiragana historical)

[d͡ʑo̞ːbã̠ɴ]

/d͡ʑauban/ → /d͡ʑɔːban/ → /d͡ʑoːban/
From the first kanji of the names of the provinces: the 常 (jō) of 常陸 (Hitachi), and the 磐 (ban) of 磐城 (Iwaki).


常盤

常盤 (canonical)
Tokiwa (romanization)
Tokifa (romanization)
ときは (hiragana historical)

⟨to₂ko₂ ipa⟩ → ⟨to₂ki₁pa⟩ → */təkʲipa/ → /tokifa/ → /tokiwa/
From Old Japanese.
Shift from a compound of 常 (toko, “unchanging”) + 岩 (iwa, “rock”).


水内

Compound of 水 (mizu, “water”) + 内 (uchi, “inside, within”).


水内

Compound of 水 (mizu, “water”) + 内 (nai, “inside, within”).


水内

Appears to be a contraction of mi no uchi, from 水 (mi, “water”, combining form only used in compounds) + の (no, possessive particle) + 内 (uchi, “inside, within”).


埴原

ja-pos

埴(はに)原(はら) or 埴原(しょくはら) or 埴原(うえはら) or 埴(はい)原(ばら) or 埴(はに)原(わら) or 埴原(はやはら) • (Hanihara or Shokuhara or Uehara or Haibara or Haniwara or Hayahara)

埴原 (canonical)
埴原 (canonical)
埴原 (canonical)
埴原 (canonical)
埴原 (canonical)
埴原 (canonical)
Hanihara (romanization)
Shokuhara (romanization)
Uehara (romanization)
Haibara (romanization)
Haniwara (romanization)
Hayahara (romanization)


丹山

丹(たん)山(やま) or 丹(に)山(やま) • (Tan'yama or Niyama)

丹山 (canonical)
Tanzan (romanization)
丹山 (canonical)
丹山 (canonical)
Tan'yama (romanization)
Niyama (romanization)


端山

端(たん)山(やま) or 端山(はしやま) or 端山(はすやま) or 端山(はたやま) or 端(は)山(やま) or 端山(ばたやま) or 端山(みずやま) • (Tan'yama or Hashiyama or Hasuyama or Hatayama or Hayama or Batayama or Mizuyama)

端山 (canonical)
Tanzan (romanization)
端山 (canonical)
端山 (canonical)
端山 (canonical)
端山 (canonical)
端山 (canonical)
端山 (canonical)
端山 (canonical)
Tan'yama (romanization)
Hashiyama (romanization)
Hasuyama (romanization)
Hatayama (romanization)
Hayama (romanization)
Batayama (romanization)
Mizuyama (romanization)
端山 (canonical)
Habayama (romanization)


石持

Compound of 石(いし) (ishi, “stone”) + 持(も)ち (mochi, “possession, ownership”). Literally, “having stones”, referring to the prominently large otoliths in the croakers' skulls.


釜足

釜足 (canonical)
Kamatari (romanization)
釜足 (canonical)
Kamasoku (romanization)


やざわ

矢沢, 谷沢, 屋沢, 屋澤, 谷澤, 八沢, 八澤, 矢澤: a surname


沢村

ja-pos

沢(さわ)村(むら) or 沢村(まるしお) • (Sawamura or Marushio)

沢村 (canonical)
沢村 (canonical)
Sawamura (romanization)
Marushio (romanization)


さいとう

さいとう • (Saitō)


岡崎屋

岡崎屋 (canonical)
Okazakiya (romanization)


配島

配(はい)島(じま) or 配(はい)島(しま) • (Haijima or Haishima)

配島 (canonical)
配島 (canonical)
Haijima (romanization)
Haishima (romanization)


蓜嶋

蓜(はい)嶋(じま) or 蓜(はい)嶋(しま) • (Haijima or Haishima)

蓜嶋 (canonical)
蓜嶋 (canonical)
Haijima (romanization)
Haishima (romanization)


神渡

神渡 (canonical)
Kamiwatari (romanization)


樫羽

樫羽 (canonical)
Kashiwa (romanization)
Kasifa (romanization)
かしは (hiragana historical)


波平

Compound of 波 (nami, “wave”) + 平 (hei, “flat”, the on'yomi).


