ab

French: à

Italian: a

Spanish: a

Portuguese: a

→ Norwegian Bokmål: a, ab (learned)

From Proto-Italic *ap, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”) (whence English off, of and after). See also po-. Cognate with ᾰ̓πό (ăpó). The reconstruction of the Proto-Italic form is somewhat uncertain, as it's not clear when or how the final vowel of the PIE form was lost. The voicing of the final consonant to -b can be interpreted as an example of regular voicing of plosives in word-final position, as in fēced < *fēcet, a sound change that some reconstruct at the common Italic stage. Others explain -b here as the result of analogical extension from clusters ending in a voiced consonant. The form ap- is attested in composition in Latin aperiō and Umbrian 𐌀𐌐𐌄𐌇𐌕𐌓𐌄 (apehtre).

inh

Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit.

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.1

The river Garonne separates the Gauls from the Aquitani; the Marne and the Seine separate them from the Belgae.

(indicating ablation): from, away from, out of

Rex ab suis appellatur.

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 7.4

(indicating agency): (source of action or event) by, by means of

Horum utro uti nolumus, altero est utendum. vim volumus exstingui, ius valeat necesse est, id est iudicia, quibus omne ius continetur; iudicia displicent aut nulla sunt, vis dominetur necesse est. hoc vident omnes: Milo et vidit et fecit, ut ius experiretur, vim depelleret. altero uti voluit, ut virtus audaciam vinceret; altero usus necessario est, ne virtus ab audacia vinceretur.

106 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Oration in favor of P. Sestius Pro P. Sestio Oratio.Ch. 42, sect. 92

...so that virtue might not be overwhelmed by insolence.

(indicating instrumentality): (source of action or event) by, by means of, with


cum

→ English: cum

Aragonese: con

Aromanian: cu

Asturian: con, cun, co

Corsican: cù, cun

Dalmatian: con

Emilian: con

Friulian: cun, cu

Istriot: cun, cu'

Italian: con

Ladin: con, co, cun

Ligurian: con

Lombard: cond

Megleno-Romanian: cu

Mirandese: cun

Neapolitan: cu

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: con
Fala: con
Galician: con
Portuguese: com (see there for further descendants)

Piedmontese: cun

Romagnol: cun

Romanian: cu

Leonese: cun

Romansch: cun

Sardinian: chin, cun

Sicilian: cu

Spanish: con

Venetan: co

From Old Latin com, from Proto-Italic *kom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“next to, at, with, along”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *ga- (“co-”), Proto-Slavic *sъ(n) (“with”).
The ablative is from the PIE comitative-instrumental.

inh

Titus cum familiā habitat.

magnā cum laude

Mīlitēs cum prīmā lūce vēnērunt.

at (denoting a point in time with which an action coincides)

cum centesimo efficere


and

Middle Irish: ann

Irish: ann

Manx: ayn

Scottish Gaelic: ann

From Proto-Celtic *andom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dó. The adverbial sense of this term is the original one, and it has an etymology independent of i.

Is and didiu for·téit spiritus ar n-énirti-ni in tain bes n-inun accobor lenn .i. la corp et anim et la spirut.

So it is then that the spirit helps our weakness when we have the same desire, to wit, body and soul and spirit.


te

From Proto-Albanian *te-k(u), from Proto-Indo-European *to- (“it”). Governs the nominative determinative, due to its relatively recent use as a preposition and its origin as a shortened form of Albanian *te-k(u).

Unë jam te pijetorja.

të duash ndokënd.

Jemi te unë.

(with a human referent) at (someone's) place


en

Old Latin: en

Latin: in (see there for further descendants)

desc

Oscan: en, -en, -𐌄𐌍 (-en), -𐌝𐌍 (-ín), 𐌄𐌌- (em-)

Paelignian: i, -e, em-, in-

South Picene: -𐌝𐌍 (-ín), -𐌄𐌍 (-en)

Umbrian: -𐌄𐌌 (-em), -𐌄𐌍 (-en), -𐌄 (-e), -em, -eme, en-

Venetic: 𐌄𐌔 (es, “unto”) (< *ens)


ad

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: a

Dalmatian:

a

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: à

Italian: a(d) (see there for further descendants)

Sicilian: a

Western Romance of N. Italy:

Friulian: a

Ligurian: a

Romagnol: a

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: a

Franco-Provençal: a

Old French: a

French: à (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: a

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: a

Old Leonese: a

Asturian: a

Extremaduran: a

Leonese: a

Mirandese: a

Old Galician-Portuguese: a (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: a

Borrowings:

→ English: ad

From Proto-Italic *ad, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“near, at”). Cognates include English at.
The accusative is from the hypothesized pre-PIE allative (or 'directional'), which merged with the accusative case in Proto-Italic.


de

Aragonese: de

Asturian: de

Aromanian: di

Old Catalan: de

Catalan: de

Corsican: di

Dalmatian: de

→ Esperanto: de

Franco-Provençal: de

Old French: de

Middle French: de

French: de

Friulian: di

Old Galician-Portuguese: de

Galician: de

Portuguese: de

→ Ido: de

→ Interlingua: de

Italian: di, de

Ladin: de

Ladino: de

Old Lombard: de

Lombard: de

Gallo-Italic of Sicily: d', d′, di

Mozarabic: ד (d)

Neapolitan: 'e

Old Occitan: de

Occitan: de

Romanian: de

Romansch: da

Sicilian: di

Old Spanish: de

Spanish: de

Etymology tree
Proto-Italic *dē
Latin de
From Proto-Italic *dē, from an instrumental singular form of Proto-Indo-European *de. Also in suffixes -dam, -dum, -de, -dō (e.g. quondam, inde, unde, quandō), dōnec, Ancient Greek δέ (dé), δή (dḗ), English to.

etymon

de Germanis

de Britannis

(particularly coins) over, in reference to the people subjugated when celebrating a Roman victory


de

lía de

Cía thés hí loc bes ardu, ní ardu de; ní samlid són dúnni, air ⟨im⟩mi ardu-ni de tri dul isna lucu arda.

Though he may go into a higher place, he is not the higher; this is not the case for us, for we are the higher through going into the high places.

Used after the comparative degree of an adjective in the meaning of English “the” before a comparative


in

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: ãn

Istro-Romanian: ăn

Megleno-Romanian: ăn

Romanian: în

Dalmatian:

en

Italo-Romance:

Italian: in

Sicilian: 'n

Padanian:

Friulian: in

Ligurian: in

Piedmontese: ën

Romansch: en

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: en

Franco-Provençal: en

French: en

Occitan: en

Ibero-Romance:

Mozarabic: אן (ʔn)

Portuguese: em

Spanish: en

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: in

From earlier en, from Proto-Italic *en, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”). Cognate with English in.
The ablative is from the locative, and the accusative is from the directional.

generatimque distributi in civitates

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.19

and being distributed in tribes according to their respective nations


for

Irish: bhur

Scottish Gaelic: ur

From Proto-Celtic *sweseros, from *swīs (“you (pl.)”); compare Latin vester.

you (plural; as the object of a preposition that takes the genitive)


at

At rēgīna ….

But the Queen ….
(This phrase, which begins Book 4, recurs twice more to begin subsections within the book: cf. 4.296, 4.504.)

introduces a different but not completely opposing thought: but, yet, moreover, on the other hand, on the contrary, still


at

Alternative spelling of ad. See aliquit.

At te balneolae tuae bearunt,

1490 – 1500, Iovianus Pontanus, Hendecasyllaborum seu Baiarum libri duo 1.30.26

Alternative spelling of ad (“towards, to”)


i

indium (first-person singular)
indiumm (first-person singular)
indiumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
indiut (second-person singular)
indiutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
indiutsiu (emphatic second-person singular)
and (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
andsom (dative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
ind (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
indsom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
indi (dative feminine singular third-person)
inte (accusative feminine singular third-person)
intesi (accusative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
indiunn (first-person plural)
indiunni (emphatic first-person plural)
indib (plural second-person)
indibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
indib (dative plural third-person)
indibsom (dative emphatic plural third-person)
indibsem (dative emphatic plural third-person)
intiu (accusative plural third-person)

desctree

Middle Irish: i, a
Irish: i
Scottish Gaelic: an
Manx: ayns

From Proto-Celtic *en (compare Welsh yn), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (compare English in, Latin in, Ancient Greek ἐν (en)).
The third-person singular masculine and neuter inflected dative form and is not derived from a contraction with a pronoun. Instead, it was originally an adverb with an independent etymology. See its page for its etymology.


air

head

air (+ dative, triggers lenition in certain established phrases)

in certain established phrases (triggers-lenition)
orm (first-person singular)
ormsa (emphatic first-person singular)
ort (second-person singular)
ortsa (emphatic second-person singular)
air (masculine singular third-person)
airsan (emphatic masculine singular third-person)

From a conflation of three Old Irish prepositions:
# ar, air (“for”) (triggering lenition), from Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂i. Cognates include Ancient Greek παρά (pará, “beside”) and English fore.
# for (“on”) (triggering no mutation), from Proto-Celtic *uɸer (“over, on”) (compare Welsh ar, Breton war), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (compare Latin super, Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), Old English ofer).
# íar (“after”) (triggering eclipsis), from Proto-Celtic *eɸirom (“after, behind”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.
Cognates include Irish ar and Manx er.

dè an t-ainm a tha ort?

what's your name? (literally, “what the name that is on you?”)

tha an t-acras orm

I'm hungry (literally, “the hunger is on me”)

tha falt dubh orra

they have black hair (literally, “black hair is on them”)

tha an cnatan oirre

she has a bad cold (literally, “the cold is on her”)

(idiomatic) Used to indicate inalienable possession, feelings and minor medical conditions


from

Alternative form of faram (“along with me, beside me; in addition to me; as good as me”)


as

Cas as an raidió.

Chuir mé an solas as.

off (in or into a state of non-operation or non-existence: of a machine, light, etc.)

Tá an tine as.

out (in or into a state of non-operation or non-existence: of a fire, etc.)


er

orrym (first-person singular)
ort (second-person singular)
er (masculine singular third-person)
urree (singular)
orrin (first-person plural)
erriu (plural second-person)
orroo (plural third-person)
orryms (emphatic first-person singular)
orts (emphatic second-person singular)
ersyn (emphatic masculine singular third-person)
urreeish (emphatic singular)
orrinyn (emphatic first-person plural)
erriuish (emphatic plural second-person)
orroosyn (emphatic plural third-person)

From a conflation of three Old Irish prepositions:
# ar, air (“for”) (triggering lenition), from Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂i. Cognates include Ancient Greek παρά (pará, “beside”) and English fore.
# for (“on”) (triggering no mutation), from Proto-Celtic *uɸer (“over, on”) (compare Welsh ar, Breton war), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (compare Latin super, Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), Old English ofer).
# íar (“after”) (triggering eclipsis), from Proto-Celtic *eɸirom (“after, behind”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.
Cognates include Irish ar and Scottish Gaelic air.


do

do (with dative; triggers lenition of a following consonant-initial noun)

dom (first-person singular)
dam (first-person singular)
domsa (emphatic first-person singular)
damsa (emphatic first-person singular)
duit (second-person singular)
dait (second-person singular)
dit (second-person singular)
deit (second-person singular)
duitsiu (emphatic second-person singular)
detsiu (emphatic second-person singular)
deitsiu (emphatic second-person singular)
duitso (emphatic second-person singular)
détso (emphatic second-person singular)
dó (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
dóu (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
dáu (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
dosom (dative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
dossom (dative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
dí (dative feminine singular third-person)
disi (dative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
dissi (dative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
dún (first-person plural)
dúnn (first-person plural)
duún (first-person plural)
dúun (first-person plural)
dúin (first-person plural)
dúnni (emphatic first-person plural)
dúnnai (emphatic first-person plural)
dúib (plural second-person)
dúibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
doib (dative plural third-person)
doaib (dative plural third-person)
duaib (dative plural third-person)
dóib (dative plural third-person)
doïbsom (dative emphatic plural third-person)
doaibsem (dative emphatic plural third-person)
dóibsem (dative emphatic plural third-person)

From Proto-Celtic *dū (“to”), from Proto-Indo-European *de. Unrelated to the prefix to-.

