愛

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (愛):
* → Japanese: 愛(あい) (ai)
* → Korean: 애(愛) (ae)
* → Vietnamese: ái (愛)

→? Proto-Hlai: *ʔəːp (“to love”)

Originally 㤅 (xì), a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qɯːds): phonetic 旡 (OC *kɯds) + semantic 心 (“heart”). However, the phonetic component indicates somebody kneeling with an open mouth, perhaps, trilling.
As early as the Qin dynasty, a meaningless component 夊 (suī, “foot”) was added to the bottom of the character, as with some other characters depicting people. Compare 憂 /忧 (yōu) (from 㥑). Hence, the character changed into 𢙴.
Further corruption of the top component of 𢙴 turned the original phonetic 旡 (jì) into ⿱爫冖.
Based on Baxter's (1992) Old Chinese reconstruction /*ʔɨts/, STEDT suggests that it is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋ-(w)aːj (“to copulate; to love; to be gentle”). Compare Proto-Karen *ʔai (“to love”), whence Pa'o Karen [script needed] (ʔái, “to love”), S'gaw Karen အဲၣ် (ʼeh̀, “to love”); Southern Bai e⁴⁴ (“love”); Mizo hma-ngaih (“to love, to like”); Jingpho nwai (“to respect, to love”), ngwi (“to be gentle”); Burmese ငွေ့ (ngwe., “to be gentle, moderate”). The Chinese word is related to a Tibeto-Burman allofam without initial *ŋ-. STEDT states that an Old Chinese reconstruction of /*ʔɨjs/ for 愛 is also possible because Old Chinese rhyming does not provide direct evidence of contacts with *-t.
However, Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstructs /*[q]ˁə[p]-s/, which ends in *-p-s instead. The Old Chinese contrast between *-p-s and *-t-s was lost at a late stage of Old Chinese. The final *-p is not reflected in the Tibeto-Burman comparandum provided by STEDT, making the likelihood that the Chinese form is related to the rest very low (Sagart, 2019). Behr (2016) suggests a derivation from a verbal root meaning "to draw in; to inhale; to suck in", relating it to 吸 (OC *qʰ(r)əp, “to inhale”), 欱 (OC *qʰˁ[ə]p, “to sip”), 愾 (OC *qʰəp-s, “to sigh with regret”), 僾 (OC *qˁəp-s, “to pant”), 氣 (OC *C.qʰəp-s, “vapour; breath”).
;"to maltreat, to abuse"

cog

爱
㤅
𢙴
𢛭
𢜤
𤔠
𤔤
𢟪
𢖻
要

1907, J. Dyer Ball, Cantonese Made Easy, third edition, Singapore: Kelly & Walsh, Limited, page 16:

蠔、我愛生食。

蚝、我爱生食。

(Hakka, Min, dated in Cantonese) to want (to do)

There's one thing you must bear in mind.

有一點愛注意的。

有一点爱注意的。


一

Form used as the colloquial reading for “one” in most Min varieties: Fuzhou/Fuding suoʔ⁸, Fuqing θyo⁸, Gutian syøʔ⁸, Ningde søʔ⁸, Zhouning sɔʔ⁸, Putian ɬoʔ⁸, Xiamen/Quanzhou/Yongchun/Zhangzhou tsit̚⁸, Leizhou/Haikou ziak⁸, Longyan tse⁴, Youxi ɕie⁷, Jian'ou/Songxi tsi⁵, Jianyang tsi⁸. Whether all of the forms above are related and their origins remain unelucidated; they may be derived from 蜀 (shǔ) (cf. 獨 /独 (dú, “single, alone”); often written when read with the colloquial reading), 隻 /只 (zhī) (< *kV-tek) or 禃 (zhí). Some Fujian dialects use 個 /个 and 寡 (guǎ) for “one”.


底

From 等 (MC tojX), probably a clipping or influenced by 何等 (OC *ɡaːl tɯːʔ/tɯːŋʔ).

och-l

何等 (OC *ɡaːl tɯːʔ/tɯːŋʔ)

Táoyě xìnglíng cún dǐ wù? Xīn shī gǎi bà zì cháng yín.

陶冶性靈存底物？新詩改罷自長吟。

陶冶性灵存底物？新诗改罢自长吟。

How could Mount Pillar suddenly fall down? And Yellow River flow throughout the town?

circa 1142, 張元幹,《賀新郎·送胡邦衡待制赴新州》, translated by Xu Yuanchong

Dǐ shì Kūnlún qīng Dǐzhù, jiǔ dì Huáng liú luàn zhù?

底事昆侖傾砥柱，九地黃流亂注？

底事昆仑倾砥柱，九地黄流乱注？


上

/t͡sʰuɔŋ²⁴²/

/t͡sʰuɔŋ²⁴²/

Ideogram (指事): a line above another (contrast 下 (xià)) — up. Originally written as 𠄞, but changed to this form to prevent confusion with 二 (èr).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tVŋ (“top”). Cognate with Tibetan སྟེང (steng), Tibetan ཡང་རྩེ (yang rtse, “summit; pinnacle”) (Bodman, 1980), Mizo zo (“to be high”), zah (“to respect; to revere”) (STEDT).
Shijing rimes indicate occasional level tone for pronunciation 2 (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation 1 is the exopassive of pronunciation 2 with suffix *-s, literally meaning "what has been raised" (Schuessler, 2007). The rising tone in Middle Chinese words with voiced stop initials regularly evolves into departing tone in Mandarin. Pronunciation 3 results from 叶韻 (xiéyùn), i.e. its pronunciation has been artificially changed to preserve rhymes in classical poetry.

cog

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

上水 [Hokkien] ― chhiūⁿ-chúi [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to draw water from a well

(Min) to pull upwards or hang with a rope


下

Characters in the same phonetic series (下) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
In oracle bone script, it is an ideogram (指事) that shows the concept of "down" by showing one line below another (contrast 上). This form evolved into 下 in later scripts, the character used today.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/j/t (“to fall”) (STEDT):
* inside Sinitic, cognate with 落 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ, “to fall, to drop”), 露 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs, “dew”), 陊 (OC *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ, “to collapse”) and 阤 (OC *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ, “hillside, slope”);
* outside Sinitic, cognate with Mizo tla ~ tlâk (“to fall”), thla ~ thlâk (“to drop”), Burmese ကျ (kya., “to fall”) and ချ (hkya., “to drop”).
Schuessler (2007) instead proposed an Austroasiatic origin by comparing 下 (OC *ɡraːʔ, “to descend, down, below”) to Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, “be low, debased”); additionally, he suggested that Sino-Tibetan influence had possibly caused the weakening of foreign final *-k to OC final *-ʔ. He derives the departing tone (去聲) pronunciation via two derivations:
* 下 (OC *ɡraːs, “to be put down”) is an exopassive derivation (ibid.);
* 下 (OC *ɡraːs, “to descend, to fall”) is a later, general departing tone derivative (ibid.).

cog

下鹽

下盐

(transitive) (with limited objects, often figuratively) to put something down

(Min, Taishanese) to put in; to add (a condiment, etc.)


伐

Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China

Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong

(Min) to stride; to take a stride; to step forward; to step over


伓

n̂g-gōng / [^((ŋ̍-))ŋ̍²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋouŋ³³]

伓講

伓讲

n̂g-siàng / [^((ŋ̍-))n̩²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niaŋ⁵³]

伓成

n̂g-báik / [^((ŋ̍-))m̩²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾maiʔ²⁴]

伓捌

kó̤-n̂g-kó̤ / [kʰo²¹³⁻²¹ ^((ŋ̍-))ŋ̍²⁴²⁻⁵³ ^((kʰ-))ŋɔ²¹³]

去伓去？


個

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (個):
* → Japanese: 個(こ) (ko)
* → Korean: 개(個) (gae)
* → Vietnamese: cá (個)

Wutunhua: -ge

→? Baba Malay: punya (semantic loan)

desc

→? Vietnamese: cái (possibly some contamination)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kaːls): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 固 (OC *kaːs).
The semantics may have developed along the grammaticalisation process "bamboo stalk" (箇) > "piece, item" > "classifier for every category of noun" > "possessive particle, generic particle". If so, it would then possibly be cognate with 竿 (OC *kaːn, “bamboo, rod”). Compare Tibetan མཁར་བ (mkhar ba), འཁར་བ ('khar ba, “walking stick, staff”) and Thai ก้าน (gâan, “stem, stalk”).
; Southern Min classifier and possessive particle
; Wu classifier and possessive particle

Han compound

个
箇
个
兮
的
ㄟ
ケ
亓
亇

may use corresponding classifier in certain contexts

個個人

个个人

This duck hasn't been cooked long enough for it to become tender.

個隻鴨子勿大酥

个只鸭子勿大酥

(literary or Wu, Xiang, Gan, dialectal Cantonese, dialectal Min) (= 搿 (Northern Wu)) this; that


倩

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiɑŋ²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiɑŋ²¹³/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰleːns, *sʰleŋs): semantic 人 + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ).

Han compound

倩一个助理/辛劳/散工/看护/家教 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
chhiàⁿ chi̍t ê chō͘-lí / sin-lô / sòaⁿ-kang / khan-hō͘ / ka-kàu [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

倩一个助理/辛勞/散工/看護/家教 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]

to hire a(n) assistant/employer/temporary worker/caretaker/private tutor


儂

Cantonese: 冷 (laang⁵⁻¹) (via Teochew)

Baiyue
Changshu
Fenghua
Fuding
Lanxi
Longyan
Ningbo
Nong Zhigao
Nùng
Shanghai
Shanghainese
Shengze
Six Dynasties
Suzhou
Tangxi
Xiamen
Xianyou
Yuyao

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *nuːŋ): semantic 亻 + phonetic 農 (OC *nuːŋ).
; “Person; I; me > suffix for pronouns” in southeastern varieties
Its senses of “person; human being” and “pronoun suffix” are well-attested in the classical literature, dating back to the Six Dynasties. At the present time, traces of this word are found in various Southern regions such as Fujian, Jiangxi and Zhejiang, in Wu, Min, Hui and Gan.
; “Person; human”
; “I”
; “Pronoun suffix”
:
: A similar chain of changes happened in the Wu varieties to arrive at the modern divergent dialectal forms for “you (singular)”.
:
: Some lects, such as Shanghainese, have merged the two syllables into one, leaving 儂／侬 to mean “you (singular)”.
With regard to the etymology of this word, Huang (1980), Norman (1983) and Zhou (1986) hypothesised that this is the same as 農 (OC *nuːŋ, “farmer; peasant”). The use of this word as a pronoun may have originated as a form of personal deprecation and then come to be used as a full-fledged pronoun. Pan and Chen (1995) disagree, proposing that nong was originally a Baiyue substrate word possibly of Kra-Dai origin, and possibly an original clan name later developing to mean “person; I”. Compare Zhuang Nungz (surname) and name of the 11ᵗʰ century Zhuang leader Nong Zhigao, as well as the name of the Nùng people in Vietnam.

Han compound

used without 的; GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

Wánglǎo xiǎo'ér chuī dí kàn, wǒnóng shì wǔ ěrnóng kàn.

王老小兒吹笛看，我儂試舞爾儂看。

王老小儿吹笛看，我侬试舞尔侬看。

(Min, Wu) Suffix for pronouns, functioning as a meaningless particle or a pluralising particle.


冇

Compare Saek [script needed] (phoong^(C2), “hollow; hole (in a tree, bamboo)”), Proto-Bahnaric *pɔːŋ (“hollow; flattened”) (Schuessler, 2007).

cog

冇柴

(Min, Hakka) empty; hollow; spongy; not sturdy

(Min, Hakka) unreliable; undependable; casual


凊

/t͡sʰɛiŋ²¹³/

/t͡sʰɛiŋ²¹³/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰleŋs): semantic 冫 (“ice”) + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ).

Han compound

Having what is warm and light in winter and what is light and cool in summer, they would yet heavily tax the people, robbing them of their means of livelihood.

Dōng zé qīng nuǎn, xià zé qīng qìng, jiē yǐ jù yǐ. Bì hòu zuò liǎn yú bǎixìng, bào duó mín yīshí zhī cái.

冬則輕煗，夏則輕凊，皆已具矣。必厚作斂於百姓，暴奪民衣食之財。

冬则轻暖，夏则轻凊，皆已具矣。必厚作敛于百姓，暴夺民衣食之财。

(Classical, dialectal Mandarin, Xiang, Min, Chuqu Wu) cool, cold


刣

Often considered a substrate word. Compare (Deng, 1994, Schuessler, 2007):
* Proto-Hmong-Mien *təjH (“to kill”) ~ Proto-Hmong-Mien *dəjH (“to die”)
** White Hmong tua (“to kill”)
** White Hmong tuag (“to die”)
* Proto-Austronesian *pa-aCay (“to kill”) ~ Proto-Austronesian *ma-aCay (“to die”)
** Amis patay (“to die; death”)
** Cebuano patay (“dead; to kill”)
** Tagalog patay (“dead; corpse; carcass”); matay (“dying”); katay (“a slaughtering; a killing”); bitay (“hanging (means of execution)”)
* Proto-Tai *p.taːjᴬ (“to die”)
** Thai ตาย (dtaai, “to die”)
Norman (1979) suggests that this derives from 治 (MC dri, “to regulate; to clean (fish)”) instead. This usage is still used in some Mandarin dialects (usually meaning “to clean (fish)”) and Hakka chhṳ̀ (“to slaughter (livestock)”), often written as 㓾.
Alternatively, some have suggested that 夷 (MC yij, “to be level; to pacify; to kill”) is the original character.

ltc-l

𠛀
殺
刏
宰
𠷂
夷
治
汰

刣豬

刣猪

刣豬

刣猪


到

遘
告
至
甲
屆
各
格
𢓜
佫
徦
假
臵

伊到厝矣。


厝

Traditionally thought to be derived from etymology 3, but its etymology is disputed. Norman (1984) argues for a derivation from 戍 (OC *hljos, “to garrison the frontier”), while Zhengzhang (2014) proposes that it is from 處 (OC *kʰljas, “residence”). Zeng et al. (2024) argue that it descended from 舍 (OC *hljaːs, “lodging-house”).

och-l

𠪞
錯
𥕉
戍
茨
㢀
𡪣
次
聚
陬
宿
處
室

He is like a man which built an house, and digged deep, and laid the foundation on a rock: and when the flood arose, the stream beat vehemently upon that house, and could not shake it: for it [the house] was founded upon a rock.

1896, Séng Iŏ̤ Cṳ̌ing Sṳ́: Gṳ̄ing-nǎing Hǔ gâ̤ Tǔ-kióng (Lô̤-mǎ Cī), Lū-gá 6:48

Gṳ̀ su̿-siōng cì-ciă nêng kṳé chio̤̿, diá gṳ̄-dă̤ cèng chéng, chio̤̿-gí ca̿ da̿u ciō̤-ngâng ciōng-bíng: ca̿ duōi-sṳ̌ gâ̤ sî-hē, sṳ̌ chè̤ng-diō̤ iŏ̤ng chio̤̿, mài mà-dă̤ gṳ̀ dòng; éng-ṳē chio̤̿ kṳé-dă̤ ì-lò̤.

佢似像一隻人開厝，地掘得盡深，厝基做到石巖上邊：做大水其時候，水撞著樣厝，𣍐𢫦得佢動；因為厝開得實落。

佢似像一只人开厝，地掘得尽深，厝基做到石岩上边：做大水其时候，水撞着样厝，𫧃𢫦得佢动；因为厝开得实落。

There are a few houses built with bricks; they look quite ordinary

Ū kúi keng chhù iōng chng-á khōng, khòaⁿ--khí-lâi phó͘-thong phó͘-thong

有幾間厝用磚仔砌 看起來普通普通

有几间厝用砖仔砌 看起来普通普通


喙

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hlods, *l̥ʰjods): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 彖 (OC *l̥ʰjelʔ, *hljelʔ, *l̥ʰoːns).

Han compound

But now I do not feel able to open my mouth, and venture to ask you what course I should pursue.

Jīn wú wú suǒ kāi wú huì, gǎn wèn qí fāng.

今吾無所開吾喙，敢問其方。

今吾无所开吾喙，敢问其方。

(Min) Classifier for bites or mouthfuls.


囝

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 囗 + 子 (“child; son”). Compare 囡.
Min dialectal word for “son; child”. Substrate borrowing, cognate with Proto-Mon-Khmer *kuun (“child, son”) (Vietnamese con, Khmer កូន (koun)) (Schuessler, 2007). Likely related to 昆 (OC *kuːn, “descendants”) (ibid.).

Diminutive suffix attached to nouns, equivalent to Mandarin 子 (zǐ).

Diminutive suffix attached to classifiers.


園

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢʷan): semantic 囗 (“fence”) + phonetic 袁 (OC *ɢʷan).
Borrowed from Tocharian B wänt-, Tocharian A wänt- (“to envelop, to surround”).


埕

(chiefly Min) yard; level open ground (for grain drying, threshing, salt production or freshwater aquaculture)


字

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (字):
* → Japanese: 字(じ) (ji)
* → Korean: 자(字) (ja)
* → Vietnamese: tự (字)

→ Proto-Tai: *ɟɤ:ᴮ (“name”)

Lao: ຊື່ (sư̄, “name”)

Thai: ชื่อ (chʉ̂ʉ, “name”)

Zhuang: coh (“name”)

desc

→ Vietnamese: chữ (“script; letter; writing; word”), chửa (“to be pregnant”)

Characters in the same phonetic series (子) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zlɯs): semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 子 (OC *ʔslɯʔ, “child”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsa ~ za (“child; to give birth; to take care; to be kind”). Related to:
* 子 (OC *ʔslɯʔ, “child, son”) (also its phonetic component)
* 慈 (OC *zɯ, “to be kind, loving”)
* 滋 (OC *ʔsɯ, “to nourish, to grow”)
* 詞 (OC *ljɯ, “word, term”)
* 辭 (OC *ljɯ, “word, from testimony”)
Original sense (1): “to become pregnant, to give birth to, to nurture, to love” has essentially become obsolete. The sense (2) “letter, character” is either from a different root or a derivation from the sense “to produce, to generate”.
Cognate with Tibetan ཚ་བོ (tsha bo, “nephew”), Tibetan ཚ་རུས (tsha rus, “descendant”), Tibetan བཙའ (btsa', “to give birth to; to guard”), Tibetan མཛའ (mdza', “kind, peaceful, friendly”) (Quan, 1996), Burmese စာ (ca, “writing, letter”).

cog

fifteen minutes [i.e. when the minute hand points to 3]

三個字

三个字

七點兩字

七点两字

five minutes [i.e. when the minute hand points to 1]

一個字

一个字

It's five to two now. (Literally: It's one o'clock [and] eleven five-minutes.)

ji⁴ gaa¹ hai⁶ jat¹ dim² sap⁶ jat¹ go³ zi⁶.

而家係一點十一個字。

而家系一点十一个字。

a quarter to six (Literally: Missing three five-minutes to six o'clock)

爭三個字到六點

争三个字到六点

(Cantonese, Min, Malaysia, Singapore) five minutes (derived from the locations of 1 to 12 on a clock face) (Classifier: 個／个 m c)


孫

→ English: Sun, Suen, Soon

→ Tagalog: Suan (via Hokkien), Soon (via Hokkien)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 子 (“son”) + 系 (“continue”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sju(w)-n (“grandchild”) (STEDT). Cognate with Bodo (India) sou (“grandchild”), Jingpho shu (“grandchild”).


屐

→ Thai: เกี๊ยะ (gía)

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡreɡ): abbreviated semantic 履 (“shoe”) + phonetic 支 (OC *kje).

Han compound

𡰸
𡰵
跂
𰍸
⿸尸𢪊
𭕞
𡲆

(Classical, Cantonese, Hakka or Min) clogs; wooden shoes


懸

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡʷeːn): phonetic 縣 (OC *ɡʷeːn, *ɡʷeːns) + semantic 心 (“heart”) – to be concerned (in one’s heart).