波平

From 波 (nami, “wave”) + 平 (hira, “something flat”, the kun'yomi).


波平

ja-pos

波(なみ)平(だいら) • (Namidaira) ^(←なめだひら (Namedafira)?)

波平 (canonical)
Namidaira (romanization)
Namedafira (romanization)
なめだひら (hiragana historical)

From 波 (nami, “wave”) + 平ら (taira, “flat”). The taira changes to daira as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


なつめ

なつめ (canonical)
ナツメ (canonical)
Natsume (romanization)


万葉

万葉 (canonical)
万葉 (canonical)
Banba (romanization)
Manba (romanization)


井伊

井伊 (canonical)
井伊 (canonical)
Ii (romanization)
Inoi (romanization)


蘇我

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *sonka.


鷹司

鷹司 (canonical)
Takatsukasa (romanization)


庵野

庵野秀明


徳平

徳(とく)平(ひら) or 徳(とく)平(べい) or 徳(とく)平(だいら) or 徳(のり)平(へい) • (Tokuhira or Tokubei or Tokudaira or Norihei)

徳平 (canonical)
徳平 (canonical)
徳平 (canonical)
徳平 (canonical)
Tokuhira (romanization)
Tokubei (romanization)
Tokudaira (romanization)
Norihei (romanization)


黒柳

黒柳 (canonical)
Kuroyanagi (romanization)


あかぼし

Compound of 赤 (aka, “red”) + 星 (hoshi, “star”). Alternatively, compound of 明 (aka, “bright”) + 星 (hoshi, “star”). The hoshi changes to boshi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


桐ヶ谷

From 桐 (kiri, “paulownia”) + が (ga, ancient genitive particle) + 谷 (ya, “valley”, short form of yatsu).


桐ヶ谷

桐ヶ谷 (canonical)
Kirigatani (romanization)

From 桐 (kiri, “paulownia”) + が (ga, ancient genitive particle) + 谷 (tani, “valley”).


射場

From 射 (i, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 射る (iru), “to shoot (an arrow)”) + 場 (jō, “place, spot”).


射場

ja-pos

射場(いとば) or 射場(うちば) or 射場(しゃば) or 射場(せきば) or 射場(まとば) • (Itoba or Uchiba or Shaba or Sekiba or Matoba)

射場 (canonical)
射場 (canonical)
射場 (canonical)
射場 (canonical)
射場 (canonical)
Itoba (romanization)
Uchiba (romanization)
Shaba (romanization)
Sekiba (romanization)
Matoba (romanization)


猿渡

猿渡 (canonical)
Saruwatari (romanization)


鴨志田

鴨志田 (canonical)
Kamoshida (romanization)


別役

別(べっ)役(ちゃく) or 別(べつ)役(やく) • (Betchaku or Betsuyaku)

別役 (canonical)
別役 (canonical)
Betchaku (romanization)
Betsuyaku (romanization)


小早川

小早川 (canonical)
Kobayakawa (romanization)


藤堂

藤(とう)堂(どう) • (Tōdō)


戸口

[to̞ɡɯ̟t͡ɕi]


勅使川原

勅(て)使(し)川(が)原(はら) or 勅(て)使(し)川(が)原(わら) • (Teshigahara or Teshigawara) ^(←てしがはら (Tesigafara)?)

