Fabian

From Latin Fabiānus (“belonging to Fabius”), derived from Fabius + -ānus.


July

A translation of the French surname Juillet.


April

→ Arabic: أَبْرِيل (ʔabrīl)

→ Bengali: এপ্রিল (epril)

→ Burmese: ဧပြီ (e-pri)

→ Dari: اپریل (epril)

→ Hausa: Afrilu

→ Hawaiian: ʻApelila

→ Hindi: अप्रैल (aprail)

→ Malay: April

→ Maori: Āperire

→ Marshallese: Eprōļ

→ Tokelauan: Apelila

→ Turkish: april

From Middle English apprile, Aprill, re-Latinised from Middle English aueril, from Old French avrill, from Latin Aprīlis (“of the month of the goddess Venus”), perhaps based on Etruscan 𐌀𐌐𐌓𐌖 (apru), from Ancient Greek Ἀφροδίτη (Aphrodítē, “Venus”). Displaced native Old English ēastermōnaþ (literally “Easter month”).


Edward

From Middle English Edward, from Old English Ēadweard, from Proto-West Germanic *Audawardu, from Proto-Germanic *Audawarduz, corresponding to ed (“wealth, riches”) + ward (“ward, guard”).

(less common) A surname. See also Edwards.


Haus

From the German and Jewish surname, from the noun Haus (“house”). Compare Hausmann, House.


December

December
December Murders
December Revolution
Decembrist Revolt

Bislama: desemba

Pitcairn-Norfolk: Disemba

Tok Pisin: Desemba

→ Bengali: ডিসেম্বর (ḍiśembor)

→ Burmese: ဒီဇင်ဘာ (dijangbha)

→ Chichewa: Disembala

→ Dari: دسمبر (desembar)

→ Dhivehi: ޑިސެމްބަރު (ḍisem̊baru)

→ Hausa: Disamba

→ Hawaiian: Kēkēmapa

→ Hindi: दिसंबर (disambar)

→ Malay: Disember

→ Maori: Tīhema

→ Marathi: डिसेंबर (ḍisembar)

→ Swahili: Desemba, Disemba

→ Tokelauan: Tēhema

From Middle English December, Decembre, from Old French decembre, from Latin december (“tenth month”), from Latin decem (“ten”); + Latin -ber, from -bris, an adjectival suffix; December was the tenth month in the Roman calendar.


Irish

From Middle English Irish (12th c.), from Old English *Īrisċ, from Old English Īras (“Irishmen”), from Old Norse Írar, from Old Irish Ériu (modern Irish Éire (“Ireland”)), further origin heavily debated but probably from Proto-Celtic *Φīweriyū (“fat land, fertile”), from Proto-Indo-European *péyh₂wr̥ (“fat, swelling”), from *peyh₂- (“to swell; to be fat”), akin to Ancient Greek πίειρα (píeira, “fertile land”), Sanskrit पीवरी (pīvarī, “fat”).


Greenland

From green + land, calque of Old Norse Grǿnland, from grǿnn (“green”) + land (“land”).


Poland

→ Japanese: ポーランド (Pōrando)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂-der.
Proto-Slavic *poľe
Proto-Slavic *-janinъ
Proto-Slavic *poľaninъder.
German Polebor.
English Pole
English land
English Poland
1560s. From Pole + land, a phono-semantic matching of German Polen (“Poland”), from Old Polish Polanie (“Poles”, literally “field dwellers”), from Proto-Slavic *poľane, plural of *poľaninъ (“field dweller”), from *poľe (“field”) + *-ěninъ, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat, wide”).


Brazil

Reduced Anglicized form of Irish Ó Breasail (“descendant of Breasal”), a byname meaning "strife".


