ni

ni (absolutive first-person singular)
hi (absolutive second-person singular)
zu (absolutive second-person singular)
gu (absolutive first-person plural)
zuek (absolutive plural second-person)
nik (ergative first-person singular)
hik (ergative second-person singular)
zuk (ergative second-person singular)
guk (ergative first-person plural)
zuek (ergative plural second-person)
niri (dative first-person singular)
hiri (dative second-person singular)
zuri (dative second-person singular)
guri (dative first-person plural)
zuei (dative plural second-person)
nire (first-person genitive singular)
ene (first-person genitive singular)
hire (genitive second-person singular)
zure (genitive second-person singular)
gure (first-person genitive plural)
zuen (genitive plural second-person)
nirekin (comitative first-person singular)
enekin (comitative first-person singular)
hirekin (comitative second-person singular)
zurekin (comitative second-person singular)
gurekin (comitative first-person plural)
zuekin (comitative plural second-person)
nigatik (causative first-person singular)
niregatik (causative first-person singular)
enegatik (causative first-person singular)
higatik (causative second-person singular)
hiregatik (causative second-person singular)
zugatik (causative second-person singular)
zuregatik (causative second-person singular)
gugatik (causative first-person plural)
guregatik (causative first-person plural)
zuengatik (causative plural second-person)
niretzat (benefactive first-person singular)
niretako (benefactive first-person singular)
enetzat (benefactive first-person singular)
enetako (benefactive first-person singular)
hiretzat (benefactive second-person singular)
hiretako (benefactive second-person singular)
zuretzat (benefactive second-person singular)
zuretako (benefactive second-person singular)
guretzat (benefactive first-person plural)
guretako (benefactive first-person plural)
zuentzat (benefactive plural second-person)
zuendako (benefactive plural second-person)
nitaz (first-person instrumental singular)
hitaz (instrumental second-person singular)
zutaz (instrumental second-person singular)
gutaz (first-person instrumental plural)
zuetaz (instrumental plural second-person)
nigan (first-person inessive singular)
niregan (first-person inessive singular)
nire baitan (first-person inessive singular)
nitan (first-person inessive singular)
enegan (first-person inessive singular)
ene baitan (first-person inessive singular)
higan (inessive second-person singular)
hiregan (inessive second-person singular)
hire baitan (inessive second-person singular)
hitan (inessive second-person singular)
zugan (inessive second-person singular)
zuregan (inessive second-person singular)
zure baitan (inessive second-person singular)
zutan (inessive second-person singular)
gugan (first-person inessive plural)
guregan (first-person inessive plural)
gure baitan (first-person inessive plural)
gutan (first-person inessive plural)
zuengan (inessive plural second-person)
zuen baitan (inessive plural second-person)
zuetan (inessive plural second-person)
nire baitako (first-person locative singular)
ene baitako (first-person locative singular)
hire baitako (locative second-person singular)
gu baitako (locative second-person singular)
gure baitako (locative second-person singular)
zu baitako (first-person locative plural)
zure baitako (first-person locative plural)
zuen baitako (locative plural second-person)
niregana (allative first-person singular)
nireganat (allative first-person singular)
nire baitara (allative first-person singular)
nire baitarat (allative first-person singular)
enegana (allative first-person singular)
eneganat (allative first-person singular)
ene baitara (allative first-person singular)
ene baitarat (allative first-person singular)
hiregana (allative second-person singular)
hireganat (allative second-person singular)
hire baitara (allative second-person singular)
hire baitarat (allative second-person singular)
zugana (allative second-person singular)
zuregana (allative second-person singular)
zuganat (allative second-person singular)
zureganat (allative second-person singular)
zu baitara (allative second-person singular)
zure baitara (allative second-person singular)
zu baitarat (allative second-person singular)
zure baitarat (allative second-person singular)
gugana (allative first-person plural)
guregana (allative first-person plural)
guganat (allative first-person plural)
gureganat (allative first-person plural)
gu baitara (allative first-person plural)
gure baitara (allative first-person plural)
gu baitarat (allative first-person plural)
gure baitarat (allative first-person plural)
zuengana (allative plural second-person)
zuenganat (allative plural second-person)
zuen baitara (allative plural second-person)
zuen baitarat (allative plural second-person)
nireganaino (first-person singular terminative)
nire baitaraino (first-person singular terminative)
eneganaino (first-person singular terminative)
higanaino (second-person singular terminative)
hireganaino (second-person singular terminative)
hire baitaraino (second-person singular terminative)
zuganaino (second-person singular terminative)
zureganaino (second-person singular terminative)
zu baitaraino (second-person singular terminative)
zure baitaraino (second-person singular terminative)
guganaino (first-person plural terminative)
gureganaino (first-person plural terminative)
gu baitaraino (first-person plural terminative)
gure baitaraino (first-person plural terminative)
zuenganaino (plural second-person terminative)
zuen baitaraino (plural second-person terminative)
niganantz (directive first-person singular)
nireganantz (directive first-person singular)
eneganantz (directive first-person singular)
higanantz (directive second-person singular)
hireganantz (directive second-person singular)
zuganantz (directive second-person singular)
zureganantz (directive second-person singular)
guganantz (directive first-person plural)
gureganantz (directive first-person plural)
zuenganantz (directive plural second-person)
niganako (destinative first-person singular)
nireganako (destinative first-person singular)
eneganako (destinative first-person singular)
higanako (destinative second-person singular)
hireganako (destinative second-person singular)
zuganako (destinative second-person singular)
zureganako (destinative second-person singular)
guganako (destinative first-person plural)
gureganako (destinative first-person plural)
zuenganako (destinative plural second-person)
nireganik (ablative first-person singular)
niregandik (ablative first-person singular)
nire baitatik (ablative first-person singular)
nire baitarik (ablative first-person singular)
eneganik (ablative first-person singular)
enegandik (ablative first-person singular)
ene baitatik (ablative first-person singular)
ene baitarik (ablative first-person singular)
higanik (ablative second-person singular)
hireganik (ablative second-person singular)
higandik (ablative second-person singular)
hiregandik (ablative second-person singular)
hire baitatik (ablative second-person singular)
hire baitarik (ablative second-person singular)
zuganik (ablative second-person singular)
zureganik (ablative second-person singular)
zugandik (ablative second-person singular)
zuregandik (ablative second-person singular)
zu baitatik (ablative second-person singular)
zu baitarik (ablative second-person singular)
zure baitatik (ablative second-person singular)
zure baitarik (ablative second-person singular)
guganik (ablative first-person plural)
gureganik (ablative first-person plural)
gugandik (ablative first-person plural)
guregandik (ablative first-person plural)
gu baitatik (ablative first-person plural)
gu baitarik (ablative first-person plural)
gure baitatik (ablative first-person plural)
gure baitarik (ablative first-person plural)
zuenganik (ablative plural second-person)
zuengandik (ablative plural second-person)
zuen baitatik (ablative plural second-person)
zuen baitarik (ablative plural second-person)
neu (absolutive first-person singular)
heu (absolutive second-person singular)
zeu (absolutive second-person singular)
geu (absolutive first-person plural)
zeuek (absolutive plural second-person)
neuk (ergative first-person singular)
heuk (ergative second-person singular)
zeuk (ergative second-person singular)
geuk (ergative first-person plural)
zeuek (ergative plural second-person)
neuri (dative first-person singular)
heuri (dative second-person singular)
zeuri (dative second-person singular)
geuri (dative first-person plural)
zeuei (dative plural second-person)
neure (first-person genitive singular)
heure (genitive second-person singular)
zeure (genitive second-person singular)
geure (first-person genitive plural)
zeuen (genitive plural second-person)
neurekin (comitative first-person singular)
heurekin (comitative second-person singular)
zeurekin (comitative second-person singular)
geurekin (comitative first-person plural)
zeuekin (comitative plural second-person)
neugatik (causative first-person singular)
neuregatik (causative first-person singular)
heugatik (causative second-person singular)
heuregatik (causative second-person singular)
neuretzat (benefactive first-person singular)
neuretako (benefactive first-person singular)
heuretzat (benefactive second-person singular)
heuretako (benefactive second-person singular)
zeuretzat (benefactive second-person singular)
zeuretako (benefactive second-person singular)
geuretzat (benefactive first-person plural)
geuretako (benefactive first-person plural)
zeuentzat (benefactive plural second-person)
zeuendako (benefactive plural second-person)
neutaz (first-person instrumental singular)
heutaz (instrumental second-person singular)
zeutaz (instrumental second-person singular)
geutaz (first-person instrumental plural)
zeuetaz (instrumental plural second-person)
neugan (first-person inessive singular)
heuregan (inessive second-person singular)
heure baitan (inessive second-person singular)
zeugan (inessive second-person singular)
zeuregan (inessive second-person singular)
geugan (first-person inessive plural)
geuregan (first-person inessive plural)
zeuengan (inessive plural second-person)
neure baitako (first-person locative singular)
heure baitako (locative second-person singular)
zeure baitako (locative second-person singular)
geure baitako (first-person locative plural)
zeuen baitako (locative plural second-person)
neuregana (allative first-person singular)
heugana (allative second-person singular)
heuregana (allative second-person singular)
heure baitara (allative second-person singular)
heure baitarat (allative second-person singular)
zeugana (allative second-person singular)
zeuregana (allative second-person singular)
geugana (allative first-person plural)
geuregana (allative first-person plural)
zeuengana (allative plural second-person)
neuregaino (first-person singular terminative)
heuganaino (second-person singular terminative)
heureganaino (second-person singular terminative)
heure baitaraino (second-person singular terminative)
zeuganaino (second-person singular terminative)
zeureganaino (second-person singular terminative)
geuganaino (first-person plural terminative)
geureganaino (first-person plural terminative)
zeuenganaino (plural second-person terminative)
neuganantz (directive first-person singular)
heuganantz (directive second-person singular)
heureganantz (directive second-person singular)
zeuganantz (directive second-person singular)
zeureganantz (directive second-person singular)
geuganantz (directive first-person plural)
geureganantz (directive first-person plural)
zeuenganantz (directive plural second-person)
neureganako (destinative first-person singular)
heuganako (destinative second-person singular)
heureganako (destinative second-person singular)
zeuganako (destinative second-person singular)
zeureganako (destinative second-person singular)
geuganako (destinative first-person plural)
geureganako (destinative first-person plural)
zeuenganako (destinative plural second-person)
neuganik (ablative first-person singular)
neugandik (ablative first-person singular)
heuganik (ablative second-person singular)
heureganik (ablative second-person singular)
heugandik (ablative second-person singular)
heuregandik (ablative second-person singular)
heure baitatik (ablative second-person singular)
heure baitarik (ablative second-person singular)
zeuganik (ablative second-person singular)
zeureganik (ablative second-person singular)
zeugandik (ablative second-person singular)
zeuregandik (ablative second-person singular)
geuganik (ablative first-person plural)
geureganik (ablative first-person plural)
geugandik (ablative first-person plural)
geuregandik (ablative first-person plural)
zeuenganik (ablative plural second-person)
zeuengandik (ablative plural second-person)

