pies

pl-noun

pies m animal (diminutive piesek, augmentative psisko, related adjective psi)

piesek (diminutive)
psisko (augmentative)
psi (adjective)
pies (nominative singular)
psy (nominative plural)
psa (genitive singular)
psów (genitive plural)
psu (dative singular)
psom (dative plural)
psa (accusative singular)
psy (accusative plural)
psem (instrumental singular)
psami (instrumental plural)
psie (locative singular)
psach (locative plural)
psie (singular vocative)
psy (plural vocative)

Phoca vitulina
Phoca vitulina#Translingual

(Middle Polish) harbor seal (Phoca vitulina)


absent

absent m animacy unattested (canonical)
absentów (genitive plural)

Learned borrowing from Latin absēns. First attested in 1571–1632.

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


port

port m inan (diminutive porcik, related adjective portowy)

porcik (diminutive)
portowy (adjective)
port (nominative singular)
porty (nominative plural)
portu (genitive singular)
portów (genitive plural)
portowi (dative singular)
portom (dative plural)
port (accusative singular)
porty (accusative plural)
portem (instrumental singular)
portami (instrumental plural)
porcie (locative singular)
portach (locative plural)
porcie (singular vocative)
porty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: pòrt

Inherited from Old Polish port. Sense 4 and sense 5 are semantic loans from English port. Doublet of fiord (“fjord”).

sl

(Middle Polish) goal, aim (intent of one's actions)

(Middle Polish) harbor, haven (one who gives a place of safety)

(Middle Polish) gate (place where one enters)

izali Papieſz [...]/ niewymamił [...]/ na Ceſárzach/ [...]/ rozmáite Páńſtwá/ Kroleſthwá/ Kxięſtwá/ Powiáty/ Miáſtá/ Porty/ Zamki/ Wśi/ Cżyńſze/ Mytá/ Folwárki/ y inſze rozmáite płáty.

1560, M. Krowicki, Obrona nauki, page 75:

(Middle Polish) papal estate; Further details are uncertain.


adamant

adamant (nominative singular)
adamanty (nominative plural)
adamantu (genitive singular)
adament (accusative singular)

Learned borrowing from Latin adamās, from Ancient Greek ἀδάμας (adámas, “invincible”). First attested in 1525. Doublet of diament.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “adamas”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


nicht

(Middle Polish, Kuyavia) Alternative form of nikt


długość

pl-noun

długość f (related adjective długościowy, abbreviation dług. or dł.)

długościowy (adjective)
dług. (abbreviation)
dł. (abbreviation)
długość (nominative singular)
długości (nominative plural)
długości (genitive singular)
długości (genitive plural)
długości (dative singular)
długościom (dative plural)
długość (accusative singular)
długości (accusative plural)
długością (instrumental singular)
długościami (instrumental plural)
długości (locative singular)
długościach (locative plural)
długości (singular vocative)
długości (plural vocative)

/ˈdɫu.ɡɔɕt͡ɕ/

Inherited from Old Polish długość. By surface analysis, długi + -ość.

Longinquitas, Dálekość/ Długość.

Prolixitas, Długość.

Longitudo ‒ Długoſc

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 612b:

(Middle Polish) length; Further details are uncertain.


minister

minister m pers (female equivalent minister or ministerka, abbreviation min.)

minister (feminine)
ministerka (feminine)
min. (abbreviation)
minister (nominative singular)
ministrowie (nominative plural)
ministry (derogatory nominative plural)
ministra (genitive singular)
ministrów (genitive plural)
ministrowi (dative singular)
ministrom (dative plural)
ministra (accusative singular)
ministrów (accusative plural)
ministrem (instrumental singular)
ministrami (instrumental plural)
ministrze (locative singular)
ministrach (locative plural)
ministrze (singular vocative)
ministrowie (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish minister. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from French ministre.

sl

(Middle Polish, biblical, expressive, paganism) priest of pagan cults

(Middle Polish, Roman Catholicism, derogatory, ironic) heretical priest; supporter of heresy

(Middle Polish, Roman Catholicism) Catholic preacher

(Middle Polish) steward (chief administrator of a medieval manor)


kobieta

pl-noun

kobieta f (diminutive kobietka, augmentative kobiecisko, related adjective kobiecki or kobiecy)

kobietka (diminutive)
kobiecisko (augmentative)
kobiecki (adjective)
kobiecy (adjective)
kobieta (nominative singular)
kobiety (nominative plural)
kobiety (genitive singular)
kobiet (genitive plural)
kobiecie (dative singular)
kobietom (dative plural)
kobietę (accusative singular)
kobiety (accusative plural)
kobietą (instrumental singular)
kobietami (instrumental plural)
kobiecie (locative singular)
kobietach (locative plural)
kobieto (singular vocative)
kobiety (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: кабе́та (kabjéta)

→ Kashubian: kòbiéta

→ Silesian: kobiyta

→ Slovincian: kôbjéta

→ Ukrainian: кобі́та (kobíta)

Polish Scientific Publishers PWN
pl:Ida Kurcz

Uncertain. Displaced niewiasta (now considered poetic) and żona (meaning narrowed down to “wife”). Popularized by the Polish Romantic writers in the 19th century. First attested in 1545.
* Possibly from Old Polish kob (“pigpen”) or koba (“mare”) (the ending -ieta is found in some contemporaneous female names (e.g. Markieta, Elżbieta, Greta)); however, this theory has been rejected by most etymologists. Compare kobiałka.
* Boryś asserts the term is a Polish innovation with an unclear root kob- and potentially the original suffix being extended with -ita (compare Middle Polish kobita and najmita), but he rejects the existence of the suffix -ita.
* Bańkowski asserts that the term is not native and suggests Germanic origin, possibly a compound of Middle High German kobe (“sty, shed”) (compare modern German Koben) and *geit (“goat”) (compare modern Dutch geit), originally meaning “a pen for goats” but also, derogatorily, “an enclosure for service maidens”; however, he also questions why the form is -bie- and not -be-.
* Sławski also rejects native origin but is ultimately unable to draw connections to other languages.
* Długosz-Kurczabowa thinks the word may be of native origin, specifically a compound of Proto-Slavic *kobь (“bird-flight divination”) and *věta (“fairy”), but she also does not reject the possibility of foreign origin, suggesting, e.g., Old High German gambetta (“concubine”) or even Finnish kave (“a creature related to the moon, sky, or air”) and Estonian kabu (“castrated animal”) (compare also Proto-Samic *kāpëk), as the source.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “kobieta”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

der

(Middle Polish, derogatory) promiscuous woman

woman (adult female human)
promiscuous woman


książka

książeczka (diminutive)
książka (nominative singular)
książki (nominative plural)
książki (genitive singular)
książek (genitive plural)
książce (dative singular)
książkom (dative plural)
książkę (accusative singular)
książki (accusative plural)
książką (instrumental singular)
książkami (instrumental plural)
książce (locative singular)
książkach (locative plural)
książko (singular vocative)
książki (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish książka. By surface analysis, księga + -ka.

Leucanthemum vulgare
Leucanthemum vulgare#Translingual

(Middle Polish, in the plural) oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare)


łyżka

pl-noun

łyżka f (diminutive łyżeczka, augmentative łycha)

łyżeczka (diminutive)
łycha (augmentative)
łyżka (nominative singular)
łyżki (nominative plural)
łyżki (genitive singular)
łyżek (genitive plural)
łyżce (dative singular)
łyżkom (dative plural)
łyżkę (accusative singular)
łyżki (accusative plural)
łyżką (instrumental singular)
łyżkami (instrumental plural)
łyżce (locative singular)
łyżkach (locative plural)
łyżko (singular vocative)
łyżki (plural vocative)

(Middle Polish) device for cleaning one's ear


budynek

budynek m inan (diminutive budyneczek, related adjective budynkowy)

budyneczek (diminutive)
budynkowy (adjective)
budynek (nominative singular)
budynki (nominative plural)
budynku (genitive singular)
budynków (genitive plural)
budynkowi (dative singular)
budynkom (dative plural)
budynek (accusative singular)
budynki (accusative plural)
budynkiem (instrumental singular)
budynkami (instrumental plural)
budynku (locative singular)
budynkach (locative plural)
budynku (singular vocative)
budynki (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: буды́нак (budýnak)

→ Ukrainian: буди́нок (budýnok)

Borrowed from Middle High German *būding. Less likely, from budować + -unek with an unclear shift of -unek -> -ynek, perhaps either modelled on pojedynek and spoczynek, or from dialectal influence. First attested in 1600. Compare Kashubian bùdink, Silesian budōnek, and Slovincian bùdynk.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “budynek”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(Middle Polish) building (act of building)


ściana

pl-noun

ściana f (diminutive ścianka, related adjective ścianowy or ścienny)

ścianka (diminutive)
ścianowy (adjective)
ścienny (adjective)
ściana (nominative singular)
ściany (nominative plural)
ściany (genitive singular)
ścian (genitive plural)
ścianie (dative singular)
ścianom (dative plural)
ścianę (accusative singular)
ściany (accusative plural)
ścianą (instrumental singular)
ścianami (instrumental plural)
ścianie (locative singular)
ścianach (locative plural)
ściano (singular vocative)
ściany (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish ściana. Sense 9 is a semantic loan from English wall.

sl

(Middle Polish) side (left or right part of something; particular face of something)


kwiat

pl-noun

kwiat m inan (diminutive kwiatek or kwiatuszek, related adjective kwiatowy or kwieciany or kwietni, abbreviation kw.)

kwiatek (diminutive)
kwiatuszek (diminutive)
kwiatowy (adjective)
kwieciany (adjective)
kwietni (adjective)
kw. (abbreviation)
kwiat (nominative singular)
kwiaty (nominative plural)
kwiatu (genitive singular)
kwiatów (genitive plural)
kwiatowi (dative singular)
kwiatom (dative plural)
kwiat (accusative singular)
kwiaty (accusative plural)
kwiatem (instrumental singular)
kwiatami (instrumental plural)
kwiecie (locative singular)
kwiatach (locative plural)
kwiecie (singular vocative)
kwiaty (plural vocative)

desc

→ Old Ruthenian: квѣтъ (květ), квꙗтъ (kvjat)

Belarusian: квет (kvjet)

Ukrainian: квіт (kvit)

→ Yiddish: קווייט (kveyt)

Flos. Eyn blum Kwyát.

1528, J. Murmelius, Dictionarius, page 116:

Flos, Kwiát.

(Middle Polish) flower; Further details are uncertain.


góra

pl-noun

góra f (diminutive górka, abbreviation g.)

górka (diminutive)
g. (abbreviation)
góra (nominative singular)
góry (nominative plural)
góry (genitive singular)
gór (genitive plural)
górze (dative singular)
górom (dative plural)
górę (accusative singular)
góry (accusative plural)
górą (instrumental singular)
górami (instrumental plural)
górze (locative singular)
górach (locative plural)
góro (singular vocative)
góry (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish góra. Sense 5 is preserved in terms such as górnik and was displaced by kopalnia.

góra z górą się nie zejdzie, a człowiek z człowiekiem zawsze

góra z górą się nie zejdzie, ale człowiek

nie przyszła góra do Mahometa, przyszedł Mahomet do góry

(uncountable) top (higher part of some object; upmost part of something)

(countable, Middle Polish) beginning, start (first part of something; top of a piece of text)

(countable, Middle Polish, geography) cape (piece or point of land, extending beyond the adjacent coast into a sea or lake)

(Middle Polish) surface (external part of something)

Iakosz thy nam czlovyekya […] sz gory szvrzadem wszyal wszwoya cząscz crą czyreyowska thamo wgorze podla poszw gwalthem.

