𑀉𑀩𑁆𑀪𑁂𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">उब्भेइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಉಬ್ಭೇಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀉𑀩𑁆𑀪𑁂𑀇 (ubbhei) (Devanagari उब्भेइ, Kannada ಉಬ್ಭೇಇ) (transitive)

ubbhei (romanization)
उब्भेइ (Devanagari)
ಉಬ್ಭೇಇ (Kannada)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: ऊभना (ūbhnā)

desc

Urdu: اُوبھْنَا (ūbhnā)

Urdu: اُوبھْنَا (ūbhnā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: उभिनु (ubhinu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Sindhi:

Arabic script: اُڀَڻُ (ubhaṇu), اُبَهڻُ (ubihaṇu)

Devanagari script: उभणु (ubhaṇu), उबिहणु (ubihaṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: उभणे (ubhaṇe)

Marathi: उभणे (ubhṇe)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰ-
Proto-Indo-European *-wós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *r̥Hdʰwás
Sanskrit ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhva)
Prakrit 𑀉𑀩𑁆𑀪 (ubbha)
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti
Sanskrit -अयति (-ayati)
Prakrit -𑀏𑀇 (-ei)
Prakrit 𑀉𑀩𑁆𑀪𑁂𑀇 (ubbhei)
From 𑀉𑀩𑁆𑀪 (ubbha, “raised”) + -𑀏𑀇 (-ei).


𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">कड्ढइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಕಡ್ಢಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (kaḍḍhaï) (Devanagari कड्ढइ, Kannada ಕಡ್ಢಇ) (transitive)

kaḍḍhaï (romanization)
कड्ढइ (Devanagari)
ಕಡ್ಢಇ (Kannada)

Central Indo-Aryan:

desctree

Old Hindi: काढना (kāḍhanā)
Hindustani:
Hindi: काढ़ना (kāṛhnā)
Urdu: کَاڑْھنَا (kāṛhnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: কঢ়া (korha)

Bengali: কাড়া (kaṛa)

Sylheti: ꠇꠣꠠꠣ (xaṛa)

Bihari:

Maithili:

Devanagari script: काढ़ब (kāṛhab)

Tirhuta script: 𑒏𑒰𑒜𑓃𑒥 (kāṛhaba)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: काढ्नु (kāḍhnu)

desc

>? Mahasu Pahari: गढ़नों (gaṛhnõ, “to take out”), गड़नों (gaṛnõ)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

desctree

Old Punjabi: ਕਢਿ (kaḍhi /kaḍḍhi/)
Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਕੱਢਣਾ (kaḍḍhaṇā)
Shahmukhi script: کَڈّھݨا (kaḍḍhṇā)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: ڪَڍَڻُ (kaḍhaṇu)

Devanagari script: कढणु (kaḍhaṇu)

Khudabadi script: 𑊺𑋋𑋌𑋣 (kaḍhaṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi:

desc

Devanagari script: काढणे (kāḍhaṇe), काहाडणे (kāhāḍaṇe)

Modi script: 𑘎𑘰𑘛𑘜𑘹 (kāḍhaṇe), 𑘎𑘰𑘮𑘰𑘚𑘜𑘹 (kāhāḍaṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: काढी (kāḍhī, “taken out”, past participle, nominative singular feminine)

Gujarati: કાઢવું (kāḍhvũ)

→? Dardic:

Phalura: gaḍíi (“to pull”)

Kalami: [script needed] (gaḍh, “pull!”, imperative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kʷels-
Sanskrit कृष् (kṛṣ)
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *-tás
Sanskrit -त (-ta)
Sanskrit कृष्ट (kṛṣṭa)?
Prakrit -𑀅𑀇 (-aï)?
Prakrit 𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (kaḍḍhaï)
Denominal verb from Sanskrit कृष्ट (kṛṣṭa, “drawn, ploughed”) + Prakrit -𑀅𑀇 (-aï). Cognate with Pali kaḍḍhati, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit कट्टति (kaṭṭati), Gandhari 𐨀𐨂𐨬𐨐𐨝𐨡𐨁 (uvakaḍhadi, “to drag along”). This verb has almost wholly displaced Sanskrit कर्षति (karṣati, “to pull”) in Middle Indo-Aryan.
Further discussion
Bloch and Hoernlé already note that the cluster -ḍḍh- has seemingly undergone irregular voicing; the expected form is *kaṭṭhaï. Other examples of such unexpected voicing are Prakrit 𑀤𑀸𑀠𑀸 (dāḍhā, “beard”), Ashokan Prakrit 𑀘𑀖𑀢𑀺 (caghati, “to be able to”); among Pali scholars this phenomenon has usually been thought of as a dialectal feature restricted to the East (while in this case it is universal), leading to Lüders and Turner rejecting the etymology. Tedesco pushes back and argues for generalisation of a dialectal development citing parallels like Prakrit 𑀧𑀠𑀫 (paḍhama, “first”) (but note that this is actually expected voicing), and is supported by von Hinüber and Oberlies.
Some scholars attempt to sidestep Sanskrit and trace the word directly to Proto-Indo-European. Gray claims derivation from an extension of Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise, be tall; hill”), with cognates such as English hale (“to pull, drag”), but this etymology seems unjustified given the lack of any cognates with the same extension. Bloomfield suggests -d- extension of some Indo-European root which gives a retroflex in Sanskrit when preceded by a sibilant (as in Proto-Indo-European *h₂eys-d- (“to laud”) > Sanskrit ईड् (īḍ)), but no semantically plausible root is to be found.
Compare also Kalami [script needed] (gaḍh, “pull!”), Phalura gaḍíi (“to pull”), Mahasu Pahari गढ़नों (gaṛhnõ), गड़नों (gaṛnõ, “to take out”). Tedesco supposes these are later developments and not indicative of a substrate source.

