Albania

la-proper noun

Albānia f sg (genitive Albāniae); first declension

Albānia (canonical feminine singular)
Albāniae (genitive)
Albānia (nominative singular)
Albāniae (genitive singular)
Albāniae (dative singular)
Albāniam (accusative singular)
Albāniā (ablative singular)
Albānia (singular vocative)

⇒ Russian: Алба́нія (Albánija) (Pre-reform orthography (1918)), Алба́ния (Albánija)

Borrowed from Byzantine Greek Ἀλβανία (Albanía) (or Old Irish Albu, Albain, Alban for the "Scotland" sense).


drachma

la-noun

drachma f (genitive drachmae); first declension

drachmae (genitive)
drachma (nominative singular)
drachmae (nominative plural)
drachmae (genitive singular)
drachmārum (genitive plural)
drachmae (dative singular)
drachmīs (dative plural)
drachmam (accusative singular)
drachmās (accusative plural)
drachmā (ablative singular)
drachmīs (ablative plural)
drachma (singular vocative)
drachmae (plural vocative)
drachuma (alternative)

⇒ Late Latin: dragma (see there for further descendants)

→ Armenian: դրախմա (draxma)

→ Belarusian: дра́хма (dráxma)

→ Bulgarian: дра́хма (dráhma)

→ Catalan: dracma, drama (obsolete)

→ Czech: drachma

→ English: drachma

→ Faroese: drakma

→ Finnish: drakma

→ Galician: dracma

→ Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌺𐌼𐌰 (drakma)

→ Italian: dracma, dramma

→ Macedonian: драхма (drahma)

→ Portuguese: dracma

→ Russian: дра́хма (dráxma)

→ Serbo-Croatian: дра̀хма (dràhma)

→ Spanish: dracma

→ Ukrainian: дра́хма (dráxma)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek δραχμή (drakhmḗ).

(Classical Latin) drachma (Ancient Greek coin, one hundredth of a mina)


Londinium

la-proper noun

Londinium n sg (genitive Londiniī or Londinī); second declension

Londiniī (genitive)
Londinī (genitive)
Londinium (nominative singular)
Londiniī (genitive singular)
Londinī (genitive singular)
Londiniō (dative singular)
Londinium (accusative singular)
Londiniō (ablative singular)
Londinium (singular vocative)
Londiniī (locative singular)
Lundinium (alternative Late Medieval-Latin)
Londonium (alternative Late Medieval-Latin)
Lundonium (alternative Late Medieval-Latin)
Londonum (alternative Late Medieval-Latin)
Londinum (alternative Late Medieval-Latin)
Lundonia (alternative Medieval-Latin)
Londonia (alternative Medieval-Latin)
Lundoniae (alternative Medieval-Latin)

→ Ancient Greek: Λονδίνιον (Londínion)

desctree

→ Old English: Lunden, *ᛚᚢᚾᛞᛖᚾ (*lunden)
Middle English: Lunden, London
English: London
Norwegian Bokmål: London
→ Latin: Lundonia
→? Old French: Londres, Londrez
Middle French: Londres
French: Londres (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: Londres
Galician: Londres
Portuguese: Londres

→ English: Londinium

→ German: London

Sicilian: Lògnina, Lònnira

Uncertain, but likely from Proto-Celtic *Londinyom (“place that floods”), from Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ- (“heath; wild land”) + *-injo-, a suffix forming specific nouns and found in other Romano-Celtic placenames. Cognate to Proto-Celtic *landā (“low-lying land”), whence Old Irish land, Welsh llan, as well as *londos (“subduing > fierce”, adj.), whence Old Irish lond.
Details
An earlier, more difficult proposal derives it from *Φlowonidonyom, morphologically adapted from a pre-Celtic Indo-European substrate word meaning something like “Boat River, Unfordable River” or “Flooding-River” and made up of Proto-Indo-European *plew- (“to flow”) and a disputed *neyd- (“to flow”).
Forms in -don- could be artificial Latinizations modelled after e.g. Old English Wreocen < Latin Viroconium (modern Wroxeter). Appears as Middle Welsh Llundein, Old English Lunden, which may not continue the Classical Latin form, but may continue Late British Latin *Lundeinju if the medial -i- of the original word was short. Cf. Etymology of London.

der

(Classical Latin) Londinium (a city in Britannia, Roman Empire; modern London)


sapphirus

la-noun

sapphīrus f (genitive sapphīrī); second declension

sapphīrus (canonical feminine)
sapphīrī (genitive)
sapphīrus (nominative singular)
sapphīrī (nominative plural)
sapphīrī (genitive singular)
sapphīrōrum (genitive plural)
sapphīrō (dative singular)
sapphīrīs (dative plural)
sapphīrum (accusative singular)
sapphīrōs (accusative plural)
sapphīrō (ablative singular)
sapphīrīs (ablative plural)
sapphīre (singular vocative)
sapphīrī (plural vocative)
sappīrus (alternative Classical-Latin)
sapphir (alternative)
sappir (alternative)

desctree

French: saphir
→ Romanian: safir n
→ Turkish: safir

Italian: zaffiro
→ Greek: ζαφείρι (zafeíri)

Spanish: zafiro

From Ancient Greek σάπφειρος (sáppheiros).

(Classical Latin, originally) a blue gem from the east, probably the lapis lazuli


pala

la-noun

pāla f (genitive pālae); first declension

pāla (canonical feminine)
pālae (genitive)
pāla (nominative singular)
pālae (nominative plural)
pālae (genitive singular)
pālārum (genitive plural)
pālae (dative singular)
pālīs (dative plural)
pālam (accusative singular)
pālās (accusative plural)
pālā (ablative singular)
pālīs (ablative plural)
pāla (singular vocative)
pālae (plural vocative)

Catalan: pala

English: pale

Old French: pele

French: pelle

French: pale

Friulian: pale

Italian: pala

Mirandese: pala

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: paa
Galician: pa, pá, paa
Portuguese: pá

Piedmontese: pala

→ Portuguese: pala

Romanian: pală

Sicilian: pala

Spanish: pala

Tashelhit: tafala

Welsh: pâl

From Proto-Italic *pākslā, from Proto-Indo-European *pak-slo-, from *peh₂ǵ- (“to attach, fasten”). See pangō, pāgus, pacīscor, pāx, pāgina.

Maior alia pomo et suavitate praecellentior, quo sapientes Indorum vivunt. Folium alas avium imitatur, longitudine trium cubitorum, latitudine duum. Fructum cortice emittit admirabilem suci dulcedine, ut uno quaternos satiet. Arbori nomen palae, pomo arienae. Plurima est in Sydracis, expeditionum Alexandri termino.

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia XII.24

There is a greater one, surpassing other fruit trees even in softness, which Indian sages live on. Its leaf copies the wings of birds, being three cubits in length and two in width. It produces its fruit from its bark, and the fruit is astonishing in its sweetness, one being enough for four people. The name of the tree is the pala, and ariena that of the fruit. It is found in great number among the Sydraci, at the limit of Alexander the Great's campaigns.

(Classical Latin, rare) the banana plant


lacuna

la-noun

lacūna f (genitive lacūnae); first declension

lacūna (canonical feminine)
lacūnae (genitive)
lacūna (nominative singular)
lacūnae (nominative plural)
lacūnae (genitive singular)
lacūnārum (genitive plural)
lacūnae (dative singular)
lacūnīs (dative plural)
lacūnam (accusative singular)
lacūnās (accusative plural)
lacūnā (ablative singular)
lacūnīs (ablative plural)
lacūna (singular vocative)
lacūnae (plural vocative)
lucūna (alternative)

Asturian: llaguna

Catalan: llacuna

→ English: lacuna

desctree

→ French: lacune
→ Dutch: lacune
→ English: lacune
→ Romanian: lacună

Galician: lagoa

Italian: laguna
→ French: lagune
→ Danish: lagune
→ Dutch: lagune
→ English: lagoon
→ Portuguese: laguna
→ Romanian: lagună

→ Italian: lacuna

Occitan: lòna, lagua, laguna

Portuguese: lagoa, → lacuna

→ Russian: лакуна (lakuna)

Spanish: laguna

Venetan: łaguna

Alfred Ernout
Antoine Meillet
fr:Jacques André

According to Alfred Ernout and Antoine Meillet, from the feminine substantivation of an unattested adjectival form *lacūnus (pertaining to a lake, cistern), itself from lacus (“a lake, pond; a basin, tank, cistern”) + -nus (see -īnus). For the u-stem-appended -nus adjectival suffix compare opportūnus and importūnus, from portus. For its substantivation, probably from the clipping of the set-phrase "lacuna aqua" (cistern water), compare urīna with the same development.

affix

see <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">-īnus</i>

[…], minimaque illa labes et quasi lacuna famae munimentis partarum amico utilitatium solidatur.

c. 177 CE, Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae 1.3.23

[…] and this unimportant fault, a simple defect of good reputation is repaid (made firm again) by the excuse of new-found circumstances to help a friend.

