twr

a kind of plant, possibly a kind of reed, used medicinally and said to be given to the dead in the afterworld


nb

nb (masculine singular)
nbt (feminine singular)
nbwj (dual masculine)
nbtj (dual feminine)
nbw (masculine plural)
nbwt (feminine plural)
nbt (feminine plural)

Demotic: (nb)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲛⲓⲙ (nim)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ (niben)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲛⲓⲃⲓ (nibi)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲛⲓⲙ (nim)

Oxyrhynchite Coptic: ⲛⲓⲙ (nim)

Coptic Dialect P: ⲛⲓⲃ (nib)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲛⲓⲙ (nim)


pr-ꜥꜣ

pr:aA (canonical masculine)
pr:aA (singular)
pr-ꜥꜣ (singular)
prwj-ꜥꜣwj (dual)
prw-ꜥꜣw (plural)

Demotic:  (pr-ꜥꜣ)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲣⲣⲟ (rro)

desc

Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲣⲟ (ouro), ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ (pouro)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲣⲣⲁ (rra), ⲉⲣⲣⲁ (erra), ⲓⲣⲣⲁ (irra), ⲉⲣⲁ (era)

Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲣⲣⲟ (rro)

Old Coptic: ⲉⲣⲟ (ero)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲣⲣⲟ (rro), ⲉⲣⲟ (ero), ⲟⲩⲣⲟ (ouro)

→ Neo-Assyrian: 𒉿𒅕𒀪𒌑 (pi-ir-ʾu-u₂ /pirʾū/)

→ Hebrew: פַּרְעֹה (parʿṓ)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Φαραώ (Pharaṓ), Φαραών (Pharaṓn), Φαραώθης (Pharaṓthēs), φαραώ (pharaṓ) — alternative capitalization
Greek: φαραώ (faraó)
→ Chinese:
Mandarin: 法老 (fǎlǎo)
→ Coptic: ⲫⲁⲣⲁⲱ (pharaō)
→ Ge'ez: ፈርዖን (färʿon)
→ Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍉 (faraō), 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍉𐌽𐌹 (faraōni, dative)
→ Latin: Pharaō (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Armenian: Փարաւոն (Pʻarawon)
Armenian: փարավոն (pʻaravon)
→ Old Church Slavonic: фараѡ́нъ (faraónŭ), фараонъ (faraonŭ), фараосъ (faraosŭ)
Bulgarian: фарао́н (faraón)
Church Slavonic: фарао (farao)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: фара̀о̄н m
Latin script: faràōn m
→ Old East Slavic: фараонъ (faraonŭ), фарао (farao), ѳараонъ (θaraonŭ)
Belarusian: фарао́н (faraón)
Russian: фарао́н (faraón)
Ukrainian: фарао́н (faraón)

desc

→ Classical Syriac: ܦܶܪܥܽܘܢ, ܦܸܪܥܘܿܢ (perʿūn)

desctree

→ Arabic: فِرْعَوْن (firʕawn)
Maltese: fergħun
→ Bashkir: фирғәүен (firğəwen)
→ Bengali: ফেরাউন (pheraun)
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: फ़िरौन (firaun)
Urdu: فرعون (firaun)
→ Malay: firaun
→ Ottoman Turkish: فرعون
→ Turkish: firavun
→ Persian: فرعون (fer'own)
→ Swahili: firauni
→ Tajik: фиръавн (firʾavn)
→ Uzbek: firʼavn

Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE


ḥr

desc

Coptic: ϩⲱⲣ (hōr), (in compounds) ϩⲁⲣ- (har-)

→ Ancient Greek: Ὧρος (Hôros), (in compounds) Ἁρ- (Har-)

→ Meroitic: 𐦠𐦫 (ar /ara/)

According to Loprieno, formed from a stem ḥaru- + the Proto-Afroasiatic nominative case marker *-u; in Egyptian, Proto-Afroasiatic case markers were generally lost, but *-u became a glide -w instead when the stem ended in a vowel. The stem is probably related either to the preposition ḥr (“above”), with the theonym thus meaning ‘the One Above’, or to the verb ḥrj (“to be distant”), with the theonym meaning ‘the Distant One’, or to both.