1501-1558, Zapiski i roty polskie, page 1505 nr 2000:

Mons pharetratus […] Der Kocherſberg. Sárczaná gorá.

1528, J. Murmelius, Dictionarius, page 21:

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


matka

matka f (diminutive mateczka or mateńka or matuchna or (dialectal) matynka or matusia or matuś, augmentative matczysko, related adjective matczyny)

mateczka (diminutive)
mateńka (diminutive)
matuchna (diminutive)
matynka (dialectal diminutive)
matusia (diminutive)
matuś (diminutive)
matczysko (augmentative)
matczyny (adjective)

Inherited from Old Polish matka. By surface analysis, mać + -ka.


miesiąc

miesiąc m inan (diminutive miesiączek, abbreviation mies. or m-c)

miesiączek (diminutive)
mies. (abbreviation)
m-c (abbreviation)
miesiąc (nominative singular)
miesiące (nominative plural)
miesiąca (genitive singular)
miesięcy (genitive plural)
miesiącowi (dative singular)
miesiącom (dative plural)
miesiąc (accusative singular)
miesiące (accusative plural)
miesiącem (instrumental singular)
miesiącami (instrumental plural)
miesiącu (locative singular)
miesiącach (locative plural)
miesiącu (singular vocative)
miesiące (plural vocative)


wolny

pl-adj

wolny (comparative bardziej wolny or (less common) wolniejszy, superlative najbardziej wolny or (less common) najwolniejszy, derived adverb wolno)

bardziej wolny (comparative)
wolniejszy (comparative uncommon)
najbardziej wolny (superlative)
najwolniejszy (superlative uncommon)
wolny (masculine nominative singular)
wolna (feminine nominative singular)
wolne (neuter nominative singular)
wolni (nominative plural virile)
wolne (nominative plural)
wolnego (genitive masculine singular)
wolnej (feminine genitive singular)
wolnego (genitive neuter singular)
wolnych (genitive plural)
wolnych (genitive plural virile)
wolnemu (dative masculine singular)
wolnej (dative feminine singular)
wolnemu (dative neuter singular)
wolnym (dative plural)
wolnym (dative plural virile)
wolnego (accusative animate masculine singular)
wolny (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
wolną (accusative feminine singular)
wolne (accusative neuter singular)
wolnych (accusative plural virile)
wolne (accusative plural)
wolnym (instrumental masculine singular)
wolną (feminine instrumental singular)
wolnym (instrumental neuter singular)
wolnymi (instrumental plural)
wolnymi (instrumental plural virile)
wolnym (locative masculine singular)
wolnej (feminine locative singular)
wolnym (locative neuter singular)
wolnych (locative plural)
wolnych (locative plural virile)

Inherited from Old Polish wolny. By surface analysis, wola + -ny.

(Middle Polish, of an animal) free (not contained; wild)

(Middle Polish) guaranteeing freedom or independence

(Middle Polish) safe (not threatening danger)

(Middle Polish) free (not burdened by something undesired)

(Middle Polish) releived (set free from responsibilities or duties)

(Middle Polish) allowed (permitted, authorized)

(Middle Polish) open; unblocked (of a space or light, etc. not impeded)

(Middle Polish) loose; moveable (able to be moved)

(Middle Polish, of a horse) easily steered or controled


mama

mamula (dialectal diminutive)
mama (nominative singular)
mamy (nominative plural)
mamy (genitive singular)
mam (genitive plural)
mamie (dative singular)
mamom (dative plural)
mamę (accusative singular)
mamy (accusative plural)
mamą (instrumental singular)
mamami (instrumental plural)
mamie (locative singular)
mamach (locative plural)
mamo (singular vocative)
mamy (plural vocative)


krok

pl-noun

krok m inan (diminutive kroczek, related adjective kroczny)

kroczek (diminutive)
kroczny (adjective)
krok (nominative singular)
kroki (nominative plural)
kroku (genitive singular)
kroków (genitive plural)
krokowi (dative singular)
krokom (dative plural)
krok (accusative singular)
kroki (accusative plural)
krokiem (instrumental singular)
krokami (instrumental plural)
kroku (locative singular)
krokach (locative plural)
kroku (singular vocative)
kroki (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: крок (krok)

→ Ukrainian: крок (krok)

Inherited from Old Polish *krok. First attested in 1534.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “krok”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

crotch (area in clothes where the area for legs are sewn)

(Middle Polish) animal's behind (back end of an animal)

(Middle Polish) loin cloth worn for decency


ano

(Middle Polish or dialectal, Masuria, Warmia) used to present something; and here


bo

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

Moab y Agarenowie Gebalitowie j Amon y Amalech/ y cżudzoziemci z mieſzkaiącimi w Tirze. [...] Boy Aſſur prziſzedł ſnimi j ſtał ſie na pomoc ſinom Lotowym. [Etenim Assur venit cum illis: facti sunt in adiutorium filiis Loth]

1539, W. Wróbel, Żołtarz Dawidów, page 82/9:

[Confitebuntur coeli mirabilia tua domine: etenim veritatem tuam in ecclesia santorum] Będą wyznawać niebioſa czuda twoie miły panie bo y prawdę twoię będę wyſlawiać w zebraniu ſwiętych.

1539, W. Wróbel, Żołtarz Dawidów, page 88/6:


list

pl-noun

list m inan (diminutive liścik, related adjective listowy)

liścik (diminutive)
listowy (adjective)
list (nominative singular)
listy (nominative plural)
listu (genitive singular)
listów (genitive plural)
listowi (dative singular)
listom (dative plural)
list (accusative singular)
listy (accusative plural)
listem (instrumental singular)
listami (instrumental plural)
liście (locative singular)
listach (locative plural)
liście (singular vocative)
listy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish list. Sense 3 was displaced by liść.

(obsolete) petal; slice; plaque; layer (long, flat piece of something)

(Middle Polish) sheet (long, flat piece of paper)


brat

brat m pers (diminutive braciszek, abbreviation br. or b.)

braciszek (diminutive)
br. (abbreviation)
b. (abbreviation)
brat (nominative singular)
bracia (nominative plural)
brata (genitive singular)
braci (genitive plural)
bratu (dative singular)
braciom (dative plural)
brata (accusative singular)
braci (accusative plural)
bratem (instrumental singular)
braćmi (instrumental plural)
bracie (locative singular)
braciach (locative plural)
bracie (singular vocative)
bracia (plural vocative)

kochajmy się jak bracia, liczmy się jak Żydzi

Frater […] eyn bruder Brat

1528, J. Murmelius, Dictionarius, page 166:

Frater. Bruder. Brat.

Dulciſſime frater, Namilſzi Brácie.

Frater […] Brát.

Habeo te fratrem, Mam cie zá brátá.

Optime et dulciſſime frater, Naylepſzy á naymilſzy brácie.

Frater ‒ Brat.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 433b:

(Middle Polish) brother; Further details are uncertain.


papier

papier m inan (diminutive papierek, augmentative papierzysko, related adjective papierowy)

papierek (diminutive)
papierzysko (augmentative)
papierowy (adjective)
papier (nominative singular)
papiery (nominative plural)
papieru (genitive singular)
papierów (genitive plural)
papierowi (dative singular)
papierom (dative plural)
papier (accusative singular)
papiery (accusative plural)
papierem (instrumental singular)
papierami (instrumental plural)
papierze (locative singular)
papierach (locative plural)
papierze (singular vocative)
papiery (plural vocative)

→? Belarusian: папе́ра (papjéra)

→ Kashubian: papiór

→ Lithuanian: popierius

→ Latvian: papīrs

Borrowed from Middle High German papier. First attested in 1528. Compare Silesian papiōr.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “papier”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


element

elemencik (diminutive)
element (nominative singular)
elementy (nominative plural)
elementu (genitive singular)
elementów (genitive plural)
elementowi (dative singular)
elementom (dative plural)
element (accusative singular)
elementy (accusative plural)
elementem (instrumental singular)
elementami (instrumental plural)
elemencie (locative singular)
elementach (locative plural)
elemencie (singular vocative)
elementy (plural vocative)


los

losowy (adjective)
los (nominative singular)
losy (nominative plural)
losu (genitive singular)
losów (genitive plural)
losowi (dative singular)
losom (dative plural)
los (accusative singular)
losy (accusative plural)
losem (instrumental singular)
losami (instrumental plural)
losie (locative singular)
losach (locative plural)
losie (singular vocative)
losy (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: лёс (ljos)

Inherited from Old Polish los. Doublet of lotto.

(countable) lot (slip of paper, or less often a die or ball, used in determining a question by chance, or without human choice or will)

(Middle Polish, figuratively) trick, ploy, ruse (action intended to deceive or swindle)

(Middle Polish) cut, inheritance, property received by lot


pole

pl-noun

pole n (diminutive pólko or poletko, related adjective polny)

pólko (diminutive)
poletko (diminutive)
polny (adjective)
pole (nominative singular)
pola (nominative plural)
pola (genitive singular)
pól (genitive plural)
polu (dative singular)
polom (dative plural)
pole (accusative singular)
pola (accusative plural)
polem (instrumental singular)
polami (instrumental plural)
polu (locative singular)
polach (locative plural)
pole (singular vocative)
pola (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish pole. Doublet of polje.

(Middle Polish, chess) field (area on a chessboard)

Fortuna anatina et anataria, Szcżeśćie ná kácze pole.

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


baba

baba f (diminutive babka or babcia, augmentative babsko or babisko)

babka (diminutive)
babcia (diminutive)
babsko (augmentative)
babisko (augmentative)
baba (nominative singular)
baby (nominative plural)
baby (genitive singular)
bab (genitive plural)
babie (dative singular)
babom (dative plural)
babę (accusative singular)
baby (accusative plural)
babą (instrumental singular)
babami (instrumental plural)
babie (locative singular)
babach (locative plural)
babo (singular vocative)
baby (plural vocative)

nie miała baba kłopotu, kupiła sobie prosię

(Middle Polish) female mourner, griever (woman who cries over someone's death at a funeral)

Pyrus communis
Pyrus communis#Translingual

(Middle Polish) common pear, (Pyrus communis)

(Middle Polish) quack; herbalist (woman who heals with herbs, especially incompetently)


baba

baba (nominative singular)
baby (nominative plural)
baby (genitive singular)
bab (genitive plural)
babie (dative singular)
babom (dative plural)
babę (accusative singular)
baby (accusative plural)
babą (instrumental singular)
babami (instrumental plural)
babie (locative singular)
babach (locative plural)
babo (singular vocative)
baby (plural vocative)


język

język m inan (diminutive języczek, augmentative jęzor, related adjective językowy, abbreviation j. or jęz.)

języczek (diminutive)
jęzor (augmentative)
językowy (adjective)
j. (abbreviation)
jęz. (abbreviation)
język (nominative singular)
języki (nominative plural)
języka (genitive singular)
języków (genitive plural)
językowi (dative singular)
językom (dative plural)
język (accusative singular)
języki (accusative plural)
językiem (instrumental singular)
językami (instrumental plural)
języku (locative singular)
językach (locative plural)
języku (singular vocative)
języki (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish język. Cognate with English tongue and language.