ncog

𑀡𑀺𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀸𑀮𑁂𑀊𑀡 𑀡𑀳𑁂 𑀕𑀅𑀲𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀺𑀅𑀯𑀮𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀥𑀅𑀯𑀟𑀢𑀡𑀼𑀇𑀁
𑀧𑀯𑀡𑁄 𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀫𑀁 𑀙𑀸𑀆𑀯𑀳𑀧𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀥𑀽𑀲𑀭𑀁 𑀭𑀅𑀮𑁂𑀳𑀁
ṇivvāleūṇa ṇahe gaasukkāriavalantadhaavaḍataṇuiṃ

c. 400 CE, Pravarasena II, Rāvaṇavadha 13.58

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

pavaṇo kaḍḍhaï visamaṃ chāāvahapaṭṭhadhūsaraṃ raalehaṃ

উখড়ানো

*𑀉𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (*ukkaḍḍhaï) (with उद्- (ud-))

ओढणे

*𑀑𑀅𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (*oaḍḍhaï) < *𑀑𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠𑀇 (*okaḍḍhaï) (with अव- (ava-))


𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">चुंबण</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಚುಂಬಣ</i>

𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡 (cuṃbaṇa) n (Devanagari चुंबण, Kannada ಚುಂಬಣ)

cuṃbaṇa (romanization)
चुंबण (Devanagari)
ಚುಂಬಣ (Kannada)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑀁 (nominative singular)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑀸𑀇𑀁 (nominative plural)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑀸𑀇 (nominative plural)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑀸𑀇𑀁 (accusative plural)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑀸𑀇 (accusative plural)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡 (singular vocative)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑀸𑀇𑀁 (plural vocative)
𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡𑀸𑀇 (plural vocative)

Apabhramsa: cuṃbaṇa

Devanagari script: चुंबण

Sharada script: 𑆖𑆶𑆁𑆧𑆟

Inherited from Sanskrit चुम्बन (cumbana).

ref

Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “cumbana”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 265

c. 200 CE – 600 CE, Hāla, Gāhā Sattasaī


चुंबण

cuṃbaṇa (romanization)
ಚುಂಬಣ (Kannada)
चुंबणं (nominative singular)
चुंबणाइं (nominative plural)
चुंबणाइ (nominative plural)
चुंबणं (accusative singular)
चुंबणाइं (accusative plural)
चुंबणाइ (accusative plural)
चुंबणेण (instrumental singular)
चुंबणेणं (instrumental singular)
चुंबणेहि (instrumental plural)
चुंबणेहिं (instrumental plural)
चुंबणाअ (dative singular)
चुंबणाओ (ablative singular)
चुंबणाउ (ablative singular)
चुंबणा (ablative singular)
चुंबणाहि (ablative singular)
चुंबणाहिंतो (ablative singular)
चुंबणस्स (genitive singular)
चुंबणाण (genitive plural)
चुंबणाणं (genitive plural)
चुंबणम्मि (locative singular)
चुंबणे (locative singular)
चुंबणेसु (locative plural)
चुंबणेसुं (locative plural)
चुंबण (singular vocative)
चुंबणा (singular vocative)
चुंबणाइं (plural vocative)
चुंबणाइ (plural vocative)

𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡 𑀘𑀼𑀁𑀩𑀡#Prakrit


𑀧𑀠𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पढइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಪಢಇ</i>

𑀧𑀠𑀇 (paḍhaï) (Devanagari पढइ, Kannada ಪಢಇ)

paḍhaï (romanization)
पढइ (Devanagari)
ಪಢಇ (Kannada)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: पढ़ना (paṛhnā)

Urdu: پَڑْھنا (paṛhnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Early Assamese: পঢ়্ (poṛh)

desctree

Assamese: পঢ়া (porha)
Naga Pidgin: pora

Bengali: পড়া (poṛa)

Bihari:

Bhojpuri: पढ़ल (paṛhal)

Maithili: पढ़ब (paṛhab)

Odia: ପଢ଼ିବା (paṛhibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: पढ्नु (paḍhnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਪੜ੍ਹਨਾ (paṛhnā)

Shahmukhi script: پَڑْھنا (paṛhnā)

Sindhi: پَڙھَڻُ (paṛhaṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: 𑘢𑘛𑘜𑘹 (paḍhaṇe)

Marathi: पढणे (paḍhṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: પઢવું (paḍhvũ)

Borrowed terms

→ Sanskrit: पठति (paṭhati)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit पृथ् (pṛth)der.
Prakrit 𑀧𑀠𑀇 (paḍhaï)
Inherited from Sanskrit *पृथति (pṛthati), from the root पृथ् (pṛth, “to spread”). Cognate with Pali paṭhati, Kashmiri پَرُن (parun), re-borrowed Sanskrit पठति (paṭhati); see there for more.