Han compound

悬
𢝝
悬
𢝝
高
峘
危


戇

Dialectally preserved word for “stupid”, attested since Middle Chinese. Relationship to Etymology 1 is unknown.
Compare Proto-Central Chin *ŋoŋ (“dull, stupid”) > Mizo ngawng (“dull, stupid”), Proto-Tai-Kadai *ŋV:ŋ.T (“stupid”) > Zhuang nguengh (“stupid”), as well as Old Khmer lṅaṅya (“stupid, obtuse, ignorant”) > Khmer ល្ងង់ (lngŭəng)).
Bauer (1996) suggests that this root may have entered Old Southern Chinese during the period of its early contact with Tai-speaking peoples in southern China.

cog

戆
戅
𢥹
𢦀
贛
戆
戅
怣
憨
慐
惷

戇大

戆大

戇居

戆居

My kid is very stupid; they don't even know where the capital of America is.

⁷aq-la ⁵shiau-noe ⁶lau ⁶gaon ⁰gheq ⁶li ⁵me-koq ⁵seu-tu ⁸laq ⁵sa-di-faon ⁶gha ⁸veq-shiau-teq

阿拉小囡老戇個，連美國首都辣啥地方也勿曉得。

阿拉小囡老戆个，连美国首都辣啥地方也勿晓得。

(Cantonese, Hakka, Min, Wu) stupid; foolish; simple; simple-minded


才

/t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹/

Pictogram (象形) — a sharp peg. Same as 弋 and 尗. See also the top component of 𢦏.
Xu Shen erroneously analyzed this character as a sprout growing from the ground.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsa ~ za (“child, offspring, relatives; to come forth (as child at birth); to love; loving”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). "Birth" and "natural characteristic / endowments" are semantically connected, compare 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs, “live, give birth”) and its derivative 性 (OC *sleŋs, “nature; character; personality; quality”) & 姓 (OC *sleŋs, “family name”). Cognate with 子 ("son").
Derivatives: 材 (OC *zlɯː, “material; timber”), 財 (OC *zlɯː, “riches; property; money”), and 存 ("to exist").

och-l

纔
裁
乍
則
即
者
隻


才

/t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹/

纔
裁
乍
則
即
者
隻

I'm Zhang San (not that someone else is Zhang San).

我才是張三。

我才是张三。

我才沒有騙人。

我才没有骗人。

I literally don't need you to manage me.

我才不要你管。


才

纔
裁
乍
則
即
者
隻

Used to emphasize that something is/is not.


拍

/pʰaːk̚³⁻³⁵/

/pʰaːk̚³⁻³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰraːɡ): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 白 (OC *braːɡ).

仙人拍鼓有時錯，跤步踏差啥人無 / 仙人拍鼓有时错，跤步踏差啥人无

sian-jîn phah kó͘ iú sî chhò, kha-pō͘ ta̍h-chha siáⁿ-lâng bô

拍電話

拍电话

拍手機

拍手机

Used as a dummy verb to make a verbal phrase from a noun, including but not limited to:

拍尻川


拔

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bruːd, *boːd, *bod): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 犮 (OC *boːd) – a hand pulls.
Compare perhaps Burmese ပြုတ် (prut, “to be dislocated; to lose”).


拜

Originally 𢱭. Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 扌 (“hand”) + 𠦪 (“herbs”), a hand holding herbs as a gift. 𣬓 and 𢫶 are variant forms showing the hands at the bottom.
; "to bow"
; "byte"
; "bye"
; "day of the week"

Han compound

拝
𢷎
𢳎
𢴽
𢰛
𡴬
𢱭
𣬓
𣬊
𢫶

拜一

(Malaysia, Singapore, Hakka, Min) day of the week (when used with a number)


挃

For pronunciation and definitions of 挃 – see 𢲼.
(This character is a variant form of 𢲼).

zh-see

值/値
碟
治
置
池
遲
纒
擇


捌

Min dialectal word for "to know".
Austroasiatic substrate influence (Norman and Mei, 1976); may be related to 別 (“to split; to differentiate”). Cognate with Vietnamese biết (“to know”), Muong mắt (“to know”), Proto-Bahnaric *băt (“to remember, to know”), Proto-Hmong-Mien *pei (“to know”) (White Hmong paub (“to know, to understand”)).
Many variant written forms exist, but 捌 is recommended in the Taiwanese Hokkien Recommended Characters lists (《臺灣閩南語推薦用字》) published by Taiwan's Ministry of Education.

cog

別
八
仈
白
𧧸
識
曾

báik-cê / [pɛiʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ t͡sɛi²⁴²]

捌字

mâ̤-báik-cê / [mɛ²⁴²⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɛiʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ t͡sɛi²⁴²]

𣍐捌字

𫧃捌字

(Min) to know; to recognise; to be familiar with

伓捌


掌

→ Mongolian: зан (zan, “sole”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tjaŋʔ): phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic 手.


攬

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·raːmʔ): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 覽 (OC *ɡ·raːmʔ) – to grasp with the hand.
Note similarities with 欄 (OC *ɡ·raːn, “railing, balustrade”); see there for more.

Han compound

(Cantonese, Gan, Min) to hug; to embrace in the arms


易

Possibly from 慧 (OC *ɡʷeːds) (Li Ru-long, 2002).


晝

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 聿 + 日 (“sun”). Used to mean “daytime” in ancient texts.
The significance and meaning of the 聿 component, as present in the oracle bone inscriptions, is not clear. Various theories exist, including that it serves as a phonetic component, in which case the character would be a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tus): phonetic 聿 (OC *b·lud) + semantic 日 (“sun”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-duk (“daytime; noon”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan གདུགས (gdugs, “midday; umbrella”).


晬

/t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

(literary or Min, Waxiang) first birthday of a child


暝

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *meːŋ, *meːŋs): semantic 日 + phonetic 冥 (OC *meːŋ).

Han compound

Yǐ zhào chūn jiāng shàng, héng zhōu shí àn qián. Shān míng xíngrén duàn, tiáotiáo dú fàn xiān.

倚棹春江上，橫舟石岸前。山暝行人斷，迢迢獨泛仙。

倚棹春江上，横舟石岸前。山暝行人断，迢迢独泛仙。


未

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (未):
* → Japanese: 未(み) (mi); 未(び) (bi)
* → Korean: 미(未) (mi)
* → Vietnamese: vị (未)

→ Vietnamese: Mùi

Pictogram (象形) – a tree with two layers of branches, or a tree's top branches not yet at full growth, signifying not grown (yet)
; "not yet"
; "eighth earthly branch"
: As for its association with the goat, Ferlus (2013) notes there is good correspondence with Austronesian Atayal miːts (“lamb”); also compare Lao ມົດ (mot, “year of the lamb”).

食飽未？

食饱未？

你買咗未先？

你买咗未先？

(Cantonese, Min) used at the end of questions to ask if one has done something yet


枵

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hraw): semantic 木 + phonetic 号 (OC *ɦlaːws).
Substrate word, possibly from a Tai-Kadai language. Compare Thai หิว (hǐu, “hungry”).


柴

/t͡sʰaːi̯²¹/

/t͡sʰaːi̯²¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zreː): phonetic 此 (OC *sʰeʔ) + semantic 木.
Perhaps related to 槎 (OC *zraːl, *zraːlʔ, “to cut trees”) (Schuessler, 2007). Compare also Khmer ឈើ (chəə, “wood”) (ibid.).
On the other hand, the Min forms (e.g. Jian'ou châu, Fuzhou chà, Xiamen chhâ) are from 樵 (OC *zew).


楻

(Min) large wooden barrel, used for threshing or grain storage

mieŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuŋ³³ suoʔ⁵⁻³³ kʰuoŋ⁵³

miêng-hūng siŏh-*kuòng / [mieŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuŋ³³ suoʔ⁵⁻³³ kʰuoŋ⁵³]

麵粉蜀楻

mieŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuŋ³³ suoʔ⁵⁻³³ kʰuoŋ⁵³

面粉蜀楻

(Min classifier) a quantity of this size


樵

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

Likely related to 焦 (OC *ʔsew, “to scorch”); see there for more (STEDT).


毒

Pictogram (象形) - a woman wearing a feathered ornament - original form of 纛 (OC *duːɡs, *duːɡ). If this is the correct interpretation, see also 每.
Alternatively, Li Xueqin (2012) proposes it is a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'uːɡ): semantic 屮 (“vegetation”) + phonetic 毐 (OC *ʔmɯː, *ʔmɯːʔ), meaning "a type of poisonous plant."
; “poison”
; “to poison” (Pronunciation 2)
; “nerdy”

Han compound

𭖪
𡴛
𡹆
𥲮
𦸕
𫦚
𧉉
𤯟
杜
餖
透
𭖪
踱
喥

(Cantonese, Hakka, Min, Wenzhounese, colloquial) to poison; to administer poison to


汝

→ Betawi: lu

→ Burmese: လု (lu.)

→ Indonesian: lu, lo, elu

→ Khmer: លឺ (lɨɨ)

→ Malaccan Creole Malay: lu

→ Malay: lu

desc

→ Thai: ลื้อ (lʉ́ʉ)

→ Thai: ลื้อ (lʉ́ʉ)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-ŋ (“you”). Cognate with 你 (nǐ) and 爾／尔 (ěr).

Zigong asked, "What do you say of Ci [Zigong's given name]?" The Master said, "You are a utensil."

The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Zǐgòng wèn yuē: “Cì yě hérú?” Zǐ yuē: “Rǔ qì yě.”

子貢問曰：「賜也何如？」子曰：「女器也。」

子贡问曰：「赐也何如？」子曰：「女器也。」

The Master said, "Sit down, and I will tell you."

The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE

子曰：「居！吾語汝。」

子曰：「居！吾语汝。」

The king wishes to appoint you as the prime minister; why do you not accept it?

王欲相汝，汝何不受乎？

(literary or coastal Min) thou; you (second-person pronoun)


沫

Probably from a Mon-Khmer substrate; compare Vietnamese bọt (“foam; froth”) (Norman and Mei, 1976). Also compare Mizo phûl (“scum; froth; foam”) (Schuessler, 2007).


洋

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (洋):
* → Japanese: 洋(よう) (yō)
* → Korean: 양(洋) (yang)
* → Vietnamese: dương (洋)

→ Zhuang: yangz

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljaŋ, *laŋ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 羊 (OC *laŋ).
; “multitudinous; vast; ocean”: Schuessler (2007) compares it with Tibetan ཡངས་པ (yangs pa, “wide; extensive; vast; spacious”). In contrast, Starostin sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lɨ̆ŋ (“wave”), encompassing this and Tibetan ཀློང (klong, “space; expanse; wave”), Burmese လှိုင်း (hluing:, “wave; to abound; plentiful”).
: Compare 羕 (OC *laŋs, “(of rivers) long”), 漾 (OC *laŋs, “waves; (of rivers) long”).
; "vast expanse of flat land"

cog

(Min, Hakka, often in place names) plain; flatland


濟

Yue-Hashimoto (1976) relates it to Proto-Tai *ʰlaːjᴬ (“many; much”), whence Zhuang lai. This Tai word is probably related to 多 (OC *ʔl'aːl) (Schuessler, 2007).

济
済
㴉
𣳵
𣸓
𣺴
𤀮
济
多
㩼
穧
侈
儕
価
眾
嚌
𧪇
䜞
諸


瀾

A dialectal variant of 涎 (OC *ljan, “saliva”) in the South (Schuessler, 2007; Xu and Iwata, 2014).

澜
灡
澜
澜
涎
灠
漤
潾
㘓

(chiefly Hakka, Min, Southern Wu) saliva


炊

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰuɐi⁵³³/

/t͡sʰe̞i̯³³/

/t͡ɕʰy̯e̞i̯³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰuɐi⁵³³/

/t͡sʰe̞i̯³³/

/t͡ɕʰy̯e̞i̯³³/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰjol): semantic 火 (“fire”) + abbreviated phonetic 吹 (OC *kʰjol, *kʰjols).
From 吹 (OC *kʰjol, “to blow”), as in blowing to get a fire going (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

(dialectal Cantonese, Hakka, Min) to steam


烏

desc

→ English: O (Singapore, via Hokkien or Teochew)

Pictogram (象形) – a bird. Compare 鳥 (“bird”), of similar development. See also the original version of its variant 於.
; “crow; black; dark”
: Schuessler (2007) considers it to be onomatopoeic, and compares it with Proto-Loloish *akᴸ (“crow”).
: “Black; dark” is a semantic extension of “crow” – “black as a crow”. Compare 黑 (OC *hmlɯːɡ, “black”), which is cognate with 墨 (OC *mlɯːɡ, “ink”).
; “sun”
; interrogative pronoun

† - usually describes the color of cloth or thread

烏雲／乌云

烏油油／乌油油

嘴唇發烏／嘴唇发乌

The mounted troops of the Xiongnu on the west all had white horses; on the east, all blue-green horses; on the north, all black horses; on the south, all red horses.

The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

Xiōngnú qí, qí xīfāng jìn báimǎ, dōngfāng jìn qīng máng mǎ, běifāng jìn wū lí mǎ, nánfāng jìn xīng mǎ.

匈奴騎，其西方盡白馬，東方盡青駹馬，北方盡烏驪馬，南方盡騂馬。

匈奴骑，其西方尽白马，东方尽青𮪡马，北方尽乌骊马，南方尽骍马。

The sky is dark; it seems like it will rain.

天烏烏，欲落雨。

天乌乌，欲落雨。

(literary or in compounds or Hakka, Min) black; dark


無

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (無):
* → Japanese: 無(む) (mu); 無(ぶ) (bu)
* → Korean: 무(無) (mu)
* → Vietnamese: vô (無)

→ Peranakan Indonesian: bo

Characters in the same phonetic series (無) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形). A person dancing with ox tails held in both hands to pray for rain.
This character is borrowed for “have no”, and the character 舞 (wǔ) is used for the original sense.
Core Sino–Tibetan. From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“no, not”); cognate with Tibetan མ་ (ma, “not”) and Burmese မ (ma., “not”).
Cognate with:
* 微 (OC *mɯl, “not, no”)
* 毋 (OC *ma, “do not”)
* 勿 (OC *mɯd, “not, don't”)
* 未 (OC *mɯds, “not yet, haven't”)
* 靡 (OC *mralʔ, “not, no”)
* 亡 (OC *maŋ, “not have; to flee, to disappear, to die”)
* 沒 (OC *mɯːd, “to end, to disappear, to drown”)
* 莫 (OC *maːɡ, “none, nobody, nothing; do not; can not”)
Attested profusely in Classical Chinese, this word is the prototypical negation particle in the *m- series of Chinese negatives. In the oracle bone script, however, 無 is not frequently used, and its homophone (or near-homophone) 毋 (OC *ma) is used instead.
See 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) for more on negative particles in Old Chinese.
Perhaps related to 巫 (OC *ma, “shaman, wizard, magician, sorcerer, witch”).

och-l

无
𭴿
橆
𣞤
𣟒
𬻜
𬻝
𭴾
𤍍
𣞣
𫡟
𣠮
𡙻
𤀢
𰙄
𰙈
𣑨
𣚨
𠘩
㷻
无
嘸

天空無雲。

天空无云。

我無零星錢。

我无零星钱。

2019, “下一位前度 [NEXT]”, 林夕 (lyrics)performed by 林家謙 [Terence Lam]:

Maybe once I think of someone as the only one I can love, I would be afraid that there would not be a next time, but it's actually quite ridiculous

jaa⁵ heoi² jat¹ soeng² hei² mau⁵ mau⁵ si⁶ wai⁴ jat¹ ho² zung¹ ji³, coi⁴ loi⁴ hoi⁶ paa³ mou⁴ haa⁶ ci³ kei⁴ sat⁶ do¹ mo¹ fung³ ci³

也許一想起某某是唯一可鍾意 才來害怕無下次其實多麼諷刺

也许一想起某某是唯一可钟意 才来害怕无下次其实多么讽刺

(literary or Hakka, Min) to not have something; there is not ...

無可

无可

我無求於你。

我无求于你。

(literary or Min) Negation particle preceding verbs and adjectives. not

我無共伊講。

我无共伊讲。

Night comes and the sky seems like it might snow; could you drink a cup?

晚來天欲雪，能飲一杯無？

晚来天欲雪，能饮一杯无？

(literary or Hakka, Min) Interrogative particle.

(Hakka, Min) if not; otherwise (placed at the start of a sentence)


焦

Possibly the same as etymology 1. However, Bodman (1980) relates it to Proto-Vietic *trawᴮ (“dry”).


田

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (田):
* → Japanese: 田(でん) (den)
* → Korean: 전(田) (jeon)
* → Vietnamese: điền (田)

Characters in the same phonetic series (田) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – pictographic representation of a field divided into four sections. See the original version of 甫 and 里.
Sometimes it means mask. See 異 and 鬼. Unrelated to 思, 黄, 果, 由, 甲, and perhaps 番.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mV-liŋ (“field”). Cognate with Tibetan ཞིང (zhing, “field; realm”), Jingpho maling (mă³¹ liŋ³³, “forest”). Compare Proto-Hmong-Mien *ljiŋ (“field”).

Han etyl

Its plains and marshes being opened up,
It was made into fields by the distant descendant.

The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

畇畇原隰，曾孫田之。

畇畇原隰，曾孙田之。

(literary) (alt. form 佃, 畋) to till land; to cultivate

Shu has gone hunting,
Mounted in his chariot and four.
The reins are in his grasp like ribbons,
While the two outside horses move [with regular steps], as dancers do.

Shū yú tián, chéng shèngmǎ, zhípèi rú zǔ, liǎng cān rú wǔ.

叔于田，乘乘馬，執轡如組，兩驂如舞。

叔于田，乘乘马，执辔如组，两骖如舞。

田漢

田汉


田

The Min native word for “paddy field; field”.
Etymology unknown. Chinese scholars identify 塍 (OC *ɦljɯŋ, “raised path between fields”) as the etymological character (本字), although Norman proposes that this is related to 層 (OC *zɯːŋ, “layer”), reflecting the terraced fields commonly found in Fujian (Schuessler, 2007). Compare also 㽪 (“wet field”).

och-l

paddy field; wet field (Classifier: 坵 mn)


目

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (目):
* → Japanese: 目(もく) (moku)
* → Korean: 목(目) (mok)
* → Vietnamese: mục (目)

Pictogram (象形) – human eye, now rotated 90 degrees. Compare the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓁹.
See also 直, 真, 見, 頁, 夏, 面, 臣 and the earlier versions of 要. The eye is not rotated in the character 𢛳, 曼, 睪, and 眔 (used in 褱).
Sometimes it depicts a web (网) through its variant 罒, e.g., 買, 罵, 罪, 詈 (used in 罰) and 羅 (> 罗). Unrelated to 鼎 and 貝.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-mjak ~ s-mik. Cognate with Tibetan མིག (mig, “eye”), Burmese မျက် (myak, “eye, face”).

See also: 眼

耳目

目睭

(literary or Min) eye (Classifier: 雙／双 mn-t)


秫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɦljud) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): semantic 禾 (“grain”) + phonetic 朮 (OC *l'ud, *ɦljud, “glutinous millet”). Originally written 朮 (not to be confused with 术).
Area word (Schuessler, 2007); compare:
* Proto-Hmong-Mien *mblut (“glutinous; sticky”) (Sagart, 1999; Schuessler, 2007; Ratliff, 2010; Baxter and Sagart, 2014);
* Proto-Austronesian *-lit (“caulk; adhesive material”) > Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bulit (“glue; paste; stick; caulk”) (Ratliff, 2010);
* Proto-Austronesian *puluC (“Caesar weed, a mucilaginous plant”), Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pulut (“birdlime, sticky sap of breadfruit, etc.”) (Sagart, 1993; Ratliff, 2018).
Sagart and Baxter (2010) posit that the *m- in their Old Chinese reconstruction, based on the Hmong-Mien evidence, may be a reduced form of 米 (OC *(C.)mˤ[e]jʔ, “millet or rice grains, dehusked and polished”).

och-l

glutinous grain
(literary or Min) glutinous rice


穿

From 上 (OC *djaŋʔ, *djaŋs) (Yang, 2016).

(Min) to wear; to put on (clothing); to have (clothing) on


童

In oracle bone inscriptions, ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 䇂 (“chisel”) + 見 (“kneeling person with a huge eye”). It depicts a person getting their eye (目) gouged out, a common punishment for slaves in ancient China. Compare 民, 臧.
In bronze inscriptions, the phonetic component 東 (OC *toːŋ) was added, making the character phono-semantic (形聲 /形声).
In the modern form 䇂 has corrupted into 立. The bottom 里 derives from 東 combining with 土, similar to 重.
; “child; servant boy; virgin; bare”
; “shaman”

Han compound

(Min, dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Wu) shaman


箬

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *njaɡ): semantic 竹 + phonetic 若 (OC *nja, *njaʔ, *njaɡ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-nas (“leaf”).