(by extension) tongue (anything long resembling a tongue)

(Middle Polish, figuratively) flame (visible part of fire)

(Middle Polish) defender (person speaking in favor of someone's name)


front

front m inan (related adjective frontowy)

frontowy (adjective)
front (nominative singular)
fronty (nominative plural)
frontu (genitive singular)
frontów (genitive plural)
frontowi (dative singular)
frontom (dative plural)
front (accusative singular)
fronty (accusative plural)
frontem (instrumental singular)
frontami (instrumental plural)
froncie (locative singular)
frontach (locative plural)
froncie (singular vocative)
fronty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: front

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Front, French front, or English front, ultimately from Latin frōns. First attested in 1656–1688. Compare Silesian frōnt.

ref

“FRONT”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 13.03.2009

(Middle Polish) front (foremost side of something or the end that faces the direction it normally moves)


historia

pl-noun

historia f (diminutive historyjka, related adjective historyczny, abbreviation hist.)

historyjka (diminutive)
historyczny (adjective)
historia (nominative singular)
historie (nominative plural)
historii (genitive singular)
historii (genitive plural)
historyj (archaic genitive plural)
historii (dative singular)
historiom (dative plural)
historię (accusative singular)
historie (accusative plural)
historią (instrumental singular)
historiami (instrumental plural)
historii (locative singular)
historiach (locative plural)
historio (singular vocative)
historie (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: historiô

(Middle Polish) historical painting or sculpture (artistic work containing content about history)


nos

nos m inan (diminutive nosek, augmentative nochal or nosisko, related adjective nosowy)

nosek (diminutive)
nochal (augmentative)
nosisko (augmentative)
nosowy (adjective)
nos (nominative singular)
nosy (nominative plural)
nosa (genitive singular)
nosów (genitive plural)
nosowi (dative singular)
nosom (dative plural)
nos (accusative singular)
nosy (accusative plural)
nosem (instrumental singular)
nosami (instrumental plural)
nosie (locative singular)
nosach (locative plural)
nosie (singular vocative)
nosy (plural vocative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s
Proto-Balto-Slavic *nasús
Proto-Slavic *nosъ
Old Polish nos
Polish nos
Inherited from Old Polish nos.

etymon

(Middle Polish) trunk (conspicuously extended, mobile, nose-like organ of an elephant)

(Middle Polish) nostril of a fish or other aquatic swamp animal


bok

boczny (adjective)
bok (nominative singular)
boki (nominative plural)
boku (genitive singular)
boków (genitive plural)
bokowi (dative singular)
bokom (dative plural)
bok (accusative singular)
boki (accusative plural)
bokiem (instrumental singular)
bokami (instrumental plural)
boku (locative singular)
bokach (locative plural)
boku (singular vocative)
boki (plural vocative)

(anatomy) side, flank (neither the front nor the back; lateral part of a person, animal)

(Middle Polish) physical or emotional closeness to someone

(Middle Polish, collective, metonomically) man; human community; group

Latus Bok

1528, J. Murmelius, Dictionarius, page 60:

(Middle Polish) side; Further details are uncertain.


administrator

pl-noun

administrator m pers (female equivalent administratorka)

administratorka (feminine)
administrator (nominative singular)
administratorzy (nominative plural)
administratory (derogatory nominative plural)
administratora (genitive singular)
administratorów (genitive plural)
administratorowi (dative singular)
administratorom (dative plural)
administratora (accusative singular)
administratorów (accusative plural)
administratorem (instrumental singular)
administratorami (instrumental plural)
administratorze (locative singular)
administratorach (locative plural)
administratorze (singular vocative)
administratorzy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin administrātor. By surface analysis, administrować + -ator. First attested in 1560.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “administrator”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


od

(Middle Polish) used to indicate the author of a letter or work; from, by

(Middle Polish) used in passive constructions; by

(Middle Polish) indicates material; from


grunt

pl-noun

grunt m inan (diminutive gruncik, related adjective gruntowy)

gruncik (diminutive)
gruntowy (adjective)
grunt (nominative singular)
grunty (nominative plural)
grunta (nominative plural)
gruntu (genitive singular)
gruntów (genitive plural)
gruntowi (dative singular)
gruntom (dative plural)
grunt (accusative singular)
grunty (accusative plural)
grunta (accusative plural)
gruntem (instrumental singular)
gruntami (instrumental plural)
gruncie (locative singular)
gruntach (locative plural)
gruncie (singular vocative)
grunty (plural vocative)
grunta (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: gruńt, grëńt

(Middle Polish) source; documentation; evidence (document or fact that can be relied upon)

(Middle Polish) source (place where something arises)

(Middle Polish) original version of something

prepositional phrase
prepositional phrase

Fundamentum, grvnth, początek

1532, Bartłomiej z Bydgoszczy, Słownik łacińsko-polski, page 62:

Solum, Dno/ grunt/ ziemiá.

Terrenum, Dno/ grunt álbo poległość ziemie.

1564, J. Mączyński, Lexicon, pages 451c, 140b [2 r.]:

Fundum ‒ Grunt, dno.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, pages 441a, 990b:

(Middle Polish) fundament; Further details are uncertain.


agent

agent m pers (female equivalent agentka, diminutive agencik or agenciak)

agentka (feminine)
agencik (diminutive)
agenciak (diminutive)
agent (nominative singular)
agenci (nominative plural)
agenty (derogatory nominative plural)
agenta (genitive singular)
agentów (genitive plural)
agentowi (dative singular)
agentom (dative plural)
agenta (accusative singular)
agentów (accusative plural)
agentem (instrumental singular)
agentami (instrumental plural)
agencie (locative singular)
agentach (locative plural)
agencie (singular vocative)
agenci (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Agent, from French agent, from Middle French agent, from Latin agēns. Doublet of agens. First attested in 1609.

agent trybunału


bark

barkowy (adjective)
bark (nominative singular)
barki (nominative plural)
barku (genitive singular)
barków (genitive plural)
barkowi (dative singular)
barkom (dative plural)
bark (accusative singular)
barki (accusative plural)
barkiem (instrumental singular)
barkami (instrumental plural)
barku (locative singular)
barkach (locative plural)
barku (singular vocative)
barki (plural vocative)

(Middle Polish) shoulder (thicker and higher part of an animal's hind legs)

(Middle Polish) arch (any bend in an object)


bark

ref

Paweł Kupiszewski (09.10.2018) “BARK”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

Alternative form: barka

(Middle Polish) tool or vessel used in certain crafts or trades


aer

aer m animacy unattested (canonical)
aer (nominative singular)
aeru (genitive singular)


ani

Inherited from Old Polish ani. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + ni.

surf

Nec, et Neque - Ani tez.

1588, Ambrogio Calepino, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 692a:

Ne - Nie, ani.

1588, Ambrogio Calepino, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 691b:

(Middle Polish) not also; Further details are uncertain.

Jakom ya slachathnegonego pawla segzowa nyeothbyla gwalthem oth kmyecza yego sbyeglego zvrzadem zyemskyem a nym gwalthv szwolala (a ny) y dalyey wedluk posw.

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


rok

roczek (diminutive)
rok (nominative singular)
lata (nominative plural)
roku (genitive singular)
lat (genitive plural)
rokowi (dative singular)
latom (dative plural)
rok (accusative singular)
lata (accusative plural)
rokiem (instrumental singular)
latami (instrumental plural)
roku (locative singular)
latach (locative plural)
roku (singular vocative)
lata (plural vocative)
rok (nominative singular)
roki (nominative plural)
roku (genitive singular)
roków (genitive plural)
rokowi (dative singular)
rokom (dative plural)
rok (accusative singular)
roki (accusative plural)
rokiem (instrumental singular)
rokami (instrumental plural)
roku (locative singular)
rokach (locative plural)
roku (singular vocative)
roki (plural vocative)

(Middle Polish) indiscriminate length of time

(Middle Polish) agreed upon length of time for work or employment

(Middle Polish) time set aside for performing a task


stan

st. (abbreviation)
stan (nominative singular)
stany (nominative plural)
stanu (genitive singular)
stanów (genitive plural)
stanowi (dative singular)
stanom (dative plural)
stan (accusative singular)
stany (accusative plural)
stanem (instrumental singular)
stanami (instrumental plural)
stanie (locative singular)
stanach (locative plural)
stanie (singular vocative)
stany (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish stan. Sense 1, sense 2 and sense 10 are semantic loans from Latin status.

sl

(Middle Polish, now historical) obligation to provide room and board during the journey of the ruler and his retinue, later changed into an annual monetary tribute


alba

alba (nominative singular)
albę (accusative singular)
albie (locative singular)

Borrowed from German Halbe. First attested in the 17th century.

ref

Teresa Sokołowska (30.07.2012) “ALBA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]


ali

Inherited from Old Polish ali. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + li.


droga

dróżka (diminutive)
droga (nominative singular)
drogi (nominative plural)
drogi (genitive singular)
dróg (genitive plural)
drodze (dative singular)
drogom (dative plural)
drogę (accusative singular)
drogi (accusative plural)
drogą (instrumental singular)
drogami (instrumental plural)
drodze (locative singular)
drogach (locative plural)
drogo (singular vocative)
drogi (plural vocative)

(Middle Polish, law) legal process; court


atrament

pl-noun

atrament m inan (related adjective atramentowy)

atramentowy (adjective)
atrament (nominative singular)
atramenty (nominative plural)
atramentu (genitive singular)
atramentów (genitive plural)
atramentowi (dative singular)
atramentom (dative plural)
atrament (accusative singular)
atramenty (accusative plural)
atramentem (instrumental singular)
atramentami (instrumental plural)
atramencie (locative singular)
atramentach (locative plural)
atramencie (singular vocative)
atramenty (plural vocative)

(Middle Polish, medicine) iron or tin medicinal compound


oko

oko n (diminutive oczko, augmentative oczysko)

oczko (diminutive)
oczysko (augmentative)
oko (nominative singular)
oczy (nominative plural)
oka (genitive singular)
oczu (genitive plural)
ócz (genitive plural)
oczów (genitive plural)
oku (dative singular)
oczom (dative plural)
oko (accusative singular)
oczy (accusative plural)
okiem (instrumental singular)
oczami (instrumental plural)
oczyma (instrumental plural)
oku (locative singular)
oczach (locative plural)
oko (singular vocative)
oczy (plural vocative)

czego oczy nie widzą, tego sercu nie żal

źdźbło w oku bliźniego widzisz, a belki w swoim nie dostrzegasz

(Middle Polish, games) point on a game die

(Middle Polish) eye (colorful circle on a peacock's tail)

(Middle Polish, botany) bud of a shoot of a plant transplanted to another plant


cena

cena (nominative singular)
ceny (nominative plural)
ceny (genitive singular)
cen (genitive plural)
cenie (dative singular)
cenom (dative plural)
cenę (accusative singular)
ceny (accusative plural)
ceną (instrumental singular)
cenami (instrumental plural)
cenie (locative singular)
cenach (locative plural)
ceno (singular vocative)
ceny (plural vocative)