ḥr-jwn-mwt.f

Her-iunmutef (Horus, Pillar of His Mother)

ḥr-wps-tꜣwj

Her-wepes-tawy (Horus who illuminates the Two Lands)

ḥr-zmꜣ-tꜣwj

Her-sema-tawy (Horus Uniter of the Two Lands)

conventional term introducing the serekh name of most pharaohs


rꜥ

r:a-ra (canonical masculine)
rꜥ (singular)
rꜥwj (dual)
rꜥw (plural)

Demotic:  (rꜥ)

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲣⲓ (ri), ⲣⲉⲓ (rei)

Bohairic Coptic: ⲣⲏ (rē)

Fayyumic Coptic: ⲣⲉ (re)

Old Coptic: ⲣⲏ (rē), ⲣⲉ (re)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲣⲏ (rē)

→ English: Re

→ English: Ra


ꜣm

A-m-Q7 2-lit. (canonical)
ꜣm (infinitive)
ꜣmw (infinitive negative)
ꜣm (infinitive negative)
ꜣmt (infinitive)
ꜣm (imperative infinitive singular)
j.ꜣm (imperative infinitive singular)
ꜣm (imperative infinitive plural)
j.ꜣm (imperative infinitive plural)
ꜣm (stative)
ḥr ꜣm (imperfective)
m ꜣm (imperfective)
r ꜣm (prospective)
ꜣm.n (active perfect)
ꜣmw (passive perfect)
ꜣm (passive perfect)
ꜣm.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
ꜣmt (terminative)
ꜣm (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
ꜣm.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
ꜣm (active imperfective)
j.ꜣm (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
ꜣm (active prospective)
ꜣmm (passive prospective)
ꜣm.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
ꜣm (active subjunctive)
j.ꜣm (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
ꜣm.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
ꜣm (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
ꜣm (active participle perfective)
ꜣmm (participle passive perfective)
ꜣmmj (participle passive perfective)
ꜣm (participle passive perfective)
ꜣmw (participle passive perfective)
ꜣmy (participle passive perfective)
j.ꜣm (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜣm (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜣmy (active imperfective participle relative)
ꜣmw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
j.ꜣm (active imperfective participle)
j.ꜣmw (active imperfective participle)
ꜣm (active imperfective participle)
ꜣmj (active imperfective participle)
ꜣmy (active imperfective participle)
ꜣm (imperfective participle passive)
ꜣmw (imperfective participle passive)
ꜣm (active participle prospective relative)
ꜣmtj (active participle prospective relative)
ꜣmtj (participle prospective)
ꜣmt (participle prospective)

egy-conj-table

ꜣmt

# Only in the masculine singular.
# Only in the masculine.
# Only in the feminine.


ḥrt

Hr:r-t:pt (canonical feminine)
ḥrt (singular)
ḥrtj (dual)
ḥrwt (plural)

ḥr (“upon, atop”) + -t (feminine nisba ending), thus ‘(the one) being atop’. Some early writings of the sense ‘sky’ use determinatives that perhaps instead suggest a connection with the verb ḥrj (“to be distant”).


ḥrt

Hr:r-t:xAst (canonical feminine)
ḥrt (singular)
ḥrtj (dual)
ḥrwt (plural)

particularly, one of the rock-cut royal tombs of the New Kingdom, such as those at the Valley of the Kings


ḥrt

conventional term introducing the serekh name of female pharaohs


šw

→ Ancient Greek: Σῶς (Sôs)

→ English: Shu

the god Shu (literally “Emptiness”), personification of the space between the earth and sky


šw

destitute or needy person, one who has nothing


šw

light (of the sun or moon) falling on things, light as opposed to shadow; sunlight or moonlight


nb-ḫꜥw

From nb (“lord, possessor”) + ḫꜥw (“appearance in glory, shining-forth”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘possessor of appearances in glory’. Sometimes the second part is instead interpreted as ḫꜥw (“crown”), etymologically the same word.

compound

a common epithet for the king: ‘Lord of Appearances’


nb-ḫꜥw

A serekh name notably borne by Sahure, a pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty

A Two Ladies name notably borne by Sahure, a pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty


mry-jmn

mry (perfective relative form of mrj) + jmn (“Amon”), literally ‘(one) whom Amon loves’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition.

