minde

El-Amarna (Babylonian)
Boghazkeui (Babylonian)

From 𒈪𒅔 (mīn) + 𒄿𒁲 (īde), literally “what do I know?”.


urram

Mari (Babylonian)
Boghazkeui (Babylonian)
Emar (Babylonian)

Adverbial accusative of 𒌓𒁕 (urrum, “daytime”).


iltum

akk-noun

iltum f (construct state ilat, plural ilātum, masculine ilum)

ilat (construct)
ilātum (plural)
ilum (masculine)

From 𒀭 (ilum, “god”) + -𒌈 (-tum, feminine suffix). Akin to Arabic إِلَاهَة (ʔilāha) and Biblical Hebrew אֵלָה (ʔelɔ́).


pānum

(measure of capacity, Babylonian) bushel (a dry capacity measure, equal to 60 qûm in Old Babylonian and 36 qûm in Neo-Babylonian, i.e. 1/5 of a kurrum (“kor”))


nagbum

akk-noun

nagbum m (construct state nagab, plural nagbū)

nagab (construct)
nagbū (plural)
Neo-Assyrian (Babylonian)

spring, fountain, source, headwaters (of a river)

𒃻 𒅘𒁀 𒄿𒈬𒊒
ša₂ nag-ba i-mu-ru
/ša nagba īmuru/
he who has seen everything
(literally, “he who has seen the totality of knowledge”)
(Epic of Gilgamesh, I, 1)


pīrum

pīrum m or f (plural pīrū m or pīrātum f)

pīrū (masculine plural)
pīrātum (feminine plural)
Assyrian (Babylonian Middle)
Neo-Assyrian (Babylonian)

desc

→ Old Persian: 𐎱𐎡𐎽𐎢𐏁 (p-i-ru-u-š /piruš/, “ivory”)

→ Elamite: 𒉿𒊑𒌝𒈾 (pi-ri-um-na, “from ivory”)"

→ Middle Persian: pyl (pīl)

Persian: پیل (pil)

→ Ottoman Turkish: پیل (pil)

→ Ossetian: пыл (pyl), пил (pil)

desctree

→ Arabic: فِيل (fīl)
→ Azerbaijani: فیل / фил / fil (fil)
→ Judeo-Tat: fil / фил / פאִל (fil / фил / fil)
→ Central Kurdish: فیل (fîl)
→ Middle Armenian: ֆիլ (fil)
Armenian: ֆիլ (fil)
→ Old Norse: fíll
Faroese: fílur
Icelandic: fíll
⇒ Old Norse: fílsbein (“ivory”)
Icelandic: fílsbein
Danish: filsben
→ Ottoman Turkish: فیل (fil)
Turkish: fil
→ Albanian: fil
→ Laz: ჶილი (fili)
→ Serbo-Croatian: fȉl／фи̏л
⇒ Ottoman Turkish: فیل دیشی (fildişi, “ivory”)
Turkish: fildişi
→ Romanian: fildeș
→ Serbo-Croatian: фѝлдиш / fìldiš
→ Greek: φίλντισι (fílntisi)
→ Persian: فیل (fil)
→ Bashkir: фил (fil)
→ Yagnobi: фил (fil)
→ Chechen: пийл (piı̇l)
→ Georgian: ჶილი (fili) — Fereydan
→ Hindi: फ़ील (fīl)
→ Kazakh: піл (pıl)
→ Kyrgyz: пил (pil)
→ Northern Kurdish: fîl
→ Pashto: پيل (pil)
→ Tajik: фил (fil)
→ Tatar: фил (fil)
→ Turkmen: pil
→ Urdu: فیل (fīl)
→ Uyghur: پىل (pil)
→ Uzbek: fil
→ Old Spanish: alfil (“bishop (chess)”)
Spanish: alfil
→ Asturian: alfil
→ Galician: alfil
→ Catalan: alfil
⇒ Arabic: عَظْم اَلْفِيل (ʕaẓm al-fīl, “ivory”)
→ Old Spanish: almalfil
Spanish: marfil
→ Galician: marfil
→ Catalan: marfil
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: marfil, almafil
Portuguese: marfim

→ Georgian: სპილო (sṗilo), პილო (ṗilo)

→ Old Armenian: փիղ (pʻił)

Armenian: փիղ (pʻiġ)