(Middle Polish, mathematics) value; size (size of a number; property of measurability)


hetman

hetman (nominative singular)
hetmani (nominative plural)
hetmany (derogatory nominative plural)
hetmana (genitive singular)
hetmanów (genitive plural)
hetmanowi (dative singular)
hetmanom (dative plural)
hetmana (accusative singular)
hetmanów (accusative plural)
hetmanem (instrumental singular)
hetmanami (instrumental plural)
hetmanie (locative singular)
hetmanach (locative plural)
hetmanie (singular vocative)
hetmani (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: ге́тман (hjétman)

→ Bulgarian: хе́тман (hétman)

→ English: hetman

→ French: hetman

→ German: Hetman

→ Portuguese: hétmã, hétmane

→ Romanian: hatman

→ Ukrainian: ге́тьман (hétʹman)

desctree

→ Russian: ге́тман (gétman)
→ Uzbek: getman

→ Spanish: hetman

Borrowed from Middle High German houbetman, heuptman, from houbet, heupt. Compare German Hauptmann. The e in hetman attests to a borrowing from an East Central German dialect, in which Middle High German -öu- gives -ē-.

bor+

(Middle Polish, military) any sort of military leader


lot

lot (nominative singular)
loty (nominative plural)
lotu (genitive singular)
lotów (genitive plural)
lotowi (dative singular)
lotom (dative plural)
lot (accusative singular)
loty (accusative plural)
lotem (instrumental singular)
lotami (instrumental plural)
locie (locative singular)
lotach (locative plural)
locie (singular vocative)
loty (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *letъ. By surface analysis, deverbal from lecieć. First attested in 1548–1551.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “lot”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


kdy

(Middle Polish, Kuyavia) Alternative form of gdy


robota

pl-noun

robota f (diminutive robótka or (obsolete) robotka)

robótka (diminutive)
robotka (diminutive obsolete)
robota (nominative singular)
roboty (nominative plural)
roboty (genitive singular)
robót (genitive plural)
robocie (dative singular)
robotom (dative plural)
robotę (accusative singular)
roboty (accusative plural)
robotą (instrumental singular)
robotami (instrumental plural)
robocie (locative singular)
robotach (locative plural)
roboto (singular vocative)
roboty (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish robota. By surface analysis, robić + -ota.


fara

farny (adjective)
fara (nominative singular)
fary (nominative plural)
fary (genitive singular)
far (genitive plural)
farze (dative singular)
farom (dative plural)
farę (accusative singular)
fary (accusative plural)
farą (instrumental singular)
farami (instrumental plural)
farze (locative singular)
farach (locative plural)
faro (singular vocative)
fary (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: fara

→ Slovincian: fara

Borrowed from German Pfarre. First attested in 1553. Compare Silesian fara.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “fara”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(Middle Polish, Christianity) parish (part of a diocese; costs associated with parish maintenance)

Pánie ſtáry/ Porzuć cżáry/ Im ſie wiáry/ Gotuy máry/ By bez wiáry/ Dyabeł ſzáry/ Do ſwey fáry/ Zá ſwe dary/ W ſwe browáry Ná przewáry/ Nie wziął cie ná ſwiętá.

(Middle Polish, figurative, hapax, religion) hell (place of torment where some or all sinners and evil spirits are believed to go after death)


bagno

pl-noun

bagno n (diminutive bagienko, augmentative bagnisko, related adjective bagienny)

bagienko (diminutive)
bagnisko (augmentative)
bagienny (adjective)
bagno (nominative singular)
bagna (nominative plural)
bagna (genitive singular)
bagien (genitive plural)
bagnu (dative singular)
bagnom (dative plural)
bagno (accusative singular)
bagna (accusative plural)
bagnem (instrumental singular)
bagnami (instrumental plural)
bagnie (locative singular)
bagnach (locative plural)
bagno (singular vocative)
bagna (plural vocative)

(Middle Polish) willow (any of various deciduous trees or shrubs in the genus Salix, in the willow family Salicaceae)

(Middle Polish, hunting) den, lair (animal's dwelling space, especially a boar's)


babka

babeczka (diminutive)
babka (nominative singular)
babki (nominative plural)
babki (genitive singular)
babek (genitive plural)
babce (dative singular)
babkom (dative plural)
babkę (accusative singular)
babki (accusative plural)
babką (instrumental singular)
babkami (instrumental plural)
babce (locative singular)
babkach (locative plural)
babko (singular vocative)
babki (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish babka. By surface analysis, baba + -ka.


alt

Learned borrowing from Latin altum. First attested in 1652.


absoluta

Middle Polish form of absolut (“absolute monarch”)


adres

adresik (diminutive)
adres (nominative singular)
adresy (nominative plural)
adresu (genitive singular)
adresów (genitive plural)
adresowi (dative singular)
adresom (dative plural)
adres (accusative singular)
adresy (accusative plural)
adresem (instrumental singular)
adresami (instrumental plural)
adresie (locative singular)
adresach (locative plural)
adresie (singular vocative)
adresy (plural vocative)

desctree

→ Russian: адрес (adres)
→ Armenian: հասցե (hascʻe) (semantic loan)
→ Bashkir: адрес (adres)
→ Bezhta: адрис (adris)
→ Eastern Mari: адрес (adres)
→ Kazakh: адрес (adres)
→ Ingrian: adressi
→ Yakut: аадырыс (aadırıs)
→ Kildin Sami: а̄дресс (ādrjess)
→ Tajik: адрес (adres)
→ Tatar: адрес (adres)
→ Uyghur: ئادرىس (adris)

→ Belarusian: адрэс (adres)

Borrowed from French adresse. First attested in 1648. Doublet of adresa, a dialectal borrowing from German.

ref

Danuta Lankiewicz (09.06.2009) “ADRES”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

(Middle Polish) mediation; opportunity to contact someone


raza

raza (nominative singular)
razy (nominative plural)
raz (genitive plural)
razom (dative plural)
razy (accusative plural)
razą (instrumental singular)
razy (instrumental plural)
razami (instrumental plural)
razie (locative singular)
raziech (locative plural)
razach (locative plural)


produkt

pl-noun

produkt m inan (related adjective produktowy)

produktowy (adjective)
produkt (nominative singular)
produkty (nominative plural)
produktu (genitive singular)
produktów (genitive plural)
produktowi (dative singular)
produktom (dative plural)
produkt (accusative singular)
produkty (accusative plural)
produktem (instrumental singular)
produktami (instrumental plural)
produkcie (locative singular)
produktach (locative plural)
produkcie (singular vocative)
produkty (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: produkt

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Produkt or English produkt, ultimately from Latin prōductus. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “produkt”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(Middle Polish, arithmatic) product (quantity obtained by multiplication of two or more numbers)


sam

pl-adv

sam (not generally comparable, comparative bardziej sam, superlative najbardziej sam)

bardziej sam (comparative)
najbardziej sam (superlative)

Alternative forms: (dialectal) sa, (dialectal) samoj

(Middle Polish or dialectal, Central Greater Poland) here (at this place)


akademija

akademija (nominative singular)
akademije (nominative plural)
akademijej (genitive singular)
akademij (genitive plural)
akademijéj (dative singular)
akademiją (accusative singular)
akademije (accusative plural)
akademiją (instrumental singular)
akademijéj (locative singular)
akademijach (locative plural)


pismo

pisemko (diminutive)
pismo (nominative singular)
pisma (nominative plural)
pisma (genitive singular)
pism (genitive plural)
pismu (dative singular)
pismom (dative plural)
pismo (accusative singular)
pisma (accusative plural)
pismem (instrumental singular)
pismami (instrumental plural)
piśmie (locative singular)
pismie (locative singular)
pismach (locative plural)
pismo (singular vocative)
pisma (plural vocative)

(Middle Polish, uncountable) language; text (written material in a given language)

(Middle Polish, countable) letter; literal meaning (literal interpretation of something)

Literatura, Piſmo/ Też nauká.

Stylus etiam, Piſánie/ piſmo.

Scriptus – Pyſmo.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 956b:

(Middle Polish) script; literature; writing Further details are uncertain.


koń

pl-noun

koń m animal (diminutive konik, augmentative konisko, related adjective koński)

konik (diminutive)
konisko (augmentative)
koński (adjective)
koń (nominative singular)
konie (nominative plural)
konia (genitive singular)
koni (genitive plural)
koniowi (dative singular)
koniom (dative plural)
konia (accusative singular)
konie (accusative plural)
koniem (instrumental singular)
końmi (instrumental plural)
koniu (locative singular)
koniach (locative plural)
koniu (singular vocative)
konie (plural vocative)

darowanemu koniowi nie patrzy się w zęby

(Middle Polish) a type of torture device


aktor

aktor m pers (female equivalent aktorka, diminutive aktorzyk, augmentative aktorzyna or aktorzysko)

aktorka (feminine)
aktorzyk (diminutive)
aktorzyna (augmentative)
aktorzysko (augmentative)
aktor (nominative singular)
aktorzy (nominative plural)
aktory (derogatory nominative plural)
aktora (genitive singular)
aktorów (genitive plural)
aktorowi (dative singular)
aktorom (dative plural)
aktora (accusative singular)
aktorów (accusative plural)
aktorem (instrumental singular)
aktorami (instrumental plural)
aktorze (locative singular)
aktorach (locative plural)
aktorze (singular vocative)
aktorzy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin āctor. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from French acteur. First attested in 1587.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “aktor”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


jutro

jutro (nominative singular)
jutra (nominative plural)
jutra (genitive singular)
jutr (genitive plural)
jutru (dative singular)
jutrom (dative plural)
jutro (accusative singular)
jutra (accusative plural)
jutrem (instrumental singular)
jutrami (instrumental plural)
jutrze (locative singular)
jutrach (locative plural)
jutro (singular vocative)
jutra (plural vocative)


dobry

pl-adj

dobry (comparative lepszy or (humorous or ironic) lepsiejszy or (humorous or ironic) dobrzejszy, superlative najlepszy or (humorous or ironic) najlepsiejszy or (humorous or ironic) dobrzejszy, derived adverb dobrze)

lepszy (comparative)
lepsiejszy (comparative humorous ironic)
dobrzejszy (comparative humorous ironic)
najlepszy (superlative)
najlepsiejszy (humorous ironic superlative)
dobrzejszy (humorous ironic superlative)
dobry (masculine nominative singular)
dobra (feminine nominative singular)
dobre (neuter nominative singular)
dobrzy (nominative plural virile)
dobre (nominative plural)
dobrego (genitive masculine singular)
dobrej (feminine genitive singular)
dobrego (genitive neuter singular)
dobrych (genitive plural)
dobrych (genitive plural virile)
dobremu (dative masculine singular)
dobrej (dative feminine singular)
dobremu (dative neuter singular)
dobrym (dative plural)
dobrym (dative plural virile)
dobrego (accusative animate masculine singular)
dobry (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
dobrą (accusative feminine singular)
dobre (accusative neuter singular)
dobrych (accusative plural virile)
dobre (accusative plural)
dobrym (instrumental masculine singular)
dobrą (feminine instrumental singular)
dobrym (instrumental neuter singular)
dobrymi (instrumental plural)
dobrymi (instrumental plural virile)
dobrym (locative masculine singular)
dobrej (feminine locative singular)
dobrym (locative neuter singular)
dobrych (locative plural)
dobrych (locative plural virile)

Albus, Biały/ per Metaphoram. Bonus, Dobry

Dobry/ to ſłowo/ Káżdemu zdrowo.