箸

→ Baha: daau³³ (“chopsticks”)

→ Bouyei: deh (“chopsticks”)

desc

→ Burmese: (via Min Nan) တူ (tu, “chopsticks”)

→ Korean: 저 (箸, jeo) > 젓가락 (jeotgarak, “chopsticks”)

→ Lao: ຖູ່ (thū) > ໄມ້ຖູ່ (mai thū, “chopsticks”)

⇒ Lolopo: azzu (“chopsticks”)

→ Lü: ᦏᦴᧈ (ṫhuu¹)

→ Lü: ᦏᦴᧈ (ṫhuu¹) > ᦙᦺᧉᦏᦴᧈ (may²ṫhuu¹, “chopsticks”)

→ Proto-Hmong-Mien: *drouH (“chopsticks”)

Iu Mien: zouc

White Hmong: rawg

→ Nuosu: ꎋ (rrup, “chopsticks”)

→ Sui: zuh (“chopsticks”)

→ Vietnamese: đũa (“chopsticks”)

→ Zhuang: dawh (“chopsticks”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tas, *das): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ).
The Classical Chinese word for "chopsticks". It has been replaced by 筷子 (kuàizi) in many dialects for taboo reasons, avoiding homophony with 住 (zhù, “stopping”) in boatmen's language. Still used in almost all Min dialects and sporadically in other topolects, such as Southern Wu topolects including Wenzhounese.

Han compound

bĭng-*dê̤ṳ / [piŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ tøy²⁴²]

冰箸


粙

Probably a variant of 稻 (OC *l'uːʔ) (Schuessler, 2007, apud Norman, p.c.).


粞

(Min) rice flour; rice dough (made from grinding glutinous rice and with water squeezed out, used to make rice delicacies)


粟

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

Warring States period
oracle bone script

Pictogram (象形) in oracle bone script. During the Warring States period, phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *soɡ): phonetic 角 (OC *kroːɡ, *ɡ·roːɡ) + semantic 米 (“rice”). 角 corrupted into 𠧪, thus getting the intermediate form 𥻆. Eventually, it was further corrupted into 西.
In ancient times, this character was used to indicate rice kernels with husk, while 米 was used to indicate rice without husk.


細

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *snɯːls): semantic 糸 + phonetic 囟 (OC *snɯns). The right component is etymologically unrelated to 田 in which it was corrupted to after the Han dynasty.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *z(j)əj (“little; small; tiny”) (STEDT); cognate with Jingpho zi (“small”), Tibetan ཟི (zi, “small”), Burmese သေး (se:, “small”).

inh

點解會咁細嘅？

点解会咁细嘅？

(literary or Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Min) small; tiny; little

[Do you think that] you're still a child?

你仲細咩！

你仲细咩！

(literary or Cantonese, Hakka, Min) young; little


興

Characters in the same phonetic series (興) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 舁 (“to raise”) + 同 (“together”) – to hold up together.

Han compound

(obsolete or Min) to like; to be fond of; to love


落

→ Ai-Cham: lau⁵

→ Thai: โละ (ló) (via Teochew loh⁸)

→ Vietnamese: lạc

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·raːɡ): semantic 艹 + phonetic 洛 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/y/t (“to fall”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007):
:within Sinitic, cognate to 露 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs) "dew", 下 (OC *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs, “down, below, to descend, to fall down”) , 陊 (OC *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ) "to collapse" and 阤 (OC *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ) "hillside, slope";
:outsides Sinitic, cognate to Mizo tla ~ tlâk (“to fall”) and thla ~ thlâk (“to drop”), Burmese ကျ (kya., “to fall”) and ချ (hkya., “to drop”).
Schuessler attributes OC *r-, instead of expected **l-, to possible Austroasiatic influence: compare Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, “be low, debased”) < [script needed] (-ra'ka, “to fall, below, cover from above”). However, Matisoff (2003) identifies several ST etyma which display TB *(C‑)l- vs. OC *(C‑)r‑ correspondence (e.g. *l(j)a(k/ŋ) (“good, beautiful”) → 良 (OC *raŋ), *g/m-liŋ (“neck”) → 領 (OC *reŋʔ), etc.) and TB *(C‑)r- vs. OC *(C‑)l‑ (e.g. *g-rjum (“salt”) → 鹽 (OC *ɡ·lam)); so irregularities in correspondence do not necessarily indicate foreign influences.
Contemporary southern usage possibly reinforced by a Kra-Dai term. The term has been associated with Zhuang loengx (“to fall”).
Zhengzhang suggested that Pronunciation 2 was a result of loss of final consonant of the retained Old Chinese Pronunciation 1.

cog

He had already started to carry an umbrella before the rain even began to fall.

di¹ jyu⁵ jat¹ dik¹ dou¹ mei⁶ lok⁶ keoi⁵ ji⁵ ging¹ hai² dou⁶ lo² zyu⁶ baa² ze¹ haang⁴.

啲雨一滴都未落佢已經喺度攞住把遮行。

啲雨一滴都未落佢已经喺度𫽋住把遮行。

(transitive) (to move something to a lower place)

(Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Huizhou, Min, Southern Pinghua, Wu, Xiang) to fall down; to rain or snow

(to move something to a lower place)
to fall down; to rain or snow


著

→ English: tio

/ʈ͡ʂaʊ̯ɻʷ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂaʊ̯ɻʷ⁵⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *taʔ, *tas, *da, *taɡ, *daɡ): semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ta-t (“to put; to place”). Cognate with Tibetan སྟད (stad, “to put on; to lay on”), སྟ་གོན (sta gon, “preparation; arrangement”), Burmese ထား (hta:, “to put; to place”). See also 署 (OC *djas, “to put, place”) (STEDT).

cog

着
着
𣋐
𣥧
囉
就
着
着

揀啊揀，揀著一個賣龍眼 / 揀啊揀，揀著一个賣龍眼 / 拣啊拣，拣着一个卖龙眼

kéng--ah kéng, kéng-tio̍h chi̍t ê bē lêng-géng

(obsolete or Min, Wu) to need to; to ought to; should

著獎／着奖 [Sixian Hakka] ― chho̍k-chióng [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ] ― to win a prize

我按呢講，著無？

我按呢讲，着无？

(Can we date this quote?), 《英語撮要》, page 46:

咁唔係着麽

咁唔系着么


蓄

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l̥ʰuɡ, *hluɡ): semantic 艹 (“grass, plant”) + phonetic 畜 (OC *l̥ʰuɡs, *l̥ʰuɡ, *hluɡ) – to cultivate plants, to store grain, to save.

Han compound

⿰忄蓄
稸
⿰禾蓄
⿱䒑畜
⿳⻀玆田
⿱𬝘田
𦿤
𧁖
𧁃

(Min) to get or buy for use; to purchase; to collect (especially of large assets)


薰

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʰun, *qʰuns): semantic 艹 + phonetic 熏 (OC *qʰun). However, the phonetic component is a reference to smoked herbs; it is also the original form of this character, so it indicates part of the meaning.

Han compound

I have decided to be a good-hearted hooligan, no more smoking or drinking again.

2018, 茄子蛋 (EggPlantEgg), 《浪流連》 (“Waves Wandering”)

Góa í-keng koat-tēng beh chòe chi̍t ê siān-liông ê pháiⁿ-kiáⁿ, Hun mài koh chia̍h chiú bōe koh ta

我已經決定欲做一个善良的歹囝 薰莫閣食酒袂閣焦

我已经决定欲做一个善良的歹囝 薰莫阁食酒袂阁焦

(Min) cigarette; smoke (Classifier: 支 mn)


蜀

Compare 獨／独 (dú, “single, alone”). According to Fangyan, it is used in the ancient Chu language (楚語)

一 is 蜀. People from Southern Chu call it 蜀.

一，蜀也。南楚謂之蜀。

一，蜀也。南楚谓之蜀。


蠓

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *moːŋ, *moːŋʔ): semantic 虫 (“insect”) + phonetic 蒙 (OC *moːŋ)


衫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sroːm): semantic 衣 + phonetic 彡 (OC *sroːm, *slom).

Han compound

一件衫

(literary or Cantonese, Min) shirt; top (Classifier: 件 c; 領／领 mn)

一套衫

(literary or Cantonese, Hakka, Min, Pinghua) clothing; clothes (Classifier: 套 c; 軀／躯 mn)


衰

→ English: suay

→ Indonesian: soe

→ Thai: ซวย (suai)

Pictogram (象形) — a piece of clothing made from palm fibers to be used as a raincoat (original form of 蓑) (Ji Xusheng, 2004).
Compare Khmer រៀវ (riəw, “to diminish; to decrease”), Mizo zuai (“to decline (in diligence, enthusiasm, industry, etc.)”) (Schuessler, 2007).

cog

when luck is bad, you can’t even walk straight

人衰行路打倒褪

衰足五年

(Cantonese, Hakka, Min) to have bad luck


許

Zheng (2017) suggests that it is from 爾 (OC *njelʔ, “that”). Compare 耳 (OC *njɯʔ, “ear”) > Min Nan hī.


貯

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *taʔ): semantic 貝 (“shellfish”) + phonetic 宁 (OC *da, *daʔ).

Han compound

(Min) to put (food) in a container; to ladle out


賤

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zlens): semantic 貝 + phonetic 戔 (OC *zlaːn).


走

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 夭 (“young, running man”) + 止 (“foot”) – a running man. The original version is 𧺆.
The top component (夭) is simplified to the unrelated 土. See also the top component of 去 and 赤.
As with 圭, there are two separate vertical strokes, not a single one.
Schuessler (2007) considers this to be part of a large Sino-Tibetan word family, including 搜 (OC *sru, “to move”), 速 (OC *sloːɡ, “quick”), 夙 (OC *suɡ, “morning”), 聳 (OC *sloŋʔ, “to excite”), 蔌 (OC *sloːɡ, “vegetables”), which derive from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-sow (“to arise; to awake”).

被難

to be killed in a disaster, political incident

(figurative) to learn to run before one can walk

未學行，先學走

未学行，先学走

c. 3rd century BCE, 韓非 [Han Fei], 韓非子 [Han Feizi]:

(literary or dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka, Min, Wu) to run; to jog


起

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰɯʔ): semantic 走 + phonetic 巳 (OC *ljɯʔ, *lɯs).
Perhaps from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kyi (“to lift, raise, awake”); cognate with Burmese ချီ (hkyi, “to lift”) (STEDT).

inh

起緊嘅線路

起紧嘅线路

呢棟樓係新起嘅。

呢栋楼系新起嘅。

(dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Min, Pinghua, Wu, Xiang) to construct; to build


趁

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *nlanʔ, *l̥ʰɯns, *l'ɯn): semantic 走 (“to run”) + phonetic 㐱.

Han compound

趂
𧼇
𮚶
𢌝
跈
𧽃
賺

(literary or Min) to follow; to accompany

趁大錢

趁大钱


跋

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *boːd): semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 犮 (OC *boːd).
Cognate with 茇 (OC *poːd, “roots of grass”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

跋著

跋着

puaʔ⁵ to³³ t͡si²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾a⁵⁵ pa⁵³ i³³

Buăk dō̤, cê-gă bà kī>ī. / [puaʔ⁵ to³³ t͡si²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾a⁵⁵ pa⁵³ i³³]

跋倒，自家爬起。

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, Min) to tumble; to fall down

(Min) to toss; to throw (dice, moon blocks, etc.)


跍

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, Jilu, Jianghuai and Southwestern Mandarin, Hakka, Gan, Min, Wu, Xiang) to squat

obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese; Jianghuai and Southwestern Mandarin; obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese; Jianghuai and Southwestern Mandarin


跤

Chinese sources commonly consider this to be a vernacular-layer descendant of Old Chinese 骹 (OC *kʰraːw, “lower leg”). However, its form, at least in Coastal Min, bears great resemblance to the Tai etymon for “leg”, e.g. Thai ขา (kǎa, “leg”) < Proto-Tai *p.qaːᴬ (“leg”) (Yue-Hashimoto, 1976; Luo, 1992), and Proto-Kam-Sui *kwa (“leg”). Such similarity may be superficial since this word is reconstructed to have the *au final in Proto-Min (Norman, 1981) and thus there is a disagreement in rime (Schuessler, 2007).

1998, “大伯公夢”, 黃一飛 [Freddie Huang] (lyrics), 黃一飛 [Freddie Huang] (music)performed by 黃一飛與喵喵組合 [Freddie & Catz]:

chhù-lāi ê tōa-thiaⁿ lāi, ū kúi chiah nó͘-chhír, chi-chi-cha-cha, nā-leh khiau-kha khòaⁿ tiān-sī

厝内的大廳内 有幾隻老鼠 吱吱喳喳 哪咧翹腳看電視

厝内的大厅内 有几只老鼠 吱吱喳喳 哪咧翘脚看电视


轉

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än²¹⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än²¹⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tonʔ, *tons): semantic 車 (“carriage”) + phonetic 專 (OC *tjon).
Possibly related to:
* Old Tibetan འདྲུལ ('drul, “to transmit; to communicate”) (Schuessler, 2007), or
* Tibetan སྲུལ (srul, “to move to and fro; to stir”), Burmese ရွေ့ (rwe., “to move; to be displaced”), ရွှေ့ (hrwe., “to move or shift something”) (Starostin).
An allofam is perhaps *don (“round”). Compare Vietnamese tròn (“round; circle; entire; whole”), trọn (“fully; completely; all”), as well as the following Chinese words:
* 團 (OC *doːn, “ball; circle; lump”),
* 摶 (OC *doːn, *doːn, *donʔ, “to roll up into a ball”).
Derivative: 傳 (OC *tons, *don, *dons, “to relay; to pass on; to transfer; relay station; biography; record”).

och-l

转
返
转
转
转
撙
捘

轉來／转来 [Shanghainese] ― ⁵tsoe-le [Wugniu] ― to come back; to return

轉去／转去 [Shanghainese] ― ⁵tsoe-chi [Wugniu] ― to go back; to return

(Southwestern Mandarin, dialectal Cantonese, Hakka, Min, Wu) to return; to come or go back


轉

/t͡sʰouŋ²⁴²/

/t͡sʰouŋ²⁴²/

转
返
转
转
转
撙
捘

(Min) to twist with force or with a tool


迎

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋaŋ, *ŋraŋs): semantic 辶 + phonetic 卬 (OC *ŋaːŋ, *ŋaŋʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋra-k/ŋ (“to meet; to encounter”). Cognate with Burmese ငြင်း (ngrang:, “to refuse to obey; to argue”). Within Chinese, it is related to:
* 禦 (OC *ŋaʔ, *ŋas, “to defend”)
* 迕 (OC *ŋaːs, “to meet; to go against”)
* 迓 (OC *ŋraːs, “to receive; to defend”)
* 溯 (OC *sŋaːɡs, “to go upstream”)
* 逆 (OC *ŋraɡ, “to greet; to go against; to resist”)

och-l

(Min) to escort (a god, hero etc.) through the streets; to parade through the streets


長

Pictogram (象形) – an old man with long hair; an ancient variant still used is 镸 (e.g., ⾽ and 鬓).
Compare 彡 and the top component of 老 and its variant 考.
Three pronunciations below are cognate, all derived from the original root of 張 (*traŋ, “to make long; to stretch; to string a bow”).
Pronunciation 1 ("long") is the endopassive derivative ("be extended, be stretched"), with intransitive voicing. The lack of Tibeto-Burman cognates with the same meaning indicate that this is a Chinese innovation. Pronunciation 2 ("to grow") is the endoactive derivative. The different pronunciations are one of the few instances of contemporary grammatical tone in Mandarin.
See 張 for more.

l-lite

gĭng-dáng buông diông iā sâ̤ / [kiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɑŋ²¹³ puɔŋ²⁴² tuɔŋ²⁴² ia³³ sɑ²⁴²]

今旦飯長野儕。

今旦饭长野侪。

(archaic, Min) to be left over; surplus, residue


閂

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 門 (“gate”) + 一 (“crossbar”) ― a crossbar over a gate; sealing it closed.
Compare 關.
Related to 關 (OC *kroːn) (Zhengzhang, 2003).

Han compound

閂風扇／闩风扇 [Cantonese] ― saan¹ fung¹ sin³ [Jyutping] ― to turn off the fan


隔

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (隔):
* → Vietnamese: cách (隔)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kreːɡ): semantic 阝 (“wall”) + phonetic 鬲 (OC *kreːɡ, *ɡ·reːɡ) – to separate with a wall.

Han compound

(Cantonese, Min) (in compounds) previous


飲

In the oracle bone script, it was an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 酉 (“bottle (of alcoholic beverages)”) + 人 (“person”) + 口 (“mouth (occasionally with the tongue protruding)”) – a person bending over a bottle to drink the alcoholic beverage. The droplets represented drops of the drink or saliva.
In the bronze script, the mouth separated from the body and corrupted into 今 (OC *krɯm), while the rest of the body became 欠 (OC *kʰoms). These two components also acted as phonetic components. These changes were inherited in the seal script, leading Shuowen to interpret this character (㱃) as a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qrɯmʔ, *qrɯms): phonetic 酓 (OC *qʰɯːm, *qlamʔ, *qlɯːms) + semantic 欠 (“yawn”).
In the clerical script, 酓 has been modified to 食 (“to eat”), which is inherited in the current form.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔam (“to eat; to drink”).

inh

饮
㱃
酓
飮
𣲎
𩚜
饮
㱃
酓
飮
𣲎
𩚜
饮

(dialectal Cantonese, including Taishanese, Yangjiang Yue; dialectal Gan; dialectal Hakka; Min) rice water


高

1995, “台灣話 [Táiwānhuà]”, 鄭進一 (lyrics), 鄭進一 (music)performed by 陳雷:

Eyes are all looking up high and not down low

目睭攏看高無看低

目睭拢看高无看低

2009, “欢喜自游飞”, 黄一飞 [Freddie Huang], 小喵, 邓智彰 [Ang Chee Ciang] (lyrics), 黄一飞 [Freddie Huang] (music)performed by 黄一飞 [Freddie Huang], 菲比 [Phoebe Yap], Jentzen, 周奕斌 [Brian Chew], 刘婉滢 [Wanyin Lau], 黄莞媇, 曾爱佳 [Chan Ai Chia], 陈荣发, and 毛依贤 [Celine Mow]:

Fly higher, look farther, with one eye, see through it all, see it clearly

poe khah kûiⁿ khòaⁿ khah hn̄g, chi̍t ba̍k khòaⁿ-thàu khòaⁿ hō͘ chheng

飛卡高看卡遠 一目看透看乎清

飞卡高看卡远 一目看透看乎清

2014, “祢的智慧”, 謝鴻文 (lyrics), 謝鴻文 (music):

祢的智慧高過山

祢的智慧高过山

(Min) alternative form of 懸 /悬 (“tall; high”)


鳩

→? Proto-Hmong: *ɴquᴬ (“pigeon”)

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ku): phonetic 九 (OC *kuʔ) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-k(r)əw (“dove, pigeon”) (Benedict, 1974; Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). Compare Tibetan འང་གུ ('ang gu, “pigeon”), Proto-Loloish *m-krəw², Burmese ချိုး (hkyui:), Proto-Kuki-Chin *khruu.
In some southern Chinese dialects, 鳩 /鸠 is pronounced with aspirated initial /kʰ/ due to taboo considerations.

inh

鸠
䲥
𩾛
㞗
𨳊
尻
九

含鳩／含鸠 [Cantonese] ― ham⁴ gau¹ [Jyutping] ― to suck a dick

(Cantonese, Pingnan Min, vulgar) penis (sometimes especially erect) (Classifier: 轆／辘 c; 條／条 c)


鹽

Characters in the same phonetic series (監) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·lam, *ɡ·lams): phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms) + semantic 鹵 (“salt”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-rjum (“salt”). The Min forms point to a fricative initial in Proto-Min *ziem (“a white encrustation formed from saltwater or brine”).

cog

盐
䀋
𪉹
𪉩
塩
𥂁
𪉟
盐
醃
豉
漬

…, sprinkled on it pieces of cinnamon and ginger, and added salt. It could be eaten thus when dried.