(figurative, rare, Classical Latin) a gap, void, defect, want, loss


ranula

la-noun

rānula f (genitive rānulae); first declension

rānula (canonical feminine)
rānulae (genitive)
rānula (nominative singular)
rānulae (nominative plural)
rānulae (genitive singular)
rānulārum (genitive plural)
rānulae (dative singular)
rānulīs (dative plural)
rānulam (accusative singular)
rānulās (accusative plural)
rānulā (ablative singular)
rānulīs (ablative plural)
rānula (singular vocative)
rānulae (plural vocative)

→ English: ranula

From rāna (“a frog”) + -ula (diminutive suffix).

af

(literally, Classical Latin) A little frog, a tadpole.

diminutive of rāna:
A little frog, a tadpole.


redux

la-adj

redux (genitive reducis); third-declension one-termination adjective

reducis (genitive)
redux (feminine masculine neuter nominative singular)
reducēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
reducia (neuter nominative plural)
reducis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
reducium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
reducī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
reducibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
reducem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
redux (accusative neuter singular)
reducēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
reducia (accusative neuter plural)
reducī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
reduce (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
reducibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
redux (feminine masculine neuter singular vocative)
reducēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
reducia (neuter plural vocative)
reddux (alternative)

→ English: redux

Italian: reduce

From redūcō (“to lead or bring back”) + -s.

(passive voice, frequent and Classical Latin) that is led or brought back (from slavery, imprisonment, from a distance, etc.), come back, returned, that has returned

passive voice; frequent and Classical Latin; passive voice; frequent and Classical Latin


Germania

la-proper noun

Germānia f sg (genitive Germāniae); first declension

Germānia (canonical feminine singular)
Germāniae (genitive)
Germānia (nominative singular)
Germāniae (genitive singular)
Germāniae (dative singular)
Germāniam (accusative singular)
Germāniā (ablative singular)
Germānia (singular vocative)
Iermania (alternative)

Middle English: Germanie

Irish: Gearmáin

Italian: Germania

Romanian: Germania

Russian: Герма́ния (Germánija)

Sicilian: Girmània

From Germānī + -ia. Germani was an exonym applied by the Romans to a tribe (or nearby tribes) living around and east of the Rhine; it was first attested in the 1st century b.c. works of Julius Caesar and is of uncertain etymology. It was said by Strabo to derive from germānus (“close kin; genuine”), making it cognate with "germane" and "german", but this seems unsupported. Attempts to derive it from Germanic or Celtic roots are all problematic (although see Germany).

Germany in its various senses, including:

(Classical Latin) the lands of the Germani, tribes living around the Rhine River in the 1st century b.c.


civitas

la-noun

cīvitās f (genitive cīvitātis); third declension

cīvitās (canonical feminine)
cīvitātis (genitive)
cīvitās (nominative singular)
cīvitātēs (nominative plural)
cīvitātis (genitive singular)
cīvitātum (genitive plural)
cīvitātium (genitive plural)
cīvitātī (dative singular)
cīvitātibus (dative plural)
cīvitātem (accusative singular)
cīvitātēs (accusative plural)
cīvitātīs (accusative plural)
cīvitāte (ablative singular)
cīvitātibus (ablative plural)
cīvitās (singular vocative)
cīvitātēs (plural vocative)
ceivitās (alternative Old-Latin)
cibitās (alternative Medieval-Latin)
civetās (alternative Medieval-Latin)

Insular Romance:

⇒ Sardinian: Sa Chitade

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: tsitati

Istro-Romanian: četåte

Romanian: cetate

Italo-Dalmatian:

Dalmatian: cituot

Istriot: sità

desctree

Italian: città, cittade (archaic), Civita (toponym)
→ Sardinian: tzitade
→ Slavomolisano: čita

Neapolitan: cità, cetate

Sicilian: cità, citati, cìvita

Venetan: sità

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: citât

Ladin: zità

Romansch: citad

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: çittæ

Lombard: çitâ, citâ

Piedmontese: sità

Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: ciutat
Catalan: ciutat

Old French: citet (see there for further descendants)

Old Occitan: ciutat, ciptat, ciu
Occitan: ciutat

Ibero-Romance:

Old Navarro-Aragonese: ciudat, çiudat, ciudad
Aragonese: ciudat, ziudat (superseded)

Old Galician-Portuguese: cidade, çibdade
Galician: cidade, Cidá (toponym)
Portuguese: cidade

Old Leonese: ciubdad
Asturian: ciodá, ciudá
Leonese: ciudá
Mirandese: cidade

Old Spanish: cibdat, çibdad, cipdad, cipdat
Ladino: sivdad
Spanish: ciudad (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ English: civitas

→ Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: qytet

→ Proto-Brythonic: *kiwdọd (see there for further descendants)

From earlier ceivitās, from Proto-Italic *keiwitāts. By surface analysis, cīvi(s) (“citizen”) + -tās.

surf

(Classical Latin) citizenship and its rights; often referring to Roman citizenship.

(Classical Latin) the state, body politic, citizens of a territory (collectively).

(Classical Latin, metonymic) a city and all external territory (thus distinguished from urbs).

(Classical Latin, metonymic) city-states, kingdoms, or tribes, especially under Roman rule.


iubeo

la-verb

iubeō (present infinitive iubēre, perfect active iussī, supine iussum); second conjugation

iubeō (canonical)
iubēre (infinitive present)
iussī (active perfect)
iussum (supine)
iubeō (active first-person indicative present singular)
iubēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
iubet (active indicative present singular third-person)
iubēmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
iubētis (active indicative plural present second-person)
iubent (active indicative plural present third-person)
iubēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
iubēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
iubēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
iubēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
iubēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
iubēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
iubēbō (active first-person future indicative singular)
iubēbis (active future indicative second-person singular)
iubēbit (active future indicative singular third-person)
iubēbimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
iubēbitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
iubēbunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
iussī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
iussistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
iussit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
iussimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
iussistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
iussērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
iussēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
iusseram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
iusserās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
iusserat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
iusserāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
iusserātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
iusserant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
iusserō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
iusseris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
iusserit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
iusserimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
iusseritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
iusserint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
iussō (active first-person future sigmatic singular)
iussis (active future second-person sigmatic singular)
iussit (active future sigmatic singular third-person)
iussimus (active first-person future plural sigmatic)
iussitis (active future plural second-person sigmatic)
iussint (active future plural sigmatic third-person)
iubeor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
iubēris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
iubēre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
iubētur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
iubēmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
iubēminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
iubentur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
iubēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
iubēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
iubēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
iubēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
iubēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
iubēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
iubēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
iubēbor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
iubēberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
iubēbere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
iubēbitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
iubēbimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
iubēbiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
iubēbuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
iussor (first-person future passive sigmatic singular)
iusseris (future passive second-person sigmatic singular)
iussitur (future passive sigmatic singular third-person)
iubeam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
iubeās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
iubeat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
iubeāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
iubeātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
iubeant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
iubērem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
iubērēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
iubēret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
iubērēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
iubērētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
iubērent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
iusserim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
iusserīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
iusserit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
iusserīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
iusserītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
iusserint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
iussissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
iussissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
iussisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
iussissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
iussissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
iussissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
iussim (active aorist first-person sigmatic singular)
iussīs (active aorist second-person sigmatic singular)
iussīt (active aorist sigmatic singular third-person)
iussīmus (active aorist first-person plural sigmatic)
iussītis (active aorist plural second-person sigmatic)
iussint (active aorist plural sigmatic third-person)
iubear (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
iubeāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
iubeāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
iubeātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
iubeāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
iubeāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
iubeantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
iubērer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
iubērēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
iubērēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
iubērētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
iubērēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
iubērēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
iubērentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
iubē (active imperative present second-person singular)
iubēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
iubētō (active future imperative second-person singular)
iubētō (active future imperative singular third-person)
iubētōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
iubentō (active future imperative plural third-person)
iubēre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
iubēminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
iubētor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
iubētor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
iubentor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
iubēre (active infinitive present)
iubērī (infinitive passive present)
iubēns (active participle present)
iussūrum esse (active future infinitive)
iussum īrī (future infinitive passive)
iussūrus (active future participle)
iubendus (future participle passive)
iussisse (active infinitive perfect)
iussum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
iussus (participle passive perfect)
iussum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
iussūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
iubendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
iubendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
iubendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
iubendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
iussum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
iussū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)
jubeō (alternative)

→ Italian: iubere

From Old Latin ioubeō, from Proto-Italic *jouðeō, from earlier *jouðejō, from Proto-Indo-European *Hyowdʰ-éye-ti, causative of Proto-Indo-European *Hyewdʰ- (“move upright”), likely an extension of *h₂ey- (“life, age”). Indirectly cognate with iūrō and iūs, aevum and iūgis, and possibly with imitor and imāgō.

der

MESS. Sic sine igitur, si tuom negas me esse, abire liberum.
MEN. Mea quidem hercle causa liber esto atque ito quo voles.
MESS. Nempe iubes?

c. 200 BCE, Plautus, Menaechmi 1028–1030

MESS. Very well then, sir, if you say I'm not yours, let me go free.
MEN. Lord, man, be free so far as I am concerned, and go where you like.
MESS. So you authorize me, indeed?
MEN. Lord, yes I authorize it, if I am supposed to decide over you.