勅使川原 (canonical)
勅使川原 (canonical)
Teshigahara (romanization)
Teshigawara (romanization)
Tesigafara (romanization)
てしがはら (hiragana historical)


山嵜

山(やま)嵜(さき) or 山(やま)嵜(ざき) • (Yamasaki or Yamazaki)

山嵜 (canonical)
山嵜 (canonical)
Yamasaki (romanization)
Yamazaki (romanization)


壱与

Daijirin
Daijisen
Records of the Three Kingdoms
ja:松村明
naming taboo

First attested in the 三国志 (Sangokushi, “Records of the Three Kingdoms”), derived from Literary Chinese 壹與 (OC *qlid laʔ).
The original pronunciation remains uncertain; however due to possibly a naming taboo in ancient China, a variant 臺 (shinjitai 台) is also attested in the historical record, therefore the name can also be read as Toyo. Some sources theorize this as a copying error.


小清水

小清水 (canonical)
Koshimizu (romanization)


張替

張(はり)替(がえ) or 張替(はりがい) • (Harigae or Harigai)

張替 (canonical)
張替 (canonical)
Harigae (romanization)
Harigai (romanization)


勝間田

勝間田 (canonical)
Katsumata (romanization)


ほんじょう

ほんじょう • (Honjō)


芹沢

芹(せり)沢(ざわ) or 芹沢(せりさわ) • (Serizawa or Serisawa)

芹沢 (canonical)
芹沢 (canonical)
Serizawa (romanization)
Serisawa (romanization)


芹澤

芹(せり)澤(ざわ) or 芹澤(せりさわ) • (Serizawa or Serisawa)

芹澤 (canonical)
芹澤 (canonical)
Serizawa (romanization)
Serisawa (romanization)


酒匂

酒匂(さこう) • (Sakō)


是枝

Based on the spelling and the pronunciation, apparently a compound of これ (kore, “this”, nominal) + 枝 (eda, “branch”).


大上

ja-pos

大(おお)上(うえ) or 大(おお)上(かみ) or 大(おお)上(がみ) or 大(だい)上(じょう) • (Ōue or Ōkami or Ōgami or Daijō)

大上 (canonical)
Ōkami (romanization)
大上 (canonical)
Ōgami (romanization)
大上 (canonical)
大上 (canonical)
大上 (canonical)
大上 (canonical)
Ōue (romanization)
Ōkami (romanization)
Ōgami (romanization)
Daijō (romanization)


大藤

大(おお)藤(ふじ) or 大(おお)藤(どう) • (Ōfuji or Ōdō)

大藤 (canonical)
大藤 (canonical)
Ōfuji (romanization)
Ōdō (romanization)


𫁈

𫁈 (canonical)
Aka (romanization)
あか (hiragana historical)


𫁈

𫁈 (canonical)
Aoki (romanization)
Awoki (romanization)
あをき (hiragana historical)


道幸

Appears to be a compound of 道 (michi, “road”) + 行き (yuki, “going”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 行く (yuku, “to go”)). The use of 幸 for the yuki portion appears to be an instance of ateji.


えがしら

[e̞ɡa̠ɕiɾa̠]


桜沢

桜沢 (canonical)
Sakurazawa (romanization)

[sa̠kɯ̟ɾa̠za̠β̞a̠]


ねもと

Nemoto (romanization)
ねもと (hiragana historical)


円丁

[ẽ̞ɲ̟t͡ɕo̞ː]


神楽坂

神楽坂 (canonical)
Kagurazaka (romanization)


土肥原

ja-pos

土(ど)肥(い)原(はら) • (Doihara) ^(←どひはら (Dofifara)?)

土肥原 (canonical)
Doihara (romanization)
Dofifara (romanization)
どひはら (hiragana historical)


安心院

From the name of 安心院(あじむ)盆(ぼん)地(ち) (Ajimu Bonchi, “Ajimu Basin”), from 芦(あし) (ashi, “reed”) + 生(ふ) (fu, “thick growth of plants”). Written with ateji 安心 and a silent 院, which refers to Usa Jingū.


伊波

伊波 (canonical)
伊波 (canonical)
Inami (romanization)
Iha (romanization)


古武

[ɸɯ̟ɾɯ̟ta̠ke̞]


おき

⟨oki₁⟩ → /oki/
From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū of 759 CE. Cognate with 奥 (oku, “inner, inside”).
The kanji spelling 沖 appears to be a reanalysis of the Chinese character based on its components of 氵 (“water”) and 中 (“center, in the middle of”).