[…] Jauna: ez naiz ni beñere izan zu neure viotzean artzeco diña […]

c. 1808, Juan Bautista Aguirre, Eracusaldiac [Lessons], Tolosa, published 1850, page 473:

[…] Lord, not even once have I been worth of belonging to your heart […]

Ni errege izan nintzen.

1989, Gorka Aulestia, Basque-English Dictionary, Douglas: William A, page 53:

Ni etorri naiz.

2013, Patricio Urquizu Sarasua, Gramática de la lengua vasca, Universidad Nacional de Educación de Distancia, page 154:

First-person singular personal pronoun; I


ni

From Proto-Brythonic *ni, from Proto-Celtic *snīs.

we (first-person plural personal pronoun)


ni

Alternative form of ne (dative of noi): to us


誰

/tare/ → /dare/
From earlier tare.
The dare form appears from around the Edo period. The voicing of the initial /t-/ to /d-/ is likely by analogy with other interrogative demonstratives 何れ (dore, “which one”), 何処 (doko, “where”). See etymology 2
Now the primary form, replacing earlier tare.

誰が誰を作ったのか

お前は…誰だ？俺は どうしてここに来た？あいつに…あいつに会うために来た。助けるために来た。生きていてほしかった。誰だ？誰？誰に会いに来た？大事な人、忘れたくない人、忘れちゃダメな人！誰だ？誰だ？誰だ…誰だ⁉名前は⁉

2016, Makoto Shinkai, director, 君の名は。 [your name.], spoken by Taki Tachibana (Ryūnosuke Kamiki), Toho:

Who… are you? Why did I come here? To see her… I came to see her. I came to save her. I wanted her to live. Who was it? Who? Who did I come to see? Someone dear to me, someone I don't wanna forget, someone I must not forget! Who was it? Who was it? Who was it… Who⁉ What's your name⁉

O-mae wa… dare da? Ore wa dōshite koko ni kita? Aitsu ni… Aitsu ni au tame ni kita. Tasukeru tame ni kita. Ikite ite hoshikatta. Dare da? Dare da? Dare ni ai ni kita? Daiji na hito, wasuretakunai hito, wasurecha dame na hito! Dare da? Dare da? Dare da… Dare da⁉ Namae wa⁉

誰？誰？あの人は誰？大事な人、忘れちゃダメな人、忘れたくなかった人！誰？誰？君は誰？君の名前は⁉

2016, Makoto Shinkai, director, 君の名は。 [your name.], spoken by Mitsuha Miyamizu (Mone Kamishiraishi), Toho:

Who was it? Who? Who was he? Someone I hold dear, someone I must not forget, someone I did not want to forget! Who was he? Who? Who are you? What is your name⁉

Dare? Dare? Ano hito wa dare? Daiji na hito, wasurecha dame na hito, wasuretakunakatta hito! Dare? Dare? Kimi wa dare? Kimi no namae wa⁉

interrogative personal pronoun: who, whom


誰

From Old Japanese, first attested in the Kojiki (712 CE) alongside its older form ta (see below).
Derived from older 誰 (ta, “who”) + れ (re, “thing”, demonstrative nominalizer ending). Compare the formation of これ (kore, “this”) from 此 (ko, “this”) + れ, 彼 (kare, “that one, that person”) from 彼 (ka, “that”) + れ (re), etc.
Superseded by dare above starting from around the Edo period. The tare form does not appear to be used anymore outside of poetry or intentionally archaic text.

(archaic) interrogative personal pronoun: who, whom


誰

From Old Japanese, first attested in the Kojiki, completed roughly 712 CE.
Appears to be the oldest form.

(obsolete, persists in some fossilized expressions) interrogative personal pronoun: who, whom


un

Kao un taitai i lepblo-mu?


yumi

From yu (“you”) + mi (“I”). Cognate with Tok Pisin yumi.

1) Used only as an object of a preposition

a verb. *) Some speakers may not distinguish various plurality categories

two plural pronouns. **) The collective pronouns specify that the action is performed by all subjects together


ta

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)kita, from Proto-Austronesian *(i-)kita. Doublet of hit.


ta

head

ta (genitive ta, partitive teda, long form tema)

ta (genitive)
teda (partitive)
tema (long-form nominative singular)
ta (nominative short-form singular)
nemad (long-form nominative plural)
nad (nominative plural short-form)
tema (genitive long-form singular)
ta (genitive short-form singular)
nende (genitive long-form plural)
nende (genitive plural short-form)
teda (long-form partitive short-form singular)
neid (long-form partitive plural short-form)
temasse (illative long-form singular)
tasse (illative short-form singular)
nendesse (illative long-form plural)
neisse (illative plural short-form)
temas (inessive long-form singular)
tas (inessive short-form singular)
nendes (inessive long-form plural)
neis (inessive plural short-form)
temast (elative long-form singular)
tast (elative short-form singular)
nendest (elative long-form plural)
neist (elative plural short-form)
temale (allative long-form singular)
talle (allative short-form singular)
nendele (allative long-form plural)
neile (allative plural short-form)
temal (adessive long-form singular)
tal (adessive short-form singular)
nendel (adessive long-form plural)
neil (adessive plural short-form)
temalt (ablative long-form singular)
talt (ablative short-form singular)
nendelt (ablative long-form plural)
neilt (ablative plural short-form)
temaks (long-form singular translative)
nendeks (long-form plural translative)
neiks (plural short-form translative)
temani (long-form singular terminative)
nendeni (long-form plural terminative)
temana (essive long-form singular)
nendena (essive long-form plural)
temata (abessive long-form singular)
nendeta (abessive long-form plural)
temaga (comitative long-form singular)
taga (comitative short-form singular)
nendega (comitative long-form plural)

Abbreviation of tema, from Proto-Finnic *tämä, from Proto-Uralic *tä. Cognate with Finnish tämä and Northern Sami dát.

he/she (3rd person singular animate personal pronoun)


ta

Ta esas plu forta, ma ca plu bela.

That person is stronger, but this person is prettier.

Alternative form of ita (“that person, that thing”)


ta

Ta kamizo esas verda.


ta

ta (nominative singular)
te (nominative plural)
tej (genitive singular)
tych (genitive plural)
tej (dative singular)
tym (dative plural)
tę (accusative singular)
te (accusative plural)
tą (instrumental singular)
tymi (instrumental plural)
tej (locative singular)
tych (locative plural)


ta

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 咱 (“I; me, we; us”, SV: cha).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">cha</i>

vi-etym-sino

Tết ta

(informal) "our", Vietnamese, as opposed to Tây (“Western”), Tàu (“Chinese”) or Xiêm (“Siamese”)


ta

Komi:

⇒ Komi-Permyak: э́та (éta)

desc

Komi-Zyrian: та (ta), ⇒ тайӧ (tajö), татшӧм (tačöm)

Udmurt: та (ta)

From Proto-Uralic *tä. Cognates include Proto-Finnic *tämä and Proto-Samic *tātë.


yu

From English you. Cognate with Tok Pisin yu.


yu

Alternative spelling of you (“2nd person singular subject and object personal pronoun”)


fe

head

fe (triggers soft mutation on the following verb)

Fe werthes i hanner dwsin.

(South Wales) used with inflected verbs to mark affirmative statements.


ol

From English all. Cognate with Tok Pisin ol.