MEN. Iubeo hercle, si quid imperi est in te mihi.

(Old Latin, Classical Latin) to authorize, to legitimate, to make lawful, to homologate, to pass (a bill or law or decision)


lamina

la-noun

lāmina f (genitive lāminae); first declension

lāmina (canonical feminine)
lāminae (genitive)
lāmina (nominative singular)
lāminae (nominative plural)
lāminae (genitive singular)
lāminārum (genitive plural)
lāminae (dative singular)
lāminīs (dative plural)
lāminam (accusative singular)
lāminās (accusative plural)
lāminā (ablative singular)
lāminīs (ablative plural)
lāmina (singular vocative)
lāminae (plural vocative)
lammina (alternative)
lamna (alternative)

Asturian: llama, llambria

desctree

French: lame
→ Catalan: llama
→ Italian: lama
→ Persian: لام (lâm, “microscope slide”)

Friulian: lame

Romanian: lamură, lamă

Romansch: loma, lama

Sicilian: lanna, landa, landia, lannia (Calabria)
→ Italian: landa (see there for further descendants)
→ Maltese: landa

Venetan: lama

→ Asturian: llámina (learned)

→ Catalan: làmina (learned)

→ English: lamina (learned)

→ French: lamine (learned)

→ Galician: lamia

→ Galician: lámina (learned)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *lammā (see there for further descendants)

→ Greek: λάμα (láma)

→ Italian: lamina (learned)

→ Portuguese: lâmina (learned)

→ Romanian: lamină (learned)

→ Spanish: lámina (learned)

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *stelh₃- (“broad, to broaden”). See lātus, latus.

der

(literally, Classical Latin) a thin piece or sheet of metal, wood, marble, etc.; a plate, leaf, layer


Gallia

la-proper noun

Gallia f (genitive Galliae); first declension

Galliae (genitive)
Gallia (nominative singular)
Galliae (nominative plural)
Galliae (genitive singular)
Galliārum (genitive plural)
Galliae (dative singular)
Galliīs (dative plural)
Galliam (accusative singular)
Galliās (accusative plural)
Galliā (ablative singular)
Galliīs (ablative plural)
Gallia (singular vocative)
Galliae (plural vocative)
Galliae (locative singular)
Galliīs (locative plural)

French: Jaille

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Γᾰλλῐ́ᾱ (Găllĭ́ā)
Greek: Γαλλία (Gallía)
→ Aromanian: Galii

→ Catalan: Gàl·lia

→ Finnish: Gallia

→ Italian: Gallia

→ Japanese: ガリア

→ Portuguese: Gália

→ Romanian: Galia

→ Spanish: Galia

From Gallus (“a Gaul”) + -ia. The medieval application to Wales is by conflation.

Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres.

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.1

Gaul is a whole divided into three parts.

(Classical Latin) Gaul (a historical region of Western Europe referring to areas occupied by Celts during Roman times, roughly corresponding to modern France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, and parts of Northern Italy (Lombardy), the Netherlands, and Germany west of the Rhine)


caballus

la-noun

caballus m (genitive caballī); second declension

caballī (genitive)
caballus (nominative singular)
caballī (nominative plural)
caballī (genitive singular)
caballōrum (genitive plural)
caballō (dative singular)
caballīs (dative plural)
caballum (accusative singular)
caballōs (accusative plural)
caballō (ablative singular)
caballīs (ablative plural)
caballe (singular vocative)
caballī (plural vocative)

Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange#Works
de:Brian D. Joseph

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: cal

Istro-Romanian: kå

Megleno-Romanian: cal

Romanian: cal

Dalmatian:

cavul

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: cavaddu, cavallu

Gallurese: cabaddu, caddu

desctree

Italian: cavallo
→ Alemannic German: Kawall
→ Greek: καβάλος (kaválos)

Sicilian: cavaḍḍu

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: cabaddu, cavaddu, covaddu, caaddu, caddu, caddu, cuaddu

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: cavàl, cavâl

Ligurian: cavallo

Old Lombard: cavel

Lombard: càal

Old Piedmontese: cavèu

Piedmontese: caval

Romagnol: cavàl, caval

Friulian: cjaval, čhaval (alternative orthography)

Istriot: caval

Ladin: ciaval

Romansch: chaval, cavagl, tgavagl, tgaval, chavagl

Venetan: cavało ⇒ cavałeto

→ Greek: καβάλα (kavála), καβαλέτο (kavaléto)

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: chevâl

Old French: cheval (see there for further descendants)

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: cavall

Gascon: cavalh, cavath

Occitan: caval

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: cavallo, cavall

Extremaduran: cavallu

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: caballu

Leonese: caballu, cabalu

Mirandese: cabalho

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: cavalo
Fala: cabalu
Galician: cabalo
Portuguese: cavalo (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: cavallo

Ladino: kavayo

Spanish: caballo (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ Proto-Albanian: *kəβal

Albanian: kalë

Uncertain; often cited as borrowed from Gaulish *kaballos, from Proto-Celtic *kaballos, perhaps ultimately an Asiatic borrowing or Wanderwort, compare Ancient Greek καβάλλης (kabállēs, “nag”), Proto-Slavic *kobýla (“mare”), Persian کول (kaval, “second class horse of mixed blood”), and possibly Karakhanid kevel (at) (“well-bred fast (horse)”).
Alternatively, borrowed alongside Greek from Proto-Iranian *kabah, *kabalah, compare Khotanese [script needed] (kabä, “horse”), Persian کول (kaval), and possibly cognate with Latin cabō (“gelding”), perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kebʰ- (“worn-out horse, nag”).

der

(Old Latin, Classical Latin, Late Latin) nag


latex

la-noun

latex m (genitive laticis); third declension

laticis (genitive)
latex (nominative singular)
laticēs (nominative plural)
laticis (genitive singular)
laticum (genitive plural)
laticī (dative singular)
laticibus (dative plural)
laticem (accusative singular)
laticēs (accusative plural)
latice (ablative singular)
laticibus (ablative plural)
latex (singular vocative)
laticēs (plural vocative)

→ English: latex

→ Armenian: լատեքս (latekʻs)

→ Catalan: làtex

→ Danish: latex

→ Dutch: latex

→ Esperanto: laktosuko

→ Finnish: lateksi

→ French: latex

→ Galician: látex

→ German: Latex

→ Ido: latexo

→ Italian: latice, lattice

→ Japanese: ラテックス (ratekkusu)

→ Polish: lateks

→ Portuguese: látice, látex

→ Romanian: latex

→ Russian: ла́текс (láteks)

→ Spanish: látex

→ Swedish: latex

Potentially a borrowing from Ancient Greek λᾰ́τᾰξ (lắtăx, “drop of wine”), reformed by analogy to other nouns in -ex. The semantic shift, however, from drop of wine to water is difficult to explain and may indicate that both words originated from a separate language. Perhaps from the same root as Proto-Celtic *latis (Old Irish laith (“liquid, beer”), Welsh llad (“beer”)) or Proto-Germanic *ladjō- (Old High German letto (“clay, loam”), Old Norse leðja (“mud, dregs”)) or from a Pre-Greek language.

cog

(Classical Latin, chiefly poetic) liquid, fluid

(Classical Latin, chiefly poetic, in the plural) springs

(Classical Latin, chiefly poetic) juice, oil, milk


foramen

la-noun

forāmen n (genitive forāminis); third declension

forāmen (canonical neuter)
forāminis (genitive)
forāmen (nominative singular)
forāmina (nominative plural)
forāminis (genitive singular)
forāminum (genitive plural)
forāminī (dative singular)
forāminibus (dative plural)
forāmen (accusative singular)
forāmina (accusative plural)
forāmine (ablative singular)
forāminibus (ablative plural)
forāmen (singular vocative)
forāmina (plural vocative)

Asturian: furame; furacu, buracu, furáu

Catalan: forat

→ English: foramen

→ Italian: forame

Galician: furaco

Portuguese: buraco; → forame, forâmen

→ Romanian: foramen

→ Spanish: foramen

From forō (“to pierce or bore”) + -men (noun-forming suffix).