田鍬

[ta̠kɯ̟β̞a̠]


祇園

祇園 (canonical)
Gion (romanization)
Giwon (romanization)
ぎをん (hiragana historical)

/ɡiwon/ → /ɡion/
Calque of Sanskrit जेतवन (Jetavana, literally “grove of Jeta”).


黒山

Daijirin
Daijisen
Muromachi period
Otogi-zōshi
ja:御伽草子
ja:松村明
ja:黒山

Compound of 黒 (kuro, “black”) + 山 (yama, “mountain”).
First cited to the 伏屋の物語 (Fuseya no Monogatari), one of the 御伽草子 (Otogi-zōshi) written during the Muromachi period (1392–1573).


道明

ja-pos

道(どう)明(みょう) • (Dōmyō)


蜷川

[ɲ̟ina̠ɡa̠β̞a̠]


富盛

富盛菊枝


茅原

茅原 (canonical)
Chihara (romanization)
Tifara (romanization)
ちはら (hiragana historical)


早見

早見 (canonical)
Hayami (romanization)
Fayami (romanization)
はやみ (hiragana historical)


平間

平間智和 ― Hirama Tomokazu ― Tomokazu Hirama


六角

六(ろっ)角(かく) • (Rokkaku) ^(←ろくかく (Rokukaku)?)

六角 (canonical)
Rokkaku (romanization)
Rokukaku (romanization)
ろくかく (hiragana historical)

六角義賢


深雪

[ɕĩɰ̃se̞t͡sɨ]


日夏

From Japanese 日 (hi) meaning "day, sun, Japan" combined with 夏 (natsu) meaning "summer".

日夏百合繪 ― Hinatsu Yurie ― Hinatsu Yurie (actress)

日夏耿之介 ― Hinatsu Kōnosuke ― Hinatsu Kōnosuke (poet) (pen name; birth name Higuchi Kunito)


物集

物集 (canonical)
Mozume (romanization)
Modume (romanization)
もづめ (hiragana historical)


鮎川

鮎(あい)川(かわ) • (Aikawa) ^(←あいかは (Aikafa)?)

鮎川 (canonical)
Aikawa (romanization)
Aikafa (romanization)
あいかは (hiragana historical)

[a̠jɯ̟ka̠β̞a̠]


鮎川

鮎(あゆ)川(かわ) • (Ayukawa) ^(←あゆかは (Ayukafa)?)

鮎川 (canonical)
Ayukawa (romanization)
Ayukafa (romanization)
あゆかは (hiragana historical)

[a̠jɯ̟ka̠β̞a̠]


会沢

会(あい)沢(ざわ) • (Aizawa) ^(←あいざは (Aizafa)?)

会沢 (canonical)
Aizawa (romanization)
Aizafa (romanization)
あいざは (hiragana historical)


正親町

正親町天皇

正親町公通


春菜

Compound of 春 (haru, “springtime”) + 菜 (na, “vegetables”).


筒香

[t͡sɨt͡sɨɡo̞ː]


喜熨斗

[t͡sɨɾɯ̟be̞]


喜熨斗

[t͡sɨɾɯ̟be̞]


人長

[ɲ̟ĩɲ̟t͡ɕo̞ː]


人長

[ɲ̟ĩɲ̟t͡ɕo̞ː]


人長

[ɲ̟ĩɲ̟t͡ɕo̞ː]


曽我部

ja-pos

曽(そ)我(が)部(べ) or 曽(そ)我(か)部(べ) • (Sogabe or Sokabe)

曽我部 (canonical)
曽我部 (canonical)
Sogabe (romanization)
Sokabe (romanization)


七五三木

七五三(しめ)木(ぎ) or 七五三(しめ)木(き) • (Shimegi or Shimeki)