Is peccad díabul lesom .i. fodord doïb di dommatu, ⁊ du·fúairthed ní leu fora sáith din main, ⁊ todlugud inna féulæ ɔ amairis nánda·tibérad Día doïb, ⁊ nach coimnacuir ⁊ issi dano insin ind frescissiu co fochaid.

It is a double sin in his opinion, i.e. the murmuring by them of want, although there remained some of the manna with them upon their satiety, and demanding the meat with faithlessness that Good would not give it to them, and [even] that he could not; therefore that is the expectation with testing.


me

Ancient Greek language
Gothic language
Old Norse language

From Proto-Albanian *me(t). Cognate to Ancient Greek μετά (metá, “after, beyond; in the middle, between”), Gothic miþ (“with”), Old Norse með.

cog-lite

Shkoj me tim vëlla.

E sheh djalin me sytë e kaltër?

Preferoj të shkruaj me penë.


fri

frimm (first-person singular)
frium (first-person singular)
friumm (first-person singular)
frimsa (emphatic first-person singular)
friumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
frit (second-person singular)
fritt (second-person singular)
friut (second-person singular)
friutt (second-person singular)
fritso (emphatic second-person singular)
fritsu (emphatic second-person singular)
fris (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
friss (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
frissom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
frissium (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
frie (accusative feminine singular third-person)
frinn (first-person plural)
frinni (emphatic first-person plural)
frinnai (emphatic first-person plural)
frib (plural second-person)
fribsi (emphatic plural second-person)
friu (accusative plural third-person)
friusom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)

desctree

Middle Irish: fri
Irish: ré, re (“against, towards, with”)
⇒ Irish: fa ré, fara, frae (“along with, beside”)
Manx: rish
Scottish Gaelic: ri

From Proto-Celtic *writ- (compare Welsh wrth, prefix gwrth-), from the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”) (compare Latin versus (“against”)).


co

head

co (takes the accusative; triggers h-prothesis before vowels)

cucum (first-person singular)
cuccum (first-person singular)
cucumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
cuccumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
cucut (second-person singular)
cuccut (second-person singular)
cucutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
cuccutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
cuci (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
cucci (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
cucai (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
cuccai (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
cucisom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
cuccisom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
cuice (accusative feminine singular third-person)
cuicce (accusative feminine singular third-person)
cuce (accusative feminine singular third-person)
cucce (accusative feminine singular third-person)
cucunn (first-person plural)
cuccunn (first-person plural)
cucuib (plural second-person)
cuccuib (plural second-person)
cucuibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
cuccuibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
cucu (accusative plural third-person)
cuccu (accusative plural third-person)

desctree

Middle Irish: co, go
Irish: chuig, chun, go
Scottish Gaelic: gu

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

From Proto-Celtic *kʷuts (“to, towards”), cognate with Middle Welsh py (“to”). This may be from Proto-Italo-Celtic *kuts ‘some (of the) way’, whence Latin us-quam (“somewhere”), us-que (“all of the way”), and Oscan 𐌐𐌖𐌆 (puz, “as, that”, conjunction). See Proto-Indo-European *ku (“where”).
The inflected forms on the other hand are from Proto-Celtic *kʷunkʷe ← *kʷum + *-kʷe, for which compare Proto-Slavic *kъ(n) (“to, towards”).

cog

used with the neuter accusative singular of an adjective to form an adverb: -ly


eu

at you/ye


pa

From Proto-Albanian *apa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”). Cognate to Messapic [script needed] (apa, “from, out of, by”), Ancient Greek ἀπό (apó, “away, off”), Sanskrit अप (apá).


ar

From Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂í. Cognates include Ancient Greek παραί (paraí, “beside”) and Old English fore (modern English for and fore).

Alternative spelling of air (“for, since”)


es

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

Alternative spelling of as: third-person singular masculine of a


sine

Franco-Provençal: sen

Friulian: cence

Italian: senza

Old Catalan:

Catalan: sense, sens

desctree

Old French: senz, sens, sans, san, saunce
→ Middle English: saunz, sauns, sanz, sans, saunce, san, saun, sawnz, sauncz, sance
English: sans
Scots: sans (obsolete)
Middle French: sans
French: sans
Norman: sans (Jersey)

Old Galician-Portuguese: sen
Fala: sin
Galician: sen
Portuguese: sem

Old Spanish: sin
Ladino: sin
Spanish: sin

Sardinian: sine

The function of this preposition was previously done with the use of sē, sēd (see sē-, sed), from Proto-Indo-European *swé (“self”), thus meaning "by itself", "without". Some still refer the si- in sine to this root, others refer it to Proto-Indo-European *só (“this”), whence si (“if”). And as sometimes nesi was also written, with -ne being nē (“not”), sine might literally mean "not this". Compare with nisi.
Yet others refer sine to Proto-Indo-European *sen(H)i (“for oneself, without”), itself possibly related to *swé or more likely a locative of *senH-. Thus cognate with Ancient Greek ᾰ̓́νευ (ắneu), ἄτερ (áter, “without”), Sanskrit सनुतर् (sanutar, “away, off”), Old English sundor; compare especially Tocharian B snai and Old Irish sain (“separated, different”) (Proto-Celtic *sanis), which may reflect the original PIE adverb.
The ablative is from a PIE ablative of separation or a comitative-instrumental analogous to cum. Compare Sanskrit विना (vinā).

der

Sum sine rēgnō.


la

lem (first-person singular)
lemm (first-person singular)
lim (first-person singular)
limm (first-person singular)
leim (first-person singular)
lium (first-person singular)
liumm (first-person singular)
lemsa (emphatic first-person singular)
limsa (emphatic first-person singular)
liumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
lat (second-person singular)
latt (second-person singular)
latso (emphatic second-person singular)
latsu (emphatic second-person singular)
leiss (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
les (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
less (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
lais (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
laiss (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
letha (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
lesom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
leisom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
lessom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
lessem (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
leissem (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
laisem (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
lee (accusative feminine singular third-person)
laee (accusative feminine singular third-person)
lǽ (accusative feminine singular third-person)
lési (accusative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
linn (first-person plural)
liunn (first-person plural)
lenn (first-person plural)
leinn (first-person plural)
linni (emphatic first-person plural)
linnai (emphatic first-person plural)
lib (plural second-person)
libsi (emphatic plural second-person)
leu (accusative plural third-person)
léu (accusative plural third-person)
leo (accusative plural third-person)
lethu (accusative plural third-person)
leusom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)
leosom (accusative emphatic plural third-person)

Irish: le

Manx: lesh

Scottish Gaelic: le

From a form of Proto-Celtic *letos (“side”), from which leth, which could be related to *ɸletos (“side”). However, compare Latin latus. The sense “in the language of” is a semantic loan from Latin apud and is perhaps encountered only in glosses of the Latin construction.


fo

foum (first-person singular)
fout (second-person singular)
fó (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
fóu (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
foí (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
foæ (dative feminine singular third-person)
founn (first-person plural)
foïb (dative plural third-person)

Irish: faoi

Manx: fo

Scottish Gaelic: fo

From Proto-Celtic *uɸo, from Proto-Indo-European *upo (“under, up from under”).

inh

Ní hé apstal cita·rogab in testimin so. Aliter: Ní fóu da·uc int apstal fon chéill fuand·rogab in fáith.

It is not (the) apostle who first uttered this text. Otherwise: The apostle did not apply it in the sense in which the prophet uttered it.


ex

From Proto-Italic *eks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs (“out”). Cognates include Ancient Greek ἐξ (ex) or ἐκ (ek), Old Irish ess-, a, ass, Lithuanian ìš and Old Church Slavonic из (iz).


less

lesso (genitive)
less (nominative singular)
less (dual nominative)
lessae (nominative plural)
less (singular vocative)
less (dual vocative)
lessu (plural vocative)
less (accusative singular)
less (accusative dual)
lessu (accusative plural)
lesso (genitive singular)
lessa (genitive singular)
lesso (dual genitive)
lessa (dual genitive)
lessae (genitive plural)
less (dative singular)
lessaib (dative dual)
lessaib (dative plural)

Irish: leas

Manx: lhiass

Scottish Gaelic: leas

Derived by Irslinger from Proto-Celtic *lexstus, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂lek- (“to protect”).
An old etymology suggested by Stokes derives this from Proto-Celtic *lesso-, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill”), similar to Proto-Slavic *plodъ (“fruit”). However, the advent of laryngeal theory makes this etymology impossible, and Irslinger criticizes this derivation for having an unclear suffixation process.


less

less
also lless after a proclitic
ending in a vowel

Alternative spelling of les (third-person singular masculine of la)


ob

From Proto-Italic *op, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἐπί (epí), Sanskrit अपि (ápi), Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌 (aⁱpi), Old Persian [script needed] (apiy), and Old Armenian եւ (ew). Also related to English by.
The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional and the PIE direct object.

ob haec, ob hoc, ob ea, ob eam rem

for this/that reason, because of this/that reason

ob aliquam rem gratia

on account of, according to, because of, due to, for (the purpose of)


per

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: pri, pi, pre

Romanian: pre, pe, pă, pi

Istriot: par

Italo-Romance:

Italian: per

Neapolitan: pe, ppe

Sicilian: pi, pri, pir

Franco-Provençal: per

Old Leonese:

Asturian: per

Old Occitan:

Catalan: per

Occitan: per, par

Navarro-Aragonese: per

Aragonese: per

desctree

Old French: par
Middle French: par
French: par
→ English: par
Lorrain: poir
Picard: per

Old Galician-Portuguese: per

Portuguese: per

Old Spanish:

Spanish: par

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: par

Ladin: per

Venetan: par

→ Danish: per

→ Dutch: per

→ English: per

→ Finnish: per

→ German: per

→ Hungarian: per

→ Norwegian: per

→ Swedish: per

→ Esperanto: per

Ido: per

From Proto-Italic *per, from Proto-Indo-European *per-. Cognates include Ancient Greek περί (perí), Sanskrit परि (pári), Lithuanian per, Albanian për and English for.
The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

Qua re per exploratores nuntiata

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.11

That event being announced by the scouts

per speciem honoris

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.3


kom

Old Latin: com

Latin: cum (see there for further descendants)

Faliscan: com

Umbrian: com

Oscan: com

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“with, along, at”).