Indicates the plural of the following noun; -s


ol

ol (nominative singular)
anï (accusative singular)
anïŋ (genitive singular)
aŋa (dative singular)
anta (locative singular)
antan (ablative singular)
aŋaru (allative singular)
anïn (instrumental singular)
anča (equative singular)
anlayu (singular)
anlïgu (comitative singular)

Oghur:

Volga Bulgar: ول

Chuvash: вӑл (văl)

Common Turkic:

→ Chinese: 兀 (wù) (that)

Old Turkic:

Old Turkic: 𐰆𐰞 (ul¹ /ol/)

Karakhanid: اُلْ (ol)

Arghu:

Khalaj: ô

Oghuz:

Old Anatolian Turkish: اول (ol)

Azerbaijani: o

Ottoman Turkish: او (o), اول (ol)

Turkish: o

Gagauz: o

Salar: u

Turkmen: ol

Kipchak:

Kipchak: [script needed] (ol)

West Kipchak:

Crimean Tatar: ол

Karachay-Balkar: ол (ol)

Kumyk: ол (ol)

North Kipchak:

Bashkir: ул (ul)

Tatar: ул (ul)

South Kipchak:

Caspian:

Kazakh: ол (ol)

Karakalpak: ol

Nogai: ол (ol)

Kyrgyz-Kipchak:

Kyrgyz: ал (al), ол (ol)

Southern Altai: ол (ol)

Karluk:

Chagatai: او (u), اول (ul)

Uzbek: u

Uyghur: ئۇ (u)

Siberian:

North Siberian:

Dolgan: ол (ol)

Yakut: ол (ol) (inanimate)

South Siberian:

Sayan Turkic:

Tofa: ол (ol)

Tuvan: ол (ol)

Yenisei Turkic:

Khakas: ол (ol)

Shor: ол (ol)

The oblique form *an- is comparable to Proto-Mongolic *ïn- (“third person singular pronoun”) and *an- (“third person plural pronoun”), neither of which appear in the nominative case.

noncog

Denotes "to be" for third person singular when at the end of a noun; is.


em

head

em (proclitic, contracted m', enclitic me, contracted enclitic 'm)

m' (contracted)
me (enclitic)
'm (contracted enclitic)
jo (first-person personal pronoun singular strong subjective)
mi (first-person personal pronoun singular strong subjective)
em (direct-object first-person objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
m’ (direct-object first-person objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-me (direct-object enclitic first-person objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’m (direct-object enclitic first-person objective personal pronoun singular weak)
em (first-person indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
m’ (first-person indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-me (enclitic first-person indirect-object objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’m (enclitic first-person indirect-object objective personal pronoun singular weak)
meu (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
nós (first-person formal majestic personal pronoun singular strong subjective)
ens (direct-object first-person formal majestic objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-nos (direct-object enclitic first-person formal majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’ns (direct-object enclitic first-person formal majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
ens (first-person formal indirect-object majestic objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-nos (enclitic first-person formal indirect-object majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’ns (enclitic first-person formal indirect-object majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
nostre (first-person formal majestic personal possessive pronoun singular)
tu (personal pronoun second-person singular strong subjective)
et (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
t’ (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-te (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
’t (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
et (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
t’ (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-te (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
’t (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
teu (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
vós (formal personal pronoun second-person singular strong subjective)
us (direct-object formal objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-vos (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
-us (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
us (formal indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-vos (enclitic formal indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
-us (enclitic formal indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
vostre (formal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
vostè (formal personal pronoun second-person singular strong subjective)
el (direct-object formal objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
l’ (direct-object formal objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-lo (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
’l (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
li (formal indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-li (enclitic formal indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
seu (formal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
ell (masculine personal pronoun singular strong subjective third-person)
el (direct-object masculine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
l’ (direct-object masculine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-lo (direct-object enclitic masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
’l (direct-object enclitic masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
li (indirect-object masculine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-li (enclitic indirect-object masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
seu (masculine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
ella (feminine personal pronoun singular strong subjective third-person)
la (direct-object feminine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
l’ (direct-object feminine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-la (direct-object enclitic feminine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
li (feminine indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-li (enclitic feminine indirect-object objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
seu (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
ho (direct-object neuter objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-ho (direct-object enclitic neuter objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
li (indirect-object neuter objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-li (enclitic indirect-object neuter objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
seu (neuter personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
si (personal pronoun reflexive singular strong subjective third-person)
es (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
s’ (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
-se (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
’s (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
es (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
s’ (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
-se (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
’s (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
seu (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
nosaltres (first-person personal plural pronoun)
ens (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
-nos (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
’ns (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
nostre (first-person personal plural pronoun)
vosaltres (personal plural pronoun second-person)
us (personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
-vos (enclitic personal plural pronoun second-person)
-us (enclitic personal plural pronoun second-person)
vostre (personal plural pronoun second-person)
vostès (formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
els (formal personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
-los (enclitic formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
’ls (enclitic formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
seu (formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
ells (masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
els (masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
-los (enclitic masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
’ls (enclitic masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
seu (masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
elles (feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
les (feminine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
-les (enclitic feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
els (feminine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
-los (enclitic feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
’ls (enclitic feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
seu (feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
si (personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
es (personal plural proclitic pronoun reflexive third-person)
s’ (personal plural proclitic pronoun reflexive third-person)
-se (enclitic personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
’s (enclitic personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
seu (personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
en (ablative genitive personal plural proclitic pronoun)
n’ (ablative genitive personal plural proclitic pronoun)
-ne (ablative enclitic genitive personal plural pronoun)
’n (ablative enclitic genitive personal plural pronoun)
hi (locative personal plural proclitic pronoun)
-hi (enclitic locative personal plural pronoun)

Inherited from Latin mē, from Proto-Indo-European *(e)me-.


em

we; us (first-person plural personal pronoun)


em

vi-noun

(classifier đứa, thằng, con) em • (㛪, 俺, 腌)

đứa (classifier)
thằng (classifier)
con (classifier)
㛪 (CJK)
俺 (CJK)
腌 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *ʔɛːm, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *(sʔ)iəm; cognate with Pacoh a-em (“younger sibling”).
According to Phan Kế Bính's Việt Nam phong tục (1915), apparently the practice of calling each other anh-em for those in relationship originated from the province of Quảng Nam:
1915, Phan Kế Bính, Việt Nam phong tục [Vietnamese customs]:
— Vợ chồng con nhà sang trọng, gọi nhau bằng cậu mợ, thầy thông thầy phán thì gọi nhau bằng thầy cô, nhà thường thì gọi nhau bằng anh chị. Có con rồi thì gọi nhau bằng thầy em đẻ em, nhà thô tục thì gọi nhau là bố cu mẹ đĩ, có người thì gọi bố nó mẹ nó, có người cả hai vợ chồng gọi lẫn nhau là nhà ta. Ở Quảng-Nam thì vợ gọi chồng là anh, chồng gọi vợ là em. Ở Nghệ Tĩnh vợ chồng gọi là gấy nhông.
Spouses from wealthy families tend to call each other cậu and mợ; those employed by the government prefer thầy and cô; while in an average household, they call each other anh and chị. Couples with children call each other thầy em [father of the little one] and đẻ em [mother of the little one], while those from low-born families use bố cu and mẹ đĩ; there are also those who say bố nó and mẹ nó and those who both call each other nhà ta. In Quảng Nam, a housewife would call her husband anh and a husband would call his wife em. In Nghệ Tĩnh, "husband and wife" is called gấy nhông.

quote-book

Việt Nam phong tục

Spouses from wealthy families tend to call each other cậu and mợ; those employed by the government prefer thầy and cô; while in an average household, they call each other anh and chị. Couples with children call each other thầy em 􂀿father of the little one􂁀 and đẻ em 􂀿mother of the little one􂁀, while those from low-born families use bố cu and mẹ đĩ; there are also those who say bố nó and mẹ nó and those who both call each other nhà ta. In Quảng Nam, a housewife would call her husband anh and a husband would call his wife em. In Nghệ Tĩnh, "husband and wife" is called gấy nhông.

a person younger than oneself but of the same generation


em

Việt Nam phong tục

pronoun used to refer to any person (oneself, the addressee, or any third person) described by the noun em above

(familiar) pronoun used to refer to younger person of the same generation

pronoun used to refer to younger siblings or cousins descended from an ancestor who is/was a younger sibling to one's own or one's spouse's

Viết một đoạn văn ngắn miêu tả một thứ bố em làm cho em.

Write a short essay describing something your father made for you.

(formal) pronoun used to refer to a child or a student

thằng em của em


co

co (nominative singular)
czegò (genitive singular)
czemù (dative singular)
co (accusative singular)
czim (instrumental singular)
czim (locative singular)


co

(proscribed) coordinating conjunction; that


au

From Proto-Polynesian *au, from Proto-Oceanic *(i-)au, from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)aku, from Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)aku, from Proto-Austronesian *(i-)aku.


au

From Proto-Polynesian *au. Cognates include Hawaiian au and Samoan a'u.


line

you, you all; second-person plural absolute pronoun.


dy

head

dy (triggers soft mutation of a following consonant)

From Proto-Celtic *towe (“your”); compare Cornish dha, Breton da, Irish do. See ti (“you”).