af

(Classical Latin, rare) an opening or aperture produced by boring; a hole


levis

la-adj

levis (neuter leve, comparative levior, superlative levissimus, adverb leviter); third-declension two-termination adjective

leve (neuter)
levior (comparative)
levissimus (superlative)
leviter (adverb)
levis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
leve (neuter nominative singular)
levēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
levia (neuter nominative plural)
levis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
levium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
levī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
levibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
levem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
leve (accusative neuter singular)
levēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
levīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
levia (accusative neuter plural)
levī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
levibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
levis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
leve (neuter singular vocative)
levēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
levia (neuter plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Proto-Romanian: *lieu

⇒ Aromanian: lishor

⇒ Romanian: ușor

Italo-Romance:

Italian: lieve

North Italian:

Istriot: levo

desc

Romansch: lev, leav (Sutsilvan), leiv (Vallader)

Gallo-Romance:

⇒ Franco-Provençal: levet, levi

>? Old French: lief

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: lleu

Gascon: lhèu

Old Occitan: leu

Occitan: lèu

→ Portuguese: léu

Ibero-Romance:

Old Spanish: lieve, lief (apocopic variant)

Spanish: leve (possibly influenced by Latin)

Portuguese: leve

From Proto-Italic *leɣʷis (with possible contamination from *breɣʷis), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʰwih₂-, from *h₁léngʰus, from *h₁lengʷʰ- (“lightweight”). Cognates include Sanskrit लघु (laghú), Ancient Greek ἐλᾰφρός, ἐλᾰχῠ́ς (elăphrós, elăkhŭ́s) and Old English lēoht (English light).

cog

ἐλᾰφρός, ἐλᾰχῠ́ς

Curae leues locuntur, ingentes stupent.

c. 54 CE, Seneca the Younger, Phaedra 607

Trivial concerns talk, great ones are speechless.

(Classical Latin) light, trivial, trifling, unimportant, inconsiderable, slight, little, petty, easy, dispensable


levis

la-adj

lēvis (neuter lēve); third-declension two-termination adjective

lēvis (canonical)
lēve (neuter)
lēvis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
lēve (neuter nominative singular)
lēvēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
lēvia (neuter nominative plural)
lēvis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
lēvium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
lēvī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
lēvibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
lēvem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
lēve (accusative neuter singular)
lēvēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
lēvīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
lēvia (accusative neuter plural)
lēvī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
lēvibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
lēvis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
lēve (neuter singular vocative)
lēvēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
lēvia (neuter plural vocative)
laevis (alternative)

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Italic *lēiwis, from Proto-Indo-European *leh₁y-u- (“smooth”) and cognate to Ancient Greek λεῖος (leîos, “smooth, plain, level, hairless, soft”), Ancient Greek λίς (lís, “smooth”). Or from Proto-Indo-European *h₂leyH- (“to smear”) and cognate to Latin līmus (“mud, slime, muck”), English slime, Ancient Greek λίμνη (límnē, “marsh”).
Likely cognate to Latin oblīvīscor (“forget”).

der

levi cum sanguine Nisus labitur infelix

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

(literally, Classical Latin) smooth, not rough, smoothed, shining, rubbed

(poetic) youthful, delicate, beautiful; finely dressed, spruce, effeminate

(Classical Latin, rare) (of speech) smooth, flowing


spina

la-noun

spīna f (genitive spīnae); first declension

spīna (canonical feminine)
spīnae (genitive)
spīna (nominative singular)
spīnae (nominative plural)
spīnae (genitive singular)
spīnārum (genitive plural)
spīnae (dative singular)
spīnīs (dative plural)
spīnam (accusative singular)
spīnās (accusative plural)
spīnā (ablative singular)
spīnīs (ablative plural)
spīna (singular vocative)
spīnae (plural vocative)

Franco-Provençal: èpena

Italo-Dalmatian

Dalmatian: spaina

Italian: spina

Neapolitan: spina

Sicilian: spina

desctree

Old French: espine
Champenois: épingne
Middle French: espine
French: épine
→ Middle English: spyne
English: spine

Occitano-Romance

Catalan: espina

Occitan: espina

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: spine

Romansch: spina, spegna

Sardinian:

Campidanese: spina

Logudorese: ispina

Venetan: spina

West Iberian

Asturian: espina

Old Galician-Portuguese: espinha
Galician: espiña
Portuguese: espinha

Spanish: espina

→ Albanian: shpinë

→ Middle Irish: spín

Irish: spíon

Scottish Gaelic: spìon

→ Middle English: spyne, spine, spin, spyn, spina (learned)
English: spine

→ Polish: spina (learned) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *speinā, from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“sharp point”).

der

Iter pigrōrum quasi sēpēs spīnārum; via iūstōrum absque offendiculō.
The way of the slothful is as a hedge of thorns; the way of the just is without offence.
(Douay-Rheims trans., Challoner rev.: 1752 CE)

(Classical Latin, Medieval Latin) thorns, difficulties, subtleties, perplexities in speaking and debating


baro

la-noun

barō m (genitive barōnis); third declension

barō (canonical masculine)
barōnis (genitive)
barō (nominative singular)
barōnēs (nominative plural)
barōnis (genitive singular)
barōnum (genitive plural)
barōnī (dative singular)
barōnibus (dative plural)
barōnem (accusative singular)
barōnēs (accusative plural)
barōne (ablative singular)
barōnibus (ablative plural)
barō (singular vocative)
barōnēs (plural vocative)
varō (alternative)
parō (alternative)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: barone

→? Sicilian: baruni

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: baró

Occitan: baron

Old French: baron (see there for further descendants)

Ibero-Romance:

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: baron, varon
Galician: varón
Portuguese: varão

Old Spanish: baron, varon
Spanish: varón, barón

Borrowings:

→ Hungarian: báró (directly?)

From Proto-West Germanic *barō, although a Celtic origin has also been proposed. See baron for more. Possibly attested as early as AD 97–105.

ut ei qui mihi fraudem fecerit sanitatem ei non permittas nec iacere nec sedere nec bibere nec manducare si baro si mulier si puer si puella si servus si liber

AD 150–275, Curse-tablet from Britain Brit. 23.5

...[I ask] that you not allow the one who has committed a crime against me to have good health, nor to lie, sit, drink, or eat, whether [they be] a man or woman, boy or girl, slave or freeman...

si quis baronem ingenuum de via sua ostaverit aut inpinxerit … dc dinarios qui faciunt solidos xv culpabilis iudicetur si quis mulierem ingenuam de via ostaveritaut inpinxerit mdccc dinarios qui faciunt solidos xlv culpabilis iudicetur

Should anyone shove a freeborn man out of their way … they shall be fined 600 denarii, which amounts to 15 solidi. Should anyone shove a freeborn woman out of their way, they shall be fined 1800 denarii, which amounts to 45 solidi.


latro

la-noun

latrō m (genitive latrōnis); third declension

latrō (canonical masculine)
latrōnis (genitive)
latrō (nominative singular)
latrōnēs (nominative plural)
latrōnis (genitive singular)
latrōnum (genitive plural)
latrōnī (dative singular)
latrōnibus (dative plural)
latrōnem (accusative singular)
latrōnēs (accusative plural)
latrōne (ablative singular)
latrōnibus (ablative plural)
latrō (singular vocative)
latrōnēs (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

ladr

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: ladru, latru

Italian: ladro

Sicilian: latru

Neapolitan: latro

Padanian:

Emilian: lèder

Friulian: lari

Istriot: laro

Ladin: lère

Lombard: làdar, lader

Alpine: ladru (Leventina), lädar (Val Bregaglia)

Old Ligurian: lairo

Piedmontese: làder, lar

Romansch: lader, leder

Venetan: ladro, laro

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: lârro

Old French: lerre

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: ladre

Catalan: lladre

Occitan: laire

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: ladro

Portuguese: ladro (archaic)

Ancient borrowings:

→? Proto-Celtic: *latrū

Old Irish:

Middle Irish: latrann

Irish: ladrann

Proto-Brythonic: *llėdr

Breton: laer

Old Cornish: lader

Middle Cornish: lader, ladar

Cornish: lader

Middle Welsh: lleityr

Welsh: lleidr

Italo-Romance:

Italian: ladrone

Padanian:

Friulian: ladron

Piedmontese: ladron

Venetan: ladron

Northern Gallo-Romance:

desc

Old French: larron, lasrun, larrun, ladron, ladrun

French: larron (dated)

→ Old Italian: larrone

→ Sicilian: larruni (Chiaramonte)

Walloon: lâron

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: ladró

Catalan: lladró

Old Occitan: lairon

Occitan: lairon

→ Old Catalan: lairó

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: lladrón

Mirandese: lhadron

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: ladron
Fala: lairon (probably influenced by Extremaduran)
Galician: ladrón
Portuguese: ladrão (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: ladron