op

Latin: ob

Oscan: 𐌞𐌐 (úp), op

Venetic: op


intro

la-verb

intrō (present infinitive intrāre, perfect active intrāvī, supine intrātum); first conjugation

intrō (canonical)
intrāre (infinitive present)
intrāvī (active perfect)
intrātum (supine)
intrō (active first-person indicative present singular)
intrās (active indicative present second-person singular)
intrat (active indicative present singular third-person)
intrāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
intrātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
intrant (active indicative plural present third-person)
intrābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
intrābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
intrābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
intrābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
intrābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
intrābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
intrābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
intrābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
intrābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
intrābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
intrābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
intrābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
intrāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
intrāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
intrāstī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
intrāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
intrāt (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
intrāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
intrāmus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
intrāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
intrāstis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
intrāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
intrārunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
intrāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
intrāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
intrāram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
intrāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
intrārās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
intrāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
intrārat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
intrāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
intrārāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
intrāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
intrārātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
intrāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
intrārant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
intrāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
intrārō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
intrāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
intrāris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
intrāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
intrārit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
intrāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
intrārimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
intrāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
intrāritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
intrāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
intrārint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
intrāssō (active first-person future sigmatic singular)
intrāssis (active future second-person sigmatic singular)
intrāssit (active future sigmatic singular third-person)
intrāssimus (active first-person future plural sigmatic)
intrāssitis (active future plural second-person sigmatic)
intrāssint (active future plural sigmatic third-person)
intror (first-person indicative passive present singular)
intrāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
intrāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
intrātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
intrāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
intrāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
intrantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
intrābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
intrābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
intrābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
intrābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
intrābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
intrābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
intrābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
intrābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
intrāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
intrābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
intrābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
intrābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
intrābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
intrābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
intrem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
intrēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
intret (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
intrēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
intrētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
intrent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
intrārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
intrārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
intrāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
intrārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
intrārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
intrārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
intrāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
intrārim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
intrāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
intrārīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
intrāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
intrārit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
intrāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
intrārīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
intrāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
intrārītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
intrāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
intrārint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
intrāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
intrāssem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
intrāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
intrāssēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
intrāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
intrāsset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
intrāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
intrāssēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
intrāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
intrāssētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
intrāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
intrāssent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
intrāssim (active aorist first-person sigmatic singular)
intrāssīs (active aorist second-person sigmatic singular)
intrāssīt (active aorist sigmatic singular third-person)
intrāssīmus (active aorist first-person plural sigmatic)
intrāssītis (active aorist plural second-person sigmatic)
intrāssint (active aorist plural sigmatic third-person)
intrer (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
intrēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
intrēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
intrētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
intrēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
intrēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
intrentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
intrārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
intrārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
intrārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
intrārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
intrārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
intrārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
intrārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
intrā (active imperative present second-person singular)
intrāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
intrātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
intrātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
intrātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
intrantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
intrāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
intrāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
intrātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
intrātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
intrantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
intrāre (active infinitive present)
intrāvisse (active infinitive perfect)
intrāsse (active infinitive perfect)
intrātūrum esse (active future infinitive)
intrārī (infinitive passive present)
intrātum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
intrātum īrī (future infinitive passive)
intrāns (active participle present)
intrātūrus (active future participle)
intrātus (participle passive perfect)
intrandus (future participle passive)
intrandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
intrandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
intrandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
intrandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
intrātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
intrātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: ãntru, intru

Romanian: intra, întra

Dalmatian:

entrur

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: entra

Italian: intrare, entrare

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: intràe, intrai, intrare

North Italian:

Friulian: jentrâ

Romansch: entrar, antrar, entrer

Venetan: entrar

Gallo-Romance:

desctree

Old French: entrer
Middle French: entrer
French: entrer
→ Danish: entrere
Norman: entrer
→ Middle English: entren
English: enter
Scots: enter

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: entrar

Occitan: intrar, entrar ⇒ Occitan: dintrar

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: entrar

Old Galician-Portuguese: intrar, entrar

Galician: entrar

Portuguese: entrar

Old Spanish: entrar

Ladino: entrar

Spanish: entrar (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→⇒ Irish: iontráil

(intransitive) to enter, go into, penetrate

(transitive) to cross, go beyond, exceed


intro

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: tru

Romanian: întru

Italo-Romance:

Italian: entro

Ibero-Romance:

Spanish: entro


ante

From Proto-Italic *anti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti, locative singular of the root noun *h₂ent- (“front, front side”).
Cognates include Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí, “opposite, facing”), Sanskrit अन्ति (ánti), Old Armenian ընդ (ənd), Tocharian B ānte, and English and.
The change from PIE ablative to Latin accusative is like the confrontational accusative used with Ancient Greek παρά (pará).

cog

indicates anteriority. before
of space. in front, before, forwards

non te justifices ante Deum

do not pass yourself off as righteous in the presence of God

before, in the presence of, in the sight of

ante omnia

ante litteram (literally, “before the letter”)

indicates anteriority. before
of time. before

necessitas ante rationem est

c. 1 CE – 100 CE, Quintus Curtius Rufus, Historiae Alexandri Magni 7.7.10

necessity is more important than reason
necessity goes before reason

indicates anteriority. before
of importance. before, more than


ante

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: anti

Gallurese: anti

Sassarese: anti

Italian: ante, anti

Sicilian: antu, a l'antu

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: antis

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: ante, énte, antes

Extremaduran: antis

Mirandese: antes ⇒ dantes

Old Galician-Portuguese: antes, ante ⇒ perante

Galician: antes, ante, perante

Portuguese: antes, ante, perante

Spanish: ante, antes

Vulgar Latin: *antius

Catalan: ans

Italian: anzi

Old Francoprovençal: ancis

Old French: ains ⇒ ainçois

French: ains, ainçais

Piedmontese: ansi

Sicilian: anzi, nnanzi ('n + anzi)

Borrowings:

→⇒ Esperanto: antaŭ

→ Norwegian Bokmål: ante-

ante diem V

4th day before ("fifth" counting inclusively)


out of

From Middle English oute of, from Old English ūt of.

exterior to

Expressing motion away, literal or figurative; opposed to into.; So as no longer to be in a given condition or state.

without

Expressing motion away, literal or figurative; opposed to into.; From a thing or or place as a source, place of origin etc.

They're out of Tampa and they cover the Southeast.

He works out of the main office.

This company, based out of England has a full line of magickal products but I can really on^([sic]) comment on their charcoal incense.

2007, Raven Womack, The Raven's Flight Book of Incense, Oils, Potions and Brews, page 107:

The first major radio networks were based out of New York, and these chains of radio stations would broadcast the same programs that would originate from New York to its subsidiary stations across the nation.

2015, Alan C. Turley, Urban Culture: Exploring Cities and Cultures, page 81:

(informal) In a manner based in but not always in (a certain place); (loosely) in.


pro

prō (canonical)
in Late Latin (accusative)

Late Latin: pōr (see there for further descendants)

Sardinian: pro, po

→ English: pro

→ Finnish: pro

→ German: pro

→ Indonesian: pro

→ Portuguese: pró

From Proto-Italic *prō, from an innovative instrumental singular *próh₁ derived from Proto-Indo-European *pró (“toward”).
Use with accusative nouns is originally by analogy to ante, amplified in Late Latin due to the merger of other cases with the accusative.


sub

Old Leonese: sob

Asturian: so

Old Galician-Portuguese: sob

Galician: so

Portuguese: sob

Old Spanish: so

Spanish: so (in certain fossilized expressions)

→ English: sub

From Proto-Italic *supo, from Proto-Indo-European *upó. Compare Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó). The usage with the accusative is from the pre-PIE directional, while with the ablative it is from both the locative, “under”, and the ablative, “from underneath”.

about, around (time); just before, just after, shortly before, shortly after

under, up to, up under, close to (of a motion)

(with accusative)
until, before, up to, about


super

From Proto-Italic *super, from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“over, above”). Cognate to Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér, “above”).
The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional. The ablative is from the ablative of cause.

inh

Cibus super mēnsam est.

(with accusative or ablative) [of place] above, on the top of, upon

terra autem erat inanis et vacua et tenebrae super faciem abyssi et spiritus Dei ferebatur super aquas

And the earth was void and empty, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the spirit of God moved over the waters.

(with accusative) [of place] above, beyond

(with accusative) [of measure] above, beyond, over, in addition to


super

Asturian: sobre

Catalan: sobre, → súper

→ Czech: super, supr

→ English: super

→ Polish: super

→ French: super

→ Romanian: super

Galician: sobre

→ German: super

→ Hungarian: szuper

Italian: sopra, super

Romanian: spre

Occitan: subre

desctree

Old French: seur
Middle French: sur
French: sur

Portuguese: sobre, super, súper

Sardinian: subre

Spanish: sobre, super

→ Russian: супер (super)

Hīs accēnsa super …

[Juno] having been inflamed by these [things] in addition …
Or, translated more plainly:
With all of this angering her …
(See: Juno (mythology).)

moreover, in addition, besides, on top of this, too, also


super

Latin: super (see there for further descendants)

Umbrian: 𐌔𐌖𐌐𐌄𐌓 (super)


por

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: por, pô

Old French: por, pur
Middle French: pour
French: pour
Norman: pouor, pour (Guernsey)

Occitano-Romance:

q

Old Occitan: por ("beyond, more" in the context of price)

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: por

Old Galician-Portuguese: por

Fala: por

Galician: por

Portuguese: por

Spanish: por

→ Gascon: por

Esperanto: por

From Classical Latin prō, probably reshaped by analogy with the preposition per. Attested in an imperial inscription from what is now Budapest and another from Tunis. Replaced in much of Romance with descendants of per.


adv.

Tert. adv. Valent. [Tertulliānus adversus Valentīniānōs]
Tertullian against the Valentinians


trans

Aromanian: trã

Catalan: tra-, tras-, trans-

→ English: trans-

→ Esperanto: tra
→ Ido: tra

desctree

Old French: trés, tres
Middle French: trés, tres (older manuscripts), très (later manuscripts and books)
French: très
→ Esperanto: tre
→ Ido: tre

French: tré- (tres- before s)

Galician: tras

Italian: tra-, trans-, trans

Ladin: tres

Picard: ter-

Portuguese: trás, trans-, trans

Spanish: tras, trans-, trans

From Proto-Italic *trānts, from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥h₂-n̥ts, from *terh₂- (“through, throughout, over”). Cognate with English through, Scots throch (“through”), West Frisian troch (“through”), Dutch door (“through”), German durch (“through”), Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 (þairh, “through”), Albanian tërthor (“through, around”), Welsh tra (“through”). See also thorough.
The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional. Compare Sanskrit तिरस् (tiras).

etymon

trāns


para

Back formation from përpara, from Proto-Albanian *pər-parə-a, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥H-e/o-s (“before, in front”)

der

para afatit

para dy shekujsh

para një pasqyre

para klasës

(presence) in front of, in the presence of


ἄνευ

Greek: άνευ (ánef)

Unknown. Unlikely to be related to Gothic 𐌹𐌽𐌿 (inu, “without”) and German ohne (“without”) because of the leading /a/. Maybe from Proto-Indo-European *sń̥h₂u or *sn̥h₂eu, which could be derived from a more primary particle *sń̥ (“separated, without”) or the locative of some (hard to identify) noun. Likely related to Sanskrit सनुतर् (sanutár, “far away”), Latin sine (“without”), Old Irish sain- (“separated”), Khotanese anau (“without”), Tocharian B snai (“without”).


afër

From Proto-Albanian *apsera or *asper(a), representing a contamination of *aps, reflected in Ancient Greek ἄψ (áps, “backwards”), a variant of Proto-Indo-European *apo- (“off, away”), with Proto-Indo-European *apero-. Cognate to Sanskrit अपर (ápara, “posterior, later, following”), Gothic 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 (afar, “after”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎼 (a-p-r /apara/, “later, after”), Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀 (apara, “more behind, later”).
Alternatively, from a + -fër.

cog

at, beside, by, near, nearby, near to, next to


circa

A later form for circum, or from circum + eā.
The accusative is from the adverbial derivation.


circa

Asturian: cerca, cierca

Catalan: cerca, circa

Dutch: circa

English: circa

French: circa

German: circa

Italian: circa

Norwegian Bokmål: cirka

Portuguese: cerca

Romanian: circa

Sicilian: circa

Spanish: cerca, circa

Circa advenam manifestae reum caedis

27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.7

around the stranger accused of open murder

quem misi ad vos in hoc ipsum ut cognoscatis quae circa nos sunt et consoletur corda vestra

Whom I have sent to you for this very thing, so that you can know things that are about us, and so that he can comfort your hearts.