perfective relative form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">mrj</i>

a common epithet sometimes added to the birth names or throne names of pharaohs


nswt

sw-t:n (canonical masculine)
nswt (singular)
njw-swt (plural)
nswtyw (plural)

Traditionally (since Sethe 1911) derived from n(j) (“of, belonging”) + swt (“sedge”) in a direct genitive construction with n(j) used as a noun, literally ‘the belonging one of the sedge’, i.e. ‘the one to whom Upper Egypt belongs’, the sedge being an emblem of Upper Egypt. The odd glyph order in the written form is probably due to a preference for forming compact groups of hieroglyphs.
However, this interpretation has been challenged, as Helck, Schenkel, and others have argued that the plant represented by swt is not the emblem of Upper Egypt at all; Schenkel also suggests the reconstructed vocalization of the word does not support such an etymology. Peust goes so far as to say the word has no special connection with Upper Egypt, and derives it as borrowed from Sumerian 𒉺𒋼𒋛 (ensi₂) with the Egyptian noun-forming suffix -w. This might also be suggested by the alternate reading nzw and the cuneiform rendering 𒅔𒋛𒅁𒅀 (in-si-ib-ia) for the compound form nswt-bjtj from a Ramesside-era Hittite letter.

i-w wHm*m:n W14-z:t-A1 x:r-M23-t:n
jw wḥm.n(.j) ḥzt ḫr nswt […]

Stela of Ity, British Museum, Egyptian Antiquities, 586

king of (Upper and Lower) Egypt, especially as a divine power (as opposed to ḥm, which refers to a particular incarnation that holds that power)


nb-tꜣwj

From nb (“lord”) + tꜣwj (“the Two Lands”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘Lord of the Two Lands’, i.e. Upper and Lower Egypt.


nswt-bjtj

/ʔənˈsiːʔ bəˈjaːtə/

/ʔənˈsiːʔ βəˈjoːt/

/ʔənˈsiːʔ bəˈjaːtə/

/ʔənˈsiːʔ βəˈjoːt/

nswt + bjtj, literally ‘the belonging one of the sedge, the one of the bee’, or, more simply, ‘he of the sedge and the bee’, the sedge and the bee being emblems of Upper and Lower Egypt, respectively, according to the traditional etymology. Sometimes it is instead read as n(j) + swt + bjt, literally ‘the belonging one of the sedge and of the bee’, thus ultimately expressing the same meaning. In recent times the derivation and reading of nswt has been questioned; if it is not in fact derived from swt (“sedge”), then nswt-bjtj may just be a compound of two words meaning ‘king’. The term is also attested in cuneiform script as 𒅔𒋛𒅁𒅀 (in-si-ib-ia) from a Ramesside-era Hittite letter.

dual king of Upper and Lower Egypt; pharaoh


bjtj

bjtj (singular)
bjtjwj (dual)
bjtjw (plural)

Nominalized from bjt (“bee”) + -j (“nisba ending”), literally ’the one of the bee’, the bee being an emblem of Lower Egypt.


ꜣwtqrtr

Borrowed from Latin autocrator or Ancient Greek αὐτοκράτωρ (autokrátōr).

autocrator (usually as a title of a Roman emperor)


qysrs

Borrowed from Ancient Greek Καῖσαρ (Kaîsar), from Latin Caesar.


pḏtj

pḏtj (singular)
pḏtjwj (dual)
pḏtjw (plural)

Nominalized from pḏt (“bow”) + -j (nisba ending).