Xiè guì yǔ jiāng yǐ sǎ zhū shàng ér yàn zhī, qián ér shí zhī.

屑桂與薑以灑諸上而鹽之，乾而食之。

屑桂与姜以洒诸上而盐之，干而食之。

(Classical, Min or Wu) to salt; to lay in brine; to pickle; to marinate


黍

A cereal 禾 with water 水 or kernels under it. The water may symbolize the wine made from millet or the fact that millet sticky and water-resistant; otherwise, given that millet is a resistant plant that can grow on dry ground, the "water" component remains unexplained. See 黎, in which the radical appears as a contracted form.
Schuessler (2007) minimally reconstructs Old Chinese *nhaʔ, comparing it to Tibetan ནས་ (nas, “barley”). STEDT provisionally reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nas (“highland barley”).
However, Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstruct Old Chinese *s-tʰaʔ based on aspirated affricate reflexes in certain Mandarin dialects, e.g. Hefei tʂʰu³, Yangzhou tsʰu³, as well as sound gloss evidence from Shuowen. This would make the comparison to Tibetan less plausible.

inh

(dialectal Eastern Min, Putian Puxian Min) sorghum


鼎

Pictogram (象形) - a tripod, i.e., an ancient bronze vessel with three legs used for cooking or performing ritual sacrifices. Sometimes, it was carved with characters. Also phonetically (and perhaps semantically) borrowed to indicate "to divine" (then written as 鼑 > 貞). See also the original version of 具 and 則.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(m/ʔ)-di(k/ŋ) (“pot; cauldron”) (STEDT).

a kind of rice cake popular in Fuzhou area

diāng-biĕng-gù / [tiaŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾mieŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋu⁵³]

鼎邊糊

鼎边糊


鼻

Characters in the same phonetic series (畀) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *blids): semantic 自 (“nose”) + phonetic 畀 (OC *pids).
自 (OC *ɦljids) originally meant “nose” but came to be used to mean “self”, so the sense of “nose” has been replaced by 鼻 (OC *blids). Some scholars interpret 鼻 (OC *blids) as a combination of a nose (自 (OC *ɦljids)) and two lungs (畀 (OC *pids)), however 畀 on oracle bones represents an arrow.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bi (“nose”); compare Nuosu ꅳꁖ (hnap bbit, “nose; snot”).
Alternatively, it may be from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-brit (“sneeze; nose; swallow”), whence Tibetan སྦྲིད (sbrid, “sneeze”), but there is no trace of r in Chinese (Schuessler, 2007).
In some modern lects, including Mandarin, Gan, Jin, Wu, and Xiang, and even in the literary layer of some Min dialects, the word reflects a form with final *-t. For example, in standard Mandarin, the word is pronounced bí (implying an old entering tone) instead of bì (the expected reflex from the departing tone in Middle Chinese). This is due to a phonological phenomenon in the northwest, either an early loss of *-s in the *-ts cluster before regular final cluster simplification occurred (Baxter, 1992), or a dialectal change from *-s to *-t (Pulleybank, 1998).


昨日

/t͡su̯ɔ³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡su̯ɔ³⁵ ʐ̩³/

/t͡sɔːk̚³ jɐt̚²/

/t͡sɔːk̚² jɐt̚²/

/t͡ʃɔŋ⁵⁵ jɐt̚⁵⁵/

/ˈt͡sʰɔʔ² n̠ʲit̚⁵/

/t͡sa²²⁻²¹ lit̚⁴/

/t͡sa³³⁻²² lit̚²⁴/

/t͡sa²²⁻²¹ d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/t͡sa³³⁻²¹ zit̚⁴/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻³³ zit̚⁴/

/t͡sa(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ d͡zit̚⁴³/

/t͡sa⁵²⁻³⁵ d͡zik̚⁴/

/t͡sa³³⁻²³ d͡zik̚⁴/

/zoʔ¹¹ n̠ʲiɪʔ²³/

/zo²² n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡so¹³ ʐ̩²⁴/

/d̥͡z̥o¹¹ ʑ̊i¹¹/

/t͡su̯ɔ³⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡su̯ɔ³⁵ ʐ̩³/

/t͡sɔːk̚³ jɐt̚²/

/t͡sɔːk̚² jɐt̚²/

/t͡ʃɔŋ⁵⁵ jɐt̚⁵⁵/

/ˈt͡sʰɔʔ² n̠ʲit̚⁵/

/t͡sa²²⁻²¹ lit̚⁴/

/t͡sa³³⁻²² lit̚²⁴/

/t͡sa²²⁻²¹ d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/t͡sa³³⁻²¹ zit̚⁴/

/t͡sa⁴⁴⁻³³ zit̚⁴/

/t͡sa(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ d͡zit̚⁴³/

/t͡sa⁵²⁻³⁵ d͡zik̚⁴/

/t͡sa³³⁻²³ d͡zik̚⁴/

/zoʔ¹¹ n̠ʲiɪʔ²³/

/zo²² n̠ʲiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡so¹³ ʐ̩²⁴/

/d̥͡z̥o¹¹ ʑ̊i¹¹/

/soʔ⁵⁻³³ nˡiʔ⁵/

/t͡sɤ(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ d͡zit̚⁴/

/t͡sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lit̚⁵⁴/

/soʔ⁵⁻³³ nˡiʔ⁵/

/t͡sɤ(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ d͡zit̚⁴/

/t͡sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lit̚⁵⁴/

The husband and wife went out of the country the day before yesterday to play.

In nn̄g ang-á-bó͘ cho̍h--ji̍t tō chhut-kok khì chhit-thô--ah.

𪜶兩翁仔某昨日就出國去𨑨迌矣。

𪜶两翁仔某昨日就出国去𨑨迌矣。

day before yesterday
day before yesterday


姑娘

→ Japanese: 姑娘 (kūnyan)

→ Korean: 꾸냥 (kkunyang), 쿠냥 (kunyang)

→ Russian: ку́ня (kúnja)

/ku⁵⁵ ni̯ɑŋ²/

/ku⁵⁵ ni̯ɑ̃ɻ²/

/ku⁵⁵ ni̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/ku²⁴ niɑŋ²⁴/

/kuː⁵⁵ nœːŋ²¹/

/kuː⁵⁵ nœːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/ku⁴² n̠ʲiɔŋ²/

/ku²⁴ ŋi̯oŋ¹¹/

/ku¹¹ niɒ̃⁴⁵/

/kɔ³³ niũ²⁴/

/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ niũ²³/

/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² niũ²⁴/

/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ niũ²⁴/

/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ niɔ̃²⁴/

/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² niɔ̃¹³/

/ku⁵⁵ n̠ʲiã²¹/

/ku⁵⁵ ni̯ɑŋ²/

/ku⁵⁵ ni̯ɑ̃ɻ²/

/ku⁵⁵ ni̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/ku²⁴ niɑŋ²⁴/

/kuː⁵⁵ nœːŋ²¹/

/kuː⁵⁵ nœːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/ku⁴² n̠ʲiɔŋ²/

/ku²⁴ ŋi̯oŋ¹¹/

/ku¹¹ niɒ̃⁴⁵/

/kɔ³³ niũ²⁴/

/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ niũ²³/

/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² niũ²⁴/

/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ niũ²⁴/

/kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ niɔ̃²⁴/

/kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² niɔ̃¹³/

/ku⁵⁵ n̠ʲiã²¹/

(Jilu, Central Plains, Jianghuai and Southwestern Mandarin, Gan, Huizhou, Shaowu Min, Wu) paternal aunt (father's sister)

Central Plains; Jianghuai and Southwestern Mandarin; Central Plains; Jianghuai and Southwestern Mandarin


的士

/ti⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ti³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/tɪk̚⁵ siː²²⁻³⁵/

/tet̚⁵⁵ si²¹⁻²¹⁵/

/tiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ søy²⁴²/

/tɛʔ²¹⁻⁴² ɬo¹¹/

/tɛʔ²⁻⁴ ɬo²¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ si²⁴/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ su²²/

/tek̚³⁻⁴ si⁴⁴⁵/

/ti³³⁻²³ sɯ³⁵/

/tek̚²⁻⁴ sɯ³⁵/

/tiɪʔ³³ zz̩⁴⁴/

/ti⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ti³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/tɪk̚⁵ siː²²⁻³⁵/

/tet̚⁵⁵ si²¹⁻²¹⁵/

/tiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ søy²⁴²/

/tɛʔ²¹⁻⁴² ɬo¹¹/

/tɛʔ²⁻⁴ ɬo²¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ si²⁴/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ su²²/

/tek̚³⁻⁴ si⁴⁴⁵/

/ti³³⁻²³ sɯ³⁵/

/tek̚²⁻⁴ sɯ³⁵/

/tiɪʔ³³ zz̩⁴⁴/

Borrowed from English taxi.
Originally Cantonese, but it has been gaining popularity in mainland China, although still much less common than its synonyms.
More often encountered as its shortened form 的 (dí, dī, “taxi”) in the Mainland, used in words such as 打的 (dǎdī, “to catch a taxi”), 的哥 (dīgē, “male taxi driver”), etc.

搭的士 [Cantonese] ― daap³ dik¹ si⁶⁻² [Jyutping] ― to take a taxi

揸的士 [Cantonese] ― zaa¹ dik¹ si⁶⁻² [Jyutping] ― to drive a taxi

1991, “皇后大道東”, 林夕 (lyrics), 羅大佑 (music), performed by 羅大佑:

We'll [still] have the railway and Citybus, and we'll [still] have taxis

wui⁵ jau⁵ tit³ lou⁶ sing⁴ baa¹ jaa⁵ wui⁵ jau⁵ dik¹ si⁶⁻²

會有鐵路城巴也會有的士

会有铁路城巴也会有的士

(chiefly Cantonese, Min) taxi; cab; taxicab (Classifier: 輛／辆 m; 架 c)


地理

/ti⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰi¹¹ li²¹³/

/ti²⁴²⁻⁵³ l̃i³³/

/te⁴¹⁻²² li⁵⁵⁴/

/te²²⁻²¹ li⁵³/

/te³³⁻²¹ li⁴¹/

/tue³³⁻¹¹ li⁵³/

/ti⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰi¹¹ li²¹³/

/ti²⁴²⁻⁵³ l̃i³³/

/te⁴¹⁻²² li⁵⁵⁴/

/te²²⁻²¹ li⁵³/

/te³³⁻²¹ li⁴¹/

/tue³³⁻¹¹ li⁵³/

Originally meant literally, “[definite] arrangement[s] of the earth”; attested earliest in the first part of Xici (繫辭上) commentary to the Classic of Changes:
*

lit

(The sage), in accordance with (the Yi), looking up, contemplates the brilliant phenomena of the heavens, and, looking down, examines the definite arrangements of the earth; …

I Ching, 11ᵗʰ – 8ᵗʰ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

yǎng yǐ guān yú tiānwén, fǔ yǐ chá yú dìlǐ,......

仰以觀於天文，俯以察於地理，……

仰以观于天文，俯以察于地理，……

(chiefly dialectal Mandarin, Hakka, Min) feng shui


病囝

/paŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ kiaŋ³³/

/pa¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾yɒ⁴⁵³/

/pã²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ỹã³³²/

/pĩ²²⁻²¹ kiã⁵³/

/pĩ³³⁻¹¹ kiã⁵³/

/pĩ⁴¹⁻²² kã⁵⁵⁴/

/pẽ³³⁻²¹ kiã⁴¹/

/pẽ³³⁻²¹ kiã⁵³/

/pẽ³³⁻¹¹ kiã⁵³/

/pɛ̃²²⁻²¹ kiã⁵³/

/pĩ³³⁻²² kã⁵⁵/

/pɛ³⁵⁻³³ kia³¹/

/paŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ kiaŋ³³/

/pa¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾yɒ⁴⁵³/

/pã²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ỹã³³²/

/pĩ²²⁻²¹ kiã⁵³/

/pĩ³³⁻¹¹ kiã⁵³/

/pĩ⁴¹⁻²² kã⁵⁵⁴/

/pẽ³³⁻²¹ kiã⁴¹/

/pẽ³³⁻²¹ kiã⁵³/

/pẽ³³⁻¹¹ kiã⁵³/

/pɛ̃²²⁻²¹ kiã⁵³/

/pĩ³³⁻²² kã⁵⁵/

/pɛ³⁵⁻³³ kia³¹/


先生

He Xiangning
Soong Ching-ling
Yang Jiang

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (先生):
* → Japanese: 先生(せんせい) (sensei) (see there for further descendants)
* → Okinawan: 先生(しんしー) (shinshī)
* → Korean: 선생(先生) (seonsaeng)
* → Jeju: 선싕 (seonsuing) ; 선셍 (seonseng); 선승 (seonseung)
* → Vietnamese: tiên sinh (先生)

→ Amis: singsi (via Hokkien)

→ English: sinseh (via Hokkien)

→ Indonesian: sinse, singse, sengsai (via Hokkien)

→ Khmer: ស៊ិនសែ (sɨnsae) (via Teochew)

→ Sakizaya: singsi (via Hokkien)

desc

→ Thai: ซินแส (sin-sɛ̌ɛ), จีนแส (jiin-sɛ̌ɛ) (via Teochew)

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ²/

/ɕiɛn⁵⁵ sən⁵⁵/

/ɕiæ̃²⁴ səŋ²⁴/

/siːn⁵⁵ saːŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕiɛn⁴² sɛn²/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ saŋ²⁴/

/ɕin⁴⁴ saŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕie¹¹ səŋ¹¹/

/siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾naŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((ɬ-))na⁵³³/

/ɬɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))na⁵⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² sĩ⁴⁴/

/siɛn³³ sĩ³³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ sĩ⁴⁴/

/sin³³⁻²¹ sɛ̃³³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² sẽ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ sẽ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² sɛ̃⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² sẽ⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ sẽ⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ sẽ³³/

/seŋ³³⁻²³ sẽ³³/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ²/

/ɕiɛn⁵⁵ sən⁵⁵/

/ɕiæ̃²⁴ səŋ²⁴/

/siːn⁵⁵ saːŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕiɛn⁴² sɛn²/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ saŋ²⁴/

/ɕin⁴⁴ saŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕie¹¹ səŋ¹¹/

/siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾naŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((ɬ-))na⁵³³/

/ɬɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))na⁵⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² sĩ⁴⁴/

/siɛn³³ sĩ³³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ sĩ⁴⁴/

/sin³³⁻²¹ sɛ̃³³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² sẽ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ sẽ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² sɛ̃⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² sẽ⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ sẽ⁴⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ sẽ³³/

/seŋ³³⁻²³ sẽ³³/

The specific pronunciation of Taiwanese Hokkien 先生 (siăn-sé) is from Japanese 先生(せんせい) (sensei) as evidenced by its pitch accent pronunciation.

My elder brother said, "Today, I've invited Dr. He to come and give you a check up."

Dàgē shuō: “Jīntiān qǐng Hé xiānshēng lái, gěi nǐ zhěn yī zhěn.”

大哥說：「今天請何先生來，給你診一診。」

大哥说：「今天请何先生来，给你诊一诊。」

(Gan, Hakka, Min, dated in Mandarin and Jin) doctor

doctor practising traditional Chinese medicine

The teacher speaks, and the students silently listen.

Sian-siⁿ kóng, ha̍k-seng tiām-tiām thiaⁿ.

先生講，學生恬恬聽。

先生讲，学生恬恬听。

Lièzǐ yuē: “Xī, zǐ zhī xiānshēng sǐ yǐ, fú huó yǐ.”

列子曰：「嘻，子之先生死矣，弗活矣。」

When he went to school, the teacher asked him: "Which province is west of Zhili Province?" He answered Shaanxi. The teacher said: "Wrong, it is Shanxi, not Shaanxi." He said: "Would Shaanxi and Shanxi not be close enough?"

Tā zài xuétáng de shíhòu, xiānshēng wèn tā: “Zhílì Shěng de xībiān shì nǎ yī shěng?” Tā shuō shì Shǎnxī. Xiānshēng shuō: “Cuò le, shì Shānxī, bùshì Shǎnxī.” Tā shuō: “Shǎnxī tóng Shānxī, bùshì chābùduō ma?”

他在學堂的時候，先生問他：「直隸省的西邊是哪一省？」他說是陝西。先生說：「錯了，是山西，不是陝西。」他說：「陝西同山西，不是差不多嗎？」

他在学堂的时候，先生问他：「直隶省的西边是哪一省？」他说是陕西。先生说：「错了，是山西，不是陕西。」他说：「陕西同山西，不是差不多吗？」

(honorific in Mandarin, Jin; common in Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Min) teacher


第一

/tɐi̯²² jɐt̚⁵/

/tɛ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ɛiʔ²⁴/

/te¹¹⁻⁴² iʔ²¹/

/te²¹⁻⁴² iʔ²/

/te²²⁻²¹ it̚³²/

/te⁴¹⁻²² it̚⁵/

/te²²⁻²¹ it̚³²/

/te³³⁻¹¹ it̚³²/

/te³³⁻²¹ it̚³²/

/tõĩ³⁵⁻¹¹ ik̚²/

/tõĩ³⁵⁻¹¹ ek̚²/

/di²² iɪʔ⁴⁴/

/di²² iɪʔ³³/

/ti²¹⁻¹¹ i²⁴/

/tɐi̯²² jɐt̚⁵/

/tɛ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ɛiʔ²⁴/

/te¹¹⁻⁴² iʔ²¹/

/te²¹⁻⁴² iʔ²/

/te²²⁻²¹ it̚³²/

/te⁴¹⁻²² it̚⁵/

/te²²⁻²¹ it̚³²/

/te³³⁻¹¹ it̚³²/

/te³³⁻²¹ it̚³²/

/tõĩ³⁵⁻¹¹ ik̚²/

/tõĩ³⁵⁻¹¹ ek̚²/

/di²² iɪʔ⁴⁴/

/di²² iɪʔ³³/

/ti²¹⁻¹¹ i²⁴/


後生

/xoʊ̯⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/hɐu̯²² saːŋ⁵⁵/

/heu²² saŋ³³⁻²¹⁵/

/hau²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laŋ⁵⁵/

/hɛu²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiŋ⁵⁵/

/hau²¹ ⁽ᶿ⁻⁾na⁵⁴⁴/

/hau³³⁻¹¹ sĩ⁴⁴/

/hau²²⁻²¹ sĩ⁴⁴/

/hau²²⁻¹² sĩ⁴⁴/

/hau³³⁻²² sĩ³³/

/hau²²⁻²¹ sɛ̃⁴⁴/

/hau³³⁻¹¹ sɛ̃⁵⁵/

/hau³³⁻²¹ sẽ⁴⁴/

/hau²²⁻²¹ sẽ⁴⁴/

/hau²¹ sɛ̃³³/

/hau³³⁻¹¹ sẽ⁴⁴/

/hau¹¹ siɛ̃³³⁴/

/hau³⁵⁻¹¹ sẽ³³/

/xoʊ̯⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/hɐu̯²² saːŋ⁵⁵/

/heu²² saŋ³³⁻²¹⁵/

/hau²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laŋ⁵⁵/

/hɛu²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiŋ⁵⁵/

/hau²¹ ⁽ᶿ⁻⁾na⁵⁴⁴/

/hau³³⁻¹¹ sĩ⁴⁴/

/hau²²⁻²¹ sĩ⁴⁴/

/hau²²⁻¹² sĩ⁴⁴/

/hau³³⁻²² sĩ³³/

/hau²²⁻²¹ sɛ̃⁴⁴/

/hau³³⁻¹¹ sɛ̃⁵⁵/

/hau³³⁻²¹ sẽ⁴⁴/

/hau²²⁻²¹ sẽ⁴⁴/

/hau²¹ sɛ̃³³/

/hau³³⁻¹¹ sẽ⁴⁴/

/hau¹¹ siɛ̃³³⁴/

/hau³⁵⁻¹¹ sẽ³³/

(chiefly Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Min, Wu) young


牛仔

/ŋɐu̯²¹ t͡sɐi̯³⁵/

/ŋi̯u¹¹ e³¹/

/ŋu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iaŋ³³/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²² a⁵³/

/ɡu²³⁻³³ a⁴¹/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²² a⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻³³ a⁵³/

/ɡu¹³⁻²² a⁵³/

/ŋɐu̯²¹ t͡sɐi̯³⁵/

/ŋi̯u¹¹ e³¹/

/ŋu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iaŋ³³/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²² a⁵³/

/ɡu²³⁻³³ a⁴¹/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²² a⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻³³ a⁵³/

/ɡu¹³⁻²² a⁵³/

(Cantonese, Min) calf (young cow or bull) (Classifier: 隻／只 c)


好食

/ho²⁴⁻³³ ʃit²/

/ho³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieʔ⁵/

/ho⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ ɬiæʔ⁴/

/ho³³²⁻⁵⁵ ɬia²⁴/

/ho⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/ho⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siaʔ²⁴/

/ho⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ¹²¹/

/ho⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/hɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/ho⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻³³ ʃit²/

/ho³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieʔ⁵/

/ho⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ ɬiæʔ⁴/

/ho³³²⁻⁵⁵ ɬia²⁴/

/ho⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/ho⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siaʔ²⁴/

/ho⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ¹²¹/

/ho⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/hɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/ho⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/hɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ɬia²⁴/

/hãũ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/hɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ɬia²⁴/

/hãũ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡siaʔ⁴/

The food at that restaurant is excellent!

go² gaan¹ caan¹ teng¹ ge³ coi³ hou² hou² sik⁶ gaa²!