Beth sy'n dy gnoi di?

you (familiar singular; as the direct object of a verbal noun)


li

li f (short/unstressed accusative form of eali)

From Latin illis, dative common plural of ille. Compare Romanian le.

lã

feminine/masculine plural dative- short/unstressed form

u

feminine singular accusative- short/unstressed form

lor

feminine/masculine plural dative- long/stressed form


li

jo (first-person personal pronoun singular strong subjective)
mi (first-person personal pronoun singular strong subjective)
em (direct-object first-person objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
m’ (direct-object first-person objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-me (direct-object enclitic first-person objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’m (direct-object enclitic first-person objective personal pronoun singular weak)
em (first-person indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
m’ (first-person indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-me (enclitic first-person indirect-object objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’m (enclitic first-person indirect-object objective personal pronoun singular weak)
meu (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
nós (first-person formal majestic personal pronoun singular strong subjective)
ens (direct-object first-person formal majestic objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-nos (direct-object enclitic first-person formal majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’ns (direct-object enclitic first-person formal majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
ens (first-person formal indirect-object majestic objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-nos (enclitic first-person formal indirect-object majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’ns (enclitic first-person formal indirect-object majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
nostre (first-person formal majestic personal possessive pronoun singular)
tu (personal pronoun second-person singular strong subjective)
et (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
t’ (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-te (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
’t (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
et (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
t’ (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-te (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
’t (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
teu (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
vós (formal personal pronoun second-person singular strong subjective)
us (direct-object formal objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-vos (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
-us (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
us (formal indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-vos (enclitic formal indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
-us (enclitic formal indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
vostre (formal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
vostè (formal personal pronoun second-person singular strong subjective)
el (direct-object formal objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
l’ (direct-object formal objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-lo (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
’l (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
li (formal indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-li (enclitic formal indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
seu (formal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
ell (masculine personal pronoun singular strong subjective third-person)
el (direct-object masculine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
l’ (direct-object masculine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-lo (direct-object enclitic masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
’l (direct-object enclitic masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
li (indirect-object masculine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-li (enclitic indirect-object masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
seu (masculine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
ella (feminine personal pronoun singular strong subjective third-person)
la (direct-object feminine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
l’ (direct-object feminine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-la (direct-object enclitic feminine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
li (feminine indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-li (enclitic feminine indirect-object objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
seu (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
ho (direct-object neuter objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-ho (direct-object enclitic neuter objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
li (indirect-object neuter objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-li (enclitic indirect-object neuter objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
seu (neuter personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
si (personal pronoun reflexive singular strong subjective third-person)
es (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
s’ (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
-se (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
’s (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
es (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
s’ (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
-se (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
’s (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
seu (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
nosaltres (first-person personal plural pronoun)
ens (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
-nos (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
’ns (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
nostre (first-person personal plural pronoun)
vosaltres (personal plural pronoun second-person)
us (personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
-vos (enclitic personal plural pronoun second-person)
-us (enclitic personal plural pronoun second-person)
vostre (personal plural pronoun second-person)
vostès (formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
els (formal personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
-los (enclitic formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
’ls (enclitic formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
seu (formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
ells (masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
els (masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
-los (enclitic masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
’ls (enclitic masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
seu (masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
elles (feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
les (feminine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
-les (enclitic feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
els (feminine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
-los (enclitic feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
’ls (enclitic feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
seu (feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
si (personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
es (personal plural proclitic pronoun reflexive third-person)
s’ (personal plural proclitic pronoun reflexive third-person)
-se (enclitic personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
’s (enclitic personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
seu (personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
en (ablative genitive personal plural proclitic pronoun)
n’ (ablative genitive personal plural proclitic pronoun)
-ne (ablative enclitic genitive personal plural pronoun)
’n (ablative enclitic genitive personal plural pronoun)
hi (locative personal plural proclitic pronoun)
-hi (enclitic locative personal plural pronoun)

Inherited from Latin illī, dative common singular of ille.

doneu-li una moneda

him, her, it (indirect object, singular all genders)


li

From Latin illi, masculine plural of ille, from Old Latin olle. Cognates include Italian gli (“the, them”) and Romanian îi (“them”).


li

li (third-person singular, plural yé, objective li, possessive sô, emphatic sokin, sochin)

yé (plural)
li (objective)
sô (possessive)
sokin (emphatic)
sochin (emphatic)

→ French: li


ac

āc (canonical)
āc ihqueh (plural)
āquihqueh (plural)


sonne

The usage of this term for plurals stems from the similarity or identity of female singular and (gender-unspecific) plural declensions in German grammar.

Wer macht denn sonne Sachen?

Ungrammatical synonym of solch in plural.


eu

at you/ye


eu

eu (nominative)
mine (accusative stressed)

Inherited from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆.


eu

[…] guasi guasi credu
chi podaristhia eu puru
o dubaristhia
nascì torra. […]

1989, Giovanni Maria Cherchi, “Primabéra [Springtime]”, in La poesia di l'althri [The poetry of others], Sassari: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, page 13:

I almost believe that I, too, can, or should, be born again.

Faccisigàddu, diggu grazie a Firumèna chi s’alluntàna e s’arròmba a lu muru; eu a lu muru d’aócci.

2020 March 25, Ignazio Sanna, “Di nomme fozzu Asdrubale [My name is Asdrubale]”, in Ignazio Sanna - Prosa e poesia in sassarese:

Embarrassed, I thank Filomena, who distances herself, and leans on the wall; I [lean] to the opposite wall.


eu

eu (triggers h-prothesis of a following vowel)

of a following vowel (triggers-h-prothesis)

Rhaid sganio’r ffeiliau cyn eu hagor a’u harchwilio.

You have to scan the files before opening them and exploring them.

them (as the direct object of a verbal noun)


أنا

I (first person singular subject pronoun)


أنا

Enclitic forms: ـي (-i/-y), ـني (-ni)


أنا

ajp-pronoun

أنا • (ʔana) m or f (enclitic form ـي (-i) or ـني (-ni))

ʔana (romanization)
ـي (-i enclitic)
ـني (enclitic)

I (first-person singular subject pronoun)


ce

Inherited from Old French ço, from Late Latin ecce hoc.

3 Also used when a group has both men and women

4 Also used as third person plural reflexive

C’est beau !

est-ce que...?

forms yes–no questions (literally, “is it that...?”)

ce dont je parlais

C’eût été avec plaisir, mais...

It would have been with pleasure, but...

C’eût été dommage...

predicative adjective
predicative adjective

(subject of être, with predicative adjectives or relative clauses, singular only) it, this, that (see § Usage notes, below)


mini

From Latin mē, possibly through Vulgar Latin mēne (a root), or through analogy with tsini, from *quene, from quem. Compare Romanian mine, also Dalmatian main.


noi

From Latin nos, from Proto-Italic *nōs. Cognates include Italian noi and Romanian noi.


noi

From Latin nōs, from Proto-Italic *nōs, from the oblique forms of Proto-Indo-European *wéy (“us”).


ho

Inherited from Latin hoc. Compare Occitan o and ac.

replaces an independent clause (one which could grammatically form a sentence on its own)


ho

(nonstandard, dialectal) she (form removed with the spelling reform of 2005; superseded by hun)


ne

sq-personal pronoun

ne (accusative ne, dative neve, ablative nesh)

ne (accusative)
neve (dative)
nesh (ablative)
ne (first-person nominative plural)
nesh (ablative first-person plural)
ne (accusative first-person plural)
neve (dative first-person plural)
ynë (first-person plural)
yni (first-person plural possessive pronoun)

The nominative-accusative is from accusative Proto-Albanian *nōs, stressed form of clitic Proto-Indo-European *nos, which is continued by the clitic na. Neve and nesh are innovated, but Gheg retains dative nahe (Old Albanian nae) from a genitive *nosōm.


ne

head

ne (enclitic, contracted 'n, proclitic en, contracted proclitic n')

'n (contracted)
en (proclitic)
n' (contracted proclitic)

1) Behaves grammatically as plural.2) Behaves grammatically as third person.

3) Only as object of a preposition.4) Not before unstressedi-

represents an indeterminate number or quantity of a given noun

represents a place (associated with the action described by the verb) that would be introduced by the preposition de

replaces a phrase introduced by the preposition de


ne

From Proto-Finnic *nek. Cognates include Finnish ne and Estonian need.