bowman, archer, especially as an epithet for kings or certain gods


nb-wꜥ

an epithet used of kings and creator gods


wḥꜥ

wHa:a-V1:D40 3-lit. (canonical)
wḥꜥ (infinitive)
wḥꜥw (infinitive negative)
wḥꜥ (infinitive negative)
wḥꜥt (infinitive)
wḥꜥ (imperative infinitive singular)
wḥꜥ (imperative infinitive plural)
wḥꜥ (stative)
ḥr wḥꜥ (imperfective)
m wḥꜥ (imperfective)
r wḥꜥ (prospective)
wḥꜥ.n (active perfect)
wḥꜥw (passive perfect)
wḥꜥ (passive perfect)
wḥꜥ.jn (active consecutive contingent)
active + .tj¹, .tw (consecutive contingent passive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfect)
wḥꜥt (terminative)
wḥꜥ (active perfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive perfective)
wḥꜥ.ḫr (active obligative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (obligative passive)
wḥꜥ (active imperfective)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective passive)
wḥꜥ (active prospective)
wḥꜥꜥ (passive prospective)
wḥꜥ.kꜣ (active potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive potential)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive prospective)
wḥꜥ (active subjunctive)
active + .tj¹, .tw (passive subjunctive)
wḥꜥ.n (active participle perfect relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfect relative)
wḥꜥ (active participle perfective relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (participle passive perfective relative)
wḥꜥ (active participle perfective)
wḥꜥ (participle passive perfective)
wḥꜥw (participle passive perfective)
wḥꜥy (participle passive perfective)
wḥꜥ (active imperfective participle relative)
wḥꜥy (active imperfective participle relative)
wḥꜥw (active imperfective participle relative)
active + .tj¹, .tw (imperfective participle passive relative)
wḥꜥ (active imperfective participle)
wḥꜥj (active imperfective participle)
wḥꜥy (active imperfective participle)
wḥꜥ (imperfective participle passive)
wḥꜥw (imperfective participle passive)
wḥꜥ (active participle prospective relative)
wḥꜥtj (active participle prospective relative)
wḥꜥtj (participle prospective)
wḥꜥt (participle prospective)

(transitive) to remove (the bandage from a wound)

(transitive) to deliver (someone), to set free, to release (+ m or m-ꜥ: from (something bad or evil))


wḥꜥ

wḥꜥ (singular)
wḥꜥwj (dual)
wḥꜥw (plural)

Demotic: wḥj

Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲟϩⲓ (ouohi)

Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱϩⲉ (ouōhe)

epithet for the king when making an offering of geese


stp.n-rꜥ

stp.n (perfect relative form of stp) + rꜥ (“Ra”), thus literally ‘(he) whom Ra has chosen’. The written form demonstrates honorific transposition. It is attested as 𒐼𒋼𒅁𒈾𒊑𒀀 (šá-te-ep-na-re-a) in Akkadian cuneiform documents dating to the reign of Ramesses II (c. 1250 B.C.E.).

af

perfect relative form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">stp</i>

a common epithet sometimes added to the throne names of pharaohs


nṯr-ꜥꜣ

Old Coptic: ⲛⲉⲧⲱ (netō)

Coptic: ⲛⲉⲧⲟ (neto), ⲛⲉⲧⲁ (neta) (Dialect K)

/nɛt͡ʃɛr ɑːʔɑ/

nṯr (“god”) + ꜥꜣ (“great, elder”), thus (conventionally) ‘the great god’ or (more accurately) ‘the elder god’.

epithet for the dead former king, in contrast to nṯr-nfr for the currently living king

epithet for the senior king in a coregency, in contrast to nṯr-nfr for the junior king

sw-t:Htp-di-ir:st-A40-nb-Dd-d:O49-w-nTr-O29V-nb-Ab-b-Dw:O49
ḥtp ḏj nswt wsjr nb-ḏdw nṯr-ꜥꜣ nb-ꜣbḏw […]

An offering given by the king and Osiris, the Lord of Djedu, the Elder God, the Lord of Abydos […]

a very common epithet of various gods, especially Osiris and Ra


sḫm

s-sxm-x-m 3-lit. (canonical)
sḫm (infinitive)
sḫmw (infinitive negative)
sḫm (infinitive negative)
sḫmt (infinitive)
sḫm (imperative infinitive singular)
sḫm (imperative infinitive plural)
sḫm (stative)
ḥr sḫm (imperfective)
m sḫm (imperfective)
r sḫm (prospective)
sḫm.n (active perfect)
sḫm.jn (active consecutive contingent)
sḫmt (active terminative)
sḫm (active perfective)
sḫm.ḫr (active obligative)
sḫm (active imperfective)
sḫm (active prospective)
sḫm.kꜣ (active potential)
sḫm (active subjunctive)
sḫm.n (active participle perfect)
sḫm (active participle perfective)
sḫm (participle passive perfective)
sḫmw (participle passive perfective)
sḫmy (participle passive perfective)
sḫm (active imperfective participle)
sḫmy (active imperfective participle)
sḫmw (active imperfective participle)
sḫmj (active imperfective participle)
sḫm (imperfective participle passive)
sḫmw (imperfective participle passive)
sḫm (active participle prospective)
sḫmtj (active participle prospective)
sḫmtj (participle prospective)
sḫmt (participle prospective)