Usually regarded as a loanword from some other non-Semitic or Afroasiatic language. Has been compared to Middle Egyptian pꜣ-ꜣb(w) (with the Egyptian definite article prefixed; reconstructed as /piʀ-ˈʀuːbaw/), from which Ancient Greek ἐλ-έφας (el-éphas) (whence also English elephant) and Latin eb-ur (“ivory”) are derived, too. Blažek 1998 postulates Proto-Semitic *pirl-, with assimilation r-l → r-r or r-l → l-l, yielding Akkadian forms 𒉿𒄿𒊒 (pīru) and 𒉿𒄿𒇻 (pīlu). Alternatively also said to be a loan from Proto-Dravidian *pal.


būdum

akk-noun

būdum f (construct state būd or būdi, dual būdān)

būd (construct)
būdi (construct)
būdān (dual)

Cognate with Eblaite 𒅤𒌈 (pu₃-tum /butum, budum/, “shoulders, the totality of the region between the two”), and compare also Arabic بَدَن (badan, “torso”).

cog

shoulder (region between shoulders including the neck of both humans and animals)


makārum

akk-verb

makārum (G, a-u, durative imakkar, perfect imtakar, preterite imkur, imperative mukur)

imakkar (durative)
imtakar (perfect)
imkur (preterite)
mukur (imperative)
Neo-Assyrian (Babylonian)
makārum (infinitive)
mākirum (participle)
makrum (adjective)
amakkar (durative first-person singular)
amtakar (first-person perfect singular)
amkur (first-person preterite singular)
lumkur (first-person imperative singular)
tamakkar (durative masculine second-person singular)
tamtakar (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tamkur (masculine preterite second-person singular)
mukur (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tamakkarī (durative feminine second-person singular)
tamtakrī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tamkurī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
mukrī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
imakkar (durative singular third-person)
imtakar (perfect singular third-person)
imkur (preterite singular third-person)
limkur (imperative singular third-person)
nimakkar (durative first-person plural)
nimtakar (first-person perfect plural)
nimkur (first-person plural preterite)
i nimkur (first-person imperative plural)
tamakkarā (durative plural second-person)
tamtakrā (perfect plural second-person)
tamkurā (plural preterite second-person)
mukrā (imperative plural second-person)
imakkarū (durative masculine plural third-person)
imtakrū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
imkurū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
limkurū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
imakkarā (durative feminine plural third-person)
imtakrā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
imkurā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
limkurā (feminine imperative plural third-person)

𒀸𒋳 𒀀𒊮 𒈠𒅗𒊑𒅎 𒊭 𒋫𒀾𒁍𒊏𒄠 𒈬𒌑 𒈠𒁺𒈠 𒀀𒈠𒅗𒅈
[aššum eqlim makārim ša tašpuram mû mādū-ma amakkar]
aš-šum A.ŠA₃ ma-ka-ri-im ša ta-aš₂-pu-ra-am mu-u₂ ma-du-ma a-ma-ka-ar
Concerning the irrigation of the field about which you wrote to me, as soon as there is plenty of water, I will irrigate it.

𒀀𒈾 𒀀𒊮 𒈠𒅗𒀸 𒆷 𒋼𒅅𒄀
[ana eqlim makārum lā teggi]
a-na A.ŠA₃ ma-ka-rum la te-eg-gi
Do not be careless concerning the irrigation of the field.


līliātum

From 𒇷𒈝 (līlum, “night”) + -𒀀𒌈 (-ātum, plural feminine suffix).


qebērum

akk-verb

qebērum (G, e, durative iqebbir, perfect iqtebir, preterite iqbir, imperative qibir)

iqebbir (durative)
iqtebir (perfect)
iqbir (preterite)
qibir (imperative)
Assyrian (Babylonian Middle)
Neo-Assyrian (Babylonian)
qebērum (infinitive)
qēbirum (participle)
qebrum (adjective)
eqebbir (durative first-person singular)
eqtebir (first-person perfect singular)
eqbir (first-person preterite singular)
luqbir (first-person imperative singular)
teqebbir (durative masculine second-person singular)
teqtebir (masculine perfect second-person singular)
teqbir (masculine preterite second-person singular)
qibir (imperative masculine second-person singular)
teqebbirī (durative feminine second-person singular)
teqtebrī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
teqbirī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
qibrī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
iqebbir (durative singular third-person)
iqtebir (perfect singular third-person)
iqbir (preterite singular third-person)
liqbir (imperative singular third-person)
niqebbir (durative first-person plural)
niqtebir (first-person perfect plural)
niqbir (first-person plural preterite)
i niqbir (first-person imperative plural)
teqebbirā (durative plural second-person)
teqtebrā (perfect plural second-person)
teqbirā (plural preterite second-person)
qibrā (imperative plural second-person)
iqebbirū (durative masculine plural third-person)
iqtebrū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
iqbirū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
liqbirū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
iqebbirā (durative feminine plural third-person)
iqtebrā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
iqbirā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
liqbirā (feminine imperative plural third-person)