嗰間餐廳嘅菜好好食㗎！

嗰间餐厅嘅菜好好食㗎！

(Cantonese, Hakka, Min, Waxiang) delicious; delectable; tasty; scrumptious; yummy


雞卵

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ lu̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐi̯⁵⁵ lɵn³⁵/

/kɐi̯⁵⁵ lɵn¹³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³⁵ lɔn³¹/

/kai⁵⁴ sɔŋ⁵⁵/

/kie⁵⁵⁻⁵³ l̃ɑuŋ²⁴²/

/ke⁵³³⁻¹³ nø¹¹/

/ke⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ nø²¹/

/ke⁵³³⁻¹³ lœ¹¹/

/ke⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ny²¹/

/ke⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ni²¹/

/kue⁴⁴⁻²² nŋ̍²²/

/kue⁴⁴⁻³³ nŋ̍³³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ nŋ̍³³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² nŋ̍²²/

/kue³³ nŋ̍³³/

/kue³³ nŋ̍²²/

/ke³³⁻²¹ nui²¹/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² nuĩ²²/

/koi³³⁻²³ nɯŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕie³³ ləŋ⁵³⁵/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ lu̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐi̯⁵⁵ lɵn³⁵/

/kɐi̯⁵⁵ lɵn¹³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³⁵ lɔn³¹/

/kai⁵⁴ sɔŋ⁵⁵/

/kie⁵⁵⁻⁵³ l̃ɑuŋ²⁴²/

/ke⁵³³⁻¹³ nø¹¹/

/ke⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ nø²¹/

/ke⁵³³⁻¹³ lœ¹¹/

/ke⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ny²¹/

/ke⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ni²¹/

/kue⁴⁴⁻²² nŋ̍²²/

/kue⁴⁴⁻³³ nŋ̍³³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ nŋ̍³³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² nŋ̍²²/

/kue³³ nŋ̍³³/

/kue³³ nŋ̍²²/

/ke³³⁻²¹ nui²¹/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² nuĩ²²/

/koi³³⁻²³ nɯŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕie³³ ləŋ⁵³⁵/

(literary or Hakka, Min, dialectal Wu) chicken egg


會使

/ɛ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lai³³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ sai⁵³/

/e³³⁻²¹ sai⁴¹/

/e²²⁻¹² sai⁵³/

/e²²⁻²¹ sai⁵³/

/e³³⁻²¹ sai⁵³/

/e³³⁻²¹ saiʔ³²/

/e³³⁻²² sai⁵⁵/

/oi³⁵⁻¹¹ sai⁵²/

/ɛ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lai³³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ sai⁵³/

/e³³⁻²¹ sai⁴¹/

/e²²⁻¹² sai⁵³/

/e²²⁻²¹ sai⁵³/

/e³³⁻²¹ sai⁵³/

/e³³⁻²¹ saiʔ³²/

/e³³⁻²² sai⁵⁵/

/oi³⁵⁻¹¹ sai⁵²/


小妹

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯⁵¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ muːi̯²²⁻³⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ muːi̯²²/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ be⁴¹/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be²²/

/sio⁴²⁻²⁴ be²²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be³³/

/sio⁴²⁻²⁴ bə²²/

/sio⁵³⁻²⁴ bə²²/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bə⁴¹/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mãi²²/

/siɤ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ muãi³³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ muãi²²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁵⁵ muẽ³³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ muẽ³³/

/sio⁵⁵⁻³⁵ bə³³/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯⁵¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ muːi̯²²⁻³⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ muːi̯²²/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ be⁴¹/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be²²/

/sio⁴²⁻²⁴ be²²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be³³/

/sio⁴²⁻²⁴ bə²²/

/sio⁵³⁻²⁴ bə²²/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bə⁴¹/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mãi²²/

/siɤ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ muãi³³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ muãi²²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁵⁵ muẽ³³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ muẽ³³/

/sio⁵⁵⁻³⁵ bə³³/

(Yangjiang Yue, Hokkien, Xianyou Puxian Min, dialectal Wu) younger sister


做田

/t͡so²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰɛiŋ⁵³/

/t͡sɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰan²³/

/t͡sue¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/t͡so²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰɛiŋ⁵³/

/t͡sɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰan²³/

/t͡sue¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰan²⁴/


攏總

/lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lʊŋ¹³ t͡sʊŋ³⁵/

/luŋ²⁴ t͡suŋ³¹/

/lʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʊŋ³¹/

/lɒŋ⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ t͡sɒŋ⁴⁵³/

/lɒŋ³³²⁻²¹ t͡sɒŋ³³²/

/lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/lɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sɔŋ⁵³/

/lɔŋ⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡sɔŋ⁴²/

/lɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sɔŋ⁴¹/

/lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sɔŋ⁴¹/

/lɔŋ⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡sɔŋ²¹/

/loŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡soŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/loŋ²² t͡soŋ⁴⁴/

/lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lʊŋ¹³ t͡sʊŋ³⁵/

/luŋ²⁴ t͡suŋ³¹/

/lʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʊŋ³¹/

/lɒŋ⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ t͡sɒŋ⁴⁵³/

/lɒŋ³³²⁻²¹ t͡sɒŋ³³²/

/lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/lɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sɔŋ⁵³/

/lɔŋ⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡sɔŋ⁴²/

/lɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sɔŋ⁴¹/

/lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sɔŋ⁴¹/

/lɔŋ⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡sɔŋ²¹/

/loŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡soŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/loŋ²² t͡soŋ⁴⁴/

2009, 林永锐, chapter 6, in 《作田人琐事》, Beijing: 中国文联出版社:

Sister Bhuê5-hiên1, [your] life is great: sons, daughters, you have them all, your husband must love you to death!

bhuê⁵ hiên¹ zê² mia⁷ zing¹ ho²: gian², da¹ bou¹ ze¹ niê⁵ long² zong² u⁶, le² ang¹ siêh⁴ si² le² la⁷!

梅香姐命真好：仔，禾埠姿娘拢总有，你翁惜死你啦！

梅香姐命真好：仔，禾埠姿娘攏總有，你翁惜死你啦！

(chiefly Hakka, Min) altogether; in total; in all; in sum


昨年

/t͡su̯ɔ³⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sɔːk̚³ niːn²¹/

/soʔ⁵⁻³³ nˡieŋ⁵³/

/t͡su̯ɔ³⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sɔːk̚³ niːn²¹/

/soʔ⁵⁻³³ nˡieŋ⁵³/

(Eastern Min, Xianyou Puxian Min) the year before last


下堂

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/haː²² tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/ha⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰɔŋ¹¹/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/haː²² tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/ha⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰɔŋ¹¹/

/ɕi̯a̠²¹⁻¹¹ tan¹³/

/ɕi̯a̠²¹⁻¹¹ tan¹³/

(dialectal Mandarin, Hakka, Jin, Northern Min, Jiangle Min) to finish class


𠜱

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, Cantonese, Hakka, Min) to pare; (dialectal) alternative form of 批 (pī)


番茄

→ Zhuang: fanhgez

/fän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ³⁵/

/fan⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰiɛ²¹/

/fã³¹ t͡ɕʰye²⁴/

/faːn⁵⁵ kʰɛː²¹⁻³⁵/

/fɛŋ²¹³ kʰø²¹⁻³⁵/

/fan³³ kʰiɛ²¹⁻²¹⁵/

/fan⁴² ˈt͡ɕʰia²⁴/

/fan⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰio¹¹/

/huaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ kieu¹³/

/huoŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ kieu²⁴/

/huan⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɤ²³/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ kie⁵⁵/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ kio⁵⁵/

/fɛ³³ d͡ʑia³³/

/fẽ̞³³ ɡɑ³⁴/

/fɑ³³ t͡ɕiɑ⁵⁵/

/ɸan³³ t͡ɕi̯e̞¹³/

/fan⁴⁴⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä¹¹/

/fän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ³⁵/

/fan⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰiɛ²¹/

/fã³¹ t͡ɕʰye²⁴/

/faːn⁵⁵ kʰɛː²¹⁻³⁵/

/fɛŋ²¹³ kʰø²¹⁻³⁵/

/fan³³ kʰiɛ²¹⁻²¹⁵/

/fan⁴² ˈt͡ɕʰia²⁴/

/fan⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰio¹¹/

/huaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ kieu¹³/

/huoŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ kieu²⁴/

/huan⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɤ²³/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ kie⁵⁵/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ kio⁵⁵/

/fɛ³³ d͡ʑia³³/

/fẽ̞³³ ɡɑ³⁴/

/fɑ³³ t͡ɕiɑ⁵⁵/

/ɸan³³ t͡ɕi̯e̞¹³/

/fan⁴⁴⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä¹¹/

Compare Thai มะเขือเทศ (má-kʉ̌ʉa-têet, “tomato”) ( < มะเขือ (má-kʉ̌ʉa, “eggplant”) + เทศ (têet, “foreign”)).

cog

(Xianyou Puxian Min, Luoyuan Shehua) chilli pepper


新婦

新妇
新抱
心抱
新袍
新府
新𡜵

/sɐn⁵⁵ fuː¹³/

/sɐn⁵⁵ pʰou̯¹³/

/sɐm⁵⁵ pʰou̯¹³/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾mou²⁴²/

/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾mu¹¹/

/ɬiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾mu²¹/

/θiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾mu²¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ pu³³/

/sin³³⁻²¹ pu²¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² pu²²/

/sim⁴⁴⁻²² pu²²/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ pu³⁵/

/sim³³⁻²³ pu³⁵/

/seŋ³³⁻²³ pu³⁵/

/ɕiŋ³³ vu⁵¹/

/siŋ⁵⁵ βu³¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ fuː¹³/

/sɐn⁵⁵ pʰou̯¹³/

/sɐm⁵⁵ pʰou̯¹³/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾mou²⁴²/

/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾mu¹¹/

/ɬiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾mu²¹/

/θiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾mu²¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ pu³³/

/sin³³⁻²¹ pu²¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² pu²²/

/sim⁴⁴⁻²² pu²²/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ pu³⁵/

/sim³³⁻²³ pu³⁵/

/seŋ³³⁻²³ pu³⁵/

/ɕiŋ³³ vu⁵¹/

/siŋ⁵⁵ βu³¹/

(literary or Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Min, Pinghua, Wu) daughter-in-law


風颱

/fuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai̯²⁴/

/xɔŋ⁵⁴ tʰai⁵⁴/

/hɔŋ⁵⁵⁻³³ tʰai⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰai⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰai⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ³³⁻²¹ tʰai³³/

/huaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰai⁴⁴/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ tʰai³³/

/fuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰai̯²⁴/

/xɔŋ⁵⁴ tʰai⁵⁴/

/hɔŋ⁵⁵⁻³³ tʰai⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰai⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰai⁴⁴/

/hɔŋ³³⁻²¹ tʰai³³/

/huaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰai⁴⁴/

/huaŋ³³⁻²³ tʰai³³/

2013, “大雨欲來”, in 十方 (lyrics), 方文良 [Neil Fang] (music), 另存心檔, performed by 亦帆 [Canace]:

bí-lē kòe-khì ná-chhiūⁿ chi̍t ê hong-thai

美麗過去若像一個風颱

美丽过去若像一个风台

(Min; Hakka; dialectal Cantonese, including Zhongshan, Zhuhai) typhoon

樹頭徛予在，毋驚樹尾做風颱 / 树头徛予在，毋惊树尾做风台

chhiū-thâu khiā hō͘ chāi, m̄ kiaⁿ chhiū-bóe chò-hong-thai


趁錢

/ʈ͡ʂʰən⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/tʰeiŋ³³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰiŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sieŋ⁵³/

/tʰan⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sĩ²⁴/

/tʰan²¹⁻⁴² t͡sĩ²⁴/

/tʰan²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sĩ²³/

/tʰan¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sĩ²⁴/

/tʰan²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sĩ²⁴/

/tʰan²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sĩ¹³/

/tʰaŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sĩ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰən⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/tʰeiŋ³³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰiŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sieŋ⁵³/

/tʰan⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sĩ²⁴/

/tʰan²¹⁻⁴² t͡sĩ²⁴/

/tʰan²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sĩ²³/

/tʰan¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sĩ²⁴/

/tʰan²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sĩ²⁴/

/tʰan²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sĩ¹³/

/tʰaŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sĩ⁵⁵/

kó̤ nguôi-dê tíng-*cièng / [kʰɔ²¹³ ŋui²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɛi²⁴² tʰiŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sieŋ⁵³]

去外地趁錢

去外地趁钱

(obsolete or Min, dialectal Wu) to earn money; to make money


馬騮

→ Macanese: malau

maa⁵⁻¹ lau⁴⁻¹

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

maa⁵⁻¹ lau⁴⁻¹

maa⁵⁻¹ lau⁴⁻¹

ma⁵⁻¹ leo⁴⁻¹

/maː¹³ lɐu̯²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/maː¹³⁻⁵⁵ lɐu̯²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/maː¹³ lɐu̯²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/maː¹³⁻⁵⁵ lɐu̯²¹⁻⁵⁵/

Unknown. Some possibilities for the etymology:
* A substrate Tai-Kadai loanword, compare Zhuang maxlaeuz (“monkey”), Lingao ma² lu² (“monkey”), Gelao mu⁶ lau².
* From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m(j/r)uk. Cognate with Burmese မျောက် (myauk, “monkey”) and possibly 猱 (OC *ml'uː, *mljiwʔ, *ml'us, “yellow-haired monkey”). Compare 母猴 (OC *mɯʔ ɡoː, “macaque”), 沐猴 (OC *moːɡ ɡoː, “macaque”), 獼猴 (OC *mnel ɡoː, “macaque”) and 馬猴／马猴 (mǎhóu, “macaque”). The latter has the same pre-initial.

och-l

马骝
馬留
馬流
獁騮
馬嘍
嗎嘍

(chiefly Cantonese, Pinghua, dialectal Hakka, Guangxi Mandarin, Zhongshan Min, Pingnan Min) monkey (Classifier: 隻／只 c)


有無

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (有無):
* → Japanese: 有無(うむ) (umu)
* → Korean: 유무(有無) (yumu)

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ u³⁵/

/jɐu̯¹³ mou̯²¹/

/u³³⁻²¹ bɤ²³/

/u²²⁻²¹ bo²⁴/

/u²²⁻²¹ bo¹³/

/u³³⁻¹¹ bo²⁴/

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ u³⁵/

/jɐu̯¹³ mou̯²¹/

/u³³⁻²¹ bɤ²³/

/u²²⁻²¹ bo²⁴/

/u²²⁻²¹ bo¹³/

/u³³⁻¹¹ bo²⁴/

"Someone has come already? Is (someone/something) there?"

有人來囉？有無？

有人来啰？有无？

汝較有力，有無？

汝较有力，有无？

"You've went previously already, haven't (you)?"

汝捌去著囉，有無？

汝捌去著啰，有无？

(literary or Min, interrogative) to have or not have; is there?

有抑無

ū a̍h bô / ū á bô / ǔ á bô

有抑无

ū a̍h bô / ū á bô / ǔ á bô


會曉

/ɛ²⁴²⁻⁵³ hieu³³/

/e¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ieu⁴⁵³/

/e²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ieu³³²/

/e²²⁻²¹ hiau⁵³/

/e³³⁻²¹ hiau⁵³/

/e²²⁻²¹ hiau⁴²/

/e³³⁻²¹ hiau⁴¹/

/e³³⁻¹¹ hiau⁵³/

/e³³⁻²² hiau⁵⁵⁴/

/e³³⁻²² hiau⁵⁵/

/e²²⁻²¹ hiaŋ⁴²/

/e²²⁻²¹ hiaŋ⁵³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ hiaŋ⁵³/

/e³³⁻²¹ hiaŋ⁵³/

/e³³⁻²¹ hiaŋ⁴¹/

/ɛ²⁴²⁻⁵³ hieu³³/

/e¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ieu⁴⁵³/

/e²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ieu³³²/

/e²²⁻²¹ hiau⁵³/

/e³³⁻²¹ hiau⁵³/

/e²²⁻²¹ hiau⁴²/

/e³³⁻²¹ hiau⁴¹/

/e³³⁻¹¹ hiau⁵³/

/e³³⁻²² hiau⁵⁵⁴/

/e³³⁻²² hiau⁵⁵/

/e²²⁻²¹ hiaŋ⁴²/

/e²²⁻²¹ hiaŋ⁵³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ hiaŋ⁵³/

/e³³⁻²¹ hiaŋ⁵³/

/e³³⁻²¹ hiaŋ⁴¹/


阿娘

/ˀä⁵⁵ ni̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/a²⁴ niɑŋ²⁴/

/aː³³ nœːŋ²¹/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² niã²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ niã²⁴/

/a⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ niã²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ niã²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ niã²³/

/an⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ niã²⁴/

/a³³⁻²³ nie⁵⁵/

/a³³⁻²³ nio⁵⁵/

/a⁵⁵ n̠ʲiã²¹/

/aʔ³³ n̠ʲiã⁴⁴/

/ˀä⁵⁵ ni̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/a²⁴ niɑŋ²⁴/

/aː³³ nœːŋ²¹/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² niã²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ niã²⁴/

/a⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ niã²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ niã²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ niã²³/

/an⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ niã²⁴/

/a³³⁻²³ nie⁵⁵/

/a³³⁻²³ nio⁵⁵/

/a⁵⁵ n̠ʲiã²¹/

/aʔ³³ n̠ʲiã⁴⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² niũ²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² niɔ̃¹³/

/a⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ niũ²⁴/

/an⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ niũ²⁴/

/a³³⁻²³ nia⁵⁵/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² niũ²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² niɔ̃¹³/

/a⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ niũ²⁴/

/an⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ niũ²⁴/

/a³³⁻²³ nia⁵⁵/

† - father's elder sister; ‡ - father's younger sister; § - married; ≠ - unmarried; ¶ - face-to-face; ∅ - non-face-to-face

§ - married; > - mother's elder sister; < - mother's younger sister

(Fuqing Eastern Min, Leizhou Min) mother-in-law (husband's mother)


私家

/sz̩⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/sz̩⁵⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯ä²/

/sz̩²⁴ t͡ɕia²⁴/

/siː⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴/

/sɯ³³⁻²³ ke³³/

/sz̩⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/sz̩⁵⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯ä²/

/sz̩²⁴ t͡ɕia²⁴/

/siː⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴/

/sɯ³³⁻²³ ke³³/

/sai⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾a⁵⁵/

/sai⁴⁴⁻²² kʰa⁴⁴/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰia⁴⁴/

/sai⁴⁴⁻²² kʰia⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰia⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰia⁴⁴/

/sai³³⁻²³ kʰia³³/

/sai⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾a⁵⁵/

/sai⁴⁴⁻²² kʰa⁴⁴/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰia⁴⁴/

/sai⁴⁴⁻²² kʰia⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰia⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰia⁴⁴/

/sai³³⁻²³ kʰia³³/

私傢
私奇
私敧
私骹
私腳


私家

/sz̩⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/sz̩⁵⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯ä²/