inter

English: entrée, entry, enter, entre

Sardinian: inter

Sicilian: intra

Italian: intra, entra

Romanian: între

desctree

Old French: entre
Middle French: entre
French: entre

French: entrée

Franco-Provençal: entre

Old Occitan: entre
Occitan: entre

West Iberian

Extremaduran: entri

Aragonese: entre

Asturian: ente

Mirandese: antre

desc

Old Galician-Portuguese: entre, antre, ontre

Fala: entre

Galician: entre

Portuguese: entre

Old Spanish: entre

Spanish: entre

Ladino: entre

From Proto-Italic *ənter, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁entér (“between”). Cognates include Sanskrit अन्तर् (antár, “between, within, into”), Oscan 𐌀𐌍𐌕𐌄𐌓 (anter, “between”), Old Irish eter (“between”), Albanian ndër (“between, among, amid, throughout”), Old High German untar (“between”) and German unter (“among”).
PIE adverb *h₁entér gave rise to the adjective *h₁énteros (“inner, what is inside”), whence also interior (“interior”) and intrā (“inside, within”).
The change from instrumental/ablative and accusative to accusative only is caused by *-teros used adverbially.


dun

Alternative spelling of dún (“fort(ress)”)


dun

Alternative spelling of dúnn (“to/for us”)


pas

From Proto-Albanian *pa ̊, from Proto-Indo-European *pós (“directly to, at, after”). Cognate to Ancient Greek πός (pós, “at, to, by”), Old Church Slavonic по (po, “behind, after”).


extra

Aromanian: strã-

Emilian: strasoura, strasora (extra + horam)

Italian: stra-

Old French: estre

Old Occitan: estra

Old Spanish: gestra

Romanian: stră-

Sicilian: stra-, nestra (in + extra)

→ English: extra-

→ Friulian: stra-

→ Italian: extra-, estra-

→ Portuguese: extra-

→ Romanian: extra-

→ French: extra-

→ Spanish: extra-

[ˈɛks̠t̪räː]

Adverb contracted from the ablative exterā (parte), of exter.
The change from instrumental/ablative to accusative is caused by *-teros used adverbially.


supra

Aromanian: disuprã, prisuprã

Dalmatian: saupra, de zupra

English: supra

Friulian: sore, disore

Italian: sopra, sovra

Romanian: asupra, deasupra

Romansch: sura, soura

Sicilian: supra, sùpira

Venetan: sovra, sora, desora

From Old Latin suprād, superā; further from Proto-Italic *superād, cognate to Umbrian 𐌔𐌖𐌁𐌓𐌀 (subra).
The accusative is from the adverbial derivation.

(of number, degree, or quantity) over, above, beyond, more than

degree; or quantity; degree; or quantity


infra

→ English: infra (learned)

→ French: infra (learned)

→ French: infra (learned)

Adverb contracted from the ablative īnferā (parte), of īnferus. Compare Faliscan 𐌉𐌅𐌓𐌀 (ifra), Oscan 𐌇𐌖𐌍𐌕𐌓𐌖𐌔 (huntrus), Umbrian 𐌇𐌏𐌍𐌃𐌓𐌀 (hondra).
The accusative is from the adverbial derivation.


infra

> Friulian: fra (inherited)

Istriot: infra

> Italian: fra (inherited)

desc

אֵינְפֵֿירַה

Judeo-Italian: אֵינְפֵֿירַה (enfera)

Venetan: infrà

→ English: infra- (learned)

→ French: infra- (learned)

→ Indonesian: infra- (learned)

→ Italian: infra- (learned)

→ Dutch: infra- (learned)

→ Portuguese: infra- (learned)

→ Spanish: infra- (learned)

⇒ Finnish: infra- (internationalism)


cis

From Proto-Italic *ki, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱís (“this”).
Cognate with ce-dō, hi-c, ec-ce, Ancient Greek ἐκεῖνος (ekeînos, “that”), Old Irish cē (“here”), Gothic 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 (himma, “to this”). More at he, here.
The accusative could be from either the adverbial derivation, a metaphor like in post and ante, or analogy with trāns.

on or to this or the near side of; short of


clam

From Proto-Italic *klām perhaps from the accusative case of Proto-Indo-European *ḱleh₂- (“concealment”) from *ḱel- (“to hide, conceal”). Cognate with Latin cēlō and others.

163 B.C.E. Terence, Heauton Timorumenos, Act II, Scene II

(with accusative or, rarely, ablative) without the knowledge of, unknown to


post

From earlier poste, from Proto-Italic *posti, from Proto-Indo-European *pósti, from *pós. Related to pōne.
The accusative is from analogy with ante or inherited like Ancient Greek πρός (prós) with the same metaphor.

after, since, (transf.) besides, except (of time)


apud

Old Occitan: ab

Occitan: ab, amb

Old Catalan: ab

Catalan: ab, amb

Old Francoprovençal: avoi

Franco-Provençal: avoi

Old French: ot, od, ob, of, o, avoc, avoec, avuec

Middle French: avec, avecques

French: avec

Norman: d'ot, aveuc, d'aveuc

Gallo: d'ot, ot

Picard: avuc, aveuc

→ Esperanto: apud

Italian: appo, apo (obsolete)

Seems connected with ob and ad, thus its strict meaning would be “on to”, “unto”.

In prīncipiō erat Verbum et Verbum erat apud Deum et Deus erat Verbum.

Late 4th century, Jerome [et al.], transl., edited by Roger Gryson, Biblia Sacra: Iuxta Vulgatam Versionem (Vulgate), 5th edition, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, published 2007, →ISBN, 1:1:

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was by God, and God was the Word.

at, by, near, among
at the house or residence of; chez

apud Lentulum ponam te in gratia.

68 BCE – 44 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum V.III.2

libros … natos apud me

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia

[these] books completed in the writings of myself

before, in the presence of, in the writings of, in view of


pone

From Proto-Italic *pozni, from Proto-Indo-European *pós-ni, from *pós. Related to post.
The accusative probably has the same origin as the accusative of post.


anti

Latin: ante

Oscan: 𐌀𐌍𐌕 (ant)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“in front, opposite”).


gin

(colloquial) (North Wales) first-person singular of gan

(colloquial) (North Wales) second-person singular of gan


on top of

[…] and on top of all that, I got a puncture!

No Ammonite or Moabite is to enter the congregation of GOD, even to the tenth generation, nor any of his children, ever. Those nations didn’t treat you with hospitality on your travels out of Egypt, and on top of that they also hired Balaam son of Beor from Pethor in Mesopotamia to curse you.

2018, “Deuteronomy 23”, in Eugene H. Peterson, transl., The Message Deluxe Gift Bible, Tyndale House Publishers, →ISBN, page 195:

(idiomatic) In addition to something else.


on behalf of

On behalf of all those present, may I thank you for a well-executed presentation.


aige

head

aige (plus dative, triggers no mutation)

From Middle Irish occo, from Old Irish occo.


in spite of

No evening I had passed at Bly had the portentous quality of this one; in spite of which—and in spite also of the deeper depths of consternation that had opened beneath my feet—there was literally, in the ebbing actual, an extraordinarily sweet sadness.

1898, Henry James, The Turn of the Screw, Courier Dover Publications, published 1991, →ISBN, page 72:

(idiomatic) Despite, irrespective of, notwithstanding.


ultra

Franco-Provençal: utre

French: outre

Friulian: oltri

Italian: oltre, oltra

>? Sicilian: urtra

Occitan: oltra

From ab + ultra:

Lombard: autra, aultra, avultra

Piedmontese: éutra

Borrowed:

→ English: ultra

→ Portuguese: ultra

→ Spanish: ultra

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-
Latin uls
Proto-Indo-European *-teros?
Latin -ter
Latin -ā
Latin ultrā
From uls + -ter + -ā (adverb ending). See also citrā, intrā, extrā.
The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

etymon

ultrā


at the hands of

By 1859, D. Morier Evans was exhibiting [George] Hudson as the principal character in his rogues' gallery entitled "Facts, Failures and Frauds"; and at the hands of modern economic historians he has been written down as a common swindler.

1951 December, Michael Robbins, “John Francis's "History of the English Railway"”, in Railway Magazine, page 800:

It also does not help that one of the main causes of Chelsea's current plight is the scattergun strategy and madcap transfer spree from their owners that has taken them to 11th in the Premier League and now out of the Champions League at the hands of the ruthless holders, who are always happy to apply brutal reality to any romantic notions.

2023 April 18, Phil McNulty, “Chelsea Champions League exit: Where do 'disjointed, broken' Blues go from here?”, in BBC Sport:


abs

From Proto-Italic *aps, variant of *ap (see ab). Compare Ancient Greek ἄψ (áps, “back again; in return”).


in lieu of

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-in lieu of.wav

From Middle English in liue of, a partial calque of Old French au leu de (modern French au lieu de).

They gave him a cash award, in lieu of the promised prize package.

بَدَلًا مِن

instead; in place of; as a substitute for


ka

Old Church Slavonic language
Proto-Albanian language
Proto-Indo-European language
Shkodër
Tosk Albanian language

From older kah, from *kah ~ ngah (compare Tosk Albanian nga), from Proto-Albanian *en kaxa, from Proto-Indo-European *en kʷod so (“wherein, wherefrom”), literally ‘in which this’. Cognate with Old Church Slavonic къ (kŭ, “to”).


contra

[ˈkɔn̪t̪räː]

From Proto-Italic *komterād, ablative singular feminine of *komteros (“the other of the two who meet, opposite”). The ablative singular masculine/neuter of the same is continued in Latin contrō-, cognate to Oscan contrud. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱómteros, from *ḱóm (“next to, at, with, along”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix); thus, a doublet of cum, comparable to the relation between intrā and in, and extrā and ex, but unlike these lacking external cognates, and therefore of Italic origin.
The change from instrumental/ablative to accusative is caused by *-teros used adverbially.


contra

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: către, cătră

Dalmatian:

cuantra

Italo-Romance:

Old Italian: contra

Italian: contro

Sicilian: contra

Padanian:

Friulian: cuintri

Ladin: contra

Venetan: contra

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old French: cuntre, contre

French: contre

→ English: counter

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: contra, cuentra

Catalan: contra

Occitan: contra

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: contra

Galician: contra

Portuguese: contra

Old Spanish: contra, cuentra (tonic variant)

Spanish: contra

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: contra

Borrowings:

→ English: contra

→ Albanian: kundër

→ Hungarian: kontra

→ Italian: contra

→ Polish: kontra

→ Romanian: contra

→ Swedish: kontra

[ˈkɔn̪t̪räː]


ís

íssum (first-person singular)
íssa (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)

⇒ Irish: aníos, síos, thíos

⇒ Scottish Gaelic: nìos, shìos, sìos

From Proto-Celtic *ɸīssu, from Proto-Indo-European *pedsú, locative plural of *pṓds (“foot”).

Patrick's Hymn, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, p. 350, line 17

Let there be a bridge of life beneath me, [and] the blessing of God the Father above me.

Drochet bethad bīd íssum bennacht Dé athar úasum.