Perbonus ‒ Barzo dobri.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 775a:

(Middle Polish) good; Further details are uncertain.


binda

binda (nominative singular)
bindy (nominative plural)
bindy (genitive singular)
bind (genitive plural)
bindzie (dative singular)
bindom (dative plural)
bindę (accusative singular)
bindy (accusative plural)
bindą (instrumental singular)
bindami (instrumental plural)
bindzie (locative singular)
bindach (locative plural)
bindo (singular vocative)
bindy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Binde. First attested in 1534.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “binda, bieńda”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(Middle Polish) ribbon, tape (decorative material)

(Middle Polish) ribbon worn by knights on their arms

(Middle Polish, heraldry) coat of arms element in the shape of a ribbon

(Middle Polish) narrow band of material i.e. wood


mężczyzna

Inherited from Old Polish mężczyzna. By surface analysis, męski + -yzna.


bez

extra placitum, besz voley, nad volyą

1532, Bartłomiej z Bydgoszczy, Słownik łacińsko-polski, page 116b:

(Middle Polish) without; Further details are uncertain.


drzewo

pl-noun

drzewo n (diminutive drzewko, related adjective drzewny)

drzewko (diminutive)
drzewny (adjective)
drzewo (nominative singular)
drzewa (nominative plural)
drzewa (genitive singular)
drzew (genitive plural)
drzewu (dative singular)
drzewom (dative plural)
drzewo (accusative singular)
drzewa (accusative plural)
drzewem (instrumental singular)
drzewami (instrumental plural)
drzewie (locative singular)
drzewach (locative plural)
drzewo (singular vocative)
drzewa (plural vocative)

(countable) tree (large woody plant)
(Middle Polish) bush

(countable) tree (large woody plant)
(Middle Polish) tree stump

(uncountable) tree; timber (wood as a material from a chopped tree)

Near-synonyms: see Thesaurus:badziewie

(Middle Polish) worthless or undurable object, especially wooden

(Middle Polish) splinter (broken off piece of wood)

(Middle Polish) wooden board for writing

(Middle Polish) cross on which Jesus Christ died

beam of a cross
cross on which Jesus Christ died

(Middle Polish, medicine) medicine from a tree of the species Guaiacum


amant

amant m pers (female equivalent amantka, diminutive amancik)

amantka (feminine)
amancik (diminutive)
amant (nominative singular)
amanci (nominative plural)
amanty (derogatory nominative plural)
amanta (genitive singular)
amantów (genitive plural)
amantowi (dative singular)
amantom (dative plural)
amanta (accusative singular)
amantów (accusative plural)
amantem (instrumental singular)
amantami (instrumental plural)
amancie (locative singular)
amantach (locative plural)
amancie (singular vocative)
amanci (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French amant, from Latin amāns. First attested in 1743.

ref

Barbara Rykiel-Kempf (20.08.2007) “AMANT”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]


aza

Inherited from Old Polish aza. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + za.

surf

(Middle Polish) expresses uncertainty; maybe, perhaps


ato

Inherited from Old Polish ato. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + oto.


ato

boscie nas tam czci poodsądzali, powiedział ato iako odaycie pokoy.

1588, Acta primi regiminis Sigismundi III, page 84:

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


awa

Inherited from Old Polish awa. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + wa.

(Middle Polish) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question


amiantus

amiantus m animacy unattested (canonical)


masa

masowy (adjective)
masa (nominative singular)
masy (nominative plural)
masy (genitive singular)
mas (genitive plural)
masie (dative singular)
masom (dative plural)
masę (accusative singular)
masy (accusative plural)
masą (instrumental singular)
masami (instrumental plural)
masie (locative singular)
masach (locative plural)
maso (singular vocative)
masy (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: masa

→ Slovincian: masa

Learned borrowing from Latin māssa. First attested in 1534. Compare Silesian masa.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “massa”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


czekać

czekać (infinitive)
czekam (present singular)
czekamy (plural present)
czekasz (present singular)
czekacie (plural present)
czeka (present singular third-person)
czekają (plural present third-person)
czeka się (impersonal present)
czekałem (masculine past singular)
-(e)m czekał (masculine past singular)
czekałam (feminine past singular)
-(e)m czekała (feminine past singular)
czekałom (neuter past singular)
-(e)m czekało (neuter past singular)
czekaliśmy (past plural virile)
-(e)śmy czekali (past plural virile)
czekałyśmy (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)śmy czekały (nonvirile past plural)
czekałeś (masculine past singular)
-(e)ś czekał (masculine past singular)
czekałaś (feminine past singular)
-(e)ś czekała (feminine past singular)
czekałoś (neuter past singular)
-(e)ś czekało (neuter past singular)
czekaliście (past plural virile)
-(e)ście czekali (past plural virile)
czekałyście (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)ście czekały (nonvirile past plural)
czekał (masculine past singular third-person)
czekała (feminine past singular third-person)
czekało (neuter past singular third-person)
czekali (past plural third-person virile)
czekały (nonvirile past plural third-person)
czekano (impersonal past)
będę czekał (future masculine singular)
będę czekać (future masculine singular)
będę czekała (feminine future singular)
będę czekać (feminine future singular)
będę czekało (future neuter singular)
będę czekać (future neuter singular)
będziemy czekali (future plural virile)
będziemy czekać (future plural virile)
będziemy czekały (future nonvirile plural)
będziemy czekać (future nonvirile plural)
będziesz czekał (future masculine singular)
będziesz czekać (future masculine singular)
będziesz czekała (feminine future singular)
będziesz czekać (feminine future singular)
będziesz czekało (future neuter singular)
będziesz czekać (future neuter singular)
będziecie czekali (future plural virile)
będziecie czekać (future plural virile)
będziecie czekały (future nonvirile plural)
będziecie czekać (future nonvirile plural)
będzie czekał (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie czekać (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie czekała (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie czekać (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie czekało (future neuter singular third-person)
będzie czekać (future neuter singular third-person)
będą czekali (future plural third-person virile)
będą czekać (future plural third-person virile)
będą czekały (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będą czekać (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będzie czekać się (future impersonal)
czekałbym (conditional masculine singular)
bym czekał (conditional masculine singular)
czekałabym (conditional feminine singular)
bym czekała (conditional feminine singular)
czekałobym (conditional neuter singular)
bym czekało (conditional neuter singular)
czekalibyśmy (conditional plural virile)
byśmy czekali (conditional plural virile)
czekałybyśmy (conditional nonvirile plural)
byśmy czekały (conditional nonvirile plural)
czekałbyś (conditional masculine singular)
byś czekał (conditional masculine singular)
czekałabyś (conditional feminine singular)
byś czekała (conditional feminine singular)
czekałobyś (conditional neuter singular)
byś czekało (conditional neuter singular)
czekalibyście (conditional plural virile)
byście czekali (conditional plural virile)
czekałybyście (conditional nonvirile plural)
byście czekały (conditional nonvirile plural)
czekałby (conditional masculine singular third-person)
by czekał (conditional masculine singular third-person)
czekałaby (conditional feminine singular third-person)
by czekała (conditional feminine singular third-person)
czekałoby (conditional neuter singular third-person)
by czekało (conditional neuter singular third-person)
czekaliby (conditional plural third-person virile)
by czekali (conditional plural third-person virile)
czekałyby (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
by czekały (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
czekano by (conditional impersonal)
niech czekam (imperative singular)
czekajmy (imperative plural)
czekaj (imperative singular)
czekajcie (imperative plural)
niech czeka (imperative singular third-person)
niech czekają (imperative plural third-person)
czekający (active adjectival masculine participle singular)
czekająca (active adjectival feminine participle singular)
czekające (active adjectival neuter participle singular)
czekający (active adjectival participle plural virile)
czekające (active adjectival nonvirile participle plural)
czekając (adjectival contemporary participle)
czekanie (noun-from-verb)

czekaj tatka latka, aż kobyłę wilcy zjedzą

Harren. Cżekáć. Expectare.

1579, A. Calagius, Synonyma Latina, page 264b:

(Middle Polish) to wait; Further details are uncertain.


noga

pl-noun

noga f (diminutive nóżka, augmentative nożysko, related adjective nożny)

nóżka (diminutive)
nożysko (augmentative)
nożny (adjective)
noga (nominative singular)
nogi (nominative plural)
nogi (genitive singular)
nóg (genitive plural)
nodze (dative singular)
nogom (dative plural)
nogę (accusative singular)
nogi (accusative plural)
nogą (instrumental singular)
nogami (instrumental plural)
nodze (locative singular)
nogach (locative plural)
nogo (singular vocative)
nogi (plural vocative)

(Middle Polish, prosody) foot (basic measure of rhythm in a poem)

Bipes, Który má dwie nodze.

1564, J. Mączyński, Lexicon, pages 25b, 293d:

Pedes ‒ Nogi.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, pages [767]b, 131b:

(Middle Polish) foot; Further details are uncertain.


miasto

miasto n (diminutive miastko, related adjective miejski)

miastko (diminutive)
miejski (adjective)
miasto (nominative singular)
miasta (nominative plural)
miasta (genitive singular)
miast (genitive plural)
miastu (dative singular)
miastom (dative plural)
miasto (accusative singular)
miasta (accusative plural)
miastem (instrumental singular)
miastami (instrumental plural)
mieście (locative singular)
miastach (locative plural)
miasto (singular vocative)
miasta (plural vocative)


dobro

pl-adv

dobro (comparative lepiej, superlative najlepiej)

lepiej (comparative)
najlepiej (superlative)

Inherited from Old Polish dobro. By surface analysis, dobry + -o.


państwo

państewko (diminutive)
państwo (nominative singular)
państwa (nominative plural)
państwa (genitive singular)
państw (genitive plural)
państwu (dative singular)
państwom (dative plural)
państwo (accusative singular)
państwa (accusative plural)
państwem (instrumental singular)
państwami (instrumental plural)
państwie (locative singular)
państwach (locative plural)
państwo (singular vocative)
państwa (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish państwo. By surface analysis, pan + -stwo. Compare Czech panstvo, Kashubian państwò, and Slovincian państwô.