[chiefly Pyramid Texts to Middle Kingdom]

(intransitive) to be(come) powerful, capable (+ m: through the power of (magic, the Eye of Horus, food, etc.); + mm: among (the gods); + ḫr: before (a god); + ḫnt: at the head of (people); + m ḫt or m sꜣ: in pursuit of (enemies))


nbt-tꜣ

nbt (“lady, mistress”) + tꜣ (“land”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘Lady of the Land’.


nb-pt

nb (“lord”) + pt (“sky”) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘lord of the sky’.

a very common epithet of various gods, originally of Horus of Behdet and Ra


nṯr-nfr

nṯr (“god”) + nfr (“pleasing, fine, good, beautiful”), thus ‘the pleasing/fine/good/beautiful god’. The use of the term in contrast with nṯr-ꜥꜣ (“the elder god”) shows that the implication of nfr here was probably one of youthful beauty or, euphemistically, simply youth, as also seen in nfrt (“young woman”). A rendering such as ‘the youthful god’ is thus perhaps truer to the intended meaning than the traditional rendering ‘the good god’.

epithet for the junior king in a coregency, in contrast to nṯr-ꜥꜣ for the senior king


wr-ḥkꜣw

wr-ḥkꜣw (singular)
wrwj-ḥkꜣw (dual)
wrw-ḥkꜣw (plural)

wr (“great”) + ḥkꜣw (plural of ḥkꜣ (“magic”)) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘(the one) great of magic powers’, i.e. ‘one with great magic’.

plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">ḥkꜣ</i> (“magic”)

curving serpent-headed adze or blade used as a ritual instrument in the opening of the mouth ceremony, a funerary ritual to allow the deceased to eat and drink once more


ḥr-m-pr.f

ḥr (“Horus”) + m (“in”) + pr (“house, palace”) + .f (“his”), thus “Horus in his house”. Compare ḥr-m-ꜥḥ.f.


sḫm-n-rꜥ

sḫm (“power, cult image, incarnation”) + n(j) (“of”) + rꜥ (“Ra”).


sḫm-ꜥnḫ-jmn

desc

εἰκὼν ζῶσα τοῦ Διός

→ Ancient Greek: εἰκὼν ζῶσα τοῦ Διός (eikṑn zôsa toû Diós) (calque)

sḫm (“power, cult image, incarnation”) + ꜥnḫ (“living”) + jmn (“Amun”), thus ‘living image of Amun’.

af

epithet used as part of the name of various Ptolemaic pharaohs


nb-mꜣꜥt

nb-mꜣꜥt (singular)
nbwj-mꜣꜥt (dual)
nbw-mꜣꜥt (plural)

From nb (“lord, possessor”) + mꜣꜥt (“righteousness, truth”) in a direct genitive construction, thus ‘possessor of righteousness/truth’.

(literally) honest person, one who does what is right


nb-mꜣꜥt

A serekh name notably borne by Sneferu, a pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty

A Two Ladies name notably borne by Sneferu, a pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty


st-r-mḏd

st (“shooting”) + r (“in order to”) + mḏd (“hit the mark”), thus ‘(one) who shoots to hit’, i.e. ‘one who shoots unerringly’.


nb-ꜥḥ

nb (“lord”) + ꜥḥ (“palace”) in a direct genitive construction, thus “lord of the palace”.


ḥr-nb-ꜥḥ

ḥr (“Horus”) + nb (“lord”) + ꜥḥ (“palace”), thus “Horus, lord of the palace”.


jmj-ꜥḥ

jmj (“being in”) + ꜥḥ (“palace”), thus “(the one) being in the palace”.


ḥr-m-ꜥḥ.f

ḥr (“Horus”) + m (“in”) + ꜥḥ (“palace”) + .f (“his”), thus “Horus in his palace”. Compare ḥr-m-pr.f.