𑀧𑀠𑀸𑀯𑁂𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पढावेइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಪಢಾವೇಇ</i>

𑀧𑀠𑀸𑀯𑁂𑀇 (paḍhāvei) (Devanagari पढावेइ, Kannada ಪಢಾವೇಇ)

paḍhāvei (romanization)
पढावेइ (Devanagari)
ಪಢಾವೇಇ (Kannada)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Sindhi: paṛhāiṇu

Devanagari script: पढ़ाइणु

Arabic script: پَڙهَائِڻُ

Punjabi: paṛhāuṇā

Gurmukhi script: ਪੜ੍ਹਾਉਣਾ

Shahmukhi script: پَڑھاؤݨا

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: પઢાવવું (paḍhāvvũ)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Old Marathi: 𑘢𑘛𑘪𑘲𑘜𑘹 (paḍhavīṇe)

Marathi: पढवणे (paḍhavṇe)

Marwari: पडावणौ (paḍāvṇau)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: पढाउनु (paḍhāunu)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Odia: ପଢ଼ାଇବା (paṛhāibā)

Maithili:

Devanagari script: पढ़ाएब (paṛhāēb)

Tirhuta script: 𑒣𑒜𑓃𑒰𑒋𑒥 (paṛhāēba)

Bengali: পড়ানো (poṛanō)

Assamese: পঢ়োৱা (porhüa)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani: paṛhānā

desc

Hindi: पढ़ाना

Hindi: पढ़ाना

Urdu: پَڑَھانَا

Urdu: پَڑَھانَا


𑀆𑀯𑁂𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">आवेइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಆವೇಇ</i>

𑀆𑀯𑁂𑀇 (āvei) (Devanagari आवेइ, Kannada ಆವೇಇ)

āvei (romanization)
आवेइ (Devanagari)
ಆವೇಇ (Kannada)
𑀆𑀯𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani:

Hindi: आना (ānā)

Urdu: آنا (ānā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Odia: ଆଇବା (āibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: आउनु (āunu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Old Punjabi: ਆਵਣਾ (āvaṇā)

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਆਉਣਾ (āuṇā)

Shahmukhi script: آوݨا (āvṇā)

Western Indo-Aryan:

desctree

Old Gujarati: आविवउं (āvivaüṃ)
Gujarati: આવવું (āvvũ)
Rajasthani:
Gojri: آننو (ānno)
Marwari: आणौ (āṇau)
Mewari: आणो (āṇo)

Romani: avel

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep-
Sanskrit आप् (āp)
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti
Sanskrit -अयति (-ayati)
Sanskrit आपयति (āpayati)
Prakrit 𑀆𑀯𑁂𑀇 (āvei)
Inherited from Sanskrit आपयति (āpayati), from आप् (āp) + -अयति (-ayati). Cognate with Pali āpeti.


𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">संसार</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಸಂಸಾರ</i>

𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭 (saṃsāra) (Devanagari संसार, Kannada ಸಂಸಾರ)

saṃsāra (romanization)
संसार (Devanagari)
ಸಂಸಾರ (Kannada)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭𑁄 (nominative singular)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭𑀸 (nominative plural)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭𑁂 (accusative plural)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭𑀸 (accusative plural)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭 (singular vocative)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭𑀸 (plural vocative)

Central:

Old Hindi: संसार (saṃsāra)

Hindi: संसार (sansār)

Urdu: سنسار (sansār)

Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀲𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀭 (saṃsāra).


𑀚𑀡

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">जण</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಜಣ</i>

jaṇa (romanization)
जण (Devanagari)
ಜಣ (Kannada)
𑀚𑀡𑁄 (nominative singular)
𑀚𑀡𑀸 (nominative plural)
𑀚𑀡𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀚𑀡𑁂 (accusative plural)
𑀚𑀡𑀸 (accusative plural)
𑀚𑀡𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀚𑀡𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀚𑀡𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀚𑀡𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀚𑀡𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀚𑀡𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀚𑀡𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀚𑀡𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀚𑀡𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀚𑀡𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀚𑀡𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀚𑀡𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀚𑀡𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀚𑀡𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀚𑀡𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀚𑀡𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀚𑀡𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀚𑀡 (singular vocative)
𑀚𑀡𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀚𑀡𑀸 (plural vocative)

Apabhramsa: जण (jaṇa) (see there for further descendants)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵónh₁os
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ánHas
Sanskrit जन॑ (jána)
Ashokan Prakrit 𑀚𑀦 (jana)
Prakrit 𑀚𑀡 (jaṇa)
Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀚𑀦 (jana), from Sanskrit जन॑ (jána), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ánHas, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónh₁os.

etymon

अच्छउ ता जणवाओ हिअअं चिअ अत्तणो तुह पमाणं ।
तह तं सि मंदणेहो जह ण उवालंभजोग्गो सि ॥
acchaü tā jaṇavāo hiaaṃ cia attaṇo tuha pamāṇaṃ .

c. 200 CE – 600 CE, Hāla, Gāhā Sattasaī 201

2009 translation by Peter Khoroche and Herman Tieken
Never mind the gossip [lit. "words of people"]:
Judge by your own feelings.
Anyway,
You have grown so cool
That you are beyond reproach.

taha taṃ si maṃdaṇeho jaha ṇa uvālaṃbhajŏggo si .


𑀯𑀸𑀅

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">वाअ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ವಾಅ</i>

𑀯𑀸𑀅 (vāa) m (Devanagari वाअ, Kannada ವಾಅ)

vāa (romanization)
वाअ (Devanagari)
ವಾಅ (Kannada)
𑀯𑀸𑀑 (nominative singular)
𑀯𑀸𑀆 (nominative plural)
𑀯𑀸𑀅𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀯𑀸𑀏 (accusative plural)
𑀯𑀸𑀆 (accusative plural)
𑀯𑀸𑀏𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀯𑀸𑀏𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀯𑀸𑀏𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀯𑀸𑀏𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀯𑀸𑀆𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀯𑀸𑀆𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀯𑀸𑀆𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀯𑀸𑀆 (ablative singular)
𑀯𑀸𑀆𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀯𑀸𑀆𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀯𑀸𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀯𑀸𑀆𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀯𑀸𑀆𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀯𑀸𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀯𑀸𑀏 (locative singular)
𑀯𑀸𑀏𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀯𑀸𑀏𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀯𑀸𑀅 (singular vocative)
𑀯𑀸𑀆 (singular vocative)
𑀯𑀸𑀆 (plural vocative)
𑀯𑀸𑀬 (alternative)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bihari:

desc

>? Maithili: बाव (bāv, “type of musical instrument”)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wedH-?
Sanskrit वद् (vad)
Sanskrit वाद (vāda)
Prakrit 𑀯𑀸𑀅 (vāa)
Inherited from Sanskrit वाद (vāda), from वद् (vad), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wedH-.


𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁂𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">अप्पेइ</i>

<i class="Gujr mention" lang="pra">અપ્પેઇ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಅಪ್ಪೇಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁂𑀇 (appei) (Devanagari अप्पेइ, Gujarati અપ્પેઇ, Kannada ಅಪ್ಪೇಇ) (transitive)

appei (romanization)
अप्पेइ (Devanagari)
અપ્પેઇ (Gujarati)
ಅಪ್ಪೇಇ (Kannada)

Apabhramsa: अप्पइ (appaï)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Maithili: āpab

Devanagari script: आपब

Tirhuta script: 𑒂𑒣𑒥

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: अप्पिवउं (appivaüṃ)

Gujarati: આપવું (āpvũ, “to give”)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃er-
Sanskrit ऋ (ṛ)
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti
Sanskrit -अयति (-ayati)
Sanskrit अर्पयति (arpayati)
Prakrit 𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁂𑀇 (appei)
 Prakrit verb set
 𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁂𑀇 (appei)
 𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀸𑀯𑁂𑀇 (appāvei)
Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀅𑀭𑁆𑀧𑀬𑀢𑀺 (arpáyati).

ref

Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “arpáyati”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 30: “Pk. appēi 'hands over'”


णउल

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<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಣಉಲ</i>

णउल (ṇaüla) (Kannada ಣಉಲ, feminine णउली)

ṇaüla (romanization)
ಣಉಲ (Kannada)
णउली (feminine)

Devanagari script form of 𑀡𑀉𑀮 (“mongoose”)


𑀫𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">मण्णइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಮಣ್ಣಇ</i>

𑀫𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀇 (maṇṇaï) (Devanagari मण्णइ, Kannada ಮಣ್ಣಇ)

maṇṇaï (romanization)
मण्णइ (Devanagari)
ಮಣ್ಣಇ (Kannada)
𑀫𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀤𑀺 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Old Hindi: मानना (mānanā)

Hindi: मानना (mānnā)

Urdu: مانْنا (mānnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali-Assamese:

Assamese: মান (man)

Bengali: মানা (mana)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਮੰਨਣਾ (mannṇā)

Shahmukhi script: مَنّݨا (mannṇā)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: مَڃَڻُ

Devanagari script: मञणु

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: मानणे (mānṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: માનવું (mānvũ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *mn̥yétor
Proto-Indo-Iranian *mányatay
Sanskrit मन्यते (manyate)
Prakrit 𑀫𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀇 (maṇṇaï)
Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀫𑀁𑀜𑀢𑁂 (maṃñate), from Sanskrit 𑀫𑀦𑁆𑀬𑀢𑁂 (manyate, “thinks”).


𑀭𑀲

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">रस</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ರಸ</i>

rasa (romanization)
रस (Devanagari)
ರಸ (Kannada)
𑀭𑀲𑁄 (nominative singular)
𑀭𑀲𑀸 (nominative plural)
𑀭𑀲𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀭𑀲𑁂 (accusative plural)
𑀭𑀲𑀸 (accusative plural)
𑀭𑀲𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀭𑀲𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀭𑀲𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀭𑀲𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀭𑀲𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀭𑀲𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀭𑀲𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀭𑀲𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀭𑀲𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀭𑀲𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀭𑀲𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀭𑀲𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀭𑀲𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀭𑀲𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀭𑀲𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀭𑀲𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀭𑀲𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀭𑀲 (singular vocative)
𑀭𑀲𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀭𑀲𑀸 (plural vocative)
𑀭𑀲𑁄 (nominative singular)
𑀭𑀲𑀸 (nominative plural)
𑀭𑀲𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀭𑀲𑁂 (accusative plural)
𑀭𑀲𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀭𑀲𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀭𑀲𑀸𑀤𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀭𑀲𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀭𑀲𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀭𑀲𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀭𑀲𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀭𑀲𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀭𑀲 (singular vocative)
𑀭𑀲𑀸 (plural vocative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Old Awadhi: रस (rasa)

Old Hindi:

Hindi: रस (ras)

Urdu: رَس (ras)

→ Punjabi: ਰਸ (ras)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Assamese: ৰস (rox), ৰহ (roh)

Bengali: রস (ros)

Odia: ରସ (rasa), ରସା (rasā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Kumaoni: रस (ras)

Nepali: रस (ras)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Old Punjabi:

Punjabi: ਰੌਹ (rauh, “sugarcane juice”)

Lahnda: رَو (rau, “sugarcane juice”)

Sindhi: رهو (raho, “broth”)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: रस (ras)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: રસ (ras)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit रस (rasa)
Prakrit 𑀭𑀲 (rasa)
Inherited from Sanskrit रस (rasa, “sap, juice”).


𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">थुक्क</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಥುಕ್ಕ</i>

𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓 (thukka) n (Devanagari थुक्क, Kannada ಥುಕ್ಕ)

thukka (romanization)
थुक्क (Devanagari)
ಥುಕ್ಕ (Kannada)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀁 (nominative singular)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀇𑀁 (nominative plural)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀇 (nominative plural)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀇𑀁 (accusative plural)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀇 (accusative plural)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓 (singular vocative)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀇𑀁 (plural vocative)
𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀇 (plural vocative)

Assamese: থু (thu)

Gujarati: થૂંક (thū̃k)

Hindustani: thūk

Hindi: थूक

Urdu: تُھوک (thūk)

Marathi: थूक (thūk)

Nepali: थुक् (thuk)

Odia: ଥୁକ (thuka)

Punjabi: thukk

Gurmukhi script: ਥੁੱਕ

Shahmukhi script: تُھکّ

Sindhi: thuka

Arabic script: ٿُڪَ

Devanagari script: थुक

Deverbal from 𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀇 (thukkaï, “spits”), which is onomatopoeic. See there for more.


𑀨𑀺𑀭𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">फिरइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಫಿರಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀨𑀺𑀭𑀇 (phiraï) (Devanagari फिरइ, Kannada ಫಿರಇ) (intransitive)

phiraï (romanization)
फिरइ (Devanagari)
ಫಿರಇ (Kannada)

Takka Apabhramsa: 𑆦𑆴𑆫𑆅 (phiraï) (see there for further descendants)

Compare Late Sanskrit फलति (phalati), फेलति (phelati, “goes”). Possibly from the Sanskrit root स्पृ (spṛ, “to release”), or otherwise related to Persian سپردن (separdan, “to traverse”).


𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">छोयर</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಛೋಯರ</i>

𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭 (choyara) m (Devanagari छोयर, Kannada ಛೋಯರ)

choyara (romanization)
छोयर (Devanagari)
ಛೋಯರ (Kannada)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭𑁄 (nominative singular)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭𑀸 (nominative plural)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭𑁂 (accusative plural)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭𑀸 (accusative plural)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭 (singular vocative)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀙𑁄𑀬𑀭𑀸 (plural vocative)
𑀙𑁄𑀳𑀭 (alternative)
*𑀙𑁄𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀭 (alternative)

From 𑀙𑁄𑀇𑀅 (choia, “boy, slave”) + Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀭- (-ra-). Further etymology unknown.


𑀩𑀼𑀟𑁆𑀟𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">बुड्डइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಬುಡ್ಡಇ</i>

pra-head

𑀩𑀼𑀟𑁆𑀟𑀇 (buḍḍaï) (Devanagari बुड्डइ, Kannada ಬುಡ್ಡಇ) (intransitive)

buḍḍaï (romanization)
बुड्डइ (Devanagari)
ಬುಡ್ಡಇ (Kannada)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Old Hindi: बूडना (būḍanā)

Hindi: बूड़ना (būṛnā)

Urdu: بوڑنا (būṛnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Assamese: বুৰ (bur), বুৰা (bura)

Bengali: বুড়া (buṛa)

⇒ Bengali: বুড় (buṛ)

Bhojpuri: बुड़ल (buṛal)

Maithili: बूड़ब (būṛab)

Old Awadhi: बूडइ (būḍaï)

Odia: ବୁଡ଼ିବା (buṛibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Kumaoni: बुड़णो

Nepali: बुड़्नु (buṛnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

desc

Lahnda: [script needed] (buḍḍaṇ), [script needed] (ḇuḍ̠aṇ), [script needed] (buḍḍā)

Punjabi: ਬੁੱਦਣਾ (buddaṇā)

Sindhi: [script needed] (ḇuḍ̠aṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: बुडणे (buḍṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: બુડવું (buḍvũ)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Old Hindi: डूबना (ḍūbanā)

Hindi: डूबना (ḍūbnā)

Urdu: ڈوبنا (ḍūbnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Assamese: ডুবা (duba)

Bengali: ডুবা (ḍuba), ডোবা (ḍōba)

Maithili: डुबब / 𑒛𑒳𑒥𑒥 (ḍubaba)

Odia: ଡୁବିବା (ḍubibā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Kumaoni: डुबणो

Nepali: डुब्नु (ḍubnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: ਡੁੱਬਣਾ / ڈُبّݨا (ḍubbṇā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: डुबणे (ḍubṇe, “drown”), डुबकणे (ḍubakṇe, “dive”), डुबकळणे (ḍubkaḷṇe), डुंबणे (ḍumbṇe), डुंभणे (ḍumbhṇe), डुमणे (ḍumṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: ડૂબવું (ḍūbvũ)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Lahnda: [script needed] (ṭubbaṇ, “dive”), [script needed] (ṭuḇḇaṇ)

Punjabi: ਟੁੱਬਣਾ (ṭubbaṇā)

Sindhi: [script needed] (ṭuḇaṇu)

Unknown. Late Sanskrit व्रुडति (vruḍati), ब्रुडति (bruḍati), बोलयति (bolayati), and बुड्डति (buḍḍati) are artificial and derived from Prakrit. Turner reconstructs older *buḍyati for this term, with the causative *boḍayati, whence 𑀩𑁄𑀮𑁂𑀇 (bolei).
Dardic cognates include Kashmiri [script needed] (bŏḍun, “to sink, dive”). The metathesized variant *𑀟𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀩- (*ḍubba-) may have occurred early given the Dardic cognates Pashayi [script needed] (ḍub-, “to be drowned”) and Kashmiri [script needed] (ḍubun, “to sink”).