Patrick's Hymn, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, p. 357, line 15

Christ in me, Christ below me, Christ above me

Fom·glúaissi mór ndubai sund ís riched rindmas...

c. 808, Félire Oengusso, Epilogue, line 377; republished as Whitley Stokes, transl., Félire Óengusso Céli Dé: The Martyrology of Oengus the Culdee, Harrison & Sons, 1905:

Much sorrow disquiets me here, below star-beautiful heaven...

hís bronnait

under a small belly (glossing Latin infra ventriculum)


ann

From Old Irish and. Cognates include Irish ann and Manx ayn.


jee

head

jee m (genitive singular jee, plural jeeaghyn or jeeghyn)

jee (genitive singular)
jeeaghyn (plural)
jeeghyn (plural)

Hug ad ooashley da ymmodee jeeghyn.


jee

jee (mutation mutation-radical)
yee (lenition mutation)
n'yee (eclipsis mutation)


circum

Adverbial accusative of circus (“circle, ring”).
The accusative is from the adverbial derivation.


a

Irish: a

Scottish Gaelic: a

From Proto-Celtic *ā (compare Welsh a), from Proto-Indo-European *ō (compare Ancient Greek ὦ (ô), Latin ō).


a

Irish: a

Scottish Gaelic: a

a deich


a

head

a (combined with plural article asnaib, combined with 1st singular possessive determiner asmo, combined with 3rd person possessive determiner assa)

asum (first-person singular)
essiut (second-person singular)
as (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
ass (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
es (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
essi (dative feminine singular third-person)
eissi (dative feminine singular third-person)
esse (dative feminine singular third-person)
essisi (dative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
esib (dative plural third-person)
essib (dative plural third-person)
eissib (dative plural third-person)

Irish: as

Manx: ass

Scottish Gaelic: à

From Proto-Celtic *exs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs.


dé

Alternative spelling of de: third-person singular masculine of di (“of, from”)


damh

damh m (genitive singular daimh, nominative plural daimh)

daimh (genitive singular)
daimh (nominative plural)
nominative (indefinite)
damh (indefinite singular)
daimh (indefinite plural)
vocative (indefinite)
a dhaimh (indefinite singular)
a dhamha (indefinite plural)
genitive (indefinite)
daimh (indefinite singular)
damh (indefinite plural)
dative (indefinite)
nominative (definite)
an damh (definite singular)
na daimh (definite plural)
genitive (definite)
an daimh (definite singular)
na ndamh (definite plural)
dative (definite)
leis an damh (definite singular)
don damh (definite singular)
leis na daimh (definite plural)

From Old Irish dam (“ox, stag”), from Proto-Celtic *damos, from Proto-Indo-European *dm̥h₂-ó- (“bull”) (compare Albanian dem (“bullock”), Ancient Greek δάμαλος (dámalos, “calf”)), from *demh₂- (“to tame”) (compare Old Irish daimid (“to allow, give in”), Latin domō, English tame).

(figuratively) strong man, champion; corpulent person


propter

For *propiter, from prope. Compare with inter (“between”) and subter (“beneath”).
The accusative is from *-teros used adverbially.

Ibi angiportum propter est.


propter

Propter hunc.

Clara etiam propter pulchritudinem suam est.

She is renowned also because of her beauty.

because of, on account of, for, according to

Propter quos vivit.


usque

From Proto-Italic *ū̆skʷe, from Proto-Indo-European *úds-kʷe, from *úd-s (“out, outward”, genitive) + *-kʷe (“and”). Cognate with Sanskrit उच्चा (uccā́), Younger Avestan 𐬎𐬯𐬗𐬀 (usca, “up, out”), Russian вы- (vy-, “out from”), Proto-Germanic *ūt, English out.

af

, Latin Vulgate translation of Psalm 71:8;Canadian national motto
Ā marī ū̆sque ad mare.

ab ōvō ū̆sque ad māla

from the beginning to the end
(literally, “from the egg to the apples”)

(used with ab (“from”) or ad (“to”)) as far as, up to, right until, all the way


diu

to you
Corp as slaynt yn imbagh diu. ― Compliments of the season to you.
Inshym skeeal diu nish. ― I'm going to tell you a story now.


ato

(colloquial) (South Wales) first-person singular of at


adversus

Catalan: advers

English: adverse

French: adverse, avers

Galician: adverso

Italian: avverso

Occitan: advèrs

Portuguese: adverso

Romanian: advers

Spanish: adverso

[äd̪ˈu̯ɛrs̠ʊs̠]

Perfect passive participle of advertō (“I turn toward”).


mas

From Proto-Albanian *matja, from *mh̥₁ti̯-e-, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁- (compare Old English mǣd, Latin mētior).


mas

Gheg variant of Tosk pas (“behind, beyond, after”). From mbasi, mbas (“after”). A compound of më (“more, most”) + pas (“behind, after, beyond”) (pas from Proto-Albanian *pa ̊ (see pa), from Proto-Indo-European *pos(t) (“directly to, at, after”). Cognate to Ancient Greek πός (pós, “at, to, by”), Old Church Slavonic по (po, “behind, after”)).


μέχρι

Greek: μέχρι (méchri)

From Proto-Indo-European *méǵʰ(s)ri (locative), from *me (“with”) (see also μετά (metá)) + *ǵʰes- (“hand”) (whence χείρ (kheír, “hand”)). Cognate with its zero-grade ἄχρι (ákhri, “utterly, as far as”), Old Armenian մերձ (merj, “near, by”) and Albanian ndjerë (“until, near”).
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of comparison/extent.


with an eye towards

He began saving all the money he could, with an eye towards someday buying a house.

(idiomatic) With an intention, goal, or consideration to.


ὑπέρ

grc-preposition

ῠ̔πέρ • (hŭpér) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

→ English: hyper-

→ French: hyper

→ Irish: hipir-

→ Russian: гипер- (giper-)

From Proto-Hellenic *hupér, from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“over, above”), from *upo (“under, below”) (whence English up). Cognates include Latin super and Proto-Germanic *uber (whence English over).
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of separation or cause. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

inh

[with genitive]
(nautical, of ships at sea) off of

[with genitive]
(figuratively)
in defense of, on behalf of

[with genitive]
in defense of, on behalf of

[with genitive]
(figuratively)
for the prosperity or safety of

[with genitive]
for the prosperity or safety of

for, instead of, in the name of; by commission from

[with genitive]
(figuratively)
as representative of, in the name of

[with genitive]
as representative of, in the name of

for, because of, by reason of, on account of

for the purpose of preventing or avoiding, for the sake of

[with accusative]
(of place) over, beyond

[with accusative]
(of measure) above, exceeding, beyond
(after comparative) than

[with accusative]
above, exceeding, beyond
than

[with accusative]
(of measure) above, exceeding, beyond
in violation of

[with accusative]
above, exceeding, beyond
in violation of

[with accusative]
(of number) above, upwards of

[with accusative]
(of time) before, earlier than


διά

grc-preposition

δῐᾰ́ • (dĭắ) (governs the genitive and accusative)

Greek: για (gia), διά (diá)

From *δισά (disá), from Proto-Indo-European *dwís (“twice, in two”) (related to δίς (dís, “twice”) and δύο (dúo, “two”)). Cognates include Latin dis- and Gothic 𐌳𐌹𐍃- (dis-).
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of comparison/extent. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional and the PIE accusative of direct object.

der

[with genitive]
(time)
every (interval of time)

[with genitive]
every (interval of time)

[with accusative]
(of a place, poetic) through, among

[with accusative]
(causality)
thanks to, by aid of

[with accusative]
(causality)
because of

[with accusative]
(causality)
for the sake of


σύν

Greek: συν (syn)

Yevanic: שִׁין (šin)

→ Dutch: syn-

→ English: syn-, sym-

→ French: syn-

→ German: syn-

→ Italian: sin-, sim-, sil-

→ Polish: syn-

Apparently from a Proto-Hellenic *ksún, but further connections are uncertain. Younger form of Homeric and Old Attic ξύν (xún), Mycenaean Greek 𐀓𐀱 (ku-su /*ksun/). These probably reflect Proto-Indo-European *som- (“one, together (with)”) contaminated with the *ḱ of *ḱóm (“beside, with”) along with a conflation of their meanings. However, the /u/ is unexpected and unexplained under this proposal. Note that a derivation from *som- alone is impossible since the *s- would be expected to give h- (aspiration); neither is the ks- explainable from *ḱóm alone. This makes its exact relation to Lithuanian sù and Proto-Slavic *sъ(n) dubious, but if indeed a conflation of *ḱóm and *som-, it is a cognate relation regardless.
The dative that this preposition governs continues the PIE comitative-instrumental.


παρά

grc-preposition

πᾰρᾰ́ • (părắ) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

From Proto-Hellenic *pərai, from Proto-Indo-European *preh₂- (“before, in front”). Compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀞𐀫 (pa-ro).
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of origin or cause. The dative is from the locative. The accusative is perhaps from a metaphor of going near someone to attack them. Compare Latin ante.

der

μένειν παρὰ τισί

beside, by, near (w/ verbs of coming or going; w/ verbs of past motion; w/ verbs of striking or wounding)

παρ’ ἔμ’ ἵστασο


πρός

grc-preposition

πρός • (prós) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Greek: προς (pros)

From Proto-Indo-European *próti, *préti. Cognates include Sanskrit प्रति (práti), Latin pretium, and Old Church Slavonic противъ (protivŭ). May be related to πρό (pró, “before”).
Equivalent prepositions in use for πρός (prós) from another root are ποτί (potí) — Epic, Doric, ποί (poí) — Doric, πός (pós) — Arcadocypriot.
The genitive is an innovated Greek associative. The dative is from the PIE locative. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional, with some of the metaphorical uses like παρά (pará).

(expressing direction) on the side of, from, at, to, forward to, toward

(with accusative, expressing motion or direction) towards

relating to, in reference to, in respect of, touching (some matter); in consequence of, in view of (some fact); according to (a certain document, habitude etc.)

expressing direction; expressing motion or direction


ἀπό

Greek: από (apó)

From Proto-Hellenic *apó, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”).
Cognates include Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀢 (a-pu), Sanskrit अप (ápa, “away, off”), Latin ab (“from”), Proto-Slavic *po, and Proto-Germanic *ab (English of; see also after), Albanian pa (“without”).
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of separation or cause.


ἅμα

Greek: άμα (áma)

From the zero-grade of Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one”).
The dative is from the PIE comitative-instrumental.

never used in Classical Attic proseRelative also used in exclamations

indefinite relative used in indirect questions

300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Genesis 46.8


μετά

grc-preposition

μετᾰ́ • (metắ) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀕𐀲 (me-ta); further derivation is uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *meth₂, with the first part from *me (“with”), in which case cognates include Proto-Germanic *midi and Albanian mjet (“middle”), me. See also μέχρι (mékhri, “until”) and μέσος (mésos, “middle”).
The genitive is an innovated Greek associative. The dative is from the PIE locative. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

[with accusative]
as a movement into
in pursuit of

[with accusative]
of sequence or succession
(of a place) after, behind

[with accusative]
of sequence or succession
after, behind

[with accusative]
of sequence or succession
(time) after

[with accusative]
of sequence or succession
(worth, rank) next, after

[with accusative]
of sequence or succession
next, after


πρό

From Proto-Hellenic *pró, from Proto-Indo-European *pró, *pro- (see *per-).
Cognates include Latin pro, Sanskrit प्र- (prá-), Proto-Celtic *ɸro and Proto-Germanic *fram (English from). May be related to πρός (prós, “towards”).