(North Karelian or dialectal) these, those (medial)


ne

Nérúbamo xerecóu

1555, Joseph of Anchieta, chapter X, in Arte de grammatica da lingoa mais vſada na coſta do Braſil (overall work in Portuguese), Coimbra: Antonio de Mariz, published 1595, page 41v:


pe

pe (2nd class, 2nd person plural, dative peẽme／peẽmo, 1st class equivalent peẽ)

Coordinate term: (with 1st person subject) opo-

(with 2nd or 3rd person subject) objective of peẽ


ea

From Latin illa, feminine of ille. Compare Romanian ea.

el

masculine equivalent (third-person singular nominative)

ljei

feminine singular genitive and feminine singular dative- long/stressed form

ãlj

feminine singular dative- short/unstressed form

elj

third-person (masculine or mixed) plural


ea

From Old Irish ed (“it”). Ultimately akin to English it, Latin id, etc.


kaj

káj (canonical)
kdó (feminine masculine nominative)
káj (neuter nominative)
kóga (accusative feminine masculine)
káj (accusative neuter)
kóga (feminine genitive masculine)
čésa (genitive neuter)
kómu (dative feminine masculine)
čému (dative neuter)
kóm (feminine locative masculine)
čém (locative neuter)
kóm (feminine instrumental masculine)
čím (instrumental neuter)

sl-decl-pron-table-interrog

Declension of kdó/káj (pronoun, irregular)

From Proto-Slavic *jь appended to Proto-Slavic *ka, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷi-.


kaj

kȁj (canonical)
kdó (feminine masculine nominative)
kàj (neuter nominative)
kóga (accusative feminine masculine)
kàj (accusative neuter)
kóga (feminine genitive masculine)
čésa (genitive neuter)
kómu (dative feminine masculine)
čému (dative neuter)
kóm (feminine locative masculine)
čém (locative neuter)
kóm (feminine instrumental masculine)
čím (instrumental neuter)

Declension of kdó/kàj (pronoun, irregular)

Se med vama kaj plete?

Is there anything going on between you two?


kaj

Imaš kaj denarja?

Kaj se bo že našlo.


-um

L means this form triggers lenition.N means this form triggers nasalization(N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.


ti

sq-personal pronoun

ti (accusative ty, dative ty, ablative teje)

ty (accusative)
ty (dative)
teje (ablative)
ti (nominative second-person singular)
teje (ablative second-person singular)
ty (accusative second-person singular)
të (accusative clitic second-person singular)
ty (dative second-person singular)
të (clitic dative second-person singular)
yt (second-person singular)
yti (possessive pronoun second-person singular)

From Proto-Albanian *tū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂; modern accusative ty is from Proto-Albanian Proto-Albanian *twā from emphatic *tu̯ḗm, clitic të is from clitic *te, and ablative teje is from locative *toí + -je from meje (see unë).


ti

From Latin te. Cognates include Italian te, ti and French te.

thee, you (singular; both direct and indirect object)


ti

head

ti (second person direct object, indirect object)

From Latin tē, accusative singular of tū. As an indirect object, in part from Latin tibi, dative singular of tū, through a Vulgar Latin *ti.


ti

ti (nominative)
titeket (accusative)
nektek (dative)
veletek (instrumental)
értetek (causal-final)
bennetek (inessive)
rajtatok (superessive)
nálatok (adessive)
belétek (illative)
rátok (sublative)
hozzátok (allative)
belőletek (elative)
rólatok (delative)
tőletek (ablative)
declension of ti

From Proto-Uralic *te. Compare Finnish te.

(personal) you guys, y'all, you all, you (second-person plural, nominative, informal form)

tielőttetek etc

ti + a postposition with the second-person plural personal suffix; see Appendix:Hungarian postpositions

tihozzátok etc

ti + one of the declined forms listed in the chart above; see Appendix:Hungarian pronouns


ti

Ti esas plu forta, ma ci plu bela.

Those guys are stronger, but these guys are prettier.

Yes, ma me kredas ke ti esas plu bona.

Yes, but I think that those (things) are better.

Alternative form of iti (“those people, those things”)


ti

your (second-person singular possessive pronoun)


ti

From Latin tē (accusative of tū), from Proto-Indo-European *twé, *te, accusative of *túh₂ (“you”). As a dative, in part from Latin tibi, dative of tū, through a Vulgar Latin *ti.

Cumenti ti ciami?

What's your name? (literally, “How do you call yourself?”)


ti

Ja ti radim i vikendom.

On ti se odselio još davno.

(emphatic, informal) Used to reinforce a statement that is thought to be of interest to the listener, usually referring to oneself or third parties.


ti

tȋ (canonical)
tȋ (nominative)
vȋdva m (nominative)
vȋdve (nominative)
vẹ̑dve f (nominative)
n (nominative)
vȋ m (nominative)
vẹ̑ f (nominative)
tébe (genitive)
vȃju (genitive)
vȁs (genitive)
tébi (dative)
vȃma (dative)
vȁm (dative)
tébe (accusative)
vȃju (accusative)
vȁs (accusative)
tébi (locative)
nȃju (locative)
nȁs (locative)
tȃbo (instrumental)
tebọ́j (instrumental)
vȃma (instrumental)
vȃmi (instrumental)
tȋ (vocative)
vȋdva m (vocative)
vȋdve (vocative)
vẹ̑dve f (vocative)
n (vocative)
vȋ m (vocative)
vẹ̑ f (vocative)
te (genitive singular)
vaju (dual genitive)
vas (dual genitive)
vas (genitive plural)
ti (dative singular)
vama (dative dual)
vam (dative plural)
ve (accusative singular)
vaju (accusative dual)
vas (accusative plural)
-te (singular)
tẹ̑ (singular stressed)

From Proto-Slavic *ty, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.


ti

From Proto-Brythonic *ti, from Proto-Celtic *tū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.


ti

Breton: te

Cornish: ty

Welsh: ti

From Proto-Celtic *tū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.


ti

Komi:

Komi-Permyak: ті (ti)

Komi-Yazva: ті (ti)

Komi-Zyrian: ті (ti)

Old Komi: 𐍢𐍙 (tj)

Udmurt: тӥ (ti)

From Proto-Uralic *te. Cognates include Proto-Finnic *tek and Proto-Samic *tij.


ons

nl-noun

ons n (plural onsen or onzen, diminutive onsje n)

onsen (plural)
onzen (plural)
onsje (diminutive neuter)

→ Caribbean Javanese: os

→ Japanese: オンス

→ Papiamentu: òns

From Middle Dutch unce (1240), borrowed from Latin uncia (a twelfth of a pound) probably via Old French once.


hän

hän (nominative singular)
he (nominative plural)
hänen (genitive singular)
heidän (genitive plural)
häntä (partitive singular)
heitä (partitive plural)
hänet (accusative singular)
heidät (accusative plural)
hänessä (inessive singular)
heissä (inessive plural)
hänestä (elative singular)
heistä (elative plural)
häneen (illative singular)
heihin (illative plural)
hänellä (adessive singular)
heillä (adessive plural)
häneltä (ablative singular)
heiltä (ablative plural)
hänelle (allative singular)
heille (allative plural)
hänenä (essive singular)
heinä (essive plural)
häneksi (singular translative)
heiksi (plural translative)
hänettä (abessive singular)
heittä (abessive plural)

Kven: hän

From Proto-Finnic *hän, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *sän. Cognates include Erzya сон (son).
In practically all dialects (except potentially Ingrian Finnish), se is the most common third-person pronoun for people, and this is also reflected in colloquial Finnish. hän was most often used in indirect speech (as a logophoric pronoun), potentially with a nuance of doubt or disbelief, although in southwestern, southeastern and far northern eastern dialects it was used more widely in subordinate clauses. The use of hän as a general third-person pronoun may thus be a literary feature.

he, she, one, they, it (in indirect speech: referring to the subject of the main clause, regardless of whether they are a human being or not, i.e. logophoric pronoun)


hän

hän (nominative singular)
het (nominative plural)
hänen (genitive singular)
heiđän (genitive plural)
heän (genitive plural)
häntä (partitive singular)
heitä (partitive plural)
hänen (accusative singular)
heiđät (accusative plural)
heät (accusative plural)
hänheen (illative singular)
heihin (illative plural)
hänessä (inessive singular)
heissä (inessive plural)
hänestä (elative singular)
heistä (elative plural)
hänele (allative singular)
hänelet (allative singular)
hälle (allative singular)
hället (allative singular)
heile (allative plural)
heilet (allative plural)
hänelä (adessive singular)
hällä (adessive singular)
heillä (adessive plural)
häneltä (ablative singular)
hältä (ablative singular)
heiltä (ablative plural)
hänenä (singular translative)
heinä (plural translative)
häneksi (essive singular)
heiksi (essive plural)
hänettä (abessive singular)
heittä (abessive plural)

From Finnish hän, from Proto-Finnic *hän.


hän

hän (nominative singular)
hänen (accusative singular)
hänen (genitive singular)
häntä (partitive singular)
hänessä (inessive singular)
hänehnä (inessive singular)
hänestä (elative singular)
hänehen (illative singular)
hänellä (adessive singular)
häneltä (ablative singular)
hänelen (allative singular)
hänelek (allative singular)
hännä (essive singular)
häneksi (singular translative)
hänen (instructive singular)
hännek (comitative singular)
hänettä (abessive singular)

desc

< partitive singular <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*häntä</i>, later reanalyzed

< genitive singular + possessive suffix, <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*hänensäk</i>

⇒ Estonian: enda (< partitive singular *häntä, later reanalyzed), enese (< genitive singular + possessive suffix, *hänensäk)

Finnish: hän

Kven: hän

Ingrian: hää, (dialectal) hän, hään

→ Votic: hän, hään

Karelian:

North Karelian: hiän

South Karelian: hiän

q

< with partitive and possessive endings, <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*häntänsäk</i>

⇒ Livonian: eņtš (< with partitive and possessive endings, *häntänsäk)

Livvi: häi

Ludian: häin

Veps: hän

< with partitive and inessive endings, <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*häntähen</i>, later reanalyzed

⇒ Võro: hindä (< with partitive and inessive endings, *häntähen, later reanalyzed)

Votic: (inflected forms of ize) ene

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *sän, *sen. The initial sound change *s > *h is irregular; a similar sound change is regular between the second and third syllables, and the relative lack of sentence stress given to personal pronouns appears to have motivated a similar change (also seen in *hek). Cognate with Proto-Samic *sonë.


ele

French: elle

From Latin illa (nominative), illam (accusative), feminine of ille.


ele

fro-noun

ele oblique singular, f (oblique plural eles, nominative singular ele, nominative plural eles)

ele oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
eles (oblique plural)
ele (nominative singular)
eles (nominative plural)

French: aile


ele

head

ele f pl (third-person plural, masculine equivalent ei)

equivalent ei (masculine)
ele (nominative)
ele (accusative stressed)
le (accusative)

Inherited from Latin illae, nominative feminine plural of ille.