From 𒀍 (qabrum, “grave”). Cognate with Arabic قَبَرَ (qabara) and Biblical Hebrew קָבַר (qɔḇar).


tarlugallum

tarlugallū (plural)
Neo-Assyrian (Babylonian)

desc

→ Biblical Hebrew: תַּרְנְגוֹל (tarnǝḡol)

→ Classical Syriac: ܬܪܢܓܠܐ (tarnāḡ(ǝ)lā)

From Sumerian 𒁯𒈗𒄷 (dar-lugal^(mušen) /darlugal/, “rooster”).

bor

(astronomy, with determinative 𒀯) the name of a star or constellation


ebbūbum

→ Biblical Hebrew: אַבּוּב (ʔabbúḇ)

desc

→ Aramaic: אַבּוּבָא (ʾabbūḇā)

→ Aramaic: אַבּוּבָא (ʾabbūḇā)

→ Arabic: أُنْبُوب (ʔunbūb)


santakkum

From Sumerian 𒁹 (santak₄, sag̃tak₄ /sag̃tak/, “triangle; wedge”).


marûm

akk-adjective

marûm (feminine marītum, predicative mari)

marītum (feminine)
mari (predicative)
Nuzi (Babylonian)

From the verb 𒈠𒊒𒌑𒌝 (marûm, “to fatten”).

(Standard Babylonian, grammar) marû ("slow (pronunciation)", used in the description of Sumerian verbs to refer to the imperfective form)


tinūrum

tinūrū (plural)
Assyrian (Babylonian Middle)
Neo-Assyrian (Babylonian)

From the same root as 𒈾𒉿𒀀𒀸 (nawārum, “to shine brightly”).


nabûm

akk-verb

nabûm (G, i, durative inabbi, perfect ittabi, preterite ibbi, imperative ibi)

inabbi (durative)
ittabi (perfect)
ibbi (preterite)
ibi (imperative)
Mari (Babylonian)
nabûm (infinitive)
nābûm (participle)
nabûm (adjective)
anabbi (durative first-person singular)
attabi (first-person perfect singular)
abbi (first-person preterite singular)
lubbi (first-person imperative singular)
tanabbi (durative masculine second-person singular)
tattabi (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tabbi (masculine preterite second-person singular)
nibi (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tanabbî (durative feminine second-person singular)
tattabî (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tabbî (feminine preterite second-person singular)
nibî (feminine imperative second-person singular)
inabbi (durative singular third-person)
ittabi (perfect singular third-person)
ibbi (preterite singular third-person)
libbi (imperative singular third-person)
ninabbi (durative first-person plural)
nittabi (first-person perfect plural)
nibbi (first-person plural preterite)
i nibbi (first-person imperative plural)
tanabbiā (durative plural second-person)
tattabiā (perfect plural second-person)
tabbiā (plural preterite second-person)
nibiā (imperative plural second-person)
inabbû (durative masculine plural third-person)
ittabû (masculine perfect plural third-person)
ibbû (masculine plural preterite third-person)
libbû (imperative masculine plural third-person)
inabbiā (durative feminine plural third-person)
ittabiā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
ibbiā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
libbiā (feminine imperative plural third-person)

Cognate with Arabic أَنْبَأَ (ʔanbaʔa, “to inform, announce”) and Biblical Hebrew נִבֵּא (nibbeʾ, “to prophesy”).


amurrum

From 𒀭𒈥𒌅 (Amurrum, “Amurru”), the country of the Amorites, who lived in a region west of Mesopotamia.


bāṣum

Unknown, but compare Biblical Hebrew בֹּץ (boṣ, “mud, silt”), a hapax legomenon in the Bible.


pītum

akk-noun

pītum m (construct state pīt or pīti, plural pītū)

pīt (construct)
pīti (construct)
pītū (plural)
Neo-Assyrian (Babylonian)

Cognate with Arabic فَتْح (fatḥ) and Biblical Hebrew פֶּתַח (pɛ́ṯaḥ). See 𒉿𒌅𒌑𒌝 (petûm, “to open”).