522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 4.140

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 361E

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.152

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Conon 19

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.100

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.59

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.36

380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 366B

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Philebus 57E

436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, To Philip 138

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.33

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.10

386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Menexenus 249E

467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 1002

467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 927

386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Cratylus 401D

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.62

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.12

400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 28D

400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Crito 54B

428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 99A

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.85

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.3

(of preference) before, sooner, rather than


ó

úaim (first-person singular)
húaim (first-person singular)
úaimm (first-person singular)
húaimm (first-person singular)
úaimse (emphatic first-person singular)
húaimse (emphatic first-person singular)
úait (second-person singular)
húait (second-person singular)
úaitsu (emphatic second-person singular)
húaitsu (emphatic second-person singular)
úaitsiu (emphatic second-person singular)
húaitsiu (emphatic second-person singular)
úad (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
húad (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
úaid (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
húaid (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
úadi (dative feminine singular third-person)
húade (dative feminine singular third-person)
úadisi (dative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
úainn (first-person plural)
húainn (first-person plural)
úain (first-person plural)
húain (first-person plural)
úan (first-person plural)
húan (first-person plural)
úann (first-person plural)
húann (first-person plural)
úanni (emphatic first-person plural)
húanni (emphatic first-person plural)
úaib (plural second-person)
húaib (plural second-person)
úaibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
húaibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
úadib (dative plural third-person)
húadib (dative plural third-person)
úaidib (dative plural third-person)
húaidib (dative plural third-person)
úaidibsom (dative emphatic plural third-person)
húadibsem (dative emphatic plural third-person)

desctree

Middle Irish: ó
Irish: ó
Scottish Gaelic: o, bho
Manx: veih, voish

Contested.
* From Proto-Celtic *au (“away”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew (“away, down”). Cognate with Latin au-, Sanskrit अव (ava, “down”), Old Church Slavonic оу- (u-).
* From Proto-Celtic *aɸu (“away”), from *apó/*h₂epó (“away”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀπό (apó), Sanskrit अप (ápa, “away, off”), Latin ab (“from”), Old Church Slavonic по (po), Gothic 𐌰𐍆 (af).

inh

ó thurcbáil co fuinud


ó

head

ó (triggers lenition, takes independent verbs)


cen

cen (governs the accusative; triggers lenition)

cenutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
cene (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
cenae (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
cenuibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
cenaib (accusative plural third-person)
cen
chen
cen

Irish: gan

Manx: gyn

Scottish Gaelic: gun

From Proto-Celtic *kina (“on this side of”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe (“this, here”); compare Breton ken (“otherwise”).

Cía ru·bé cen ní diib, ní·rubai cenaib huli.

Though he might be without some of them, he could not be without all of them.

cid atob·aich cen dílgud cech ancridi do·gnethe frib, et ní bethe fria acre

what impels you pl not to forgive every injury that may have been done to you, and that you should not be about to sue [because of] it?


sipas

sipas profecisë


dég

From di (“from”) + fíach (“debt”), literally "from the debt of".

in sechtugud .i. tabairt almsan son ⁊ denum maith amal dund·gniid-si huare ad·ciat-som do·n-indnagar cech maith duibsi deg innanani-sin [leg. inna n-í-sin].

The deception, i.e. giving alms and doing good, as you do it, because they see that every good thing is given to you because of those things.

.i. deg i[n]d ainmnedo hó cho[m]s[uidigud].

i.e. because of the nominative by composition.


dég

Middle Irish: déig

Lín a ḟertae maic Dé bí, ní·raisnedat cit ecnae, dég is du híic cech duini do·dechuid mo chlothruiri.

The number of the son of the living God's miracles, not even sages can tell, because it is for saving every person that my famous King has come.

Is díriuch a ndechor deg cinte persana.

Right is their difference since they define persons.

.i. dég ro·bói in spiurt nóib less.

That is, because the Holy Spirit has been with him.


larg

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin, from Latin largus (“abundant, big”, adjective). Compare Aromanian largu (“far”, adverb).

der

nga larg

mbaj larg

rri larg!

far, far away, afar, away. in space or time


ris

cho sgìth ris a' chù

Tha i ga blàthachadh fhèin ris an teine.


in front of

after

antonym(s) of “at or near the front part of”

away from

antonym(s) of “in the presence of (someone)”

Don't fight in front of the children!

What happened to me was, right in front of my eyes- I was there with my brother- and right in front of my eyes, they, a team of monkeys came by to this poor guy that sells fruit for a living- and, I don't know, probably that was all his kids were gonna eat from the, you know, the money he had to make, you know, sell the fruit. But all of the sudden just a bunch of monkeys came by robbed the whole thing he had. It was like thirty of them, just robbed him blind the poor guy. He was chasing them all over. He would chase one and they would jump off and then come back and it was like the funniest thing I've ever seen.

2006 May 9, Penn Jillette, Michael Goudeau, quoting Sareen, 11:30 from the start, in Penn Radio:

In the presence of, in view of (someone).

I'll take the one in front of the black one.

Write ‘Professor’ in front of her name.

Several people are in front of me in line. The woman next in front of me is older, probably in her fifties.

a. 2002, “Mandi”, quoted in Nicholas E. Brink, Grendel and His Mother: Healing the Traumas of Childhood Through Dreams, Imagery, and Hypnosis, Baywood Publishing Company, Inc. (2002), page 1

We determined that the car driver’s transportation of multiple teen passengers, limited driving experience, and likely impairment from effects of cannabis at the time of the crash adversely affected her judgment of the danger of entering the intersection in front of the approaching combination vehicle.

2024, NTSB, Intersection Crash Between Passenger Car and Combination Vehicle, Tishomingo, Oklahoma, March 22, 2022:

Located before, ahead of, previous to (someone or something).


cene

Irish: cheana

Manx: hannah

Scottish Gaelic: a-cheana


in view of

They stopped when they were in view of the town.

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see in, view, of.


thairis

Chaidh e thairis air na bha sinn ag iarraidh.


sech

sechum (first-person singular)
sechut (second-person singular)
seche (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
sechae (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
sechæ (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
secce (accusative feminine singular third-person)
sechund (first-person plural)
seccu (accusative plural third-person)

Irish: seach

Manx: shagh

Scottish Gaelic: seach

Probably from Proto-Celtic *sekʷos (“besides, without”) (compare Welsh heb (“without”)), from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ-o-s (“following”) (compare Latin secus (“along”) and Sanskrit सचा (sácā, “without”)), from *sekʷ- (“to follow”). Alternatively, from *sek- (“to cut”).

inh

.i. ceit leu precept domsa seccu

i.e. they are jealous that I preach rather than they.

in preference to, rather than, instead of


agad

Connacht and Ulster form of agat: second-person singular of ag


ἐξ

Alternative form of ἐκ (ek) (used before vowels)


εἰς

Greek: εις (eis), σε (se)

From Proto-Hellenic *en-s (compare the Ionic form ἐνς (ens), later ἐς (es)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”), from which also ἐν (en, “in, at, on”). Possibly was created to contrast with ἐν (en) as the result of analogy with the pair ἐκ (ek) / ἐξ (ex), of which the latter is the older form (see *h₁éǵʰs); the -/s/ in ἐξ (ex) is ultimately from the PIE genitive–ablative marker *-(e)s.
The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.


ἐν

grc-preposition

ἐν • (en) (governs the dative, genitive, and accusative)

Greek: εν (en)

PIE word
 *h₁én
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”), cognate with Latin in, Old Armenian ի (i), English in.
The dative is from the PIE locative. The genitive is an innovated Greek associative. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

(location) (with dative) in, on, at; (with dative plural) among

(elliptical, with genitive) in the house or the land of

Ζεὺς δ’ ἔλαχ’ οὐρανὸν εὐρὺν ἐν αἰθέρι καὶ νεφέλῃσι

[Poseidon answering Iris:]
and Zeus got the wide heaven surrounded by clear air and clouds

Zeùs d’ élakh’ ouranòn eurùn en aithéri kaì nephélēisi

ἐν τῇ δὲ ἐσθῆτι ἔτυχε ταῦτα κατεργασάμενος, ἀνέθηκε τῷ Ἀπόλλωνι πέμψας ἐς Βραγχίδας τὰς Μιλησίων.

The clothes that he happened to be wearing when he achieved this, Necos dedicated to Apollo and sent to the Branchidae of Miletos.

en têi dè esthêti étukhe taûta katergasámenos, anéthēke tôi Apóllōni pémpsas es Brankhídas tàs Milēsíōn.


ἐκ

Greek: εκ (ek), ξε- (xe-)

Esperanto: ek-

Ido: ek

From Proto-Hellenic *eks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs (“out of”).
Cognates include Latin ex, ē, Old Irish ess-, a, ass (Irish as), Lithuanian ìš, Old Church Slavonic из (iz), Northern Kurdish ji, Albanian ith.
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of separation.

both in compounds and as a separate word

(of origin)
(of materials) made out of something

(of causation) done by someone, something

of the cause, instrument, or means by which a thing is done

turns a following noun into a periphrastic adverb


ἀνά

ᾰ̓νᾰ́ • (ănắ) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Greek: ανά (aná)

From Proto-Hellenic *aná. Beekes' derivation from *h₂en- (“up, on high”) doesn't explain the second syllable. LIPP reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *áno (“up, over, along”). For /o/ > /a/ a vowel harmony is posited, cf. παρά (pará), κατά (katá), ἄντα (ánta), μάλα (mála), σάφα (sápha), θαμά (thamá). For the stress shift, an analogy with other prepositions. Cognates include Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬀 (ana), Latin an- (“up”) in an-hēlō (“to gasp”), an-testor (“to call up as a witness”), and English on.
The genitive is an innovated Greek associative. The dative is from the PIE locative. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

inh

[with accusative]
in sequence, each, throughout

(of amounts) at a rate, speed, or price of, for

[with accusative]
at a rate, speed, or price of, for

ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν

ἀνὰ πᾶν ἔτος

(of time) translatable with an adverbial noun phrase


ἐπί

grc-preposition

ἐπῐ́ • (epĭ́) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Greek: επί (epí)

From Proto-Hellenic *epí, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi (“on”).
Cognate with Sanskrit अपि (ápi), Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌 (aⁱpi), Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹 (apiy), Old Armenian եւ (ew), Latin ob, Old High German bī, and Old English bī.
The genitive is an innovated Greek associative. The dative is from the PIE locative. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

καθέζεται ἐπὶ θρόνου.

ἔκλαγξαν δ’ ἄρ’ ὀϊστοὶ ἐπ’ ὤμων χωομένοιο

The arrows rattled on the shoulders of the angry god as he moved.

éklanxan d’ ár’ oïstoì ep’ ṓmōn khōoménoio

ἀλλ’ ἄγε δὴ φεύγωμεν ἐφ’ ἵππων

[with genitive]
on, upon (on the upper surface of)

ἔγχεα δέ σφιν / ὄρθ’ ἐπὶ σαυρωτῆρος ἐλήλατο

But their spears were driven into the ground erect on their spikes.

énkhea dé sphin / órth’ epì saurōtêros elḗlato

ἇς ἔχρῃζε γᾶς ἐπὶ ξένας / ἔθανε

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1705–1706

He died on the foreign ground that he desired.

τὴν θυγατέρα τὴν ἑωυτοῦ κατίσαι ἐπ’ οἰκήματος

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.121E.2

tḕn thugatéra tḕn heōutoû katísai ep’ oikḗmatos

[with genitive]
(mostly post-Homeric) in

ἔνθα δ’ ἐπ’ αὐτάων πλυνοὶ εὐρέες ἐγγὺς ἔασι / καλοὶ λαΐνεοι

And there near these selfsame [springs] are broad washing-tanks, fair and wrought of stone.