𑀖𑀭

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">घर</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಘರ</i>

𑀖𑀭 (ghara) n (Devanagari घर, Kannada ಘರ)

ghara (romanization)
घर (Devanagari)
ಘರ (Kannada)
𑀖𑀭𑀁 (nominative singular)
𑀖𑀭𑀸𑀇𑀁 (nominative plural)
𑀖𑀭𑀸𑀇 (nominative plural)
𑀖𑀭𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀖𑀭𑀸𑀇𑀁 (accusative plural)
𑀖𑀭𑀸𑀇 (accusative plural)
𑀖𑀭𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀖𑀭𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀖𑀭𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀖𑀭𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀖𑀭𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀖𑀭𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀖𑀭𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀖𑀭𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀖𑀭𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀖𑀭𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀖𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀖𑀭𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀖𑀭𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀖𑀭𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀖𑀭𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀖𑀭𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀖𑀭𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀖𑀭 (singular vocative)
𑀖𑀭𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀖𑀭𑀸𑀇𑀁 (plural vocative)
𑀖𑀭𑀸𑀇 (plural vocative)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Assamese: ঘৰ (ghor)

desctree

Old Bengali: ঘর (ghara)
Middle Bengali: ঘর (ghor)
Bengali: ঘর (ghor)
Chakma: 𑄊𑄧𑄢𑄴 (ghar)
Rohingya: gór
Sylheti: ꠊꠞ (gór)

Maithili:

Devanagari script: घर (ghar)

Tirhuta script: 𑒒𑒩 (ghara)

Odia: ଘର (ghara)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Old Hindi: घर (ghara)

Braj: घर (ghar)

Hindustani: ghar

Hindi: घर

Urdu: گَھر (ghar)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Nepali: घर (ghar)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Old Punjabi: ਘਰੁ (gharu)

Dogri:

Devanagari script: घर (ghar)

Dogra script: 𑠍𑠤 (ghar)

Punjabi: ghar

Gurmukhi script: ਘਰ

Shahmukhi script: گھر

Sindhi:

Arabic script: گهَرُ

Devanagari script: घरु

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Konkani: ghar

Devanagari script: घर

Kannada script: ಘರ್

Latin script: ghor

Old Marathi: ghara

Devanagari script: घर

Modi script: 𑘑𑘨

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: घर (ghara)
Gujarati: ઘર (ghar)
Marwari: घर (ghar)

desc

Romani: kher, khër (International Standard)

Vaghri: ઘર (ghar)

Inherited from Ashokan Prakrit *𑀕𑀭𑁆𑀳 (*garha).

ref

Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “ghara-”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press

hi:सुभद्र झा


𑀤𑁂𑀳

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">देह</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ದೇಹ</i>

𑀤𑁂𑀳 (deha) m (Devanagari देह, Kannada ದೇಹ)

deha (romanization)
देह (Devanagari)
ದೇಹ (Kannada)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑁄 (nominative singular)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑀸 (nominative plural)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑁂 (accusative plural)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑀸 (accusative plural)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀤𑁂𑀳 (singular vocative)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀤𑁂𑀳𑀸 (plural vocative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Old Hindi:

desc

Hindi: देह (deh, “body”), देहा (dehā), देही (dehī)

Urdu: دیہ (deh), دیہا (dehā), دیہی (dehī)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: देह (deh, “body”)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Old Gujarati: देहडी f (dehaḍī)

Old Gujarati:

Gujarati: દેહ m (deh)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ-
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Indo-European *dʰóyǵʰos
Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰáyȷ́ʰas
Sanskrit देह (deha)
Prakrit 𑀤𑁂𑀳 (deha)
Inherited from Sanskrit देह (deha). Cognate with Pali देह (deha).


𑀧𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">पग्गइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಪಗ್ಗಇ</i>

𑀧𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀇 (paggaï) (Devanagari पग्गइ, Kannada ಪಗ್ಗಇ)

paggaï (romanization)
पग्गइ (Devanagari)
ಪಗ್ಗಇ (Kannada)
𑀧𑀁𑀕𑀇 (alternative)
𑀧𑀺𑀁𑀕𑀇 (alternative)
*𑀧𑀓𑁆𑀓- (alternative)
*𑀧𑀕𑁆𑀕- (alternative)

*𑀧𑀓𑁆𑀓- (*pakka-) + -𑀟- (-ḍa-)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Old Hindi:

Hindi: पकड़ना (pakaṛnā)

Urdu: پکڑنا (pakaṛnā)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Marathi: पकडणे (pakaḍṇe)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: પકડવું (pakaḍvũ)

Uncertain. Note the variation in forms. Compare
* Pali 𑀧𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀡𑁆𑀳𑀢𑀺 (paggaṇhati, “seizes”), from प्रगृह्णाति (pragṛhṇāti, “to hold”), from गृह्णाति (gṛhṇāti, “to grab, seize”)
* Pali 𑀧𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢 (paggahita) / Prakrit 𑀧𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀬 (paggahiya, “seized”), related to the word above.
* Prakrit 𑀧𑀓𑀟𑁆𑀠 (pakaḍḍha), possibly from प्रकृष्ट (prakṛṣṭa, “drawn, pulled”), from कृष्ट (kṛṣṭa)
* Prakrit 𑀧𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳 (paggaha, “tether”), from प्रग्रह (pragraha)


𑀳𑀁𑀲

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">हंस</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಹಂಸ</i>

𑀳𑀁𑀲 (haṃsa) m (Devanagari हंस, Kannada ಹಂಸ)

haṃsa (romanization)
हंस (Devanagari)
ಹಂಸ (Kannada)
𑀳𑀁𑀲𑁄 (nominative singular)
𑀳𑀁𑀲𑀸 (nominative plural)
𑀳𑀁𑀲𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀳𑀁𑀲𑁂 (accusative plural)
𑀳𑀁𑀲𑀸 (accusative plural)
𑀳𑀁𑀲𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀳𑀁𑀲𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀳𑀁𑀲𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀳𑀁𑀲𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀳𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀳𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀳𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀳𑀁𑀲𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀳𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀳𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀳𑀁𑀲𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀳𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀳𑀁𑀲𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀳𑀁𑀲𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀳𑀁𑀲𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀳𑀁𑀲𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀳𑀁𑀲𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀳𑀁𑀲 (singular vocative)
𑀳𑀁𑀲𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀳𑀁𑀲𑀸 (plural vocative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindustani: hā̃s (obsolete)

Hindi: हाँस

Urdu: ہانس

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Assamese: হাঁহ (hãh)

Bengali: হাঁস (hãs)

Sylheti: ꠀꠃꠀ (áúa), ꠀꠁ (áí)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi: ਹੰਸ (hans)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰansás
Sanskrit हंस (haṃsa)
Prakrit 𑀳𑀁𑀲 (haṃsa)
Inherited from Sanskrit 𑀳𑀁𑀲 (haṃsa).


𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">डक्क</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಡಕ್ಕ</i>

𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ḍakka) (Devanagari डक्क, Kannada ಡಕ್ಕ)

ḍakka (romanization)
डक्क (Devanagari)
ಡಕ್ಕ (Kannada)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓𑁄 (nominative singular)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸 (nominative plural)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓𑁂 (accusative plural)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸 (accusative plural)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓 (singular vocative)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀟𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀸 (plural vocative)

Gujarati: ડક્કો (ḍakko, “drum”)

Uncertain. Compare also 𑀟𑀫𑀭𑀼𑀅 (ḍamarua), 𑀟𑀺𑀁𑀟𑀺𑀫 (ḍiṃḍima), 𑀟𑁄𑀁𑀩 (ḍoṃba), 𑀠𑀟𑁆𑀠 (ḍhaḍḍha), 𑀠𑁄𑀮𑁆𑀮 (ḍhŏlla), and 𑀤𑀼𑀁𑀤𑀼𑀳𑀺 (duṃduhi), all terms denoting types of drums or otherwise connected with drumming. Perhaps ultimately onomatopoeic or derived from Munda terms for drumming.

डङका

*𑀟𑀁𑀓 (*ḍaṃka) — alternative reconstruction; Nepali


𑀯𑀻𑀭

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">वीर</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ವೀರ</i>

𑀯𑀻𑀭 (vīra) m (Devanagari वीर, Kannada ವೀರ)

vīra (romanization)
वीर (Devanagari)
ವೀರ (Kannada)
𑀯𑀻𑀭𑁄 (nominative singular)
𑀯𑀻𑀭𑀸 (nominative plural)
𑀯𑀻𑀭𑀁 (accusative singular)
𑀯𑀻𑀭𑁂 (accusative plural)
𑀯𑀻𑀭𑀸 (accusative plural)
𑀯𑀻𑀭𑁂𑀡 (instrumental singular)
𑀯𑀻𑀭𑁂𑀡𑀁 (instrumental singular)
𑀯𑀻𑀭𑁂𑀳𑀺 (instrumental plural)
𑀯𑀻𑀭𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (instrumental plural)
𑀯𑀻𑀭𑀸𑀅 (dative singular)
𑀯𑀻𑀭𑀸𑀑 (ablative singular)
𑀯𑀻𑀭𑀸𑀉 (ablative singular)
𑀯𑀻𑀭𑀸 (ablative singular)
𑀯𑀻𑀭𑀸𑀳𑀺 (ablative singular)
𑀯𑀻𑀭𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (ablative singular)
𑀯𑀻𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲 (genitive singular)
𑀯𑀻𑀭𑀸𑀡 (genitive plural)
𑀯𑀻𑀭𑀸𑀡𑀁 (genitive plural)
𑀯𑀻𑀭𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (locative singular)
𑀯𑀻𑀭𑁂 (locative singular)
𑀯𑀻𑀭𑁂𑀲𑀼 (locative plural)
𑀯𑀻𑀭𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (locative plural)
𑀯𑀻𑀭 (singular vocative)
𑀯𑀻𑀭𑀸 (singular vocative)
𑀯𑀻𑀭𑀸 (plural vocative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindi: बीर (bīr, “warrior”)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Assamese: বিরা (bira, “evil spirit”)

Bengali: বীর (bir, “hero”)

Maithili: बिर (bīr, “hero”)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

desc

Punjabi: ਵੀਰ (vīr, “hero”), ਬੀਰ (bīr, “brother (from a sister)”)

Sindhi: वीरु (vīru, “hero, demon”)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Kumaoni: बीर (bīr, “hero”)

Nepali: बिर (bira, “wild boar”)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Dhivehi: ވީރު (vīru, “man”)

Old Marathi: 𑘪𑘲𑘨 (vīra)

Marathi: वीर (vīr, “hero”)

Sinhalese: විරු (wiru, “man”)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: વીર (vīr), વીરૉ (vīrŏ, “brother (from a sister)”)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁-?
Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós
Proto-Indo-Iranian *wiHrás
Sanskrit वीर (vīra)
Prakrit 𑀯𑀻𑀭 (vīra)
Inherited from Sanskrit वीर (vīra).


जिब्भा

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<i class="Gujr mention" lang="pra">જિબ્ભા</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಜಿಬ್ಭಾ</i>