ṣurrum

Assyrian (Babylonian Middle)
El-Amarna (Babylonian)
Nuzi (Babylonian)

From Proto-Semitic *ṯ̣urr- (“flint”). Cognate with Arabic ظُرَر (ẓurar) and Biblical Hebrew צֹר (ṣor).


inanna

𒆠𒈠 𒄿𒈾𒀭𒈾 [kīma inanna]

right now (literally, “like (it was) now”)

𒅖𒌅 𒄿𒈾𒀭𒈾 [ištu inanna]

𒀀𒁲 𒄿𒈾𒀭𒈾 [adi inanna]


amšālim

From Proto-Semitic *ʔamšay- (“yesterday”). Cognate with Arabic أَمْسِ (ʔamsi).

𒋳𒈠 𒈪𒈠 𒀝𒁍𒄣 𒄠𒊭𒇷 𒀉𒋾𒅀 𒄿𒆷𒄰 𒈪𒅎𒈠𒀭 𒌓𒈠𒄠 𒅀𒀀𒋾 𒅅𒆷𒀭𒉌
[šumma kīma aqbûkum amšali ittīya illakam mimman ūmam yâti iklanni]
šum-ma ki-ma aq-bu-kum am-ša-li it-ti-ia i-la-kam mi-im-ma-an UD-ma-am ya-a-ti ik-la-an-ni
If he had come with me yesterday as I had told you, in what way could he have hindered me today?


šērum

From Proto-Semitic *šaḥ(a)r- (“dawn, morning”). Cognate with Arabic سَحَر (saḥar) and Biblical Hebrew שַׁחַר (šáḥar, “dawn”).


nazāqum

akk-verb

nazāqum (G, i, durative inazziq, perfect ittaziq, preterite izziq, imperative iziq)

inazziq (durative)
ittaziq (perfect)
izziq (preterite)
iziq (imperative)
Mari (Babylonian)
nazāqum (infinitive)
nāziqum (participle)
nazqum (adjective)
anazziq (durative first-person singular)
attaziq (first-person perfect singular)
azziq (first-person preterite singular)
luzziq (first-person imperative singular)
tanazziq (durative masculine second-person singular)
tattaziq (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tazziq (masculine preterite second-person singular)
iziq (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tanazziqī (durative feminine second-person singular)
tattazqī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tazziqī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
izqī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
inazziq (durative singular third-person)
ittaziq (perfect singular third-person)
izziq (preterite singular third-person)
lizziq (imperative singular third-person)
ninazziq (durative first-person plural)
nittaziq (first-person perfect plural)
nizziq (first-person plural preterite)
i nizziq (first-person imperative plural)
tanazziqā (durative plural second-person)
tattazqā (perfect plural second-person)
tazziqā (plural preterite second-person)
izqā (imperative plural second-person)
inazziqū (durative masculine plural third-person)
ittazqū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
izziqū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
lizziqū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
inazziqā (durative feminine plural third-person)
ittazqā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
izziqā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
lizziqā (feminine imperative plural third-person)

Cognate with Biblical Hebrew נֶזֶק (nɛ́zɛq, “injury, damage”).


abūbum

Compare Arabic أُبَاب (ʔubāb, “billow”) and the developments under the root ح ب ب (ḥ-b-b).

the Deluge, the Flood (as cosmic event or as personification of the ultimate wrath, destruction and aggressiveness)

(mythology) the Deluge, the Flood (a monster with definite features)


wāšipum

wāšipū (plural)
Assyrian (Babylonian Middle)
Neo-Assyrian (Babylonian)

From wašāpum (“to exorcise, enchant”) (only attested in the D-stem).

exorcist, incantation priest, magician, sorcerer


ṣimdatum

From 𒇲 (ṣamādum, “to harness, to yoke”).