(nominative form) they (for a group composed completely of females)


der

der (masculine nominative)
die (feminine nominative)
das (neuter nominative)
die (nominative plural)
dessen (genitive masculine)
deren (feminine genitive)
derer (feminine genitive)
dessen (genitive neuter)
deren (genitive plural)
derer (genitive plural)
dem (dative masculine)
der (dative feminine)
dem (dative neuter)
denen (dative plural)
den (accusative masculine)
die (accusative feminine)
das (accusative neuter)
die (accusative plural)

From Middle High German dër, from Old High German der, ther, replacing the original masculine and feminine nominative forms from Proto-Germanic *sa, by analogy with the adjective inflection. Compare also Old Dutch thie and Old English sē where the same process occurred.

Der mit dem Mantel


der

ich (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
du (nominative personal pronoun singular)
de (nominative personal pronoun singular)
dihr (nominative personal pronoun singular)
der (nominative personal pronoun singular)
Sie (nominative personal pronoun singular)
er (masculine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
sie (feminine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
se (feminine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
es (neuter nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
mir (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
mer (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
dihr (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
der (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sie (nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
mir (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
mer (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
dir (dative personal pronoun singular)
der (dative personal pronoun singular)
eich (dative personal pronoun singular)
Ihne (dative personal pronoun singular)
Ne (dative personal pronoun singular)
ihm (dative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
em (dative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
ihre (dative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
re (dative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
ihm (dative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
em (dative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
uns (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
eich (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
ihne (dative personal plural pronoun third-person)
ne (dative personal plural pronoun third-person)
mich (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
dich (accusative personal pronoun singular)
eich (accusative personal pronoun singular)
Sie (accusative personal pronoun singular)
ihn (accusative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
en (accusative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
sie (accusative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
se (accusative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
es (accusative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
eich (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sie (accusative personal plural pronoun third-person)


pa

From Proto-Celtic *kʷid, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷid (compare *kʷis); compare Latin quid, Old Irish cid, Modern Irish cad, Cornish py, pe.


etc.

An abbreviation of Hungarian etcetera, from Latin et cetera (“and the rest [of the things]; and the other things”).

der

and the rest 􂀿of the things􂁀; and the other things


voi

Inherited from Latin vōs, from Proto-Italic *wōs. Compare Romanian voi.

(long/stressed accusative form) you (group being addressed)


voi

From Latin vos, from Old Latin vos, from Proto-Italic *wōs. Cognates include Italian voi and Romanian voi.


voi

From Latin vōs, from Proto-Italic *wōs, from the oblique forms of Proto-Indo-European *yū́.

Mireddi s’in calch’ iltanti
Edda si moltra affannadda,
Oppuru appassionadda
Sulpira par altr’ amanti,
Mireddi si calchi iltanti
Ha di voi cumpassioni.

c. 19ᵗʰ century, anonymous author, “[untitled song]”, in Giovanni Spano, editor, Canti popolari in dialetto sassarese, volume 1 (overall work in Italian and Sassarese), Cagliari, published 1873, song 2, page 63:

Look if, sometimes, she seems tired; or [if] she passionately sighs for other lovers. Look if, sometimes, she pities you.


ar

head

ar (triggers lenition except of past autonomous forms; used only in the past tense of regular and some irregular verbs)

except of past autonomous forms (triggers-lenition)

an chathaoir ar shuigh an gasúr air

an cailín ar ól a cat an bainne

an gort ar cuireadh an síol ann

a

used with non-past tenses and with the past of some irregular verbs


ar

triggers lenition except of past autonomous forms; used only in the past tense of regular and some irregular verbs

ga-pron

Sin ar chonnaic mé ann.

Ar thuig tú ar canadh?

Cheannaigh mé ar íoc tú as.

a

form used with non-past tenses and with the past of some irregular verbs


ar

Welsh: ar

From Proto-Brythonic *ar, from Proto-Celtic *ɸare.

Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet a oed yn arglwyd ar seith cantref Dyuet.

Pwyll Pendefig Dyfed was lord of the seven cantrefs of Dyfed.

over, of (of a ruler with respect to the area ruled)


nadie

Inherited from Old Spanish nadi (“no one”), nade, inherited from Latin nātī (“born men/people”), perfect past participle of nāscor (“to be born”), ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-.
The semantic change is due to commonly being used with negated verbs in spoken Ibero-Romance, supposing for example *nātī nōn fēcērunt (“born [people] did not do it”), cognate with Old Galician-Portuguese nado (“no one”). Compare the development of French personne from “person” to “no one”. Old Spanish commonly also used the phrase omne nado. nada (“nothing”) also originates from the same root, from (rēs) nāta (“born thing”); see Jespersen's Cycle. The final unstressed vowel was influenced by quién/quien and alguién (today alguien) towards the very end of the Old Spanish period: Coromines and Pascual report the earliest attestation of the -ie form is in Nebrija.

inh+

No hay nadie en el cuarto.

No conozco a nadie de España.

Nadie sabe que su hermano es gay.

Nobody knows that his/her brother is gay.


alguien

From alguno, conflated with quien. Derivation from Latin aliquem, is incorrect, the expected form would have been *algue.


ei

From Middle Welsh y, from Proto-Brythonic *eið, from Proto-Celtic *esyo m and *esyās f; compare Old Irish a (“his, her, its, their”) and Sanskrit अस्य (asyá, “his, its”) and अस्यास् (asyā́s, “her”).

Gwelir y thema dro ar ôl tro yn ei gerddi a’i emynau.

The theme is seen repeatedly in his poems and his hymns.

his, its (with reference to a masculine noun; triggers soft mutation of following consonant)

Gwelir y thema dro ar ôl tro yn ei cherddi a’i hemynau.

The theme is seen repeatedly in her poems and her hymns.

her, its (with reference to a feminine noun; triggers aspirate mutation of following consonant and h-prothesis of a following vowel)


ei

Myfi’n bugeilio’r gwenith gwyn,

18th century, Wil Hopcyn, “Bugeilio’r gwenith gwyn”

Me watching the white wheat,
And another reaping it.

him, it (with reference to masculine nouns; as object of a verbal noun; triggers soft mutation of following consonant)

Ar ben y bryn mae sgwarnog fach, ar hyd y nos mae'n pori

On top of the hill there's a little hare, all night long she grazes
With her speckled back and her white white belly without taking any heed of any greyhound.

A’i chefen brith a’i bola bola gwyn yn hidio dim am filgi.

her, it (with reference to masculine nouns; as object of a verbal noun; triggers aspirate mutation of following consonant and h-prothesis of a following vowel)


es

Alternative spelling of eß (“you”, plural)


es

head

es (proclitic, contracted s', enclitic se, contracted enclitic 's)