Ladino: ladrón

Spanish: ladrón (see there for further descendants)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: latruni, larruni

Learned borrowings:

→ English: latron

→ Romanian: latrone

Disputed. Often hypothesized as from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂t- (“to grant; to possess”) or *leh₁-t- (“to let, grant, provide”), when compared with Ancient Greek λάτρις (látris, “hired servant”) and Proto-Germanic *lēþą (“ownership, possession”). However, Beekes rejects an Indo-European etymology on phonetic grounds and instead posits Pre-Greek origin for the Greek; he believes Latin latrō is rather borrowed from unattested Ancient Greek *λάτρων (*látrōn).

cog

(plural only, Classical Latin, Late Latin) the game of latrunculi (somewhat similar to chess)


facies

la-noun

faciēs f (genitive faciēī); fifth declension

faciēs (canonical feminine)
faciēī (genitive)
faciēs (nominative singular)
faciēs (nominative plural)
faciēī (genitive singular)
faciērum (genitive plural)
faciēī (dative singular)
faciēbus (dative plural)
faciem (accusative singular)
faciēs (accusative plural)
faciē (ablative singular)
faciēbus (ablative plural)
faciēs (singular vocative)
faciēs (plural vocative)
facia (alternative)

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: fache, facci (Campidanese, still meaning "face")

Italo-Romance:

Sicilian: facci

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: faç

Old Occitan: fatz

Ibero-Romance

Extremaduran: hazi

Mozarabic: ڢاج (fāja)

Old Galician-Portuguese: façe, faz

Galician: face

Portuguese: face

Old Spanish: faz
Spanish: haz, faz

Borrowings:

→ English: facies

→ French: faciès

→ Portuguese: fácies

→ Spanish: facies

Balkano-Romance:

Aromanian: fatsã

Romanian: față

Italo-Dalmatian:

Italian: faccia (see there for further descendants)

Venetan: fazza, faça, fasa (see there for further descendants)

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: face

Romansch: fatscha

Gallo-Italic:

Lombard: fassa

Piedmontese: fassa, fàssia

Romagnol: fàza

Gallo-Romance:

Occitan: fàcia

desctree

Old French: face, fache (northern)
Middle French: face
French: face
Norman: fache, fach (Sark)
→ Middle English: face (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: faqe

From Proto-Italic *fakjēs, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to do, set, put, impose, place”); faciēs is to faciō as speciēs is to speciō, literally meaning "a make, imposed form".

etymon

faciēs

der

Terra autem erat inānis et vacua, et tenebrae erant super faciem abyssī: et spīritus Deī ferēbātur super aquās.

And the earth was void and empty, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the spirit of God moved over the waters.

(usually Classical Latin) (in particular) face, countenance, visage

(figuratively, Classical Latin) external form, look, condition, appearance

(in particular) external appearance as opposed to reality; pretence, pretext

(transferred sense, poetic) look, sight, aspect

in faciem + (genitive)


Sinae

la-proper noun

Sīnae f pl (genitive Sīnārum); first declension

Sīnae (canonical feminine plural)
Sīnārum (genitive)
Sīnae (nominative plural)
Sīnārum (genitive plural)
Sīnīs (dative plural)
Sīnās (accusative plural)
Sīnīs (ablative plural)
Sīnae (plural vocative)
Chinae (alternative New-Latin)

English: Sinae, Sinaean, Sinaic, Sinese

From Ancient Greek Σῖναι (Sînai) of uncertain etymology, but probably from Sanskrit चीन (Cīna, “China”), possibly via Arabic صِين (Ṣīn, “China; the Chinese”) and usually held to derive from Old Chinese 秦 (*zin, “Qin”). See "Names of China" at Wikipedia. Doublet of Sina.

Seres

as known to the ancient Greeks and Romans

(Classical Latin) the southern Chinese reached via the maritime Silk Road to Panyu (Guangzhou), not known at the time to be related to the Seres reached by the overland route to Chang'an (Xi'an)

(Classical Latin) the land of the southern Chinese

the land of the Chinese, specifically:
the land of the southern Chinese


incido

la-verb

incīdō (present infinitive incīdere, perfect active incīdī, supine incīsum); third conjugation

incīdō (canonical)
incīdere (infinitive present)
incīdī (active perfect)
incīsum (supine)
incīdō (active first-person indicative present singular)
incīdis (active indicative present second-person singular)
incīdit (active indicative present singular third-person)
incīdimus (active first-person indicative plural present)
incīditis (active indicative plural present second-person)
incīdunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
incīdēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
incīdēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
incīdēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
incīdēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
incīdēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
incīdēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
incīdam (active first-person future indicative singular)
incīdēs (active future indicative second-person singular)
incīdet (active future indicative singular third-person)
incīdēmus (active first-person future indicative plural)
incīdētis (active future indicative plural second-person)
incīdent (active future indicative plural third-person)
incīdī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
incīdistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
incīdit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
incīdimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
incīdistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
incīdērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
incīdēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
incīderam (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
incīderās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
incīderat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
incīderāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
incīderātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
incīderant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
incīderō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
incīderis (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
incīderit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
incīderimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
incīderitis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
incīderint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
incīdor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
incīderis (indicative passive present second-person singular)
incīdere (indicative passive present second-person singular)
incīditur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
incīdimur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
incīdiminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
incīduntur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
incīdēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
incīdēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
incīdēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
incīdēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
incīdēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
incīdēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
incīdēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
incīdar (first-person future indicative passive singular)
incīdēris (future indicative passive second-person singular)
incīdēre (future indicative passive second-person singular)
incīdētur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
incīdēmur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
incīdēminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
incīdentur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
incīdam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
incīdās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
incīdat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
incīdāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
incīdātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
incīdant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
incīderem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
incīderēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
incīderet (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
incīderēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
incīderētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
incīderent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
incīderim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
incīderīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
incīderit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
incīderīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
incīderītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
incīderint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
incīdissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
incīdissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
incīdisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
incīdissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
incīdissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
incīdissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
incīdar (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
incīdāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
incīdāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
incīdātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
incīdāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
incīdāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
incīdantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
incīderer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
incīderēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
incīderēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
incīderētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
incīderēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
incīderēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
incīderentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
incīde (active imperative present second-person singular)
incīdite (active imperative plural present second-person)
incīditō (active future imperative second-person singular)
incīditō (active future imperative singular third-person)
incīditōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
incīduntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
incīdere (imperative passive present second-person singular)
incīdiminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
incīditor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
incīditor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
incīduntor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
incīdere (active infinitive present)
incīdī (infinitive passive present)
incīdēns (active participle present)
incīsūrum esse (active future infinitive)
incīsum īrī (future infinitive passive)
incīsūrus (active future participle)
incīdendus (future participle passive)
incīdundus (future participle passive)
incīdisse (active infinitive perfect)
incīsum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
incīsus (participle passive perfect)
incīsum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
incīsūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
incīdendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
incīdendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
incīdendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
incīdendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
incīsum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
incīsū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

→ English: incide, incise

→ Italian: incidere

→ Spanish: incidir

From in- (“into, to”) + caedō (“to cut, hew, lop; to beat, strike”).

affix

(literally, Classical Latin) to cut or hew open, into, through, or up; to dissect, slit, sever; to clip


orbita

la-noun

orbita f (genitive orbitae); first declension

orbitae (genitive)
orbita (nominative singular)
orbitae (nominative plural)
orbitae (genitive singular)
orbitārum (genitive plural)
orbitae (dative singular)
orbitīs (dative plural)
orbitam (accusative singular)
orbitās (accusative plural)
orbitā (ablative singular)
orbitīs (ablative plural)
orbita (singular vocative)
orbitae (plural vocative)

→ English: orbita, orbit

→ Franco-Provençal: orbita

→ French: orbite

→ Italian: orbita

→ Russian: орбита (orbita)

From Proto-Italic, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ- (“to turn”), cognate to Umbrian 𐌖𐌓𐌚𐌄𐌕𐌀 (urfeta).
Two derivational pathways from that root include:
* Possibly from *orbes, orbitis ("going in a circle") + -a, from orbis (“circle”) + -es (“going”). Confer antistita, from antistes. This would imply Proto-Italic *orβitā.
* Possibly a substantivization Proto-Italic *orβetā of a past participle *orβetos to an iterative verb *orβeō.

der

(literally, Classical Latin) A track or rut made in the ground by a wheel.