(Middle Polish, Christianity) domain (order of angels)

Potentatus – Panſtwo.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 825b:

(Middle Polish) domain; Further details are uncertain.


obraz

pl-noun

obraz m inan (diminutive obrazek, related adjective obrazowy)

obrazek (diminutive)
obrazowy (adjective)
obraz (nominative singular)
obrazy (nominative plural)
obrazu (genitive singular)
obrazów (genitive plural)
obrazowi (dative singular)
obrazom (dative plural)
obraz (accusative singular)
obrazy (accusative plural)
obrazem (instrumental singular)
obrazami (instrumental plural)
obrazie (locative singular)
obrazach (locative plural)
obrazie (singular vocative)
obrazy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish obraz. By surface analysis, deverbal from obrazić.

surf

Gadał dziad do obrazu, a obraz do niego ani razu

(Middle Polish) idol (representation of a deity)

(Middle Polish) representation (creation meant to represent something i.e. on an image)

(Middle Polish) reflection (result of copying from an example or model)

(Middle Polish) reflection (image of something on a shiny surface)

(Middle Polish) shadow (something fleeting)

(Middle Polish) being; person, character

(Middle Polish) block (square slab of marble or other expensive stone used for lining walls)

(Middle Polish) map of the sky (paths in the sky along which the heavenly bodies move)


mleko

pl-noun

mleko n (diminutive mleczko, related adjective mlekowy)

mleczko (diminutive)
mlekowy (adjective)
mleko (nominative singular)
mleka (genitive singular)
mleku (dative singular)
mleko (accusative singular)
mlekiem (instrumental singular)
mleku (locative singular)
mleko (singular vocative)

krowa, która dużo ryczy, mało mleka daje

(Middle Polish, uncountable) gruel (thin, watery porridge)


cel

cel (nominative singular)
cele (nominative plural)
celu (genitive singular)
celi (genitive plural)
celów (genitive plural)
celowi (dative singular)
celom (dative plural)
cel (accusative singular)
cele (accusative plural)
celem (instrumental singular)
celami (instrumental plural)
celu (locative singular)
celach (locative plural)
celu (singular vocative)
cele (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: цэль (celʹ)

→ Esperanto: celo

→ Kashubian: cél

→ Slovincian: cél

→ Russian: цель (celʹ)

→ Ukrainian: ціль (cilʹ)

Inherited from Old Polish cel. Compare German Ziel.

(Middle Polish) measuring instrument for determining the direction of a straight line


ambra

ambra (nominative singular)
ambry (nominative plural)
ambry (genitive singular)
ambr (genitive plural)
ambrze (dative singular)
ambrom (dative plural)
ambrę (accusative singular)
ambry (accusative plural)
ambrą (instrumental singular)
ambrami (instrumental plural)
ambrze (locative singular)
ambrach (locative plural)
ambro (singular vocative)
ambry (plural vocative)

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from French ambre, Italian ambra, or Spanish ámbar, ultimately from Medieval Latin ambra, from Arabic عَنْبَر (ʕanbar). First attested in 1534.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “ambra”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]


baran

pl-noun

baran m animal (diminutive baranek, augmentative baranisko, related adjective barani)

baranek (diminutive)
baranisko (augmentative)
barani (adjective)
baran (nominative singular)
barany (nominative plural)
barana (genitive singular)
baranów (genitive plural)
baranowi (dative singular)
baranom (dative plural)
barana (accusative singular)
barany (accusative plural)
baranem (instrumental singular)
baranami (instrumental plural)
baranie (locative singular)
baranach (locative plural)
baranie (singular vocative)
barany (plural vocative)

corporal punishment
corporal punishment#English

(Middle Polish) type of corporal punishment device

(Middle Polish) churn (device for making butter)

(Middle Polish) lamb (follower of Christ)

(Middle Polish) lift (device for raising heavy objects)


raz

raz (nominative singular)
razy (nominative plural)
razu (genitive singular)
razów (genitive plural)
razowi (dative singular)
razom (dative plural)
raz (accusative singular)
razy (accusative plural)
razem (instrumental singular)
razami (instrumental plural)
razie (locative singular)
razach (locative plural)
razie (singular vocative)
razy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish raz. By surface analysis, deverbal from razić. Sense 1 is a generalization of sense 1, for which see Old Polish raz. For this use, compare Russian раз (raz). Sense 1 is a semantic narrowing of sense 1. The genitive plural form razy is suppletive from the alternative form raza.

surf

Vices, Rázy też odmienność/ przemiennośc/ ſzkodá/ przigodá.

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


drogi

pl-adj

drogi (comparative droższy, superlative najdroższy, derived adverb drogo)

droższy (comparative)
najdroższy (superlative)
drogi (masculine nominative singular)
droga (feminine nominative singular)
drogie (neuter nominative singular)
drodzy (nominative plural virile)
drogie (nominative plural)
drogiego (genitive masculine singular)
drogiej (feminine genitive singular)
drogiego (genitive neuter singular)
drogich (genitive plural)
drogich (genitive plural virile)
drogiemu (dative masculine singular)
drogiej (dative feminine singular)
drogiemu (dative neuter singular)
drogim (dative plural)
drogim (dative plural virile)
drogiego (accusative animate masculine singular)
drogi (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
drogą (accusative feminine singular)
drogie (accusative neuter singular)
drogich (accusative plural virile)
drogie (accusative plural)
drogim (instrumental masculine singular)
drogą (feminine instrumental singular)
drogim (instrumental neuter singular)
drogimi (instrumental plural)
drogimi (instrumental plural virile)
drogim (locative masculine singular)
drogiej (feminine locative singular)
drogim (locative neuter singular)
drogich (locative plural)
drogich (locative plural virile)
dróg (Middle Polish masculine short-form singular)

(Middle Polish) rich (having much money or resources)


chory

chory (comparative bardziej chory or (less common) chorszy, superlative najbardziej chory or (less common) najchorszy, no derived adverb)

bardziej chory (comparative)
chorszy (comparative uncommon)
najbardziej chory (superlative)
najchorszy (superlative uncommon)
chory (masculine nominative singular)
chora (feminine nominative singular)
chore (neuter nominative singular)
chorzy (nominative plural virile)
chore (nominative plural)
chorego (genitive masculine singular)
chorej (feminine genitive singular)
chorego (genitive neuter singular)
chorych (genitive plural)
chorych (genitive plural virile)
choremu (dative masculine singular)
chorej (dative feminine singular)
choremu (dative neuter singular)
chorym (dative plural)
chorym (dative plural virile)
chorego (accusative animate masculine singular)
chory (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
chorą (accusative feminine singular)
chore (accusative neuter singular)
chorych (accusative plural virile)
chore (accusative plural)
chorym (instrumental masculine singular)
chorą (feminine instrumental singular)
chorym (instrumental neuter singular)
chorymi (instrumental plural)
chorymi (instrumental plural virile)
chorym (locative masculine singular)
chorej (feminine locative singular)
chorym (locative neuter singular)
chorych (locative plural)
chorych (locative plural virile)

(sometimes nominalized) ill, sick (unwell in terms of health or physical condition) [with na (+ accusative) ‘with what’]

(Middle Polish, sometimes nominalized) sinful, dissolute; weak; evil


moc

moc (nominative singular)
moce (nominative plural)
mocy (genitive singular)
mocy (genitive plural)
mocy (dative singular)
mocom (dative plural)
moc (accusative singular)
moce (accusative plural)
mocą (instrumental singular)
mocami (instrumental plural)
mocy (locative singular)
mocach (locative plural)
mocy (singular vocative)
moce (plural vocative)

(uncountable, Middle Polish) strength (health of one's body)

(countable, Middle Polish) property, trait

(uncountable, Middle Polish) relevant sense, content, meaning

(uncountable, Middle Polish, religion) God's omnipotence

(uncountable, Middle Polish, religion) power given to people by God

God's omnipotence
power given to people by God

(uncountable, Middle Polish, philosophy) form (in Aristotle's philosophy, the principle that shapes matter into a specific being)

(uncountable, Middle Polish, biblical) host of heaven understood as an army of angels or as stars

(uncountable, Middle Polish, biblical) heaven; sky

(uncountable, Middle Polish, biblical) wealth, possessions

(countable, Middle Polish, biblical) act, action; brave deed

(countable, Middle Polish, biblical) stern facial expression

(uncountable, Middle Polish, biblical) helmet

Fortitudo. Sterck ader manlichkeit. Moc álbo mężnoſć.

1528, J. Murmelius, Dictionarius, page 206:

on podwyſſzy mocz ludu ſwego. Mocz, tho ieſth Chriſtuſa.

1539, W. Wróbel, Żołtarz Dawidów, page vv v:

Effectus, […] Dokonánie/ Spełnienie/ Koniec/ Moc/ álbo Przemożność.

Murus per translationem dicitur, Moc/ Grunt/ Pewność/ Stałość.

AEquipollentia, Iednáka moc/ równa przemożność.

Unde tantum virium caeco, Zkądże ſie bierze táka moc ślepemu.

(Middle Polish) power; Further details are uncertain.


ciało

pl-noun

ciało n (diminutive ciałko, augmentative cielsko, related adjective cielesny)

ciałko (diminutive)
cielsko (augmentative)
cielesny (adjective)
ciało (nominative singular)
ciała (nominative plural)
ciała (genitive singular)
ciał (genitive plural)
ciału (dative singular)
ciałom (dative plural)
ciało (accusative singular)
ciała (accusative plural)
ciałem (instrumental singular)
ciałami (instrumental plural)
ciele (locative singular)
ciałach (locative plural)
ciało (singular vocative)
ciała (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish ciało. Sense 5 is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma) and Latin corpus. Sense 6 is a semantic loan from Latin corpus. Sense 7 is a semantic loan from French corps.

sl

(Middle Polish) matter; material subject

Corpus. Der leib Czyáło

1528, J. Murmelius, Dictionarius, page 48:

wpáthrz śię pilnie w thy ſłowá/ Ciáło/ Duſzá/ Duch/ iáko śię rozmáicie w piśmie rozumieią.

1568, Grzegorz Paweł, O prawdziwej śmierci, page 19:

(Middle Polish) body; Further details are uncertain.


drugi

pl-adj

drugi (not comparable, no derived adverb, abbreviation 2.)

drugi (masculine nominative singular)
druga (feminine nominative singular)
drugie (neuter nominative singular)
drudzy (nominative plural virile)
drugie (nominative plural)
drugiego (genitive masculine singular)
drugiej (feminine genitive singular)
drugiego (genitive neuter singular)
drugich (genitive plural)
drugich (genitive plural virile)
drugiemu (dative masculine singular)
drugiej (dative feminine singular)
drugiemu (dative neuter singular)
drugim (dative plural)
drugim (dative plural virile)
drugiego (accusative animate masculine singular)
drugi (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
drugą (accusative feminine singular)
drugie (accusative neuter singular)
drugich (accusative plural virile)
drugie (accusative plural)
drugim (instrumental masculine singular)
drugą (feminine instrumental singular)
drugim (instrumental neuter singular)
drugimi (instrumental plural)
drugimi (instrumental plural virile)
drugim (locative masculine singular)
drugiej (feminine locative singular)
drugim (locative neuter singular)
drugich (locative plural)
drugich (locative plural virile)

Inherited from Old Polish drugi. Displaced wtóry.


achat

achat m animacy unattested (canonical)
achat (nominative singular)


cale

Inherited from Old Polish cale. By surface analysis, cały + -e.

(Middle Polish) wholly; entirely, completely (without exception)

(Middle Polish, in the negative) not at all

(Middle Polish) wholly; safely (without harm)

Solide adverbium, Cále/ zupełnie.