s' (contracted)
se (enclitic)
's (contracted enclitic)
jo (first-person personal pronoun singular strong subjective)
mi (first-person personal pronoun singular strong subjective)
em (direct-object first-person objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
m’ (direct-object first-person objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-me (direct-object enclitic first-person objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’m (direct-object enclitic first-person objective personal pronoun singular weak)
em (first-person indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
m’ (first-person indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-me (enclitic first-person indirect-object objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’m (enclitic first-person indirect-object objective personal pronoun singular weak)
meu (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
nós (first-person formal majestic personal pronoun singular strong subjective)
ens (direct-object first-person formal majestic objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-nos (direct-object enclitic first-person formal majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’ns (direct-object enclitic first-person formal majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
ens (first-person formal indirect-object majestic objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-nos (enclitic first-person formal indirect-object majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’ns (enclitic first-person formal indirect-object majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
nostre (first-person formal majestic personal possessive pronoun singular)
tu (personal pronoun second-person singular strong subjective)
et (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
t’ (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-te (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
’t (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
et (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
t’ (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-te (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
’t (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
teu (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
vós (formal personal pronoun second-person singular strong subjective)
us (direct-object formal objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-vos (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
-us (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
us (formal indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-vos (enclitic formal indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
-us (enclitic formal indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
vostre (formal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
vostè (formal personal pronoun second-person singular strong subjective)
el (direct-object formal objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
l’ (direct-object formal objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-lo (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
’l (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
li (formal indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-li (enclitic formal indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
seu (formal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
ell (masculine personal pronoun singular strong subjective third-person)
el (direct-object masculine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
l’ (direct-object masculine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-lo (direct-object enclitic masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
’l (direct-object enclitic masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
li (indirect-object masculine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-li (enclitic indirect-object masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
seu (masculine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
ella (feminine personal pronoun singular strong subjective third-person)
la (direct-object feminine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
l’ (direct-object feminine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-la (direct-object enclitic feminine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
li (feminine indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-li (enclitic feminine indirect-object objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
seu (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
ho (direct-object neuter objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-ho (direct-object enclitic neuter objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
li (indirect-object neuter objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-li (enclitic indirect-object neuter objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
seu (neuter personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
si (personal pronoun reflexive singular strong subjective third-person)
es (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
s’ (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
-se (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
’s (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
es (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
s’ (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
-se (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
’s (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
seu (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
nosaltres (first-person personal plural pronoun)
ens (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
-nos (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
’ns (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
nostre (first-person personal plural pronoun)
vosaltres (personal plural pronoun second-person)
us (personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
-vos (enclitic personal plural pronoun second-person)
-us (enclitic personal plural pronoun second-person)
vostre (personal plural pronoun second-person)
vostès (formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
els (formal personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
-los (enclitic formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
’ls (enclitic formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
seu (formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
ells (masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
els (masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
-los (enclitic masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
’ls (enclitic masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
seu (masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
elles (feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
les (feminine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
-les (enclitic feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
els (feminine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
-los (enclitic feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
’ls (enclitic feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
seu (feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
si (personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
es (personal plural proclitic pronoun reflexive third-person)
s’ (personal plural proclitic pronoun reflexive third-person)
-se (enclitic personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
’s (enclitic personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
seu (personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
en (ablative genitive personal plural proclitic pronoun)
n’ (ablative genitive personal plural proclitic pronoun)
-ne (ablative enclitic genitive personal plural pronoun)
’n (ablative enclitic genitive personal plural pronoun)
hi (locative personal plural proclitic pronoun)
-hi (enclitic locative personal plural pronoun)

himself, herself, itself (direct or indirect object)


es

ich (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
mich (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
miar (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
du (familiar nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
dich (accusative familiar personal pronoun second-person singular)
diar (dative familiar personal pronoun second-person singular)
iart (nominative personal polite pronoun second-person singular)
ach (accusative personal polite pronoun second-person singular)
òich (dative personal polite pronoun second-person singular)
èar (masculine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
ar (masculine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
in (accusative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
en (accusative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
iime (dative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
zi (accusative feminine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
ze (accusative feminine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
iar (dative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
es (neuter nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
is (neuter nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
es (accusative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
's (accusative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
iime (dative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
bar (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
bandare (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
zich (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
izàndarn (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
iart (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
iartàndare (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
artàndare (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
òich (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
ach (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
ogàndarn (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
ze (nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
zòi (nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
zandare (nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
zich (accusative personal plural pronoun third-person)
innàndarn (dative personal plural pronoun third-person)

From Middle High German ëz, iz, from Old High German iz, from Proto-West Germanic *it, from Proto-Germanic *it, nominative/accusative singular neuter of *iz. Cognate with German es.


es

ich (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
du (nominative personal pronoun singular)
-e (nominative personal pronoun singular)
er (masculine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
sie (feminine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
-se (feminine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
es (neuter nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
wir (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
ihr (nominative personal plural pronoun)
sie (nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
-se (nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
Sie (nominative personal pronoun)
Ihr (nominative personal pronoun)
meiner (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
mein (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
deiner (genitive personal pronoun singular)
dein (genitive personal pronoun singular)
seiner (genitive masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
sein (genitive masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
ihrer (feminine genitive personal pronoun singular third-person)
seiner (genitive neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
sein (genitive neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
unser (first-person genitive personal plural pronoun)
euer (genitive personal plural pronoun)
ihrer (genitive personal plural pronoun third-person)
Ihrer (genitive personal pronoun)
Euer (genitive personal pronoun)
mir (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
dir (dative personal pronoun singular)
ihm (dative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
ihr (dative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
ihm (dative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
uns (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
euch (dative personal plural pronoun)
ihnen (dative personal plural pronoun third-person)
Ihnen (dative personal pronoun)
Euch (dative personal pronoun)
mich (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
dich (accusative personal pronoun singular)
ihn (accusative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
sie (accusative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
-se (accusative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
es (accusative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
euch (accusative personal plural pronoun)
sie (accusative personal plural pronoun third-person)
-se (accusative personal plural pronoun third-person)
Sie (accusative personal pronoun)
Euch (accusative personal pronoun)

From Middle High German ëz, from Old High German iz, from Proto-Germanic *it. Compare English it.

Wo ist das Buch? Es liegt auf dem Tisch. (

Audio: (file)) ― Where's the book? It’s on the table.

Wo ist das Kind? Ich habe es.

Welche Farbe hat das Pferd? Es ist weiß. (

Audio: (file)) ― What color is the horse? It is white.

Ich bemerkte ein merkwürdiges bärtiges Individuum und beschloss, es im Auge zu behalten. (

Audio: (file)) ― I remarked a strange bearded individual and decided to keep an eye on him.

Das Mädchen wusste nicht, dass es beobachtet wurde. (

Audio: (file)) ― The girl didn’t know that she was being observed.

Jedes Vorstandsmitglied kann das Wort ergreifen, wenn es dies wünscht. (

Audio: (file)) ― Any board member may take the floor if they so wish.

Das Kind sagte nichts und sah mich mit seinen kühlen Augen an. Dann war es fort.

1952, Marie Luise Kaschnitz, Das dicke Kind:

The child said nothing and looked at me with her cold eyes. Then she was gone.

nominative and accusative neuter third-person singular personal pronoun

Das kann es nicht geben. (

Audio: (file)) ― This is nothing that could possibly exist.

Sie begann zu laufen, und ich tat es auch.

She started to run, and so did I. (literally, “She began to run, and I did it also.”)

Es war einmal eine schöne Prinzessin. (

Audio: (file)) ― There was once a beautiful princess.

Es ist gut zu leben! (

Es regnet. (

Es ist sicher, dass morgen die Sonne scheinen wird. (

Audio: (file)) ― It's certain that the sun will shine tomorrow.

Wie geht es dir? (

Ich bin es, Michael. (

Es spielt das Fernsehorchester. (

Audio: (file)) ― The television orchestra is playing.

Sie wird es noch weit bringen. (

Audio: (file)) ― She is going to go far.

Impersonal pronoun used to refer to statements, activities, the environment etc., or as a placeholder/dummy pronoun — it


es

ich (first-person nominative personal proclitic pronoun singular)
eich (first-person nominative personal proclitic pronoun singular)
-ich (enclitic first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
mich (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular stressed unstressed)
meich (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular stressed unstressed)
meer (dative first-person personal pronoun singular stressed)
mer (dative first-person personal pronoun singular unstressed)
m'r (dative first-person personal pronoun singular unstressed)
du (informal nominative personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
dau (informal nominative personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
Dau (informal nominative personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular)
-du (enclitic informal nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
-de (enclitic informal nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
-Dau (enclitic informal nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
-De (enclitic informal nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
dich (accusative informal personal pronoun second-person singular stressed unstressed)
deich (accusative informal personal pronoun second-person singular stressed unstressed)
Deich (accusative informal personal pronoun second-person singular stressed unstressed)
deer (dative informal personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
d'r (dative informal personal pronoun second-person singular unstressed)
D'r (dative informal personal pronoun second-person singular unstressed)
er (masculine nominative personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
där (masculine nominative personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
-er (enclitic masculine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
ihn (accusative masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
en (accusative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
ihm (dative masculine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
em (dative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
sie (feminine nominative personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
-se (enclitic feminine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
sie (accusative feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
ihns (accusative feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
se (accusative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
eer (dative feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
ehr (dative feminine personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
re (dative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
es (neuter nominative personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
et (neuter nominative personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
't (neuter nominative personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person)
's (enclitic neuter nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
es (accusative neuter personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
et (accusative neuter personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
-et (accusative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
-'t (accusative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
ihm (dative neuter personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
em (dative neuter personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
meer (first-person nominative personal plural proclitic pronoun)
mer (enclitic first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
uns (accusative dative first-person personal plural pronoun stressed unstressed)
uhs (accusative dative first-person personal plural pronoun stressed unstressed)
deer (nominative personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
Ehr (nominative personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
Dehr (nominative personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
eich (accusative dative personal plural pronoun second-person stressed unstressed)
Auch (accusative dative personal plural pronoun second-person stressed unstressed)
sie (nominative personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
-se (enclitic nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
sie (accusative personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
se (accusative personal plural pronoun third-person unstressed)
denne (dative personal plural pronoun stressed third-person unstressed)


es

es (nominative singular)
mes (nominative plural)
mane (genitive singular)
mani (genitive singular)
myusu (genitive plural)
maņ (dative singular)
mums (dative plural)
mani (accusative singular)
myus (accusative plural)
manī (locative singular)
myusūs (locative plural)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ēź, from Proto-Indo-European *eǵ. Cognates include Latvian es and Lithuanian aš.