(figurative, Old Latin, poetic) A path, track, course.


manduco

la-verb

mandūcō (present infinitive mandūcāre, perfect active mandūcāvī, supine mandūcātum); first conjugation

mandūcō (canonical)
mandūcāre (infinitive present)
mandūcāvī (active perfect)
mandūcātum (supine)
mandūcō (active first-person indicative present singular)
mandūcās (active indicative present second-person singular)
mandūcat (active indicative present singular third-person)
mandūcāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
mandūcātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
mandūcant (active indicative plural present third-person)
mandūcābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
mandūcābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
mandūcābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
mandūcābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
mandūcābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
mandūcābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
mandūcābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
mandūcābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
mandūcābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
mandūcābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
mandūcābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
mandūcābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
mandūcāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
mandūcāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
mandūcāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
mandūcāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
mandūcāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
mandūcāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
mandūcāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
mandūcāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
mandūcāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
mandūcāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
mandūcāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
mandūcāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
mandūcāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
mandūcāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
mandūcāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
mandūcāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
mandūcāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
mandūcāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
mandūcāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
mandūcor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
mandūcāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
mandūcāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
mandūcātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
mandūcāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
mandūcāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
mandūcantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
mandūcābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
mandūcābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
mandūcābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
mandūcābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
mandūcābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
mandūcābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
mandūcābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
mandūcābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
mandūcāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
mandūcābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
mandūcābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
mandūcābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
mandūcābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
mandūcābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
mandūcem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
mandūcēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
mandūcet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
mandūcēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
mandūcētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
mandūcent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
mandūcārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
mandūcārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
mandūcāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
mandūcārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
mandūcārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
mandūcārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
mandūcāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
mandūcāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
mandūcāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
mandūcāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
mandūcāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
mandūcāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
mandūcāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
mandūcāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
mandūcāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
mandūcāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
mandūcāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
mandūcāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
mandūcer (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
mandūcēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
mandūcēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
mandūcētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
mandūcēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
mandūcēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
mandūcentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
mandūcārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
mandūcārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mandūcārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mandūcārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mandūcārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
mandūcārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mandūcārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mandūcā (active imperative present second-person singular)
mandūcāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
mandūcātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
mandūcātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
mandūcātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
mandūcantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
mandūcāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
mandūcāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
mandūcātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
mandūcātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
mandūcantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
mandūcāre (active infinitive present)
mandūcārī (infinitive passive present)
mandūcāns (active participle present)
mandūcātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
mandūcātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
mandūcātūrus (active future participle)
mandūcandus (future participle passive)
mandūcāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
mandūcātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
mandūcātus (participle passive perfect)
mandūcātum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
mandūcātūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
mandūcandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
mandūcandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
mandūcandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
mandūcandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
mandūcātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
mandūcātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: mãc, mãcari

Istro-Romanian: măncå

Megleno-Romanian: mănǫnc, mǫnc, măncare

Romanian: mânca

Italo-Romance:

Central Italian: magnà

Corsican: manghjà

Italian: manducare, manucare, manicare (archaic or literary)

Neapolitan: magnà

Sicilian: manciari

North Italian: (many borrowed from OFr. mangier)

Gallo-Italic:

desc

Emilian: mangiar, manger, magnar, magner

Ligurian: mangiâ

Lombard: mangiar, maiar, magnar

Piedmontese: mangé

Romagnol: magner

Friulian: mangjâ

Istriot: magnà

Romansch: mangiar

Venetan: magnar

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: mengiér

Old French: mangier (see there for further descendants)

Occitano-Romance

Gascon: minjar, minhar

Old Occitan: menjar

Occitan: manjar

Catalan: menjar

Aragonese: minchar

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: mandicare, mandigare

⇒ Vulgar Latin:

*dismandūcō

French: démanger

Piedmontese: dzmangé

*exmandūcō

Emilian: smangiar

Ligurian: smangiâ

Lombard: smangiar

Piedmontese: smangié

Borrowings:

→ English: manducate

→ Interlingua: manducar

→ Portuguese: manducar

→ Spanish: manducar

From mandūcus (“glutton”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix), from mandō (“chew, eat, devour”). The noun mandūcus developed the specialized sense "masked figure with champing jaws".

af

[…] facile mandūcārī quī potest.

c.''' 100 BCE, Afranius, Fratriae (fragment XVII) in Scaenicae Romanorum Poesis Fragmenta (volume II), Otto Ribbeck (editor), Bibliotheca Teubneriana, Leipzig 1852, page 159

Dictum mandier ā mandendō, unde mandūcārī […]
Here mandier comes from mandō, whence also comes mandūcārī […]

c.''' 45 BCE, Varro, De lingua Latina 7.95

In cēnā fit quod fierī dēbēbat in ventre: expectō iam ut mandūcāta pōnantur.

63 CE – 65 CE, Seneca the Younger, Epistulae morales ad Lucilium 95.27

What should be done in my stomach is now done on the table: already I expect chewed things to be placed there.

(Classical Latin, deponent in Old Latin) to chew, gnaw on, masticate

Verba ipsīus ex epistulīs sunt: […] Nē Iūdaeus quidem, mī Tiberī, tam dīligenter sabbatīs ieiunium servat quam ego hodiē servāvī, quī in balineō dēmum post hōram prīmam noctis duās buccās mandūcāvī prius quam unguī inciperem.

c. 69 CE – 122 CE, Suetonius, De vita Caesarum 2 76.period2

His [Augustus’s] own words from his letters are: […] Not even a Jew, my dear Tiberius, does the Saturday fasting as I did today, now that, at the baths, I finally ate a couple snacks at the first hour of the night, before starting with the cleaning oil.

Nam mūtae bēstiae labōriōsissimae bovēs et ovēs: bovēs, quōrum beneficiō pānem mandūcāmus; ovēs, quod lānā illae nōs glōriōsōs faciunt.

c. 27 CE – 66 CE, Petronius, Satyricon 56.4

Oxen and sheep are quiet beasts that work exceedingly well: we eat bread as a benefit from oxen, and sheep make us look glorious with their wool.

4th C. CE, Saint Jerome, Vulgate, Mark 14:22

And as they were eating, Jesus took some bread, and broke it while blessing it, and gave it to them saying, “Take it; this is my body”.

Et mandūcantibus illīs, accēpit Iēsūs pānem, et benedīcēns frēgit, et dedit eīs, et ait, “Sūmite; hoc est corpus meum”.

(Late Latin, colloquial in Classical Latin) to eat


cucurbita

la-noun

cucurbita f (genitive cucurbitae); first declension

cucurbitae (genitive)
cucurbita (nominative singular)
cucurbitae (nominative plural)
cucurbitae (genitive singular)
cucurbitārum (genitive plural)
cucurbitae (dative singular)
cucurbitīs (dative plural)
cucurbitam (accusative singular)
cucurbitās (accusative plural)
cucurbitā (ablative singular)
cucurbitīs (ablative plural)
cucurbita (singular vocative)
cucurbitae (plural vocative)

Aromanian: curcubetã

Franco-Provençal: corda, gorda

Old French: gurde, gourde

Middle French:

French: courge, gourde

→ Middle English: gourde

English: gourd

Friulian: çucje, čučhe

Italian: cocuzza, zucca

Occitan: cogorda, cocorda, gorda

Piedmontese: suca

Portuguese: cucúrbita

Romanian: curcubetă

Romansch: zitga, zetga, zücha, zucca

desc

Sardinian: curcuvica, cocorfica, cocorvica, corcoriga, colcorija, curcufica, crocoriga, tzoca

Sicilian: cucuzza

Spanish: cucúrbita

Venetan: suca, zhuca, zuca, cucucìa

→ Albanian: kulte

→ Esperanto: kukurbo

→ Old French: cucurbite (learned)

Middle French: cucurbite

→ Middle Dutch: cucurbite

→ Old English: cucurbite

Middle English: cocurbite, concurbite, cucurbita, cucurbite

English: cucurbit

→ Proto-West Germanic: *kurbit (see there for further descendants)

→ Italian: cucurbita (learned)

Possibly a loanword related to cucumis (“cucumber”), or to corbis (“basket”), corbīta (“freight vessel”). Maybe from Sanskrit चिर्भट m (cirbhaṭa, “long melon, Cucumis melo subsp. melo var. conomon syn. Cucumis melo var. utilissimus”), चर्भट m (carbhaṭa, “idem”), चिर्भटी f (cirbhaṭī, “idem”), but the mediation is unknown. Compare Old English hwerhwette.

der

Lagenaria siceraria
Lagenaria siceraria#Translingual

(Classical Latin, Late Latin, Medieval Latin) gourd, calabash (varieties of Lagenaria siceraria)

round or oval or similar varieties allowed to ripen, by which time they are inedible because they harden, and used as vessels or for making instruments

Lagenaria siceraria var. longissima#Translingual

long, snake- or cucumber-like varieties eaten unripe, similar to the modern Lagenaria siceraria var. longissima still grown in the south of Italy (in widespread terms, resembling zucchini or courgettes but with the texture of potato)


Karthago

la-proper noun

Karthāgō f sg (genitive Karthāginis); third declension

Karthāgō (canonical feminine singular)
Karthāginis (genitive)
Karthāgō (nominative singular)
Karthāginis (genitive singular)
Karthāginī (dative singular)
Karthāginem (accusative singular)
Karthāgine (ablative singular)
Karthāgō (singular vocative)
Karthāginī (locative singular)
Karthāgine (locative singular)
Kartāgō (alternative)

From Phoenician 𐤒𐤓𐤕-𐤇𐤃𐤔𐤕 (qrt-ḥdšt, “New City”).

der

Urbs antīqua fuit (Tyriī tenuēre colōnī):
Karthāgō, Ītaliam contrā Tiberīnaque longē

There was an ancient city (Tyrian colonists held [it]):
Carthage, opposite Italy and far from the Tiber River’s
mouth, rich in wealth and ruthless in the pursuits of war.
(Note that this use of “tenuere” is a syncopated or abbreviated form of the verb “tenuerunt.” See: Carthage; Tyre, Lebanon.)