/sz̩²⁴ t͡ɕia²⁴/

/siː⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴/

/sɯ³³⁻²³ ke³³/

/sz̩⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/sz̩⁵⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯ä²/

/sz̩²⁴ t͡ɕia²⁴/

/siː⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴/

/sɯ³³⁻²³ ke³³/

/sai⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾a⁵⁵/

/sai⁴⁴⁻²² kʰa⁴⁴/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰia⁴⁴/

/sai⁴⁴⁻²² kʰia⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰia⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰia⁴⁴/

/sai³³⁻²³ kʰia³³/

/sai⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾a⁵⁵/

/sai⁴⁴⁻²² kʰa⁴⁴/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰia⁴⁴/

/sai⁴⁴⁻²² kʰia⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰia⁴⁴/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² kʰia⁴⁴/

/sai³³⁻²³ kʰia³³/

私傢
私奇
私敧
私骹
私腳

(Min) personal savings; secret stash of money


桌布

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ⁵⁵ pu⁵¹/

/t͡sʰœːk̚³ pou̯³³/

/t͡sœːk̚³ pou̯³³/

/toʔ²⁴⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βuɔ²¹³/

/to(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ pɔ²¹/

/tɤ(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ pɔ²¹/

/to(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ pɔ¹¹/

/to(ʔ)³²⁻⁴² pɔ²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ⁵⁵ pu⁵¹/

/t͡sʰœːk̚³ pou̯³³/

/t͡sœːk̚³ pou̯³³/

/toʔ²⁴⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βuɔ²¹³/

/to(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ pɔ²¹/

/tɤ(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ pɔ²¹/

/to(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ pɔ¹¹/

/to(ʔ)³²⁻⁴² pɔ²¹/

(Min, Taiwanese Hakka) rag; wiping cloth; cleaning cloth (especially for wiping tables)


乞食

/t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/hɐt̚⁵ sɪk̚²/

/kʰi̯e³¹ sɨt̚⁵/

/kʰyʔ²⁴⁻²¹ sieʔ⁵/

/kʰɔʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ ɬiæʔ⁴/

/kʰɔʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ ɬɛʔ⁴/

/kʰoʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ ɬe̞ʔ⁴/

/kʰuoʔ²⁻⁴ ɬiɛʔ⁴/

/kʰoʔ²⁻⁴ θiɛʔ⁴/

/kʰɯəʔ²⁻⁴ ɬia²⁴/

/kʰɔʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ ɬia¹³/

/kʰuoʔ²⁻⁴ ɬia²⁴/

/kʰit̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siaʔ¹²¹/

/kʰit̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siaʔ²⁴/

/kʰit̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/kʰit̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴³/

/kʰit̚³²⁻⁵⁴ t͡siaʔ⁵⁴/

/kʰɯk̚²⁻⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/hɐt̚⁵ sɪk̚²/

/kʰi̯e³¹ sɨt̚⁵/

/kʰyʔ²⁴⁻²¹ sieʔ⁵/

/kʰɔʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ ɬiæʔ⁴/

/kʰɔʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ ɬɛʔ⁴/

/kʰoʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ ɬe̞ʔ⁴/

/kʰuoʔ²⁻⁴ ɬiɛʔ⁴/

/kʰoʔ²⁻⁴ θiɛʔ⁴/

/kʰɯəʔ²⁻⁴ ɬia²⁴/

/kʰɔʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ ɬia¹³/

/kʰuoʔ²⁻⁴ ɬia²⁴/

/kʰit̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siaʔ¹²¹/

/kʰit̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siaʔ²⁴/

/kʰit̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/kʰit̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴³/

/kʰit̚³²⁻⁵⁴ t͡siaʔ⁵⁴/

/kʰɯk̚²⁻⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/


細膩

/ɕi⁵¹⁻⁵³ ni⁵¹/

/sɐi̯³³ nei̯²²/

/sɛ²¹³⁻⁵³ nˡɛi²⁴²/

/sue¹¹⁻⁵³ li³³/

/sue²¹⁻⁴² li²²/

/sue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ li⁴¹/

/sue²¹⁻⁵³ li²²/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zi²²/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ zi³³/

/se²¹⁻⁴² li²²/

/se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ li⁴¹/

/se¹¹⁻⁵³ li³³/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ li³³/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ li²²/

/sue²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zi²²/

/sue²¹⁻⁴² d͡zi²²/

/ɕi⁵¹⁻⁵³ ni⁵¹/

/sɐi̯³³ nei̯²²/

/sɛ²¹³⁻⁵³ nˡɛi²⁴²/

/sue¹¹⁻⁵³ li³³/

/sue²¹⁻⁴² li²²/

/sue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ li⁴¹/

/sue²¹⁻⁵³ li²²/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zi²²/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ zi³³/

/se²¹⁻⁴² li²²/

/se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ li⁴¹/

/se¹¹⁻⁵³ li³³/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ li³³/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ li²²/

/sue²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zi²²/

/sue²¹⁻⁴² d͡zi²²/

chók-muòng duŏh sá̤-nê / [t͡sʰuʔ²⁴⁻²¹ muoŋ⁵³ tuoʔ⁵ sɛ²¹³⁻⁵³ nˡɛi²⁴²]

出門著細膩。

出门着细腻。

莫细腻。 [Eastern Min, simp.]
mŏ̤h-sá̤-nê / [moʔ⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ²¹³⁻⁵³ nˡɛi²⁴²] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]

Don't be too polite. / Make yourself at home.


䘼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 衣 (“clothing”) + phonetic 宛 (OC *qon, *qonʔ).
Perhaps related to 腕 (OC *qoːns, “wrist”) (Schuessler, 2007).


䭕

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/


𡳞

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 尸 + phonetic 粦 (OC *rins).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-(l/n)ej ~ *m-li (“penis”) with a body-part suffix *-n; compare Tibetan མཇེ (mje, “penis”), S'gaw Karen လံၢ် (lee̱, “vagina”) and Burmese လီး (li:, “penis”) (Benedict, 1976).

inh

膦
卵
玍
僯
𨶙
撚
淋

(Cantonese, Hakka, Min, vulgar) male genitalia; penis; dick (Classifier: 條／条 c; 轆／辘 c)


阿哥

→ Indonesian: akeo

→ Indonesian: engkoh

/aː³³ kɔː⁵⁵/

/a²⁴⁻¹¹ ko²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁴⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴⁴/

/aː³³ kɔː⁵⁵/

/a²⁴⁻¹¹ ko²⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁴⁴/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴⁴/

(chiefly Cantonese, Hakka, Min, Wu) elder brother


油炸粿

→ Burmese: အီကြာကွေး (i-kra-kwe:)

→ Cebuano: siyakoy, shakoy

→ Tagalog: siyakoy, shakoy

→ English: shakoy

→ Indonesian: cakwe

→ Khmer: ឆាខ្វៃ (chaakhvay)

→ Malay: cakoi

油炸果
油炸餜
油炸鬼
油車粿
油車餜
油食粿
油者粿

ㄧㄡˊ ㄓㄚˊ ㄍㄨㄛˇ

ㄧㄡˊ ㄓㄚˋ ㄍㄨㄛˇ

/joʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂä³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/joʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂä⁵¹ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/i⁵³⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))ʒaʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ kui³³/

/iu²⁴⁻²² t͡sa²²⁻²¹ ke⁵³/

/iu²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sia²²⁻²¹ ke⁴²/

/iu²⁴⁻²² t͡sia²²⁻²¹ ke⁵³/

/iu¹³⁻²² t͡sia²²⁻²¹ kue⁵³/

/iu²¹³⁻³³ t͡sia³³⁻¹¹ kuɛ⁵³/

/iu²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sia²²⁻²¹ kue⁴²/

/iu²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sia²²⁻²¹ kə⁴²/

/iu²³⁻³³ t͡sia(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ kue⁴¹/

/iu²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sia(ʔ)⁵³⁻¹ kə³¹/

/iu²⁴⁻¹² t͡sia(ʔ)⁵⁴⁻¹² kə⁵³/

/iu²⁴⁻²² t͡sia(ʔ)³⁵⁻² kə⁵⁵/

/iu²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴⁻³³ ke⁵³/

/iu²⁴⁻²² t͡sa(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ke⁵⁵⁴/

/iu²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sa²²⁻²¹ kue⁴²/

/iu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sa³³⁻²³ kue⁵²/

/joʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂä³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/joʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂä⁵¹ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/i⁵³⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))ʒaʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ kui³³/

/iu²⁴⁻²² t͡sa²²⁻²¹ ke⁵³/

/iu²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sia²²⁻²¹ ke⁴²/

/iu²⁴⁻²² t͡sia²²⁻²¹ ke⁵³/

/iu¹³⁻²² t͡sia²²⁻²¹ kue⁵³/

/iu²¹³⁻³³ t͡sia³³⁻¹¹ kuɛ⁵³/

/iu²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sia²²⁻²¹ kue⁴²/

/iu²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sia²²⁻²¹ kə⁴²/

/iu²³⁻³³ t͡sia(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ kue⁴¹/

/iu²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sia(ʔ)⁵³⁻¹ kə³¹/

/iu²⁴⁻¹² t͡sia(ʔ)⁵⁴⁻¹² kə⁵³/

/iu²⁴⁻²² t͡sia(ʔ)³⁵⁻² kə⁵⁵/

/iu²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴⁻³³ ke⁵³/

/iu²⁴⁻²² t͡sa(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ke⁵⁵⁴/

/iu²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sa²²⁻²¹ kue⁴²/

/iu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sa³³⁻²³ kue⁵²/


床頭

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰɔːŋ²¹ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sʰŋ̍¹³⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sʰŋ̍²³⁻³³ tʰau²³/

/t͡sʰɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰau⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰɔːŋ²¹ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sʰŋ̍¹³⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰau²⁴/

/t͡sʰŋ̍²³⁻³³ tʰau²³/

/t͡sʰɯŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰau⁵⁵/


伓使

/^((ŋ̍-))n̩²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nai³³/

/m̩²²⁻²¹ sai⁵³/

/^((ŋ̍-))n̩²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nai³³/

/m̩²²⁻²¹ sai⁵³/


伓是

/^((ŋ̍-))n̩²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛi²⁴²/

/iŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛi²⁴²/

/m̩²²⁻²¹ si²²/

/m̩³³⁻¹¹ si³³/

/m̩³³⁻²¹ si³³/

/m̩⁴¹⁻²² si³³/

/m̩⁴¹⁻²² si²²/

/m³⁵⁻¹¹ si³⁵/

/^((ŋ̍-))n̩²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛi²⁴²/

/iŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛi²⁴²/

/m̩²²⁻²¹ si²²/

/m̩³³⁻¹¹ si³³/

/m̩³³⁻²¹ si³³/

/m̩⁴¹⁻²² si³³/

/m̩⁴¹⁻²² si²²/

/m³⁵⁻¹¹ si³⁵/

si²⁴²⁻⁵³ nˡɛi²⁴² tʰøyʔ⁵

Is it (some words or characters) read as...?

Sê-nê tĕ̤k... / [si²⁴²⁻⁵³ nˡɛi²⁴² tʰøyʔ⁵]

是伓是讀……

si²⁴²⁻⁵³ nˡɛi²⁴² tʰøyʔ⁵

是伓是读……


伓通

/m̩³³⁻¹¹ tʰaŋ⁴⁴/

/m̩⁴¹⁻²² tʰaŋ³³/

/m̩³³⁻²¹ tʰaŋ⁴⁴/

/m̩²²⁻²¹ tʰaŋ⁴⁴/

/m̩²²⁻²¹ baŋ⁴⁴/

/m̩²²⁻²¹ haŋ⁴⁴/

/m̩³³⁻¹¹ tʰaŋ⁴⁴/

/m̩⁴¹⁻²² tʰaŋ³³/

/m̩³³⁻²¹ tʰaŋ⁴⁴/

/m̩²²⁻²¹ tʰaŋ⁴⁴/

/m̩²²⁻²¹ baŋ⁴⁴/

/m̩²²⁻²¹ haŋ⁴⁴/


掌甲

/t͡sieŋ³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɑʔ²⁴/

/t͡sŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaʔ³²/

/t͡sŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kaʔ⁵/

/t͡sŋ̍⁴²⁻²⁴ kaʔ³²/

/t͡sŋ̍⁵³⁻²⁴ kaʔ³²/

/t͡sŋ̍⁵⁵⁻³⁵ kaʔ⁵/

/t͡siɪŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kaʔ²/

/t͡siɪŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kaʔ³²/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kaʔ³²/

/t͡siɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaʔ³²/

/t͡sɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ kaʔ²/

/t͡sieŋ³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɑʔ²⁴/

/t͡sŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaʔ³²/

/t͡sŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kaʔ⁵/

/t͡sŋ̍⁴²⁻²⁴ kaʔ³²/

/t͡sŋ̍⁵³⁻²⁴ kaʔ³²/

/t͡sŋ̍⁵⁵⁻³⁵ kaʔ⁵/

/t͡siɪŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kaʔ²/

/t͡siɪŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kaʔ³²/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kaʔ³²/

/t͡siɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaʔ³²/

/t͡sɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ kaʔ²/


食醋

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡sʰu⁵¹/

/sɪk̚² t͡sʰou̯³³/

/siʔ⁵⁻²¹ t͡sʰou²¹³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡sʰu⁵¹/

/sɪk̚² t͡sʰou̯³³/

/siʔ⁵⁻²¹ t͡sʰou²¹³/

/sɨt̚⁵ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/

/sət̚⁵ t͡sʰz̩⁵³/

/t͡sia(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰɔ²¹/

/t͡sia(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sʰɔ²¹/

/t͡sia(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰɔ¹¹/

/t͡sia(ʔ)²⁴⁻² t͡sʰɔ⁴¹/

/t͡siaʔ⁴⁻² t͡sʰou²¹³/

/sɨt̚⁵ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/

/sət̚⁵ t͡sʰz̩⁵³/

/t͡sia(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰɔ²¹/

/t͡sia(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sʰɔ²¹/

/t͡sia(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰɔ¹¹/

/t͡sia(ʔ)²⁴⁻² t͡sʰɔ⁴¹/

/t͡siaʔ⁴⁻² t͡sʰou²¹³/

(Hakka, Min) to be jealous (usually of a rival in love)


衫袖

/ʂän⁵⁵ ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/

/saːm⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯²²/

/ˈsan⁴² t͡ɕʰiu¹¹/

/sam²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi̯u⁵⁵/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕʰiu⁵³/

/ʂän⁵⁵ ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/

/saːm⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯²²/

/ˈsan⁴² t͡ɕʰiu¹¹/

/sam²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi̯u⁵⁵/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕʰiu⁵³/

(Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Huizhou, dialectal Min, dialectal Wu, Xiang) sleeve


一世人

/jɐt̚⁵ sɐi̯³³ jɐn²¹/

/suoʔ⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lie²¹³⁻⁵⁵ nˡøyŋ⁵³/

/t͡sit̚⁴³⁻²¹ si²¹⁻⁴² laŋ²⁴/

/t͡sit̚²⁴⁻² si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² si²¹⁻⁵³ laŋ²⁴/

/t͡sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ si²¹⁻⁵³ laŋ¹³/

/t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² si²¹⁻⁴¹ laŋ²³/

/t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² si¹¹⁻⁵³ laŋ²⁴/

/t͡sek̚⁴⁻² si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ naŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐt̚⁵ sɐi̯³³ jɐn²¹/

/suoʔ⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lie²¹³⁻⁵⁵ nˡøyŋ⁵³/

/t͡sit̚⁴³⁻²¹ si²¹⁻⁴² laŋ²⁴/

/t͡sit̚²⁴⁻² si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ laŋ²⁴/

/t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² si²¹⁻⁵³ laŋ²⁴/

/t͡sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ si²¹⁻⁵³ laŋ¹³/

/t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² si²¹⁻⁴¹ laŋ²³/

/t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² si¹¹⁻⁵³ laŋ²⁴/

/t͡sek̚⁴⁻² si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ naŋ⁵⁵/

ngo⁵ m⁴ ho² ji⁵ pui⁴ nei⁵ jat¹ sai³ jan⁴.

我唔可以陪你一世人。

(Cantonese, Min, Liuzhou Mandarin) lifetime; all one's life


秫米

/ʂu³⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/suʔ⁵⁻³³ mi³³/

/t͡sut̚¹²¹⁻²¹ bi⁵³/

/t͡sut̚⁴³⁻²¹ bi⁴²/

/t͡sut̚⁴⁻³² bi⁵³/

/t͡sut̚⁴⁻³² bi⁴¹/

/t͡sut̚²⁴⁻² bi⁵⁵⁴/

/ʂu³⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/suʔ⁵⁻³³ mi³³/

/t͡sut̚¹²¹⁻²¹ bi⁵³/

/t͡sut̚⁴³⁻²¹ bi⁴²/

/t͡sut̚⁴⁻³² bi⁵³/

/t͡sut̚⁴⁻³² bi⁴¹/

/t͡sut̚²⁴⁻² bi⁵⁵⁴/

(chiefly Min) glutinous rice; sticky rice


家私

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ si⁴⁴/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² si⁴⁴/

/kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² si⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ si⁴⁴/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² si⁴⁴/

/kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² si⁴⁴/

/ka⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾li⁵⁵/

/kɒ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((ɬ-))li⁵³³/

/kɒ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))li⁵⁴⁴/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ si⁴⁴/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² si⁴⁴/

/kɛ³³⁻²¹ si³³/

/ke³³⁻²³ si³³/

/kɛ³⁵⁻³³ sai³⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/

/ka⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾li⁵⁵/

/kɒ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((ɬ-))li⁵³³/

/kɒ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))li⁵⁴⁴/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ si⁴⁴/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² si⁴⁴/

/kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² si⁴⁴/

/kɛ³³⁻²¹ si³³/

/ke³³⁻²³ si³³/

/kɛ³⁵⁻³³ sai³⁵/

傢俬店

家私店

(Cantonese, Hakka, Min, Xiang, Liuzhou Mandarin) furniture (Classifier: 房 mn)


捌字

/pɛiʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ t͡sɛi²⁴²/

/pɛʔ²¹⁻⁴² t͡si¹¹/

/pɛʔ²⁻⁴ t͡si²¹/

/bat̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zi²²/

/bat̚³²⁻⁴ zi³³/

/bat̚³²⁻⁴ li²²/

/bat̚³²⁻⁴ li³³/

/pat̚³²⁻⁴ zi³³/

/pat̚⁵⁻²⁴ li⁴¹/

/pat̚³²⁻⁴ li²²/

/pat̚³²⁻⁴ li³³/

/pɛiʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ t͡sɛi²⁴²/

/pɛʔ²¹⁻⁴² t͡si¹¹/

/pɛʔ²⁻⁴ t͡si²¹/

/bat̚³²⁻⁵ d͡zi²²/

/bat̚³²⁻⁴ zi³³/

/bat̚³²⁻⁴ li²²/

/bat̚³²⁻⁴ li³³/

/pat̚³²⁻⁴ zi³³/

/pat̚⁵⁻²⁴ li⁴¹/

/pat̚³²⁻⁴ li²²/

/pat̚³²⁻⁴ li³³/

mâ̤-báik-cê / [mɛ²⁴²⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɛiʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ t͡sɛi²⁴²]

𣍐捌字

𫧃捌字

Grandma is illiterate, but she knows many things.

1999, 黃乙玲, 無字的情批

A-má m̄ bat-lī, tān-sī i bat chin chōe ê tāi-chì.