éntha d’ ep’ autáōn plunoì eurées engùs éasi / kaloì laḯneoi

ὁρμεῖν ἐπ’ ἀγκύρας

[with genitive]
(of ships) at (dependent upon)

ἐφ’ ἑαυτῶν ἐχώρουν

(with reflexive or personal pronoun) by oneself

ἐτάχθησαν ἐπὶ τεττάρων

οἱ δὲ Θηβαῖοι οὐκ ἔλαττον ἢ ἐπὶ πεντήκοντα ἀσπίδων συνεστραμμένοι ἦσαν

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 6.4.12

The Thebans, however, were massed not less than fifty shields deep.

hoi dè Thēbaîoi ouk élatton ḕ epì pentḗkonta aspídōn sunestramménoi êsan

(with numerals, of a body of soldiers) deep

οὐ γὰρ ἐπὶ μαρτύρων ἀλλὰ κρυπτόμενα πράσσεται τὰ τοιαῦτα

480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, First Tetralogy 3.8

Crimes of this kind are committed in secret, not before witnesses.

ou gàr epì martúrōn allà kruptómena prássetai tà toiaûta

(with a person) before (in the presence of)

[with genitive]
before (in the presence of)

ἐπὶ τῶν πλουσίων […] αἰσθάνομαι
epì tôn plousíōn […] aisthánomai
In the case of the rich, I can see that […]

ὁρῶ δ’ ἔγωγε καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων πάντων ὁμοίως καὶ φύσει διαφέροντας ἀλλήλων τοὺς ἀνθρώπους

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.9.3

And similarly in all other points, I find that human beings naturally differ from one another.

horô d’ égōge kaì epì tôn állōn pántōn homoíōs kaì phúsei diaphérontas allḗlōn toùs anthrṓpous

τό γε νύσσα τέτυκτο ἐπὶ προτέρων ἀνθρώπων, / καὶ νῦν τέρματ’ ἔθηκε ποδάρκης δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς

Haply it was made the turning-post of a race in the days of men of old, and now swift-footed goodly Achilles has appointed it his turning-post.

tó ge nússa tétukto epì protérōn anthrṓpōn, / kaì nûn térmat’ éthēke podárkēs dîos Akhilleús

οἰ έπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων

Δερκύλλου δὲ τοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς χώρας στρατηγοῦ συλλαβεῖν αὐτὸν ἐπιχειρήσαντος

But Dercyllus, the Athenian general in command of the district, made an attempt to arrest him.

Derkúllou dè toû epì tês khṓras stratēgoû sullabeîn autòn epikheirḗsantos

[with genitive]
(of authority, power, etc.) in

καὶ οὐκ ἐπὶ τούτου μόνον, ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ πάντων φαίνεται προῃρημένος μ’ ὑβρίζειν

And not only on that, but on every [occasion] he has shown a deliberate intention to insult me.

kaì ouk epì toútou mónon, all’ epì pántōn phaínetai proēirēménos m’ hubrízein

καθέζεται ἐπὶ θρόνῳ.

ἀλλ’ ἄγε νῦν εἴσελθε καὶ ἕζεο τῷδ’ ἐπὶ δίφρῳ

But come now, enter in, and sit thee upon this chair.

all’ áge nûn eíselthe kaì hézeo tôid’ epì díphrōi

σιδηρονώτοις δ’ ἀσπίδος τύποις ἐπῆν / γίγας ἐπ’ ὤμοις γηγενὴς ὅλην πόλιν / φέρων μοχλοῖσιν ἐξανασπάσας βάθρων

408 BCE, Euripides, The Phoenician Women 1131

This device his shield bore upon its iron back: an earth-born giant carrying on his shoulders a whole city which he had wrenched from its base.

sidēronṓtois d’ aspídos túpois epên / gígas ep’ ṓmois gēgenḕs hólēn pólin / phérōn mokhloîsin exanaspásas báthrōn

νικήσαντες δὲ καὶ τούτους τετρακισχιλίους κληρούχους ἐπὶ τῶν ἱπποβοτέων τῇ χώρῃ λείπουσι

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.77.2

And after overcoming them as well, they left four thousand tenant farmers on the lands of the horse-breeders.

nikḗsantes dè kaì toútous tetrakiskhilíous klēroúkhous epì tôn hippobotéōn têi khṓrēi leípousi

αἱ δὲ νέμονται / πὰρ Κόρακος πέτρῃ ἐπί τε κρήνῃ Ἀρεθούσῃ

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.408

They are feeding by the rock of Corax and near the spring Arethusa.

hai dè némontai / pàr Kórakos pétrēi epí te krḗnēi Arethoúsēi

τοῖο δ’ ἐπ’ Ἰφιδάμαντι κάρη ἀπέκοψε παραστάς

And he drew near and struck off his head over [the body of] Iphidamas.

toîo d’ ep’ Iphidámanti kárē apékopse parastás

οἷ’ ἐπὶ σοὶ κατέθηκε θεὰ περικαλλέ’ ἄεθλα

Such beautiful prises did the goddess set there in thy honor.

hoî’ epì soì katéthēke theà perikallé’ áethla

ἐνθεῦτεν δὲ ἀπικόμενος ἐς τὴν Ἀρκαδίην νεώτερα ἔπρησσε πρήγματα, συνιστὰς τοὺς Ἀρκάδας ἐπὶ τῆ Σπάρτῃ

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.74.1

From there he came to Arcadia and stirred up disorder, uniting the Arcadians against Sparta.

entheûten dè apikómenos es tḕn Arkadíēn neṓtera éprēsse prḗgmata, sunistàs toùs Arkádas epì tê Spártēi

ὢ πόποι, οὐκ ἄρα σοί γ’ 'ἐπὶ εἴδεϊ καὶ φρένες ἦσαν

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.454

Well, now, it seems that you at least do not have wits in addition to your beauty.

ṑ pópoi, ouk ára soí g’ 'epì eídeï kaì phrénes êsan

[with dative]
in addition to, over, besides

ὄγχνη ἐπ’ ὄγχνῃ γηράσκει

βοᾷ γὰρ λοιγὸς Ἐρινὺν / παρὰ τῶν πρότερον φθιμένων ἄτην / ἑτέραν ἐπάγουσαν ἐπ’ ἄτῃ

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 404

Murder cries out on the Fury, which from those killed before brings one ruin after another.

boâi gàr loigòs Erinùn / parà tôn próteron phthiménōn átēn / hetéran epágousan ep’ átēi

[with dative]
(with duplication of head noun) after

νῦν τε παρὰ τῷ βαρβάρῳ τοσοῦτο δυνάμεθα ὥστε ἐπ’ ἡμῖν ἐστι τῆς γῆς ἐστερῆσθαι καὶ πρὸς ἠνδραποδίσθαι ὑμέας

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.29.2

And now we bear such weight with the foreigner that it is in our power to have you deprived of your lands and enslaved.

nûn te parà tôi barbárōi tosoûto dunámetha hṓste ep’ hēmîn esti tês gês esterêsthai kaì pròs ēndrapodísthai huméas

τὰς δίκας καὶ τὰς διαίτας, ὅσαι ἐγένοντο ἐπὶ τοῖς νόμοις ἐν δημοκρατουμένῃ τῇ πόλει, κυρίας εἶναι

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Timocrates 56

Judgements and awards given according to the law while the government was democratic, shall be valid.

tàs díkas kaì tàs diaítas, hósai egénonto epì toîs nómois en dēmokratouménēi têi pólei, kurías eînai

σέο δ’ ὀστέα πύσει ἄρουρα
κειμένου ἐν Τροίῃ ἀτελευτήτῳ ἐπὶ ἔργῳ
séo d’ ostéa púsei ároura

And the earth will rot your bones as you lie in the land of Troy with your task unfinished.

keiménou en Troíēi ateleutḗtōi epì érgōi

κἀπ’ εὐπραξίᾳ / μέμνησθέ μου θανόντος εὐτυχεῖς ἀεί

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1554

And in your prosperity, remember me in my death, and be fortunate evermore.

kap’ eupraxíāi / mémnēsthé mou thanóntos eutukheîs aeí

τοσαύτας μὲν αὐτοῖς εὐθυμίας παρεῖχεν ἐπὶ τῷ δείπνῳ

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.3.12

He furnished them such amusement at dinner.

tosaútas mèn autoîs euthumías pareîkhen epì tôi deípnōi

(of conditions or circumstances) in, with

ἀλλ’ ἤτοι ἐπὶ νυκτὶ φυλάξομεν ἡμέας αὐτούς

Surely at night we will guard our own selves.

all’ ḗtoi epì nuktì phuláxomen hēméas autoús

ἀλλ’ αὖθι κυνῶν μέλπηθρα γένοιτο, / ὅς τις ἐπ’ ἤματι τῷδε ἑκὼν μεθίῃσι μάχεσθαι

But here may he, who on this day of his own will shrinks from fight, become the sport of dogs.

all’ aûthi kunôn mélpēthra génoito, / hós tis ep’ ḗmati tôide hekṑn methíēisi mákhesthai

[with dative]
(of time, never in proper Attic) at, on

μαθὼν δὲ ἐπ’ ἐξεργασμένοισι τὸ μαντήιον ἐὸν τοῦτο

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.164.3

Then, perceiving after the deed had been done that this was the meaning of the oracle […]

mathṑn dè ep’ exergasménoisi tò mantḗion eòn toûto

ἦ τ’ ἔτι πολλὰ τετεύξεται ἄλγε’ ἐπ’ αὐτῇ

Many be the woes that shall yet be wrought because of her.

ê t’ éti pollà teteúxetai álge’ ep’ autêi

[with dative]
(expressing a cause) on account of, for

ὃ δὲ τείρετο γήραϊ λυγρῷ,
υἱὸν δ’ οὐ τέκετ’ ἄλλον ἐπὶ κτεάτεσσι λιπέσθαι
hò dè teíreto gḗraï lugrôi,

And their father was fordone with grievous old age, and begat no other son to leave in charge of his possessions.

huiòn d’ ou téket’ állon epì kteátessi lipésthai

γαστέρες αἵδ’ αἰγῶν κέατ’ ἐν πυρί, τὰς ἐπὶ δόρπῳ / κατθέμεθα

Here at the fire lie goats' paunches, which we set there for supper.

gastéres haíd’ aigôn kéat’ en purí, tàs epì dórpōi / katthémetha

[with dative]
(expressing a purpose) for

ἐνδεξαμένου δὲ τὸν λόγον καὶ ὁμολογήσαντος ἐπὶ τούτοισι Πεισιστράτου, μηχανῶνται δὴ ἐπὶ τῇ κατόδῳ πρῆγμα

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.60.3

When this offer was accepted by Pisistratus, who agreed on these terms [with Megacles], they devised a plan to bring Pisistratus back.

endexaménou dè tòn lógon kaì homologḗsantos epì toútoisi Peisistrátou, mēkhanôntai dḕ epì têi katódōi prêgma

ἀλλ’ ἐποιοῦντο εἰρήνην ἐφ’ ᾧ τά τε μακρὰ τείχη καὶ τὸν Πειραιᾶ καθελόντας

They offered to make peace on the condition that the Athenians destroy the long walls and the walls of Piraeus.

all’ epoioûnto eirḗnēn eph’ hôi tá te makrà teíkhē kaì tòn Peiraiâ kathelóntas

τίς κέν μοι τόδε ἔργον ὑποσχόμενος τελέσειε / δώρῳ ἔπι μεγάλῳ

Who is there now that would promise me this deed and bring it to pass for a great gift?

tís kén moi tóde érgon huposkhómenos teléseie / dṓrōi épi megálōi

[with dative]
for (i.e. in exchange for)

ἐπὶ μὲν οὖν τῇ τοῦ οἰκείου ἔχθρᾳ στάσις κέκληται, ἐπὶ δὲ τῇ τοῦ ἀλλοτρίου πόλεμος

Now the term employed for the hostility of the friendly is faction, and for that of the alien is war.

epì mèn oûn têi toû oikeíou ékhthrāi stásis kéklētai, epì dè têi toû allotríou pólemos

Ὀδυσῆος ἀμύμονος, ὅς μ’ ἐπὶ βουσὶν / εἷσ’ ἔτι τυτθὸν ἐόντα

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 20.209

Blameless Odysseus, who set me in charge of his cattle […]

Odusêos amúmonos, hós m’ epì bousìn / heîs’ éti tutthòn eónta

ἀνέβαινεν ἐπὶ τὸν ἵππον

ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ πύργον ἔβη μέγαν Ἰλίου

But she went onto the great wall of Ilios.