ōstia, dīves opum studiīsque asperrima bellī.

(Classical Latin) alternative spelling of Carthāgō


fodio

la-verb

fodiō (present infinitive fodere, perfect active fōdī, supine fossum); third conjugation iō-variant

fodiō (canonical)
fodere (infinitive present)
fōdī (active perfect)
fossum (supine)
fodiō (active first-person indicative present singular)
fodis (active indicative present second-person singular)
fodit (active indicative present singular third-person)
fodimus (active first-person indicative plural present)
foditis (active indicative plural present second-person)
fodiunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
fodiēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
fodiēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
fodiēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
fodiēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
fodiēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
fodiēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
fodiam (active first-person future indicative singular)
fodiēs (active future indicative second-person singular)
fodiet (active future indicative singular third-person)
fodiēmus (active first-person future indicative plural)
fodiētis (active future indicative plural second-person)
fodient (active future indicative plural third-person)
fōdī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
fōdistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
fōdit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
fōdimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
fōdistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
fōdērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
fōdēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
fōderam (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
fōderās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
fōderat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
fōderāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
fōderātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
fōderant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
fōderō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
fōderis (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
fōderit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
fōderimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
fōderitis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
fōderint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
fodior (first-person indicative passive present singular)
foderis (indicative passive present second-person singular)
fodere (indicative passive present second-person singular)
foditur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
fodimur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
fodiminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
fodiuntur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
fodiēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
fodiēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
fodiēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
fodiēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
fodiēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
fodiēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
fodiēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
fodiar (first-person future indicative passive singular)
fodiēris (future indicative passive second-person singular)
fodiēre (future indicative passive second-person singular)
fodiētur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
fodiēmur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
fodiēminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
fodientur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
fodiam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
fodiās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
fodiat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
fodiāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
fodiātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
fodiant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
foderem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
foderēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
foderet (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
foderēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
foderētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
foderent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
fōderim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
fōderīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
fōderit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
fōderīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
fōderītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
fōderint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
fōdissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
fōdissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
fōdisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
fōdissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
fōdissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
fōdissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
fodiar (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
fodiāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
fodiāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
fodiātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
fodiāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
fodiāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
fodiantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
foderer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
foderēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
foderēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
foderētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
foderēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
foderēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
foderentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fode (active imperative present second-person singular)
fodite (active imperative plural present second-person)
foditō (active future imperative second-person singular)
foditō (active future imperative singular third-person)
foditōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
fodiuntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
fodere (imperative passive present second-person singular)
fodiminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
foditor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
foditor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
fodiuntor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
fodere (active infinitive present)
fodī (infinitive passive present)
fodiēns (active participle present)
fossūrum esse (active future infinitive)
fossum īrī (future infinitive passive)
fossūrus (active future participle)
fodiendus (future participle passive)
fodiundus (future participle passive)
fōdisse (active infinitive perfect)
fossum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
fossus (participle passive perfect)
fossum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
fossūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
fodiendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
fodiendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
fodiendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
fodiendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
fossum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
fossū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

French: fouir

Italian: fodire

Old Occitan: foire

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *fodiare

Spanish: hozar

>? Italian: foggiare

From Proto-Italic *foðjō, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰh₂- (“to pierce, dig”) (root possibly lacking e-grade).

der

(transferred sense, Classical Latin) to prick, prod, pierce, thrust, jab, stab, wound


claudico

la-verb

claudicō (present infinitive claudicāre, perfect active claudicāvī, supine claudicātum); first conjugation

claudicō (canonical)
claudicāre (infinitive present)
claudicāvī (active perfect)
claudicātum (supine)
claudicō (active first-person indicative present singular)
claudicās (active indicative present second-person singular)
claudicat (active indicative present singular third-person)
claudicāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
claudicātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
claudicant (active indicative plural present third-person)
claudicābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
claudicābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
claudicābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
claudicābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
claudicābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
claudicābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
claudicābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
claudicābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
claudicābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
claudicābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
claudicābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
claudicābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
claudicāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
claudicāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
claudicāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
claudicāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
claudicāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
claudicāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
claudicāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
claudicāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
claudicāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
claudicāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
claudicāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
claudicāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
claudicāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
claudicāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
claudicāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
claudicāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
claudicāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
claudicāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
claudicāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
claudicor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
claudicāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
claudicāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
claudicātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
claudicāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
claudicāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
claudicantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
claudicābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
claudicābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
claudicābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
claudicābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
claudicābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
claudicābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
claudicābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
claudicābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
claudicāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
claudicābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
claudicābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
claudicābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
claudicābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
claudicābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
claudicem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
claudicēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
claudicet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
claudicēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
claudicētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
claudicent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
claudicārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
claudicārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
claudicāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
claudicārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
claudicārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
claudicārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
claudicāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
claudicāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
claudicāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
claudicāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
claudicāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
claudicāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
claudicāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
claudicāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
claudicāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
claudicāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
claudicāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
claudicāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
claudicer (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
claudicēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
claudicēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
claudicētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
claudicēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
claudicēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
claudicentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
claudicārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
claudicārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
claudicārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
claudicārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
claudicārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
claudicārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
claudicārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
claudicā (active imperative present second-person singular)
claudicāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
claudicātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
claudicātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
claudicātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
claudicantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
claudicāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
claudicāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
claudicātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
claudicātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
claudicantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
claudicāre (active infinitive present)
claudicārī (infinitive passive present)
claudicāns (active participle present)
claudicātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
claudicātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
claudicātūrus (active future participle)
claudicandus (future participle passive)
claudicāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
claudicātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
claudicātus (participle passive perfect)
claudicātum fore (future infinitive passive perfect)
claudicātūrum fuisse (active infinitive perfect potential)
claudicandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
claudicandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
claudicandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
claudicandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
claudicātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
claudicātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)
clōdicō (alternative)

→ Catalan: claudicar

→ English: claudicate

→ French: claudiquer, clocher

→ Galician: claudicar

→ Italian: claudicare

→ Portuguese: claudicar

→ Spanish: claudicar

From claudus (“lame, limping, halting”) + -icō (verbal suffix).

affix

(Classical Latin) to limp, halt, be lame

(metonymic) (of other irregular or unbalanced motions) to waver, wabble, halt


Helvetia

la-proper noun

Helvētia f sg (genitive Helvētiae); first declension

Helvētia (canonical feminine singular)
Helvētiae (genitive)
Helvētia (nominative singular)
Helvētiae (genitive singular)
Helvētiae (dative singular)
Helvētiam (accusative singular)
Helvētiā (ablative singular)
Helvētia (singular vocative)
Helvētiae (locative singular)

→ Armenian: Հելվեցիա (Helvecʻia)

→ English: Helvetia

→ French: Helvétie

desctree

→ Greek: Ελβετία (Elvetía)
→ Romanian: Elveția

→ Irish: Eilvéis

→ Italian: Elvezia

→ Manx: Elveeish

→ Scottish Gaelic: Eilbheis

(Classical Latin) The lands of the Helvetii, a tribe inhabiting what is now modern-day Switzerland between the 2nd and 1st centuries b.c.


glos

la-noun

glōs f (genitive glōris); third declension

glōs (canonical feminine)
glōris (genitive)
glōs (nominative singular)
glōrēs (nominative plural)
glōris (genitive singular)
glōrum (genitive plural)
glōrī (dative singular)
glōribus (dative plural)
glōrem (accusative singular)
glōrēs (accusative plural)
glōre (ablative singular)
glōribus (ablative plural)
glōs (singular vocative)
glōrēs (plural vocative)

From the Proto-Indo-European *ǵl̥h₂ōws (“sister-in-law”). Cognates include Ancient Greek γάλως (gálōs), Old Church Slavonic зълъва (zŭlŭva) (whence Russian золо́вка (zolóvka)), Phrygian γέλαρος (gélaros), and Old Armenian տալ (tal).