七五三木 (canonical)
七五三木 (canonical)
Shimegi (romanization)
Shimeki (romanization)


左衛門三郎

左(さ)衛(え)門(もん)三(さぶ)郎(ろう) • (Saemonsaburō)

左衛門三郎 (canonical)
Saemonsaburō (romanization)

[sa̠e̞mõ̞ɰ̃sa̠bɯ̟ɾo̞ː]


勘解由小路

勘解由小路(かでのこうじ) • (Kadenokōji)

勘解由小路 (canonical)
Kadenokōji (romanization)


長宗我部

長(ちょう)宗(そ)我(が)部(べ) or 長(ちょう)宗(そ)我(か)部(べ) • (Chōsogabe or Chōsokabe)

長宗我部 (canonical)
長宗我部 (canonical)
Chōsogabe (romanization)
Chōsokabe (romanization)


傍示

傍示 (canonical)
Hōji (romanization)
Fauzi (romanization)
はうじ (hiragana historical)


ヒジリ

English: Hijiri


島井

島井咲緒里


竹野内

竹野内 (canonical)
Takenouchi (romanization)


小渕

小渕恵三

Keizo Obuchi (former Japanese prime minister)


小井川

小(お)井(い)川(かわ) or 小(お)井(い)川(がわ) or 小(こ)井(い)川(かわ) or 小(こ)井(い)川(がわ) • (Oikawa or Oigawa or Koikawa or Koigawa)

小井川 (canonical)
小井川 (canonical)
小井川 (canonical)
小井川 (canonical)
Oikawa (romanization)
Oigawa (romanization)
Koikawa (romanization)
Koigawa (romanization)


黒石

ja:黒石 (曖昧さ回避)
ja:黒石市

Coordinate term: 白石 (Shiraishi)


神宮寺

[d͡ʑĩŋɡɯ̟ːʑi]


南条

[nã̠ɲ̟d͡ʑo̞ː]


初音

From 初 (hatsu-, “first..., new...”) + 音 (ne, “voice, sound”).

prefix

初音映莉子


黄前

黄前 (canonical)
Ōmae (romanization)
Waumafe (romanization)
わうまへ (hiragana historical)


久里

久里洋二 ― Kuri Yōji ― Yōji Kuri


久利

久利一


二矢

Compound of 二 (ni, “two”) + 矢 (ya, “arrow”).


二矢

[ɸɯ̟̊ta̠ja̠]

Compound of 二 (futa, “two”) + 矢 (ya, “arrow”).


村原

[mɯ̟ɾa̠ha̠ɾa̠]


伊能

伊能忠敬


柴辻

柴辻 (canonical)
Shibatsuji (romanization)


諸星

ja-pos

諸(もろ)星(ほし) or 諸(もろ)星(ぼし) • (Morohoshi or Moroboshi)

諸星 (canonical)
諸星 (canonical)
Morohoshi (romanization)
Moroboshi (romanization)


赤渕

[a̠ka̠ɸɯ̟t͡ɕi]


姫川

[çime̞ɡa̠β̞a̠]

Compound of 姫(ひめ) (hime-, “lady; small, little”) + 川(かわ) (kawa, “river”). Literally, “little river”. The kawa changes to gawa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-com

ja:姫川 (曖昧さ回避)


一条

ja-pos

一(いち)条(じょう) • (Ichijō) ^(←いちでう (Itideu)?)

一条 (canonical)
Ichijō (romanization)
Itideu (romanization)
いちでう (hiragana historical)

Compound of 一(いち) (ichi, “one”) + 条(じょう) (-jō, counter for thin, long objects).


一條

ja-pos

一(いち)條(じょう) • (Ichijō) ^(←いちでう (Itideu)?)

一條 (canonical)
Ichijō (romanization)
Itideu (romanization)
いちでう (hiragana historical)


七沢

七(なな)沢(さわ) • (Nanasawa) ^(←ななさは (Nanasafa)?)