(Neo-Babylonian, only) temple regulation


aššum

From 𒀀𒈾 (ana, “for”) + 𒈬 (šumum, “because of”).

com

(Babylonian with conjunctive) because of (the fact that)


ṣamādum

akk-verb

ṣamādum (G, i, durative iṣammid, perfect iṣṣamid, preterite iṣmid, imperative ṣimid)

iṣammid (durative)
iṣṣamid (perfect)
iṣmid (preterite)
ṣimid (imperative)
Boghazkeui (Babylonian)
ṣamādum (infinitive)
ṣāmidum (participle)
ṣamdum (adjective)
aṣammid (durative first-person singular)
aṣṣamid (first-person perfect singular)
aṣmid (first-person preterite singular)
luṣmid (first-person imperative singular)
taṣammid (durative masculine second-person singular)
taṣṣamid (masculine perfect second-person singular)
taṣmid (masculine preterite second-person singular)
ṣimid (imperative masculine second-person singular)
taṣammidī (durative feminine second-person singular)
taṣṣamdī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
taṣmidī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
ṣimdī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
iṣammid (durative singular third-person)
iṣṣamid (perfect singular third-person)
iṣmid (preterite singular third-person)
liṣmid (imperative singular third-person)
niṣammid (durative first-person plural)
niṣṣamid (first-person perfect plural)
niṣmid (first-person plural preterite)
i niṣmid (first-person imperative plural)
taṣammidā (durative plural second-person)
taṣṣamdā (perfect plural second-person)
taṣmidā (plural preterite second-person)
ṣimdā (imperative plural second-person)
iṣammidū (durative masculine plural third-person)
iṣṣamdū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
iṣmidū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
liṣmidū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
iṣammidā (durative feminine plural third-person)
iṣṣamdā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
iṣmidā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
liṣmidā (feminine imperative plural third-person)

From Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂amad- (“to yoke, harness”). Cognate with Arabic ضَمَدَ (ḍamada) and Biblical Hebrew צָמַד (ṣɔmáḏ).

inh

𒐊 𒂅 𒆬𒌓 𒇻𒊻𒈪𒁕𒄠𒈠 𒀀𒈾 𒂗𒅀 𒅗𒀀𒋫 𒇻𒊭𒁉𒆷𒄠
5 GIN₂ KU₃.BABBAR lu-uṣ-mi-da-am-ma a-na EN-ya ka-a-ta lu-ša-bi-la-am
/ḫamšat šiqil kaspam luṣmidam-ma ana bēlīya kâta lušābilam/
I will prepare five shekels of silver and send them to you, my lord.


kadrum

akk-adj

kadrum (feminine kadirtum or kadratum, masculine plural kadrūtum, feminine plural kadrātum, predicative kadir)

kadirtum (feminine)
kadratum (feminine)
kadrūtum (masculine plural)
kadrātum (feminine plural)
kadir (predicative)
Neo-Assyrian (Babylonian)

wild, fierce, aggressive, rearing up, impetuous

verbal adjective of kadārum:
proud (deity or person)


ašāgum

Unknown. Compare perhaps Arabic شَوْك (šawk, “thorn”), عَوْسَج (ʕawsaj), and Biblical Hebrew שֵׂךְ (śeḵ, “thorn”).

a common spiny plant, perhaps a camelthorn


šaprum

akk-noun

šaprum m (plural šaprūtum m or šaprātum f)

šaprūtum (masculine plural)
šaprātum (feminine plural)

Nominalised participle of 𒊭𒉺𒀸 (šapārum, “to send”).

(Neo-Assyrian) variation of 𒊭𒁀𒅈𒌈 (šapartum, “pledge”)


šurānum

desc

→ Aramaic: שׁוּנָּרָא

→ Aramaic: שׁוּנָּרָא / ܫܘܢܪܐ (šunnārā), ܫܘܪܢܐ (šūrānā), ܣܢܘܪܐ (sannūrā)

→ Arabic: سُنَّار (sunnār), سِنَّوْر (sinnawr)

→ Hebrew: שׁוּנָר m (shunár, “wild cat”)


nakkaptum

akk-noun

nakkaptum f (dual nakkaptān, plural nakkapātum)

From Proto-Semitic *nakap-at- (“temple, cheek-bone”). Cognate with Arabic نَكَفَة (nakafa).


luppum

luppātum (feminine plural)
luppū (masculine plural)
Nuzi (Babylonian)

From Sumerian 𒋢𒇻𒂠 (^(kuš)lu-ub₂ /lub/, “bag”).


ṭepûm

akk-verb

ṭepûm (G, i, durative iṭeppi, perfect iṭṭepi, preterite iṭpi, imperative ṭipi)

iṭeppi (durative)
iṭṭepi (perfect)
iṭpi (preterite)
ṭipi (imperative)

𒈫 𒀉𒋾 𒐋 𒋰𒈠 [2 itti 6 taṭippīma 8]

𒐍 𒀀𒈾 𒌋𒅗 𒐍 𒋰𒈠 𒌋𒐋 [8 ana muḫḫi 8 TAB-ma 16]