Glos, viri soror, a Graeco γαλόως.

1839 [8th century CE], Paulus Diaconus, edited by Karl Otfried Müller, Excerpta ex libris Pompeii Festi De significatione verborum, page 98, line 5:

(Classical Latin) the sister of one’s husband, one’s sister-in-law


fenum

fēnum n (genitive fēnī); second declension

fēnum (canonical neuter)
fēnī (genitive)
fēnum (nominative singular)
fēna (nominative plural)
fēnī (genitive singular)
fēnōrum (genitive plural)
fēnō (dative singular)
fēnīs (dative plural)
fēnum (accusative singular)
fēna (accusative plural)
fēnō (ablative singular)
fēnīs (ablative plural)
fēnum (singular vocative)
fēna (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Istro-Romanian: fir

Romanian: fân

Italo-Romance:

Sicilian: frenu

Padanian:

Friulian: fen

Piedmontese: fen, feng, fegn

Romansch: fain, fagn, fein

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: fen

French: foin

Norman: fain

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: fenc, fe

Occitan: fen

Gascon: hen, hien

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: feno

Asturian: fenu, ḥenu (eastern)

→? Portuguese: feno

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: fẽo
Galician: feo

Spanish: heno

Alteration of faenum, showing an early 'rustic' monophthongization of /ae̯/.


externus

la-adj

externus (feminine externa, neuter externum); first/second-declension adjective

externa (feminine)
externum (neuter)
externus (masculine nominative singular)
externa (feminine nominative singular)
externum (neuter nominative singular)
externī (masculine nominative plural)
externae (feminine nominative plural)
externa (neuter nominative plural)
externī (genitive masculine singular)
externae (feminine genitive singular)
externī (genitive neuter singular)
externōrum (genitive masculine plural)
externārum (feminine genitive plural)
externōrum (genitive neuter plural)
externō (dative masculine singular)
externae (dative feminine singular)
externō (dative neuter singular)
externīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
externum (accusative masculine singular)
externam (accusative feminine singular)
externum (accusative neuter singular)
externōs (accusative masculine plural)
externās (accusative feminine plural)
externa (accusative neuter plural)
externō (ablative masculine singular)
externā (ablative feminine singular)
externō (ablative neuter singular)
externīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
externe (masculine singular vocative)
externa (feminine singular vocative)
externum (neuter singular vocative)
externī (masculine plural vocative)
externae (feminine plural vocative)
externa (neuter plural vocative)

→ Catalan: extern

⇒ English: external

→ French: externe

→ Galician: externo

→ Italian: esterno

→ Norwegian Bokmål: ekstern

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: ekstern

Piedmontese: estern

→ Portuguese: externo

→ Romanian: extern

→ Spanish: externo


helveticus

helvēticus (feminine helvētica, neuter helvēticum); first/second-declension adjective

helvēticus (canonical)
helvētica (feminine)
helvēticum (neuter)
helvēticus (masculine nominative singular)
helvētica (feminine nominative singular)
helvēticum (neuter nominative singular)
helvēticī (masculine nominative plural)
helvēticae (feminine nominative plural)
helvētica (neuter nominative plural)
helvēticī (genitive masculine singular)
helvēticae (feminine genitive singular)
helvēticī (genitive neuter singular)
helvēticōrum (genitive masculine plural)
helvēticārum (feminine genitive plural)
helvēticōrum (genitive neuter plural)
helvēticō (dative masculine singular)
helvēticae (dative feminine singular)
helvēticō (dative neuter singular)
helvēticīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
helvēticum (accusative masculine singular)
helvēticam (accusative feminine singular)
helvēticum (accusative neuter singular)
helvēticōs (accusative masculine plural)
helvēticās (accusative feminine plural)
helvētica (accusative neuter plural)
helvēticō (ablative masculine singular)
helvēticā (ablative feminine singular)
helvēticō (ablative neuter singular)
helvēticīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
helvētice (masculine singular vocative)
helvētica (feminine singular vocative)
helvēticum (neuter singular vocative)
helvēticī (masculine plural vocative)
helvēticae (feminine plural vocative)
helvētica (neuter plural vocative)

English: Helvetic

French: helvétique

Italian: elvetico

Portuguese: helvético

Romanian: elvetic

Spanish: helvético

(Classical Latin) of or pertaining to the Helvetii.


antemna

la-noun

antemna f (genitive antemnae); first declension

antemnae (genitive)
antemna (nominative singular)
antemnae (nominative plural)
antemnae (genitive singular)
antemnārum (genitive plural)
antemnae (dative singular)
antemnīs (dative plural)
antemnam (accusative singular)
antemnās (accusative plural)
antemnā (ablative singular)
antemnīs (ablative plural)
antemna (singular vocative)
antemnae (plural vocative)


fringilla

fringilla f (genitive fringillae); first declension

fringillae (genitive)
fringilla (nominative singular)
fringillae (nominative plural)
fringillae (genitive singular)
fringillārum (genitive plural)
fringillae (dative singular)
fringillīs (dative plural)
fringillam (accusative singular)
fringillās (accusative plural)
fringillā (ablative singular)
fringillīs (ablative plural)
fringilla (singular vocative)
fringillae (plural vocative)

Translingual: Fringilla

Italian: fringuello

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰereg- (“to make a noise, growl, bark”) (with the diminutive suffix -illa), from *bʰer- (“to drone, hum, buzz”). Cognate with English bark, Latin frigūtiō (“I chirp”), Lithuanian burgė́ti (“to growl, grumble, grouch, quarrel”) and Serbo-Croatian brgljati (“to murmur”).

cog

(Classical Latin) a small bird, possibly the robin or the chaffinch


confluo

la-verb

cōnfluō (present infinitive cōnfluere, perfect active cōnflūxī); third conjugation, no passive, no supine stem

cōnfluō (canonical)
no passive (canonical)
cōnfluere (infinitive present)
cōnflūxī (active perfect)
cōnfluō (active first-person indicative present singular)
cōnfluis (active indicative present second-person singular)
cōnfluit (active indicative present singular third-person)
cōnfluimus (active first-person indicative plural present)
cōnfluitis (active indicative plural present second-person)
cōnfluunt (active indicative plural present third-person)
cōnfluēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
cōnfluēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
cōnfluēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
cōnfluēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
cōnfluēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
cōnfluēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
cōnfluam (active first-person future indicative singular)
cōnfluēs (active future indicative second-person singular)
cōnfluet (active future indicative singular third-person)
cōnfluēmus (active first-person future indicative plural)
cōnfluētis (active future indicative plural second-person)
cōnfluent (active future indicative plural third-person)
cōnflūxī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
cōnflūxistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
cōnflūxit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
cōnflūximus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
cōnflūxistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
cōnflūxērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
cōnflūxēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
cōnflūxeram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
cōnflūxerās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
cōnflūxerat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
cōnflūxerāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
cōnflūxerātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
cōnflūxerant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
cōnflūxerō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
cōnflūxeris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
cōnflūxerit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
cōnflūxerimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
cōnflūxeritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
cōnflūxerint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
cōnfluam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
cōnfluās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
cōnfluat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
cōnfluāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
cōnfluātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
cōnfluant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
cōnfluerem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
cōnfluerēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
cōnflueret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
cōnfluerēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
cōnfluerētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
cōnfluerent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
cōnflūxerim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
cōnflūxerīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
cōnflūxerit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
cōnflūxerīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
cōnflūxerītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
cōnflūxerint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
cōnflūxissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
cōnflūxissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
cōnflūxisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
cōnflūxissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
cōnflūxissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
cōnflūxissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
cōnflue (active imperative present second-person singular)
cōnfluite (active imperative plural present second-person)
cōnfluitō (active future imperative second-person singular)
cōnfluitō (active future imperative singular third-person)
cōnfluitōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
cōnfluuntō (active future imperative plural third-person)
cōnfluere (active infinitive present)
cōnfluēns (active participle present)
cōnflūxisse (active infinitive perfect)
cōnfluendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
cōnfluendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
cōnfluendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
cōnfluendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)

→ Catalan: confluir

→ French: confluer

→ Galician: confluír

→ Italian: confluire

→ Portuguese: confluir

→ Spanish: confluir

From cōn- (“with, together”) + fluō (“to flow”).

affix

(Classical Latin, intransitive) to flow or run together