Incorupte ‒ Nie nakazenie czalię.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 523a:

Insolidum ‒ Czalię

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 544a:

Integre ‒ Czalie, ſzczerze, zupełnie.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 547b:

(Middle Polish) wholly; Further details are uncertain.


chyba

chybam (combined-form object-first-person object-singular)
chybaśmy (combined-form object-first-person object-plural)
chybaś (combined-form object-second-person object-singular)
chybaście (combined-form object-plural object-second-person)
chyba (combined-form object-singular object-third-person)
chyba (combined-form object-plural object-third-person)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xyba. First attested in the 16th century.

ref

Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “chyba”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN

Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “chyba”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego

(Middle Polish) delimiting particle; only, just, merely


chyba

chyba (nominative singular)
chyby (nominative plural)
chyby (genitive singular)
chyb (genitive plural)
chybie (dative singular)
chybom (dative plural)
chybę (accusative singular)
chyby (accusative plural)
chybą (instrumental singular)
chybami (instrumental plural)
chybie (locative singular)
chybach (locative plural)
chybo (singular vocative)
chyby (plural vocative)

(Middle Polish) falsehood; trick, deception


chyba

(Middle Polish) denotes lack; without; except; barring [with genitive]


dzień

dzionek (diminutive)
dzień (nominative singular)
dni (nominative plural)
dnie (nominative plural)
dnia (genitive singular)
dni (genitive plural)
dniowi (dative singular)
dniom (dative plural)
dzień (accusative singular)
dni (accusative plural)
dnie (accusative plural)
dniem (instrumental singular)
dniami (instrumental plural)
dniu (locative singular)
dniach (locative plural)
dniu (singular vocative)
dni (plural vocative)
dnie (plural vocative)

na Nowy Rok przybywa dnia na barani skok

Tag. Dzień. Dies, diecula.

1579, A. Calagius, Synonyma Latina, page 476a:

Diu adverb. pro die, a quo sit interdiu. ‒ wednie, długo, dzas [!] długi.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 335a:

(Middle Polish) day; Further details are uncertain.


niz

niz m animacy unattested (canonical)
niz (nominative singular)
niz (accusative singular)
nizie (locative singular)

Middle Polish form of niż (“low, depression”)


pisać

pisać (infinitive)
piszę (present singular)
piszemy (plural present)
piszesz (present singular)
piszecie (plural present)
pisze (present singular third-person)
piszą (plural present third-person)
pisze się (impersonal present)
pisałem (masculine past singular)
-(e)m pisał (masculine past singular)
pisałam (feminine past singular)
-(e)m pisała (feminine past singular)
pisałom (neuter past singular)
-(e)m pisało (neuter past singular)
pisaliśmy (past plural virile)
-(e)śmy pisali (past plural virile)
pisałyśmy (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)śmy pisały (nonvirile past plural)
pisałeś (masculine past singular)
-(e)ś pisał (masculine past singular)
pisałaś (feminine past singular)
-(e)ś pisała (feminine past singular)
pisałoś (neuter past singular)
-(e)ś pisało (neuter past singular)
pisaliście (past plural virile)
-(e)ście pisali (past plural virile)
pisałyście (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)ście pisały (nonvirile past plural)
pisał (masculine past singular third-person)
pisała (feminine past singular third-person)
pisało (neuter past singular third-person)
pisali (past plural third-person virile)
pisały (nonvirile past plural third-person)
pisano (impersonal past)
będę pisał (future masculine singular)
będę pisać (future masculine singular)
będę pisała (feminine future singular)
będę pisać (feminine future singular)
będę pisało (future neuter singular)
będę pisać (future neuter singular)
będziemy pisali (future plural virile)
będziemy pisać (future plural virile)
będziemy pisały (future nonvirile plural)
będziemy pisać (future nonvirile plural)
będziesz pisał (future masculine singular)
będziesz pisać (future masculine singular)
będziesz pisała (feminine future singular)
będziesz pisać (feminine future singular)
będziesz pisało (future neuter singular)
będziesz pisać (future neuter singular)
będziecie pisali (future plural virile)
będziecie pisać (future plural virile)
będziecie pisały (future nonvirile plural)
będziecie pisać (future nonvirile plural)
będzie pisał (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie pisać (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie pisała (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie pisać (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie pisało (future neuter singular third-person)
będzie pisać (future neuter singular third-person)
będą pisali (future plural third-person virile)
będą pisać (future plural third-person virile)
będą pisały (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będą pisać (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będzie pisać się (future impersonal)
pisałbym (conditional masculine singular)
bym pisał (conditional masculine singular)
pisałabym (conditional feminine singular)
bym pisała (conditional feminine singular)
pisałobym (conditional neuter singular)
bym pisało (conditional neuter singular)
pisalibyśmy (conditional plural virile)
byśmy pisali (conditional plural virile)
pisałybyśmy (conditional nonvirile plural)
byśmy pisały (conditional nonvirile plural)
pisałbyś (conditional masculine singular)
byś pisał (conditional masculine singular)
pisałabyś (conditional feminine singular)
byś pisała (conditional feminine singular)
pisałobyś (conditional neuter singular)
byś pisało (conditional neuter singular)
pisalibyście (conditional plural virile)
byście pisali (conditional plural virile)
pisałybyście (conditional nonvirile plural)
byście pisały (conditional nonvirile plural)
pisałby (conditional masculine singular third-person)
by pisał (conditional masculine singular third-person)
pisałaby (conditional feminine singular third-person)
by pisała (conditional feminine singular third-person)
pisałoby (conditional neuter singular third-person)
by pisało (conditional neuter singular third-person)
pisaliby (conditional plural third-person virile)
by pisali (conditional plural third-person virile)
pisałyby (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
by pisały (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
pisano by (conditional impersonal)
niech piszę (imperative singular)
piszmy (imperative plural)
pisz (imperative singular)
piszcie (imperative plural)
niech pisze (imperative singular third-person)
niech piszą (imperative plural third-person)
piszący (active adjectival masculine participle singular)
pisząca (active adjectival feminine participle singular)
piszące (active adjectival neuter participle singular)
piszący (active adjectival participle plural virile)
piszące (active adjectival nonvirile participle plural)
pisany (adjectival masculine participle passive singular)
pisana (adjectival feminine participle passive singular)
pisane (adjectival neuter participle passive singular)
pisani (adjectival participle passive plural virile)
pisane (adjectival nonvirile participle passive plural)
pisząc (adjectival contemporary participle)
pisanie (noun-from-verb)

Inherited from Old Polish pisać. Cognate with English paint and picture.

co było, a nie jest, nie pisze się w rejestr

ipse scribit, On ſam piſze.

Scribo, Piſzę.

Schreiben. Piſáć. Scribere.

1579, A. Calagius, Synonyma Latina, page 426a:

Scriptito – Vſtawnię piſzę

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 957a:

gdzieby ſie poloſchyc mialo po s. z. lepiey poloſchic c. h. aby bylo waſcha/ proſchę/ pyſchę/ etć.

1594, J. Januszowski, S. Orzechowskiego, Nowy karakter, page F3v:

(Middle Polish) to write; Further details are uncertain.


wrzesień

pl-noun

wrzesień m inan (related adjective wrześniowy)

wrześniowy (adjective)
wrzesień (nominative singular)
wrześnie (nominative plural)
września (genitive singular)
wrześni (genitive plural)
wrześniów (genitive plural)
wrześniowi (dative singular)
wrześniom (dative plural)
wrzesień (accusative singular)
wrześnie (accusative plural)
wrześniem (instrumental singular)
wrześniami (instrumental plural)
wrześniu (locative singular)
wrześniach (locative plural)
wrześniu (singular vocative)
wrześnie (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: wrzeséń (obsolete)

desc

→ Old Ruthenian: вресень (vresenʹ), врешень (vrešenʹ)

Belarusian: вресень (vrjesjenʹ) (obsolete)

Inherited from Old Polish wrzesień. By surface analysis, wrzos (“heather”) + -eń.


obszar

pl-noun

obszar m inan (related adjective obszarowy)

obszarowy (adjective)
obszar (nominative singular)
obszary (nominative plural)
obszaru (genitive singular)
obszarów (genitive plural)
obszarowi (dative singular)
obszarom (dative plural)
obszar (accusative singular)
obszary (accusative plural)
obszarem (instrumental singular)
obszarami (instrumental plural)
obszarze (locative singular)
obszarach (locative plural)
obszarze (singular vocative)
obszary (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: абшар (abšar)

→ Ukrainian: о́бшар (óbšar)

(Middle Polish) additional land beyond a measured field


adulator

adulátor m animacy unattested (canonical)
adulátor (nominative singular)

Learned borrowing from Latin adūlātor. First attested in 1560.


achates

achates m animacy unattested (canonical)
achates (nominative singular)
achatesa (genitive singular)
achatesem (instrumental singular)


balas

balas m inan (diminutive balasek or balaska or balasik)

balasek (diminutive)
balaska (diminutive)
balasik (diminutive)

(Middle Polish, in the plural) turned furniture legs


balas

balasek (diminutive)
balas (nominative singular)
balasy (nominative plural)
balasa (genitive singular)
balasów (genitive plural)
balasowi (dative singular)
balasom (dative plural)
balas (accusative singular)
balasy (accusative plural)
balasem (instrumental singular)
balasami (instrumental plural)
balasie (locative singular)
balasach (locative plural)
balasie (singular vocative)
balasy (plural vocative)

(Middle Polish, gemology) type of red gemstone


anagrama

anagrama (nominative singular)
anagrama (accusative singular)


przykład

przykład m inan (diminutive przykładzik or przykładek)

przykładzik (diminutive)
przykładek (diminutive)
przykład (nominative singular)
przykłady (nominative plural)
przykładu (genitive singular)
przykładów (genitive plural)
przykładowi (dative singular)
przykładom (dative plural)
przykład (accusative singular)
przykłady (accusative plural)
przykładem (instrumental singular)
przykładami (instrumental plural)
przykładzie (locative singular)
przykładach (locative plural)
przykładzie (singular vocative)
przykłady (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: пры́клад (prýklad)

→ Kashubian: przëkłôd

→ Ukrainian: при́клад (prýklad)

Inherited from Old Polish przykład. By surface analysis, deverbal from przykładać.

surf

Paradigma, Latine exemplum, Przikład.