οἳ δὲ νομίζουσι Διὶ μὲν ἐπὶ τὰ ὑψηλότατα τῶν ὀρέων ἀναβαίνοντες θυσίας ἔρδειν

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.131.2

They are accustomed to go up onto the highest peaks of the mountains to offer sacrifices to Zeus.

hoì dè nomízousi Diì mèn epì tà hupsēlótata tôn oréōn anabaínontes thusías érdein

[with accusative]
onto (the upper surface of)

ὃ γὰρ ἦλθε θοὰς ἐπὶ νῆας Ἀχαιῶν λυσόμενός τε θύγατρα

For he had come to the swift ships of the Achaeans to free his daughter.

hò gàr êlthe thoàs epì nêas Akhaiôn lusómenós te thúgatra

αἳ δ’ ὅτ’ Ἀλεξάνδροιο δόμον περικαλλέ’ ἵκοντο, ἀμφίπολοι μὲν ἔπειτα θοῶς ἐπὶ ἔργα τράποντο

Now when they were come to the beautiful palace of Alexander, the handmaids turned forthwith to their tasks.

haì d’ hót’ Alexándroio dómon perikallé’ híkonto, amphípoloi mèn épeita thoôs epì érga tráponto

ὑπὲρ δὲ τῆς θηριώδεος ὀφρύη ψάμμης κατήκει παρατείνουσα ἀπὸ Θηβέων τῶν Αἰγυπτιέων ἐπ’ Ἡρακλέας στήλας

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.181.1

Beyond this wild beasts' haunt runs a ridge of sand that stretches from Thebes of Egypt up to the Pillars of Heracles.

hupèr dè tês thēriṓdeos ophrúē psámmēs katḗkei parateínousa apò Thēbéōn tôn Aiguptiéōn ep’ Hērakléas stḗlas

οὐ γάρ πω πάντων ἐπὶ πείρατ’ ἀέθλων / ἤλθομεν

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 23.248

We have not yet come to the end of all our trials.

ou gár pō pántōn epì peírat’ aéthlōn / ḗlthomen

καὶ ἐπὶ ἡγεμόνας δὲ καὶ βασιλεῖς ἀχθήσεσθε ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ

70 CE – 110 CE, The Gospel of Matthew 10:18

Yes, and you will be brought before governors and kings for my sake.

kaì epì hēgemónas dè kaì basileîs akhthḗsesthe héneken emoû

(with a person) to before, into the presence of

[with accusative]
to before, into the presence of

ἐπ’ ἀσπίδας δὲ πέντε μὲν καὶ εἴκοσι Θηβαῖοι ἐτάξαντο

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.93

The Thebans formed twenty-five shields deep.

ep’ aspídas dè pénte mèn kaì eíkosi Thēbaîoi etáxanto

Χαλκιδέες τε ἐπὶ τὰ ἕτερα ἐσίνοντο ἐπιόντες χώρους τῆς Ἀττικῆς

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.74

The Chalcidians however attacked on another side and raided lands in Attica.

Khalkidées te epì tà hétera esínonto epióntes khṓrous tês Attikês

[with accusative]
to or into a certain side

τοὺς δ’ Ἕκτωρ ἐνόησε κατὰ στίχας, ὦρτο δ’ ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς / κεκλήγων

But Hector marked them across the ranks, and rushed against them shouting aloud.

toùs d’ Héktōr enóēse katà stíkhas, ôrto d’ ep’ autoùs / keklḗgōn

οὕτω δὴ οἶκον δὲ φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν / Ἀργεῖοι φεύξονται ἐπ’ εὐρέα νῶτα θαλάσσης

Is it thus indeed that the Argives are to flee their dear native land over the broad back of the sea?

hoútō dḕ oîkon dè phílēn es patrída gaîan / Argeîoi pheúxontai ep’ euréa nôta thalássēs

τλῆτε φίλοι, καὶ μείνατ’ ἐπὶ χρόνον

Endure, my friends, and abide for a time.

ἔνθα μὲν ἐν φύλλοισι φίλον τετιημένος ἦτορ / εὗδον παννύχιος καὶ ἐπ’ ἠῶ

So there among the leaves I slept, my heart sore stricken, the whole night through, until the morning.

éntha mèn en phúlloisi phílon tetiēménos êtor / heûdon pannúkhios kaì ep’ ēô

[with accusative]
(of time) up to, until

ἀλλ’ ἄγ’ ὁ μὲν πεδίονδ’ ἐπὶ βοῦν, ἴτω

Come now, let one go to the plain for a heifer.

ἡμεῖς γὰρ ἁγνοὶ τοὐπὶ τήνδε τὴν κόρην

Our hands are clean with respect to this girl.

ἐπὶ δὲ τοὺς πεζοὺς τῶν ὁμοτίμων ἀνθ’ αὑτοῦ ἕκαστον καθιστάναι ἄλλον ἄρχοντα τῶν ὁμοτίμων

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.58

He also instructed each one of the newly-mounted officers to appoint some other peer to take his place of command over the infantry of the peers.

epì dè toùs pezoùs tôn homotímōn anth’ hautoû hékaston kathistánai állon árkhonta tôn homotímōn


for the sake of

Release this man, for the sake of justice!

Because of; out of consideration for; in the interest of.

때문에

follows a noun with -에 or a nominalized clause


cata

Aragonese: cada

Aromanian: cãte

Asturian: cada

Catalan: cada

Corsican: caa

Extremaduran: cá, ca

Old Francoprovençal: cha

Franco-Provençal: cha

Old French: cha, chascun

French: cha (dialectal), chacun, chaque

Galician: cada

Italian: cadauno

Leonese: ca

Mirandese: cada

Occitan: cada

Portuguese: cada

Romanian: câte

Spanish: cada

Venetan: cada

Euangeliu[m] cata Lucam

c. 4th century (copied 9th century), Codex Gatianus (VL 30), folio 52ʳ:


oc

ocum (first-person singular)
ocom (first-person singular)
ocut (second-person singular)
oco (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
occo (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
oca (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
occa (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
occi (dative feminine singular third-person)
occai (dative feminine singular third-person)
ocae (dative feminine singular third-person)
occae (dative feminine singular third-person)
ocunn (first-person plural)
occaib (plural second-person)
occaib (dative plural third-person)

desctree

Middle Irish: oc
Irish: ag
Manx: ec
Scottish Gaelic: aig

From Proto-Celtic *onkos (“near”), probably ultimately related to the root of the verbal suffix icc. Compare Old Irish ocus.

at, beside, by (also used with a form of the substantive verb at·tá to express “have”)


by virtue of

Modification of Middle English in vertu of, a calque of Anglo-Norman par vertu de or Middle French par la vertu de (“by the authority of”); from Old French vertu (“goodness; honour; valour; virtue”) (whence English virtue (“(obsolete) inherent power of a god or other supernatural being; inherent power or efficacy of something”)).

cog

Moreouer the perfit beleue of this article, worketh in all true chriſten people, aloue to continue in this vnitie, and afeare to be caſte out of the ſame, and it worketh in them that be ſinners and repentant, great comforte, and conſolacion, to obteine remiſſion of ſinne, by vertue of Chriſtes paſſion, and adminiſtracion of his ſacramentes at the miniſters handes, ordained for that purpoſe, [...]

1543 June 8, Henry VIII of England, “The Nynthe Article. The Holy Catholike Churche.”, in A Necessary Doctrine and Erudicion for Any Chrysten Man, Set furth by the Kynges Maiestye of Englande, &c., imprinted at London: […] by Thomas Berthelet, […], →OCLC:

But in the high Court of Parliament, every Man by virtue of the King's Authority, by Writ under the Great Seal, hath a judicial Place; and ſo conſequently the killing of every of them had been a ſeveral Treaſon, and Crimen læſæ Majeſtatis.

1605 February 16, “The Tryal of the Conspirators Concern’d in the Gunpowder-Plot, on Monday the 27th of January, Anno 1605. [Julian calendar] and in the Third Year of King James the First, in Westminster-Hall, before the Lords Commissioners there; [...]”, in [Thomas Salmon], editor, A Compleat Collection of State-Tryals, and Proceedings upon Impeachment for High Treason, and Other Crimes and Misdemeanours; […] In Four Volumes, volume I, London: Printed for Timothy Goodwin, […]; John Walthoe […]; Benj[amin] Tooke […]; John Darby […]; Jacob Tonson […]; and John Walthoe Jun. […], published 1719, →OCLC, page 193, column 1:

I call that an Inſtitution that hath an efficacie in it for the attaining of ſuch an end by virtue of the Inſtitution, not by virtue of any naturalneſſe that is in the thing. [...] So in preaching the Word, and Eccleſiaſticall cenſures, there is more to be expected, more efficacie to work upon the ſoule, for the ſpirituall man; by virtue of the Inſtitution, then there is in the naturall things that are done there.

1642 July 28, Jer[emiah] Burroughes [i.e., Jeremiah Burroughs], “The Sixth Lecture. Hosea I. the middle of the 11. Verse.”, in An Exposition of the Prophecie of Hosea. […], London: Printed by W. E. and J. G. for R. Dawlman, published 1643, →OCLC, page 151:

[Samuel Keme] became [...] a retainer, if I miſtake not, to the family of Edward Wray of Ricot Eſq, Patron of the ſaid Church, by virtue of his marriage with Elizabeth the dau[ghter] and heir of Francis L[ord] Norris Earl of Berks[hire].

1691, [Anthony Wood], “SAMUEL KEME”, in Athenæ Oxonienses. An Exact History of All the Writers and Bishops who have had Their Education in the Most Ancient and Famous University of Oxford from the Fifteenth Year of King Henry the Seventh, Dom. 1500, to the End of the Year 1690. […], volume II (Completing the Whole Work), London: […] Tho[mas] Bennet […], →OCLC, column 341:

[W]e found there was but one way; Don Clavijo ſhould demand the young lady in marriage before the curate, by virtue of a promiſe under her hand, which I dictated for the purpoſe, and ſo binding, that all the ſtrength of Sampſon himſelf could not have broken the tie.

1749, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, “The Account which the Disconsolate Matron Gives of Her Misfortune”, in [Peter Anthony] Motteux, transl., edited by [John] Ozell, The History of the Renowned Don Quixote de la Mancha. […], 8th edition, volume IV, London: […] W[illiam] Innys, […], →OCLC, part II, pages 32–33:

We guarantee by virtue of our power and the confidence of those who accept the guarantee; it is given by means of a word, which is accepted as a pledge for the future performance of a contract; [...]

1826, George Crabb, “To Guarantee, be Security, be Responsible, Warrant”, in English Synonymes, with Copious Illustrations and Explanations. Drawn from the Best Writers, new enlarged edition, London: Printed for Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, […]; and Simpkin and Marshall, […]; by C. Baldwin, […], →OCLC, page 173, column 1:

Sir Isaac Newton was the first person to theorize that any two objects would be attracted towards each other by virtue of their masses, and that strength of the force of attraction – the gravitational force – would depend on the masses of the two objects and their distance apart.

1999, Steve Farrow, “Key Idea 4.1: Sources and Forms of Energy”, in The Really Useful Science Book: A Framework of Knowledge for Primary Teachers, 2nd edition, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: RoutledgeFalmer, published 2006, →ISBN, section 4 (Physical Processes), page 147:

England's domination of the first half was almost total, but they somehow contrived to allow Tunisia to raise themselves off the floor by virtue of rank carelessness from [Gareth] Southgate's side.

2018 June 18, Phil McNulty, “Tunisia 1 – 2 England”, in BBC Sport, archived from the original on 2019-04-21:

For nearly the entire television age, his mother was the visual representation of royalty. His wedding was one of the biggest TV events of the 20th century, but he came first in “Charles and Diana” only by virtue of birth and, perhaps, the alphabet.

2023 May 6, James Poniewozik, “Charles III Was Crowned King. But Can He Ever Be the Star?”, in The New York Times:

(idiomatic) (originally) By the authority or power of; (now) because of; on the grounds of; by reason of.