七沢 (canonical)
Nanasawa (romanization)
Nanasafa (romanization)
ななさは (hiragana historical)


七澤

七(なな)澤(さわ) • (Nanasawa) ^(←ななさは (Nanasafa)?)

七澤 (canonical)
Nanasawa (romanization)
Nanasafa (romanization)
ななさは (hiragana historical)


羽月

The tsuki changes to zuki as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


仲上

The kami changes to gami as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

仲上稔

Minoru Nakagami, eponym of the Nakagami distribution


市田

The ta changes to da as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


神代

Compound of 神(じん) (jin, “god”) + 代(だい) (dai, “age, times”).


神代

The shiro changes to jiro as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


小俣

小俣 (canonical)
Omata (romanization)
Womata (romanization)
をまた (hiragana historical)

Compound of 小(お) (o-, “small”) + 俣(また) (mata, “something divided”). Literally, “small bifurcation”.


志方

志方 (canonical)
Shihō (romanization)
Sifau (romanization)
しはう (hiragana historical)


大河内

ja-pos

大(おお)河内(こうち) • (Ōkōchi) ^(←おほかふち (Ofokafuti)?)

大河内 (canonical)
Ōkōchi (romanization)
Ofokafuti (romanization)
おほかふち (hiragana historical)

Compound of 大(おお) (ō-, “large”) + 河内(こうち) (kōchi, “plain in a river basin”).


欧陽

欧陽 (canonical)
Ōyō (romanization)
Ouyau (romanization)
おうやう (hiragana historical)

欧陽詢


くが

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki

*⟨kunuga⟩ → /kunuɡa/ → */kunɡa/ → /kuɡa/
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.
Shift from Old Japanese 陸 (*kunuga), also attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE and itself a compound of 国 (kunu-, “country, land”, compounding form, not used in isolation) + 処 (-ka, suffix indicating place). The ka changes to ga as an instance of rendaku (連濁).


こんどう

ja-pos

こんどう • (Kondō)


兼重

兼(かね)重(しげ)宏(ひろ)行(ゆき) ja:w:兼重宏行

ビッグモーター ja:w:ビッグモーター

兼(かね)重(しげ)宏(ひろ)行(ゆき) (Kaneshige Hiroyuki) (born 1951), founder and former CEO of ビッグモーター (Biggu Mōtā, “BIG MOTOR Co., Ltd.”)

兼(かね)重(しげ)宏(こう)一(いち) (Kaneshige Kōichi) (born 1988), former Vice-President of ビッグモーター


上戸

上戸 (canonical)
Ueto (romanization)
Ufeto (romanization)
うへと (hiragana historical)


石村

Compound of 石 (ishi, “rock, stone”) + 村 (mura, “village”).


杉原

杉原千畝


川頭

川頭 (canonical)
Kawagashira (romanization)

[ka̠β̞a̠ɡa̠ɕiɾa̠]


川頭

[ka̠β̞a̠ɡa̠ɕiɾa̠]


川頭

[ka̠β̞a̠ɡa̠ɕiɾa̠]


船藤

[ɸɯ̟na̠to̞ː]


船藤

[ɸɯ̟na̠to̞ː]


数藤

ja-pos

数(すう)藤(とう) • (Sūtō)


数藤

数(すう)藤(どう) • (Sūdō)


伏平

[ɸɯ̟ɕiçiɾa̠]


桃沢

桃(もも)沢(ざわ) or 桃(もも)沢(さわ) • (Momozawa or Momosawa)

桃沢 (canonical)
桃沢 (canonical)
Momozawa (romanization)
Momosawa (romanization)


蘆名

Ashina clan (Japan)
Miura Peninsula
ja:蘆名氏

Compound of 蘆(あし) (ashi, “reed, rush”) + 名(な) (na, “fame, reputation”). Originally the name of a place in the Miura Peninsula (current Kanagawa Prefecture; see 芦名(あしな) (Ashina)) presumably known for reeds.


芦名

芦名星