阿嬤不識字，但是伊識真多的代誌。

1999, 黃乙玲, 無字的情批

阿嬷不识字，但是伊识真多的代志。


雞公

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ koŋ⁵⁵/

/kɐi̯⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ki̯e²⁴⁻¹¹ kuŋ²⁴/

/ke⁴⁴ kʊŋ⁴⁴/

/kie⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾øyŋ³³/

/kue⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kie³³⁴ kaŋ³³⁴/

/kue⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi³³ kʊŋ³³/

/t͡ɕi³³ kən³³/

/t͡ɕi⁴⁴⁵ kɤŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ koŋ⁵⁵/

/kɐi̯⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ki̯e²⁴⁻¹¹ kuŋ²⁴/

/ke⁴⁴ kʊŋ⁴⁴/

/kie⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾øyŋ³³/

/kue⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/kie³³⁴ kaŋ³³⁴/

/kue⁴⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi³³ kʊŋ³³/

/t͡ɕi³³ kən³³/

/t͡ɕi⁴⁴⁵ kɤŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/kue⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kue⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

(Cantonese, Hakka, Min, Xiang, dialectal Mandarin) rooster; cock


跤球

/kʰa⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ieu⁵³/

/kʰɒ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iu¹³/

/kʰɒ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iu²⁴/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ kiu²⁴/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² kiu¹³/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ kiu²³/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² kiu²⁴/

/kʰa³⁵⁻³³ kʰiu²²/

/kʰa⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ieu⁵³/

/kʰɒ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iu¹³/

/kʰɒ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iu²⁴/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ kiu²⁴/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² kiu¹³/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ kiu²³/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² kiu²⁴/

/kʰa³⁵⁻³³ kʰiu²²/


跤踏車

跤踏车
腳踏車
骹踏車
胶踏車

/kʰa⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾laʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰia⁵⁵/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ ta(ʔ)⁴⁻¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² ta(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² ta(ʔ)³⁻²¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² ta(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² ta(ʔ)⁵⁴⁻¹² t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ ta(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/kʰa³³ ta(ʔ)²⁴⁻² t͡sʰia³³/

/kʰa³³⁻²¹ ta(ʔ)⁴⁻³ t͡sʰia³³/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² ta(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ ta(ʔ)⁵⁻² t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ ta(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/kʰa³³⁻²³ taʔ⁴⁻² t͡sʰia³³/

/kʰa⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾laʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰia⁵⁵/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ ta(ʔ)⁴⁻¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² ta(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² ta(ʔ)³⁻²¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² ta(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² ta(ʔ)⁵⁴⁻¹² t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ ta(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/kʰa³³ ta(ʔ)²⁴⁻² t͡sʰia³³/

/kʰa³³⁻²¹ ta(ʔ)⁴⁻³ t͡sʰia³³/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² ta(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ ta(ʔ)⁵⁻² t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ ta(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/

/kʰa³³⁻²³ taʔ⁴⁻² t͡sʰia³³/


大食

/tä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/taːi̯²² sɪk̚²/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ sɨt̚⁵/

/tuai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieʔ⁵/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² t͡siaʔ²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡siaʔ¹²¹/

/tä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/taːi̯²² sɪk̚²/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ sɨt̚⁵/

/tuai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieʔ⁵/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² t͡siaʔ²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡siaʔ¹²¹/

I used to be a big eater when I was small. I had to have at least three bowls of rice each meal.

ngo⁵ sai³ go³ go² zan⁶ si⁴ hou² daai⁶ sik⁶ gaa³, jat¹ caan¹ hei² maa⁵ jiu³ jau⁵ saam¹ wun² faan⁶ lok⁶ tou⁵.

我細個嗰陣時好大食㗎，一餐起碼要有三碗飯落肚。

我细个嗰阵时好大食㗎，一餐起码要有三碗饭落肚。

(literary or Cantonese, Hakka, Min) having a large appetite; being a big eater


行棋

/ɕiŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/hɐŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/kiaŋ⁵³⁻³³ ki⁵³/

/kia¹³⁻¹¹ ki¹³/

/kĩã²⁴⁻²¹ ki²⁴/

/kiã²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/kiã²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/kiã²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/kiã¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/kiã²⁴⁻¹² ki²⁴/

/kiã²⁴⁻³³ ki²⁴/

/kĩã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ki⁵⁵/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/hɐŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/kiaŋ⁵³⁻³³ ki⁵³/

/kia¹³⁻¹¹ ki¹³/

/kĩã²⁴⁻²¹ ki²⁴/

/kiã²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/kiã²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/kiã²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/kiã¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/kiã²⁴⁻¹² ki²⁴/

/kiã²⁴⁻³³ ki²⁴/

/kĩã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ki⁵⁵/

(literary or Min, Taiwanese Hakka) to play chess


眠床

→ Betawi: bincheng

/mi̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/miːn²¹ t͡sʰɔːŋ²¹/

/ᵐben²² t͡sʰɔŋ²²/

/min¹¹ t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹/

/meiŋ³³ t͡sʰɔŋ³³/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴/

/bin²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴/

/bin²³⁻³³ t͡sʰŋ̍²³/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴/

/bin²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰŋ̍²³/

/bin²⁴⁻¹² t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴/

/bin²⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴/

/bin¹³⁻²² t͡sʰŋ̍¹³/

/ben²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴/

/bin¹¹ t͡sʰõ¹¹/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɔ̃²⁴/

/mŋ̍²⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴/

/mŋ̍²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴/

/mĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴/

/bun¹³⁻²² t͡sʰŋ̍¹³/

/bin²¹³⁻³³ sŋ̍²¹³/

/min²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰŋ̍²³/

/miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰɯŋ⁵⁵/

/meŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰɯŋ⁵⁵/

/mi²² zɑ̃⁴⁴/

/mi̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/miːn²¹ t͡sʰɔːŋ²¹/

/ᵐben²² t͡sʰɔŋ²²/

/min¹¹ t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹/

/meiŋ³³ t͡sʰɔŋ³³/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴/

/bin²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴/

/bin²³⁻³³ t͡sʰŋ̍²³/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴/

/bin²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰŋ̍²³/

/bin²⁴⁻¹² t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴/

/bin²⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴/

/bin¹³⁻²² t͡sʰŋ̍¹³/

/ben²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴/

/bin¹¹ t͡sʰõ¹¹/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɔ̃²⁴/

/mŋ̍²⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴/

/mŋ̍²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴/

/mĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰŋ̍²⁴/

/bun¹³⁻²² t͡sʰŋ̍¹³/

/bin²¹³⁻³³ sŋ̍²¹³/

/min²³⁻²¹ t͡sʰŋ̍²³/

/miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰɯŋ⁵⁵/

/meŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰɯŋ⁵⁵/

/mi²² zɑ̃⁴⁴/

He then sat beside the desk, facing the bed; it seems that Jing Fu's face is already not as red as it was yesterday.

1925 November 3, 魯迅 (Lu Xun), 弟兄 (dìxiong)

Tā biàn zài shūzhuō páng zuòxià, zhèng duì zhe miánchuáng; kàn Jìng Fǔ de liǎn, yǐ méiyǒu zuótiān nàyàng tōnghóng le.

他便在書桌旁坐下，正對著眠床；看靖甫的臉，已沒有昨天那樣通紅了。

他便在书桌旁坐下，正对着眠床；看靖甫的脸，已没有昨天那样通红了。

(literary or Hakka, Min, Wu) bed (Classifier: 架 md; 頂／顶 mn)


箸籠

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ lʊŋ³⁵/

/ty²⁴²⁻⁵³ l̃ɔyŋ²⁴²/

/ti²²⁻²¹ laŋ²²/

/ti³³⁻²¹ laŋ³³/

/tɯ⁴¹⁻²² laŋ²²/

/ti⁴¹⁻²² laŋ³³/

/tu³³⁻¹¹ laŋ³³/

/ti³³⁻²¹ laŋ⁴⁴/

/tu³³⁻¹¹ laŋ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ lʊŋ³⁵/

/ty²⁴²⁻⁵³ l̃ɔyŋ²⁴²/

/ti²²⁻²¹ laŋ²²/

/ti³³⁻²¹ laŋ³³/

/tɯ⁴¹⁻²² laŋ²²/

/ti⁴¹⁻²² laŋ³³/

/tu³³⁻¹¹ laŋ³³/

/ti³³⁻²¹ laŋ⁴⁴/

/tu³³⁻¹¹ laŋ⁴⁴/

/ti⁴¹⁻²² laŋ³³/


𡳞脬

膦脬
卵葩
𨶙脬
卵脬
腎脬
懶趴
LP

/l̃iŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ pʰa⁵⁵/

/lan²²⁻²¹ pʰa⁴⁴/

/lan³³⁻¹¹ pʰa⁵⁵/

/lan³³⁻¹¹ pʰa⁴⁴/

/lan²²⁻¹² pʰa⁴⁴/

/lan³³⁻²¹ pʰa⁴⁴/

/lan³³⁻²² pʰa³³/

/laŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ pʰa³³/

/l̃iŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ pʰa⁵⁵/

/lan²²⁻²¹ pʰa⁴⁴/

/lan³³⁻¹¹ pʰa⁵⁵/

/lan³³⁻¹¹ pʰa⁴⁴/

/lan²²⁻¹² pʰa⁴⁴/

/lan³³⁻²¹ pʰa⁴⁴/

/lan³³⁻²² pʰa³³/

/laŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ pʰa³³/


木蝨

→ Hiligaynon: baksat, bagsat

→ Malay: baksat, bangsat, basat, batsat

Indonesian: bangsat

→ Javanese: bangsat (ꦧꦁꦱꦠ꧀)

→ Minangkabau: bangsat

→ Sundanese: bangsat

/mu⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/mʊk̚² sɐt̚⁵/

/ᵐbɵk̚³² set̚⁵⁵/

/møyʔ⁵⁻²¹ saiʔ²⁴/

/bat̚⁴³⁻²¹ sat̚³²/

/bat̚⁴⁻³² sat̚³²/

/bat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ sat̚³²/

/bak̚⁵³⁻¹ sat̚³²/

/bak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ sat̚³²/

/bak̚⁴⁻³² sat̚³²/

/bak̚⁴³⁻²¹ sat̚³²/

/ba²⁴⁻²² sat̚³²/

/bak̚³²⁻²¹ siɛt̚⁵/

/mu⁵¹ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/mʊk̚² sɐt̚⁵/

/ᵐbɵk̚³² set̚⁵⁵/

/møyʔ⁵⁻²¹ saiʔ²⁴/

/bat̚⁴³⁻²¹ sat̚³²/

/bat̚⁴⁻³² sat̚³²/

/bat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ sat̚³²/

/bak̚⁵³⁻¹ sat̚³²/

/bak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ sat̚³²/

/bak̚⁴⁻³² sat̚³²/

/bak̚⁴³⁻²¹ sat̚³²/

/ba²⁴⁻²² sat̚³²/

/bak̚³²⁻²¹ siɛt̚⁵/


鉸刀

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ka⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵⁵/

/kɒ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³³/

/kɒ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵⁴⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² to⁴⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² to⁴⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ to⁴⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ tɤ⁴⁴/

/ka³³⁻²³ to³³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ka⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵⁵/

/kɒ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵³³/

/kɒ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lo⁵⁴⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² to⁴⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² to⁴⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ to⁴⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ tɤ⁴⁴/

/ka³³⁻²³ to³³/

(literary or Hakka, Min) scissors (Classifier: 枝 mn)


厝邊

/t͡sʰu̯ɔ⁵¹ pi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɔ³³ piŋ⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰuo²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βieŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɔu⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾iŋ⁵³³/

/t͡sʰɔu⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ pĩ³³/

/t͡sʰu²¹⁻⁴¹ pĩ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰu²¹⁻⁵³ pĩ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰu¹¹⁻⁵³ pĩ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰu²¹³⁻⁵⁵ pĩ³³/

/t͡sʰu̯ɔ⁵¹ pi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɔ³³ piŋ⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰuo²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βieŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɔu⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾iŋ⁵³³/

/t͡sʰɔu⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ pĩ³³/

/t͡sʰu²¹⁻⁴¹ pĩ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰu²¹⁻⁵³ pĩ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰu¹¹⁻⁵³ pĩ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰu²¹³⁻⁵⁵ pĩ³³/

2014, “金厝边银亲戚”, 郑暹发 [Zheng Xianfa] (lyrics), 王庆苏 [Wang Qingsu] (music):

gim¹ cu³ bin¹, ngeng⁵ cing¹ zian⁵, dang⁵ sim¹ dang⁵ dêg⁴ pung¹ zoin⁵ tian⁵

金厝邊 銀親戚 同心同德奔前程

金厝边 银亲戚 同心同德奔前程


戇囝

/ŋouŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiaŋ³³/

/ŋɒŋ¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋyɒ⁴⁵³/

/ŋɒŋ²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋya³³²/

/ɡɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ kiã⁵³/

/ɡɔŋ²²⁻²¹ kiã⁵³/

/ɡɔŋ²²⁻²¹ kiã⁴²/

/ɡɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kiã⁴¹/

/ɡɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² kã⁵⁵⁴/

/koŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã⁵²/

/ŋouŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiaŋ³³/

/ŋɒŋ¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋyɒ⁴⁵³/

/ŋɒŋ²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋya³³²/

/ɡɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ kiã⁵³/

/ɡɔŋ²²⁻²¹ kiã⁵³/

/ɡɔŋ²²⁻²¹ kiã⁴²/

/ɡɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kiã⁴¹/

/ɡɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² kã⁵⁵⁴/

/koŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã⁵²/

(Min) stupid child (affectionate term used by parents)


齋菜

/ʈ͡ʂaɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡saːi̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/ʈ͡ʂaɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡saːi̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/


手䘼

/t͡sʰieu³³⁻³⁵ uoŋ³³/

/t͡sʰiu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ŋ̍⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻²⁴ ŋ̍⁵³/

/t͡sʰiu⁵⁵⁻³⁵ ŋ̍⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiu⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ŋ̍⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ŋ̍⁵³/

/t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ŋ̍⁵³/

/t͡sʰiu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ŋ̍⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiu³¹⁻²⁴ ŋ̍³¹/

/t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uĩ⁵³/

/t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ uĩ⁵³/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ uĩ⁴⁴⁵/

/siu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ uĩ⁵³/

/t͡sʰiu²¹⁻²¹³ huĩ²¹/

/t͡sʰiu⁵²⁻³⁵ ŋ⁵²/

/t͡sʰiu⁵²⁻³⁵ uŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/t͡sʰieu³³⁻³⁵ uoŋ³³/

/t͡sʰiu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ŋ̍⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻²⁴ ŋ̍⁵³/

/t͡sʰiu⁵⁵⁻³⁵ ŋ̍⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiu⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ŋ̍⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ŋ̍⁵³/

/t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ŋ̍⁵³/

/t͡sʰiu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ŋ̍⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiu³¹⁻²⁴ ŋ̍³¹/

/t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uĩ⁵³/

/t͡sʰiu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ uĩ⁵³/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ uĩ⁴⁴⁵/

/siu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ uĩ⁵³/

/t͡sʰiu²¹⁻²¹³ huĩ²¹/

/t͡sʰiu⁵²⁻³⁵ ŋ⁵²/

/t͡sʰiu⁵²⁻³⁵ uŋ⁵²⁻²¹/


瘸跤

/kʰe²⁴⁻²² kʰa³³/

/kʰe²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰa⁴⁴/

/kʰe²⁴⁻²² kʰa⁴⁴/

/kʰə²⁴⁻²² kʰa³³/

/kʰue¹³⁻²² kʰa⁴⁴/

/kʰue²³⁻³³ kʰa⁴⁴/

/kʰue²⁴⁻³³ kʰa⁴⁴/

/kʰe²⁴⁻²² kʰa³³/

/kʰe²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰa⁴⁴/

/kʰe²⁴⁻²² kʰa⁴⁴/

/kʰə²⁴⁻²² kʰa³³/

/kʰue¹³⁻²² kʰa⁴⁴/

/kʰue²³⁻³³ kʰa⁴⁴/

/kʰue²⁴⁻³³ kʰa⁴⁴/


瘸跤

/kʰe²⁴⁻²² kʰa³³/

/kʰe²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰa⁴⁴/

/kʰe²⁴⁻²² kʰa⁴⁴/

/kʰə²⁴⁻²² kʰa³³/

/kʰue¹³⁻²² kʰa⁴⁴/

/kʰue²³⁻³³ kʰa⁴⁴/

/kʰue²⁴⁻³³ kʰa⁴⁴/

/kʰe²⁴⁻²² kʰa³³/

/kʰe²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰa⁴⁴/

/kʰe²⁴⁻²² kʰa⁴⁴/

/kʰə²⁴⁻²² kʰa³³/

/kʰue¹³⁻²² kʰa⁴⁴/

/kʰue²³⁻³³ kʰa⁴⁴/

/kʰue²⁴⁻³³ kʰa⁴⁴/


青盲

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ mɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ mi̯aŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁵ maŋ⁵³/

/t͡sʰa⁵³³⁻¹¹ ma¹³/

/t͡sʰã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ma²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² mi²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ³³ mi²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ³³ mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ mẽ²⁴/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻²² me²⁴/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ mẽ²³/

/t͡sʰɛ̃³³⁻²¹ mɛ²³/

/t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² mɛ̃¹³/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ mẽ²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ mẽ²³/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ me⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ mɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ mi̯aŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁵ maŋ⁵³/

/t͡sʰa⁵³³⁻¹¹ ma¹³/

/t͡sʰã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ma²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² mi²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ³³ mi²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ³³ mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ mẽ²⁴/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻²² me²⁴/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ mẽ²³/

/t͡sʰɛ̃³³⁻²¹ mɛ²³/

/t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² mɛ̃¹³/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ mẽ²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ mẽ²³/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ me⁵⁵/


青盲

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ mɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ mi̯aŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁵ maŋ⁵³/

/t͡sʰa⁵³³⁻¹¹ ma¹³/

/t͡sʰã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ma²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² mi²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ³³ mi²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ³³ mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ mẽ²⁴/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻²² me²⁴/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ mẽ²³/

/t͡sʰɛ̃³³⁻²¹ mɛ²³/

/t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² mɛ̃¹³/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ mẽ²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ mẽ²³/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ me⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ mɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ mi̯aŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁵ maŋ⁵³/

/t͡sʰa⁵³³⁻¹¹ ma¹³/

/t͡sʰã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ma²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² mi²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ³³ mi²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ³³ mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ mẽ²⁴/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻²² me²⁴/

/t͡sʰẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ mẽ²³/

/t͡sʰɛ̃³³⁻²¹ mɛ²³/

/t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² mɛ̃¹³/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ mẽ²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ mẽ²³/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ me⁵⁵/

1841, William Dean, First Lessons in the Tie-chiw Dialect, “Diseases”

伊瞽目看不見

伊瞽目看不见

2020, “雪咧飛”, 方文良 [Neil Fang] (lyrics)performed by 黃妃 [Huang Fei]:

I'm willing to be blind so that I can't see the love that you've sworn, beautiful yet so fake.

kam-goān chhiⁿ-mê, tiō khòaⁿ bōe tio̍h lí chiù-chōa--kòe ê ài-chêng, súi kah hiah-nī ké

甘願青盲 就看袂著你詛咒過的愛情 水甲遐爾假

甘愿青盲 就看袂著你诅咒过的爱情 水甲遐尔假


飯匙骨

/puoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nie⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑuʔ²⁴/

buei⁵ si² goh⁶ [Phonetic:buei⁵ li⁴ goh⁶]

buinn⁵ si² guoh⁶ [Phonetic:buinn⁵ ni⁴ guoh⁶]

/pŋ̍³³⁻²¹ si²³⁻³³ kut̚³²/

/pŋ̍³³⁻¹¹ si²⁴⁻¹¹ kut̚³²/

/pŋ̍²²⁻²¹ si²⁴⁻²² kut̚³²/

/pŋ̍⁴¹⁻²² si²⁴⁻²² kut̚⁵/

/puĩ²²⁻²¹ si¹³⁻²² kut̚³²/

/puŋ¹¹ si⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kuk̚²/

/puoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nie⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑuʔ²⁴/

/pŋ̍³³⁻²¹ si²³⁻³³ kut̚³²/

/pŋ̍³³⁻¹¹ si²⁴⁻¹¹ kut̚³²/

/pŋ̍²²⁻²¹ si²⁴⁻²² kut̚³²/

/pŋ̍⁴¹⁻²² si²⁴⁻²² kut̚⁵/

/puĩ²²⁻²¹ si¹³⁻²² kut̚³²/

/puŋ¹¹ si⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kuk̚²/

(Hakka, Min, Pinghua, anatomy) shoulder blade; scapula


轉厝

/tuoŋ³³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰuɔ²¹³/

/tũĩ³³²⁻²¹ ^((t͡sʰ-))nɔu⁴²/

/tŋ̍⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡sʰu²¹/

/tŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰu⁴¹/

/tŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰu²¹/

/tŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰu²¹/

/tŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰu¹¹/

/tuĩ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡sʰu²¹/

/tuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰu²¹/

/tuoŋ³³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰuɔ²¹³/

/tũĩ³³²⁻²¹ ^((t͡sʰ-))nɔu⁴²/

/tŋ̍⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡sʰu²¹/

/tŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰu⁴¹/

/tŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰu²¹/

/tŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰu²¹/

/tŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰu¹¹/

/tuĩ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡sʰu²¹/

/tuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰu²¹/

2004, 黃一飛 [Freddie Huang], “搖來搖去”, in 兄弟：福建新歌+精選, performed by 黃一飛與喵喵組合:

走路返厝乎狗追


上好

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ xɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² hou̯³⁵/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋo³³/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ ho⁵³/

/siaŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho⁵³/

/siaŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ⁴¹/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho⁵³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ⁴¹/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² ho⁵⁵⁴/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ xɒu̯⁴¹/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ xɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² hou̯³⁵/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋo³³/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ ho⁵³/

/siaŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho⁵³/

/siaŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ⁴¹/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho⁵³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ⁴¹/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² ho⁵⁵⁴/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ xɒu̯⁴¹/

(dialectal Mandarin, Hakka, Min, Xiang) best; very good


拜一

/paɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹/

/paɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ it̚¹/

/pai²¹³⁻⁵³ ɛiʔ²⁴/

/pai²¹⁻⁵³ it̚³²/

/pai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ it̚⁵/

/pai²¹⁻⁵³ it̚³²/

/pai¹¹⁻⁵³ it̚³²/

/pai²¹⁻⁴¹ it̚³²/

/pai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ik̚²/

/paɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵⁵⁻⁵¹/

/paɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ it̚¹/

/pai²¹³⁻⁵³ ɛiʔ²⁴/

/pai²¹⁻⁵³ it̚³²/

/pai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ it̚⁵/

/pai²¹⁻⁵³ it̚³²/

/pai¹¹⁻⁵³ it̚³²/

/pai²¹⁻⁴¹ it̚³²/

/pai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ik̚²/

(Malaysian and Singapore Mandarin, Hakka, Min) Monday


拜二

/paɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ˀɤɻ⁵¹/

/pai̯⁵⁵ ŋi⁵⁵/

/paɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ŋi⁵³/

/pai²¹³⁻⁵³ nˡɛi²⁴²/

/pai²¹⁻⁵³ li²²/

/pai¹¹⁻⁵³ li³³/

/pai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ li⁴¹/

/pai²¹⁻⁴¹ zi³³/

/pai²¹⁻³³ d͡zi²¹/

/pai²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zi²²/

/pai²¹⁻⁴² d͡zi²²/

/pai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ d͡zi¹¹/

/paɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ˀɤɻ⁵¹/

/pai̯⁵⁵ ŋi⁵⁵/

/paɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ŋi⁵³/

/pai²¹³⁻⁵³ nˡɛi²⁴²/

/pai²¹⁻⁵³ li²²/

/pai¹¹⁻⁵³ li³³/

/pai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ li⁴¹/

/pai²¹⁻⁴¹ zi³³/

/pai²¹⁻³³ d͡zi²¹/

/pai²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zi²²/

/pai²¹⁻⁴² d͡zi²²/

/pai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ d͡zi¹¹/

(Malaysian and Singapore Mandarin, Hakka, Min) Tuesday


拜三

/paɪ̯⁵¹ sän⁵⁵/

/pai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laŋ⁵⁵/

/pai²¹⁻⁵³ sã⁴⁴/

/pai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sã³³/

/pai²¹⁻⁵³ sã⁴⁴/

/pai¹¹⁻⁵³ sã⁴⁴/

/pai²¹⁻⁴¹ sã⁴⁴/

/pai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sã³³/

/paɪ̯⁵¹ sän⁵⁵/

/pai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laŋ⁵⁵/

/pai²¹⁻⁵³ sã⁴⁴/

/pai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sã³³/

/pai²¹⁻⁵³ sã⁴⁴/

/pai¹¹⁻⁵³ sã⁴⁴/

/pai²¹⁻⁴¹ sã⁴⁴/

/pai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sã³³/

(Malaysian and Singapore Mandarin, Hakka, Min) Wednesday


拜四

/paɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ sz̩⁵¹/

/pai²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛi²¹³/

/pai²¹⁻⁵³ si²¹/

/pai¹¹⁻⁵³ si¹¹/

/pai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ si⁴¹/

/pai²¹⁻⁴¹ si²¹/

/pai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ si²¹³/

/paɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ sz̩⁵¹/

/pai²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛi²¹³/

/pai²¹⁻⁵³ si²¹/

/pai¹¹⁻⁵³ si¹¹/

/pai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ si⁴¹/

/pai²¹⁻⁴¹ si²¹/

/pai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ si²¹³/

(Malaysian and Singapore Mandarin, Hakka, Min) Thursday


拜五

/paɪ̯⁵¹ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pai̯⁵⁵ ŋ̍³¹/

/pai²¹³⁻⁵³ ŋou²⁴²/

/pai⁴² ŋɔu¹¹/

/pai⁴² ŋɔu²¹/

/pai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡɔ²²/

/pai²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡɔ³³/

/pai²¹⁻⁵³ ɡɔ²²/

/pai¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡɔ³³/

/pai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ŋou³⁵/

/paɪ̯⁵¹ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pai̯⁵⁵ ŋ̍³¹/

/pai²¹³⁻⁵³ ŋou²⁴²/

/pai⁴² ŋɔu¹¹/

/pai⁴² ŋɔu²¹/

/pai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡɔ²²/

/pai²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡɔ³³/

/pai²¹⁻⁵³ ɡɔ²²/

/pai¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡɔ³³/

/pai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ŋou³⁵/

(Malaysian and Singapore Mandarin, Hakka, Min) Friday


拜六

/paɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯oʊ̯⁵¹/

/pai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ l̃øyʔ⁵/

/pai⁴²⁻⁵⁵ laʔ⁴/

/pai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lak̚²⁴/

/pai²¹⁻⁵³ lak̚¹²¹/

/pai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ lak̚⁴/

/paɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯oʊ̯⁵¹/

/pai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ l̃øyʔ⁵/

/pai⁴²⁻⁵⁵ laʔ⁴/

/pai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lak̚²⁴/

/pai²¹⁻⁵³ lak̚¹²¹/

/pai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ lak̚⁴/

(Malaysian and Singapore Mandarin, Hakka, Min) Saturday


食飽

食⫽飽 (canonical)
verb-complement (romanization)
食饱
呷飽

/sɪk̚² paːu̯³⁵/

/sieʔ⁵⁻³³ pa³³/

/ɬia¹³⁻¹¹ pɒ⁴⁵³/

/ɬia²⁴⁻²¹ pɒ³³²/

/t͡sia(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ pa⁵³/

/sɪk̚² paːu̯³⁵/

/sieʔ⁵⁻³³ pa³³/

/ɬia¹³⁻¹¹ pɒ⁴⁵³/

/ɬia²⁴⁻²¹ pɒ³³²/

/t͡sia(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ pa⁵³/

我食飽了。

我食饱了。

(Cantonese, Hakka, Min) to eat one's fill; to be full


跤腿

/kʰa³³ tʰui⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² tʰui⁵³/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰui⁴¹/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰui⁵³/

/kʰa³⁵⁻³³ tʰui³¹/

/kʰa³³ tʰui⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻²² tʰui⁵³/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰui⁴¹/

/kʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰui⁵³/

/kʰa³⁵⁻³³ tʰui³¹/


囝孫

/kyiŋ²¹ sɔŋ⁵⁴/

/kiaŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nouŋ⁵⁵/

/kiã⁴²⁻²⁴ sun⁴⁴/

/kiã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sun³³/

/kiã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sun⁴⁴/

/kiã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sun⁴⁴/

/kã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sun³³/

/kĩã⁵²⁻³⁵ suŋ³³/

/kyiŋ²¹ sɔŋ⁵⁴/

/kiaŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nouŋ⁵⁵/

/kiã⁴²⁻²⁴ sun⁴⁴/

/kiã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sun³³/

/kiã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sun⁴⁴/

/kiã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sun⁴⁴/

/kã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sun³³/

/kĩã⁵²⁻³⁵ suŋ³³/


雞母

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ mu⁵³/

/kie⁵⁵⁻⁵³ mo³³/

/ke⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾o⁴⁵³/

/ke⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ po³³²/

/ke⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ pɤ³³²/

/kue⁴⁴⁻²² bu⁴²/

/kue⁴⁴⁻²² bu⁵³/

/kue⁴⁴⁻²² bo³¹/

/kue⁴⁴⁻²² bɔ⁵³/

/kue⁴⁴⁻²² bo⁴²/

/kue⁴⁴⁻³³ bo⁵³/

/kue⁴⁴⁻²² bo⁵³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² bo⁵³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ bɤ⁵³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ bɤ⁴¹/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ bu⁴¹/

/koi³³⁻²³ bo⁵²/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ mu⁵³/

/kie⁵⁵⁻⁵³ mo³³/

/ke⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾o⁴⁵³/

/ke⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ po³³²/

/ke⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ pɤ³³²/

/kue⁴⁴⁻²² bu⁴²/

/kue⁴⁴⁻²² bu⁵³/

/kue⁴⁴⁻²² bo³¹/

/kue⁴⁴⁻²² bɔ⁵³/

/kue⁴⁴⁻²² bo⁴²/

/kue⁴⁴⁻³³ bo⁵³/

/kue⁴⁴⁻²² bo⁵³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² bo⁵³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ bɤ⁵³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ bɤ⁴¹/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ bu⁴¹/

/koi³³⁻²³ bo⁵²/

Giĕ-mō̤ bà bóng-só̤, mò̤-dâi tō̤-dâi có̤. / [kie⁵⁵⁻⁵³ mo³³ pa⁵³ puŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɔ²¹³ mo⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɑi²⁴² tʰo³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɑi²⁴² t͡sɔ²¹³]

雞母扒糞掃，無事討事做。

鸡母扒粪扫，无事讨事做。

(Southwestern Mandarin, dialectal Cantonese, dialectal Hakka, Huizhou, Min) hen


上堂

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/sœːŋ¹³ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/siaŋ³³ hɔŋ²²/

/sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰɔŋ¹¹/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ touŋ⁵³/

/t͡siũ³³⁻²¹ tŋ̍²³/

/t͡siũ³³⁻¹¹ tŋ̍²⁴/

/t͡sĩẽ³⁵⁻¹¹ tɯŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sĩõ³⁵⁻¹¹ tɯŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/sœːŋ¹³ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/siaŋ³³ hɔŋ²²/

/sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰɔŋ¹¹/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ touŋ⁵³/

/t͡siũ³³⁻²¹ tŋ̍²³/

/t͡siũ³³⁻¹¹ tŋ̍²⁴/

/t͡sĩẽ³⁵⁻¹¹ tɯŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sĩõ³⁵⁻¹¹ tɯŋ⁵⁵/

(dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka, Jin, Min, of both students and teachers) to attend class


下底

à)-dā̤ / â-dā̤

/haː²² tɐi̯³⁵/

à)-dā̤ / â-dā̤

/a²⁴²⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɛ³³/

/a²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɛ³³/

/e²²⁻²¹ tue⁵³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ tue⁵³/

/e³³⁻²² tue⁵⁵⁴/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ te⁵³/

/e³³⁻²¹ te⁴¹/

/e³⁵⁻¹¹ toi⁵²/

/haː²² tɐi̯³⁵/

/a²⁴²⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɛ³³/

/a²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɛ³³/

/e²²⁻²¹ tue⁵³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ tue⁵³/

/e³³⁻²² tue⁵⁵⁴/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ te⁵³/

/e³³⁻²¹ te⁴¹/

/e³⁵⁻¹¹ toi⁵²/

(Cantonese, Gan, Min, Wu) area below; underneath


過番

/ku̯ɔ⁵¹ fän⁵⁵/

/kʷɔː³³ faːn⁵⁵/

/kuo⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uaŋ⁵⁵/

/ke⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ huan³³/

/kə⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ huan³³/

/kue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hueŋ³³/

/kue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ huaŋ³³/

/ku̯ɔ⁵¹ fän⁵⁵/

/kʷɔː³³ faːn⁵⁵/

/kuo⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uaŋ⁵⁵/

/ke⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ huan³³/

/kə⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ huan³³/

/kue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hueŋ³³/

/kue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ huaŋ³³/

2021 June 1, 林洁 (Lin Jie), 《汕头：西堤见证以“侨”为桥》, in China Youth Daily, page 6

Shàntóu bǎi zǎi shāngbù de fāyuándì Xīdī mǎtóu, jiànzhèng le qiānqiānwànwàn cháoshànrén cóng zhèlǐ “guòfān” móushēng, yě jiànzhèng le Shàntóu cóng yúcūn, mǎtóu dào gǎngkǒu, shāngbù de biànqiān.

汕頭百載商埠的發源地西堤碼頭，見證了千千萬萬潮汕人從這裡「過番」謀生，也見證了汕頭從漁村、碼頭到港口、商埠的變遷。

汕头百载商埠的发源地西堤码头，见证了千千万万潮汕人从这里「过番」谋生，也见证了汕头从渔村、码头到港口、商埠的变迁。

(Cantonese, Hakka, Min, dated) to go abroad (to Southeast Asia)


上水

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ¹³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ suɪ³¹/

/t͡siũ³³⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡siũ³³⁻²¹ t͡sui⁴¹/

/t͡siũ²²⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡siɔ̃²²⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ¹³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/sɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ suɪ³¹/

/t͡siũ³³⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡siũ³³⁻²¹ t͡sui⁴¹/

/t͡siũ²²⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡siɔ̃²²⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/sœːŋ²² sɵy̯³⁵/

/ˈsɔŋ¹¹ sui²¹³/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² sɵy̯³⁵/

/ˈsɔŋ¹¹ sui²¹³/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² sɵy̯³⁵/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯¹/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯¹/

/sœːŋ²² sɵy̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰiũ³³⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiũ³³⁻²¹ t͡sui⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiũ²²⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiũ³³⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiũ²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiũ³³⁻²² t͡sui⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɔ̃³³⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɔ̃²²⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻¹² t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiũ³³⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiũ³³⁻²¹ t͡sui⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiũ²²⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiũ³³⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiũ²² t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiũ³³⁻²² t͡sui⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɔ̃³³⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɔ̃²²⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiu²²⁻¹² t͡sui⁵³/


麒麟鹿

/ki⁵³⁻³³ l̃iŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡøyʔ⁵/

/ki²⁴⁻²¹ lin²⁴⁻²¹ lɔk̚⁴³/

/ki²³⁻²¹ lin²³⁻²¹ lɔk̚⁴/

/ki²³⁻³³ lin²³⁻³³ lɔk̚⁴/

/ki²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴⁻¹¹ lɔk̚⁴/

/ki⁵³⁻³³ l̃iŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡøyʔ⁵/

/ki²⁴⁻²¹ lin²⁴⁻²¹ lɔk̚⁴³/

/ki²³⁻²¹ lin²³⁻²¹ lɔk̚⁴/

/ki²³⁻³³ lin²³⁻³³ lɔk̚⁴/

/ki²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴⁻¹¹ lɔk̚⁴/

2002, 〈麒麟鹿欲坐車〉, in 《歡喜念歌詩(1)-麒麟鹿欲坐車》, page 70

麒麟鹿欲坐車

麒麟鹿欲坐车


細聲

/ɕi⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐi̯³³ sɛːŋ⁵⁵/

/se¹¹ ʃaŋ⁵³/

/sue²¹⁻⁴² siã⁴⁴/

/sue²¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/sue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã³³/

/sue¹¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ siã⁴⁴/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/soi²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sĩã³³/

/ɕi⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐi̯³³ sɛːŋ⁵⁵/

/se¹¹ ʃaŋ⁵³/

/sue²¹⁻⁴² siã⁴⁴/

/sue²¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/sue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã³³/

/sue¹¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ siã⁴⁴/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/soi²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sĩã³³/

(literary or Cantonese, Hakka, Min) low voice; fine voice


細聲

/ɕi⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐi̯³³ sɛːŋ⁵⁵/

/se¹¹ ʃaŋ⁵³/

/sue²¹⁻⁴² siã⁴⁴/

/sue²¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/sue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã³³/

/sue¹¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ siã⁴⁴/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/soi²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sĩã³³/

/ɕi⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐi̯³³ sɛːŋ⁵⁵/

/se¹¹ ʃaŋ⁵³/

/sue²¹⁻⁴² siã⁴⁴/

/sue²¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/sue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã³³/

/sue¹¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ siã⁴⁴/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/soi²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sĩã³³/

(literary or Cantonese, Hakka, Min) quiet


細聲

/ɕi⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐi̯³³ sɛːŋ⁵⁵/

/se¹¹ ʃaŋ⁵³/

/sue²¹⁻⁴² siã⁴⁴/

/sue²¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/sue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã³³/

/sue¹¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ siã⁴⁴/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/soi²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sĩã³³/

/ɕi⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐi̯³³ sɛːŋ⁵⁵/

/se¹¹ ʃaŋ⁵³/

/sue²¹⁻⁴² siã⁴⁴/

/sue²¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/sue⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã³³/

/sue¹¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/se²¹⁻⁴¹ siã⁴⁴/

/se²¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/soi²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sĩã³³/

(literary or Cantonese, Hakka, Min) quietly; in a quiet voice


八月中秋

ㄅㄚ ㄩㄝˋ ㄓㄨㄥ ㄑㄧㄡ

ㄅㄚ ㄩㄝˋ ㄓㄨㄥ ㄑㄧㄡ

/pä⁵⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pai²⁴ ŋyɛ⁴² tœyŋ⁵⁴ t͡sʰiu⁵⁴/

/pɛiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ ŋuoʔ⁵⁽⁻²¹⁾ tyŋ⁵⁵ ^((t͡sʰ-))ʒieu⁵⁵/

/poiʔ²⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴⁻² toŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sʰiu³³/

/pä⁵⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/pai²⁴ ŋyɛ⁴² tœyŋ⁵⁴ t͡sʰiu⁵⁴/

/poiʔ²⁻⁴ ɡueʔ⁴⁻² toŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sʰiu³³/

(chiefly dialectal Mandarin, Min, Jinhua Wu, Yuebei Tuhua) Mid-Autumn Festival


煮食

/t͡syː³⁵ sɪk̚²/

/t͡sy³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieʔ⁵/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/t͡su⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴³/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/t͡sɯ⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴³/

/t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siaʔ²⁴/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ¹²¹/

/t͡si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siaʔ²⁴/

/t͡sɯ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/t͡syː³⁵ sɪk̚²/

/t͡sy³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lieʔ⁵/

/t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/t͡su⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴³/

/t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/t͡sɯ⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡siaʔ⁴³/

/t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siaʔ²⁴/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siaʔ¹²¹/

/t͡si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siaʔ²⁴/

/t͡sɯ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡siaʔ⁴/

(Cantonese, Hakka, Min) to cook food; to cook


趁食

/tʰiŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nieʔ⁵/

/tʰan¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/tʰan⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siaʔ²⁴/

/tʰan²¹⁻⁴² t͡siaʔ⁴³/

/tʰan²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/tʰan²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/tʰan²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siaʔ¹²¹/

/tʰaŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/tʰiŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nieʔ⁵/

/tʰan¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/tʰan⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siaʔ²⁴/

/tʰan²¹⁻⁴² t͡siaʔ⁴³/

/tʰan²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/tʰan²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siaʔ⁴/

/tʰan²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siaʔ¹²¹/

/tʰaŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡siaʔ⁴/


壓落

/taʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ l̃oʔ⁵/

/taʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ l̃oʔ⁵/

(Min) to humiliate; to embarrass; to disgrace


倩工

/t͡sʰiaŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰia⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾aŋ⁵³³/

/t͡sʰĩã⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾aŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiã²¹⁻⁴¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiã¹¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kaŋ³³/

/t͡sʰiã²¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰia⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾aŋ⁵³³/

/t͡sʰĩã⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾aŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiã²¹⁻⁴¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiã¹¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kaŋ³³/

/t͡sʰiã²¹⁻⁵³ kaŋ⁴⁴/