जिब्भा (jibbhā) f (Gujarati જિબ્ભા, Kannada ಜಿಬ್ಭಾ)

tlb

(attested in Māhārāṣṭrī, Śaurasenī, Ardhamāgadhī, Helu)

jibbhā (romanization)
જિબ્ભા (Gujarati)
ಜಿಬ್ಭಾ (Kannada)
जिब्भा (nominative singular)
जिब्भाओ (nominative plural)
जिब्भाउ (nominative plural)
जिब्भा (nominative plural)
जिब्भं (accusative singular)
जिब्भाओ (accusative plural)
जिब्भाउ (accusative plural)
जिब्भा (accusative plural)
जिब्भाए (instrumental singular)
जिब्भाइ (instrumental singular)
जिब्भाअ (instrumental singular)
जिब्भाहि (instrumental plural)
जिब्भाहिं (instrumental plural)
जिब्भाओ (ablative singular)
जिब्भाउ (ablative singular)
जिब्भाहिंतो (ablative plural)
जिब्भाए (genitive singular)
जिब्भाइ (genitive singular)
जिब्भाअ (genitive singular)
जिब्भाण (genitive plural)
जिब्भाणं (genitive plural)
जिब्भाए (locative singular)
जिब्भाइ (locative singular)
जिब्भाअ (locative singular)
जिब्भासु (locative plural)
जिब्भासुं (locative plural)
जिब्भे (singular vocative)
जिब्भा (singular vocative)
जिब्भाओ (plural vocative)
जिब्भाउ (plural vocative)
जिब्भा (plural vocative)
जिब्भा (nominative singular)
जिब्भाओ (nominative plural)
जिब्भा (nominative plural)
जिब्भं (accusative singular)
जिब्भाओ (accusative plural)
जिब्भा (accusative plural)
जिब्भाए (instrumental singular)
जिब्भाहिं (instrumental plural)
जिब्भादो (ablative singular)
जिब्भाए (ablative singular)
जिब्भाए (genitive singular)
जिब्भाणं (genitive plural)
जिब्भाए (locative singular)
जिब्भासु (locative plural)
जिब्भासुं (locative plural)
जिब्भे (singular vocative)
जिब्भाओ (plural vocative)
जिब्भा (plural vocative)

𑀚𑀺𑀩𑁆𑀪𑀸 𑀚𑀺𑀩𑁆𑀪𑀸#Prakrit

Devanagari script form of 𑀚𑀺𑀩𑁆𑀪𑀸 (“tongue”)


𑀙𑀺𑀁𑀤𑀇

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">छिंदइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಛಿಂದಇ</i>

𑀙𑀺𑀁𑀤𑀇 (chiṃdaï) (Devanagari छिंदइ, Kannada ಛಿಂದಇ)

chiṃdaï (romanization)
छिंदइ (Devanagari)
ಛಿಂದಇ (Kannada)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Assamese: ছিঙা (siṅa)

Bengali: ছিনা (china)

Odia: ଛିନ୍ଦିବା (chindibā)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Hindi: छीनना (chīnnā)

Urdu: چھینا (chīnnā)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Kumaoni: छिन्ण (chinṇo)

Nepali: छिन्नु (chinnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Sindhi: छिनणु

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: છીનવું (chīnvũ)

Romani: ćhinel

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sek-?
Proto-Indo-European *-éyti?
Proto-Indo-European *skey-
Proto-Indo-European *skeyd-
Proto-Indo-European *-né-
Proto-Indo-European *skinédti
Proto-Indo-Iranian *śćinátˢti
Sanskrit छिनत्ति (chinatti)
Prakrit 𑀙𑀺𑀁𑀤𑀇 (chiṃdaï)
From Sanskrit छिनत्ति (chinatti) ~ छिन्दन्ति (chindanti).


𑀢𑀼𑀭𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓

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<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">तुरुक्क</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ತುರುಕ್ಕ</i>

𑀢𑀼𑀭𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓 (turukka) n (Devanagari तुरुक्क, Kannada ತುರುಕ್ಕ)

turukka (romanization)
तुरुक्क (Devanagari)
ತುರುಕ್ಕ (Kannada)


𑀮𑀁𑀖𑁂𑀇

<i class="Deva mention" lang="pra">लंघेइ</i>

<i class="Knda mention" lang="pra">ಲಂಘೇಇ</i>

𑀮𑀁𑀖𑁂𑀇 (laṃghei) (Devanagari लंघेइ, Kannada ಲಂಘೇಇ)

laṃghei (romanization)
लंघेइ (Devanagari)
ಲಂಘೇಇ (Kannada)
𑀮𑀁𑀖𑀇 (alternative)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Awadhi: नांघब (nāṅghab, “to cross”)

Hindustani:

Hindi: लाँघना (lāṅghnā)

desc

Urdu: لان٘گھنا (lāṉghnā)

Urdu: لان٘گھنا (lāṉghnā)

Eastern Indo-Aryan:

Bengali: লাঙ্ঘা (laṅgha, “to transgress”)

Odia: ନଙ୍ଘିବା (naṅghibā, “to cross, transgress”)

Northern Indo-Aryan:

Garhwali: लाँघणुँ (lāṅghṇũ)

Kumaoni: नाँग्ङो (nā̃gṇo, “to leap over, cross”)

Nepali: नाँघ्नु (nā̃ghnu), नाङ्नु (nāṅnu)

Northwestern Indo-Aryan:

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਲੰਘਣਾ (laṅghṇā)

Shahmukhi script: لَن٘گْھݨا (laṉghṇā)

Sindhi:

Arabic script: لَڱگهَڻُ (laṅghaṇu)

Devanagari script: लङ्घणु (laṅghaṇu)

Southern Indo-Aryan:

Helu Prakrit:

Dhivehi: ނަގަނީ (naganī)

Sinhalese: නගිනවා (naginawā), නගනවා (naganawā)

Maharastri Prakrit:

Marathi: लांघणें (lāṅghṇẽ, “to pass by, grow weak from fasting”)

Western Indo-Aryan:

Gujarati: લાંઘવું (lā̃ghvũ, “to fast”)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʷʰ-
Sanskrit लङ्घयति (laṅghayati)
Prakrit 𑀮𑀁𑀖𑁂𑀇 (laṃghei)
Inherited from Sanskrit लङ्घयति (laṅghayati).