es

es (nominative)
mani (accusative)
manis (genitive)
man (dative)
manim (dative)
mani (instrumental)
manī (locative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ēź-, from Proto-Indo-European *eǵ (from *éǵh₂). The non-nominative forms derive from Proto-Indo-European dependent stem *me- (the a instead of e in the Baltic languages appears to result from Iranian influence): reduplicated *me-me- → *mene → Proto-Baltic genitive/accusative *mane → *manen (by analogy with other accusatives) → *manens (by analogy with other genitives) → genitive manis, while *manen → accusative mani. Dative man comes from an older *mani. Instrumental variant manim imitates the nominal i-stem paradigm. Cognates include Lithuanian aš (archaic eš), Old Prussian es, as, Sudovian as, Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ (Old Church Slavonic азъ (azŭ), Old East Slavic ꙗзъ (jazŭ), Belarusian, Ukrainian, Russian я (ja), Bulgarian аз (az), Czech já (from jaz), Polish ja (from jaz)), Proto-Germanic *ekan, *ek (Gothic 𐌹𐌺 (ik), Old Norse ek, Old High German ih, German ich, Old English ic, English I), Hittite [script needed] (uk), Sanskrit अहम् (ahám), Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬆𐬨 (azəm), Ancient Greek ἐγώ (egṓ), Latin ego, Ossetian ӕз (æz).

Es te dzīvoju.

Viņš mani sastapa ceļā.

Atnāc pie manis!

Nāc ar mani dejot!

Man nav laika.

I don't have time. (lit. There is no time to me.)

I; first person pronoun, referring to the speaker


es

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

Alternative spelling of as: third-person singular masculine of a


tu

From Latin tū, from Proto-Italic *tū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.


tu

head

tu (second person singular, nominative case)

mē (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
tu (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
jou (masculine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
joj (feminine nominative personal pronoun singular third-person)
amē (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
tumē (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jonē (nominative personal plural pronoun third-person)
man (first-person personal pronoun singular)
tut (personal pronoun second-person singular)
lēs (masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
la (feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
amēn (first-person personal plural pronoun)
tumēn (personal plural pronoun second-person)
lēn (personal plural pronoun third-person)
pes (personal pronoun reflexive)
mange (dative first-person personal pronoun singular)
tuke (dative personal pronoun second-person singular)
lēske (dative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
lake (dative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
amēnge (dative first-person personal plural pronoun)
tumēnge (dative personal plural pronoun second-person)
lēnge (dative personal plural pronoun third-person)
pēske (dative personal pronoun reflexive)
mandyr (ablative first-person personal pronoun singular)
tutyr (ablative personal pronoun second-person singular)
lēstyr (ablative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
latyr (ablative feminine personal pronoun singular third-person)
amēndyr (ablative first-person personal plural pronoun)
tumēndyr (ablative personal plural pronoun second-person)
lēndyr (ablative personal plural pronoun third-person)
pēstyr (ablative personal pronoun reflexive)
miro (first-person genitive masculine personal pronoun singular)
tyro (genitive masculine personal pronoun second-person singular)
lēskiro (genitive masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
lakiro (feminine genitive masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
amaro (first-person genitive masculine personal plural pronoun)
tumaro (genitive masculine personal plural pronoun second-person)
lēngiro (genitive masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
pēskiro (genitive masculine personal pronoun reflexive)
miri (feminine first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
tyri (feminine genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
lēskiri (feminine genitive masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
lakiri (feminine genitive personal pronoun singular third-person)
amari (feminine first-person genitive personal plural pronoun)
tumari (feminine genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
lēngiri (feminine genitive personal plural pronoun third-person)
pēskiri (feminine genitive personal pronoun reflexive)
mirē (first-person genitive personal pronoun singular)
tyrē (genitive personal pronoun second-person singular)
lēskirē (genitive masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
lakirē (feminine genitive personal pronoun singular third-person)
amarē (first-person genitive personal plural pronoun)
tumarē (genitive personal plural pronoun second-person)
lēngirē (genitive personal plural pronoun third-person)
pēskirē (genitive personal pronoun reflexive)
mandē (first-person locative personal pronoun singular)
tutē (locative personal pronoun second-person singular)
lēstē (locative masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
latē (feminine locative personal pronoun singular third-person)
amēndē (first-person locative personal plural pronoun)
tumēndē (locative personal plural pronoun second-person)
lēndē (locative personal plural pronoun third-person)
pēstē (locative personal pronoun reflexive)
mansa (first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
tusa (instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
lēsa (instrumental masculine personal pronoun singular third-person)
lasa (feminine instrumental personal pronoun singular third-person)
amēnca (first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
tumēnca (instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
lēnsa (instrumental personal plural pronoun third-person)
pēsa (instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
pe (personal pronoun second-person singular)
pe (personal pronoun singular third-person)
pe (personal plural pronoun second-person)
pe (personal plural pronoun third-person)


tu

jo (first-person personal pronoun singular strong subjective)
mi (first-person personal pronoun singular strong subjective)
em (direct-object first-person objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
m’ (direct-object first-person objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-me (direct-object enclitic first-person objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’m (direct-object enclitic first-person objective personal pronoun singular weak)
em (first-person indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
m’ (first-person indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-me (enclitic first-person indirect-object objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’m (enclitic first-person indirect-object objective personal pronoun singular weak)
meu (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
nós (first-person formal majestic personal pronoun singular strong subjective)
ens (direct-object first-person formal majestic objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-nos (direct-object enclitic first-person formal majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’ns (direct-object enclitic first-person formal majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
ens (first-person formal indirect-object majestic objective personal proclitic pronoun singular weak)
-nos (enclitic first-person formal indirect-object majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
’ns (enclitic first-person formal indirect-object majestic objective personal pronoun singular weak)
nostre (first-person formal majestic personal possessive pronoun singular)
tu (personal pronoun second-person singular strong subjective)
et (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
t’ (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-te (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
’t (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
et (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
t’ (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-te (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
’t (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
teu (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
vós (formal personal pronoun second-person singular strong subjective)
us (direct-object formal objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-vos (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
-us (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
us (formal indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-vos (enclitic formal indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
-us (enclitic formal indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
vostre (formal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
vostè (formal personal pronoun second-person singular strong subjective)
el (direct-object formal objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
l’ (direct-object formal objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-lo (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
’l (direct-object enclitic formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
li (formal indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun second-person singular weak)
-li (enclitic formal indirect-object objective personal pronoun second-person singular weak)
seu (formal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
ell (masculine personal pronoun singular strong subjective third-person)
el (direct-object masculine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
l’ (direct-object masculine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-lo (direct-object enclitic masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
’l (direct-object enclitic masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
li (indirect-object masculine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-li (enclitic indirect-object masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
seu (masculine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
ella (feminine personal pronoun singular strong subjective third-person)
la (direct-object feminine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
l’ (direct-object feminine objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-la (direct-object enclitic feminine objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
li (feminine indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-li (enclitic feminine indirect-object objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
seu (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
ho (direct-object neuter objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-ho (direct-object enclitic neuter objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
li (indirect-object neuter objective personal proclitic pronoun singular third-person weak)
-li (enclitic indirect-object neuter objective personal pronoun singular third-person weak)
seu (neuter personal possessive pronoun singular third-person)
si (personal pronoun reflexive singular strong subjective third-person)
es (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
s’ (direct-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
-se (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
’s (direct-object enclitic objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
es (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
s’ (indirect-object objective personal proclitic pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
-se (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
’s (enclitic indirect-object objective personal pronoun reflexive singular third-person weak)
seu (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular third-person)
nosaltres (first-person personal plural pronoun)
ens (first-person personal plural proclitic pronoun)
-nos (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
’ns (enclitic first-person personal plural pronoun)
nostre (first-person personal plural pronoun)
vosaltres (personal plural pronoun second-person)
us (personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
-vos (enclitic personal plural pronoun second-person)
-us (enclitic personal plural pronoun second-person)
vostre (personal plural pronoun second-person)
vostès (formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
els (formal personal plural proclitic pronoun second-person)
-los (enclitic formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
’ls (enclitic formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
seu (formal personal plural pronoun second-person)
ells (masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
els (masculine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
-los (enclitic masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
’ls (enclitic masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
seu (masculine personal plural pronoun third-person)
elles (feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
les (feminine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
-les (enclitic feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
els (feminine personal plural proclitic pronoun third-person)
-los (enclitic feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
’ls (enclitic feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
seu (feminine personal plural pronoun third-person)
si (personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
es (personal plural proclitic pronoun reflexive third-person)
s’ (personal plural proclitic pronoun reflexive third-person)
-se (enclitic personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
’s (enclitic personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
seu (personal plural pronoun reflexive third-person)
en (ablative genitive personal plural proclitic pronoun)
n’ (ablative genitive personal plural proclitic pronoun)
-ne (ablative enclitic genitive personal plural pronoun)
’n (ablative enclitic genitive personal plural pronoun)
hi (locative personal plural proclitic pronoun)
-hi (enclitic locative personal plural pronoun)