Exemplum – Przikłąd.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 386b:

Paradigma – Przikład.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page [753]b.:

(Middle Polish) example; Further details are uncertain.


mimo

Inherited from Old Polish mimo. By surface analysis, minąć + -mo.


suma

pl-noun

suma f (diminutive sumka, related adjective sumowy)

sumka (diminutive)
sumowy (adjective)
suma (nominative singular)
sumy (nominative plural)
sumy (genitive singular)
sum (genitive plural)
sumie (dative singular)
sumom (dative plural)
sumę (accusative singular)
sumy (accusative plural)
sumą (instrumental singular)
sumami (instrumental plural)
sumie (locative singular)
sumach (locative plural)
sumo (singular vocative)
sumy (plural vocative)

(Middle Polish) sum, summary (short summation of text)


nazwisko

nazwisko n (related adjective nazwiskowy)

nazwiskowy (adjective)
nazwisko (nominative singular)
nazwiska (nominative plural)
nazwiska (genitive singular)
nazwisk (genitive plural)
nazwisku (dative singular)
nazwiskom (dative plural)
nazwisko (accusative singular)
nazwiska (accusative plural)
nazwiskiem (instrumental singular)
nazwiskami (instrumental plural)
nazwisku (locative singular)
nazwiskach (locative plural)
nazwisko (singular vocative)
nazwiska (plural vocative)

From nazwać (“to call”) + -isko (“place-forming suffix”). The use of the place suffix is due to the fact that last names used to be based on one's city of origin or residence. First attested in 1559. Compare Kashubian nôzwëstkò, Ukrainian на́звисько (názvysʹko), and Silesian nazwisko.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “nazwisko”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(Middle Polish) nickname (term that is not the real name for something)


chwila

pl-noun

chwila f (diminutive chwilka or chwilunia)

chwilka (diminutive)
chwilunia (diminutive)
chwila (nominative singular)
chwile (nominative plural)
chwili (genitive singular)
chwil (genitive plural)
chwili (dative singular)
chwilom (dative plural)
chwilę (accusative singular)
chwile (accusative plural)
chwilą (instrumental singular)
chwilami (instrumental plural)
chwili (locative singular)
chwilach (locative plural)
chwilo (singular vocative)
chwile (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish chwila. Compare Czech chvíle, English while, German Weile.


przyjaciel

przyjaciel m pers (female equivalent przyjaciółka, related adjective przyjacielski)

przyjaciółka (feminine)
przyjacielski (adjective)
przyjaciel (nominative singular)
przyjaciele (nominative plural)
przyjaciela (genitive singular)
przyjaciół (genitive plural)
przyjacielowi (dative singular)
przyjaciołom (dative plural)
przyjaciela (accusative singular)
przyjaciół (accusative plural)
przyjacielem (instrumental singular)
przyjaciółmi (instrumental plural)
przyjacielu (locative singular)
przyjaciołach (locative plural)
przyjacielu (singular vocative)
przyjaciele (plural vocative)

chcesz stracić przyjaciela, pożycz mu pieniądze

prawdziwych przyjaciół poznaje się w biedzie

przyjaciele naszych przyjaciół są naszymi przyjaciółmi


imię

im. (abbreviation)
imię (nominative singular)
imiona (nominative plural)
imienia (genitive singular)
imion (genitive plural)
imieniu (dative singular)
imionom (dative plural)
imię (accusative singular)
imiona (accusative plural)
imieniem (instrumental singular)
imionami (instrumental plural)
imieniu (locative singular)
imionach (locative plural)
imię (singular vocative)
imiona (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish imię. Cognate with English name and English noun.

Nomenclatura […] Nomenclatio […] Miánowánie/ Mienienie/ Wyliczenie ymion yednego po drugim.

(Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.


mąż

mąż m pers (diminutive mężulek or mężuś or mężunio, augmentative mężysko, related adjective mężowski or mężowy)

mężulek (diminutive)
mężuś (diminutive)
mężunio (diminutive)
mężysko (augmentative)
mężowski (adjective)
mężowy (adjective)
mąż (nominative singular)
mężowie (nominative plural)
męże (derogatory nominative plural)
męża (genitive singular)
mężów (genitive plural)
mężowi (dative singular)
mężom (dative plural)
męża (accusative singular)
mężów (accusative plural)
mężem (instrumental singular)
mężami (instrumental plural)
mężu (locative singular)
mężach (locative plural)
mężu (singular vocative)
mężowie (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish mąż. Cognate with English man.

(Middle Polish) male (male adult specimen of a species)


rodzina

rodzina f (diminutive rodzinka, related adjective rodzinny, abbreviation rodz.)

rodzinka (diminutive)
rodzinny (adjective)
rodz. (abbreviation)
rodzina (nominative singular)
rodziny (nominative plural)
rodziny (genitive singular)
rodzin (genitive plural)
rodzinie (dative singular)
rodzinom (dative plural)
rodzinę (accusative singular)
rodziny (accusative plural)
rodziną (instrumental singular)
rodzinami (instrumental plural)
rodzinie (locative singular)
rodzinach (locative plural)
rodzino (singular vocative)
rodziny (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish rodzina. By surface analysis, ród + -ina.

z rodziną najlepiej wychodzi się na zdjęciu


uważać

From uważyć + -ać. First attested in the 16th century. Compare Kashubian ùważac.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “uważać”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “uważać się”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(intransitive, Middle Polish) to observe, to see


dobrze

pl-adv

dobrze (comparative lepiej, superlative najlepiej, Middle Polish superlative nalepiej)

lepiej (comparative)
najlepiej (superlative)
nalepiej (Middle Polish superlative)

Inherited from Old Polish dobrze. By surface analysis, dobry + -e. Compare Kashubian dobrze and Slovincian dôbrzê.

Gdy zaś miedzy dwoigiem i/ […] náidźie śię ktory wokáliſz wſzyſtki trzy maią być poſpołu wymáwiany/ iako wſłowách iaśniéi/ lepiéi/ ſnadniéi

Multo melius, Dáleko lepiey.

Optime, Dobrze/ Cziſcie/ Bárzo dobrze.

Besser. Lepiey. Melius, meliusculé

1579, A. Calagius, Synonyma Latina, page 79a:

Bene ‒ Dobrze.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 136a:

Satius – Lepiei.

1588, A. Calepinus, Dictionarium decem linguarum, page 948a:

(Middle Polish) well; Further details are uncertain.


czas

czas (nominative singular)
czasy (nominative plural)
czasu (genitive singular)
czasów (genitive plural)
czasowi (dative singular)
czasom (dative plural)
czas (accusative singular)
czasy (accusative plural)
czasem (instrumental singular)
czasami (instrumental plural)
czasy (instrumental plural)
czasie (locative singular)
czasach (locative plural)
czasie (singular vocative)
czasy (plural vocative)

(Middle Polish, fortune telling) augural sign


nadzieja

pl-noun

nadzieja f (related adjective nadziejny)

nadziejny (adjective)
nadzieja (nominative singular)
nadzieje (nominative plural)
nadziei (genitive singular)
nadziei (genitive plural)
nadziei (dative singular)
nadziejom (dative plural)
nadzieję (accusative singular)
nadzieje (accusative plural)
nadzieją (instrumental singular)
nadziejami (instrumental plural)
nadziei (locative singular)
nadziejach (locative plural)
nadziejo (singular vocative)
nadzieje (plural vocative)

(Middle Polish, Christianity) hope (virtuous desire for future good)


słuchać

pl-verb

słuchać impf (perfective posłuchać, indeterminate słuchiwać)

posłuchać (perfective)
słuchiwać (indeterminate)
słuchać (infinitive)
słucham (present singular)
słuchamy (plural present)
słuchasz (present singular)
słuchacie (plural present)
słucha (present singular third-person)
słuchają (plural present third-person)
słucha się (impersonal present)
słuchałem (masculine past singular)
-(e)m słuchał (masculine past singular)
słuchałam (feminine past singular)
-(e)m słuchała (feminine past singular)
słuchałom (neuter past singular)
-(e)m słuchało (neuter past singular)
słuchaliśmy (past plural virile)
-(e)śmy słuchali (past plural virile)
słuchałyśmy (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)śmy słuchały (nonvirile past plural)
słuchałeś (masculine past singular)
-(e)ś słuchał (masculine past singular)
słuchałaś (feminine past singular)
-(e)ś słuchała (feminine past singular)
słuchałoś (neuter past singular)
-(e)ś słuchało (neuter past singular)
słuchaliście (past plural virile)
-(e)ście słuchali (past plural virile)
słuchałyście (nonvirile past plural)
-(e)ście słuchały (nonvirile past plural)
słuchał (masculine past singular third-person)
słuchała (feminine past singular third-person)
słuchało (neuter past singular third-person)
słuchali (past plural third-person virile)
słuchały (nonvirile past plural third-person)
słuchano (impersonal past)
będę słuchał (future masculine singular)
będę słuchać (future masculine singular)
będę słuchała (feminine future singular)
będę słuchać (feminine future singular)
będę słuchało (future neuter singular)
będę słuchać (future neuter singular)
będziemy słuchali (future plural virile)
będziemy słuchać (future plural virile)
będziemy słuchały (future nonvirile plural)
będziemy słuchać (future nonvirile plural)
będziesz słuchał (future masculine singular)
będziesz słuchać (future masculine singular)
będziesz słuchała (feminine future singular)
będziesz słuchać (feminine future singular)
będziesz słuchało (future neuter singular)
będziesz słuchać (future neuter singular)
będziecie słuchali (future plural virile)
będziecie słuchać (future plural virile)
będziecie słuchały (future nonvirile plural)
będziecie słuchać (future nonvirile plural)
będzie słuchał (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie słuchać (future masculine singular third-person)
będzie słuchała (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie słuchać (feminine future singular third-person)
będzie słuchało (future neuter singular third-person)
będzie słuchać (future neuter singular third-person)
będą słuchali (future plural third-person virile)
będą słuchać (future plural third-person virile)
będą słuchały (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będą słuchać (future nonvirile plural third-person)
będzie słuchać się (future impersonal)
słuchałbym (conditional masculine singular)
bym słuchał (conditional masculine singular)
słuchałabym (conditional feminine singular)
bym słuchała (conditional feminine singular)
słuchałobym (conditional neuter singular)
bym słuchało (conditional neuter singular)
słuchalibyśmy (conditional plural virile)
byśmy słuchali (conditional plural virile)
słuchałybyśmy (conditional nonvirile plural)
byśmy słuchały (conditional nonvirile plural)
słuchałbyś (conditional masculine singular)
byś słuchał (conditional masculine singular)
słuchałabyś (conditional feminine singular)
byś słuchała (conditional feminine singular)
słuchałobyś (conditional neuter singular)
byś słuchało (conditional neuter singular)
słuchalibyście (conditional plural virile)
byście słuchali (conditional plural virile)
słuchałybyście (conditional nonvirile plural)
byście słuchały (conditional nonvirile plural)
słuchałby (conditional masculine singular third-person)
by słuchał (conditional masculine singular third-person)
słuchałaby (conditional feminine singular third-person)
by słuchała (conditional feminine singular third-person)
słuchałoby (conditional neuter singular third-person)
by słuchało (conditional neuter singular third-person)
słuchaliby (conditional plural third-person virile)
by słuchali (conditional plural third-person virile)
słuchałyby (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
by słuchały (conditional nonvirile plural third-person)
słuchano by (conditional impersonal)
niech słucham (imperative singular)
słuchajmy (imperative plural)
słuchaj (imperative singular)
słuchajcie (imperative plural)
niech słucha (imperative singular third-person)
niech słuchają (imperative plural third-person)
słuchający (active adjectival masculine participle singular)
słuchająca (active adjectival feminine participle singular)
słuchające (active adjectival neuter participle singular)
słuchający (active adjectival participle plural virile)
słuchające (active adjectival nonvirile participle plural)
słuchany (adjectival masculine participle passive singular)
słuchana (adjectival feminine participle passive singular)
słuchane (adjectival neuter participle passive singular)
słuchani (adjectival participle passive plural virile)
słuchane (adjectival nonvirile participle passive plural)
słuchając (adjectival contemporary participle)
słuchanie (noun-from-verb)

Inherited from Old Polish słuchać. By surface analysis, słuch + -ać.

(impersonal, Middle Polish) to be heard (to have one's auditory signals received)