France

en-proper noun

France (usually uncountable, plural Frances)

→ Assamese: ফ্ৰান্স (phranso)

→ Hawaiian: Palani

→? Japanese: フランス (Furansu)

→ Kalenjin: Frans

→ Kikuyu: Frans

→ Luhya: Frans

→ Meru: Frans

→ Sotho: France

→ Swahili: Ufaransa

→ Tokelauan: Falani

From Middle English France, from Old French France, from Latin Francia, from Francī, the name of a Germanic tribe, of unclear (but Proto-Germanic) origin. Believed to be most likely from Frankish *Frankō (“a Frank”), from Proto-Germanic *frankô (“javelin”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *preng- (“pole, stalk”). Compare Frank. Displaced native Old English Francland.

der

A surname from French, famously held by—

Anatole France, a French poet, journalist, and novelist.


Spain

→ Burmese: စပိန် (ca.pin)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: स्पेन (spen)

→ Japanese: スペイン (Supein)

→ Korean: 스페인 (seupein)

→ Marathi: स्पेन (spen)

→ Thai: สเปน (sà-bpeen)

Etymology tree
Latin Hispānia
Old French Espaignebor.
Middle English Spayne
English Spain
From Middle English Spayne, from Anglo-Norman Espayne, from Late Latin Spania, from earlier Latin Hispānia. Doublet of Hispania.

etymon

An English ethnic surname transferred from the nickname for someone with Spanish ancestry.


Germany

en-proper noun

Germany (countable and uncountable, plural Germanys or Germanies)

1 BC
1000
1914
1944
750 BC
Germany
Julius Caesar
Strabo
The German Question

From Middle English Germanie, from Old English Germanie & Germania, from Latin Germānia (“land of the Germans”), from Germānī, a people living around and east of the Rhine first attested in the 1st century B.C.E. works of Julius Caesar and of uncertain etymology. The exonym was said by Strabo to derive from germānus (“close kin; genuine”), making it cognate with germane and german, but this seems unsupported. Attempts to derive it from Germanic or Celtic roots since the 18th century are all problematic, although it is perhaps cognate with the Old Irish gair (“neighbour”). Doublet of Germania.
In reference to a medieval kingdom, English Germany is usually an anachronism using the Roman name to describe the area or calquing various Latin terms like rex Teutonicorum ("king of the Teutons"), which were often derogatory exonyms rather than formal titles.

nowrap

1st century <small class='ce-date'>B.C.E.</small>


Ireland

en-proper noun

Ireland (usually uncountable, plural Irelands)

→ Japanese: アイルランド (Airurando)

From Middle English Ireland, Irelond, Irlond, Irland, from Old English Īrland. Perhaps also from Middle Irish Éire + -land. Ultimately from Old Irish Ériu (“Ireland”). See Irish.


Denmark

→ Japanese: デンマーク (Denmāku)

→ Korean: 덴마크 (Denmakeu)

→ Malay: Denmark

Indonesian: Denmark

From Middle English Denmark, from Danish Danmark, from dansk (“Danish”) + Old Norse merki (“boundary”) or mǫrk (“borderland”). Cognate with (and perhaps influenced by) Old English Denemearc.

something is rotten in the state of Denmark


Togo

From Togoville, from Ewe to (“to pound”) + go (“shore”).


Cuba

→ Japanese: キューバ (Kyūba)

Disputed; likely from Taíno cubao (“abundant fertile land”) or coabana (“great place”).

unk

Disputed


Israel

→ Japanese: イスラエル (Isuraeru)

From Middle English Israel, from Old English, borrowed from Latin Israel, from Ancient Greek Ἰσραήλ (Israḗl), from Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל (yisra'él, “Israel”). In the Bible, it is said to be from the name יִשְׂרֶה אֵל (yisré 'él) given to Jacob in he:T:29, after which his descendants came to be known as Israelites and their land as the "kingdom/land of Israel". The personal name, already attested in Eblaite 𒅖𒊏𒅋 (iš-ra-il) and Ugaritic 𐎊𐎌𐎗𐎛𐎍 (yšrỉl), has been variously translated as "he wrestles with God", "he prevails with God", or "God rules" (possibly from the same root ש־ר־ה/ש־ר־ר as שָׂרָה (“Sarah”)).
Line 27 of the Merneptah Stele (from about 1200 B.C.E.) is thought to contain the earliest attestation of the name Israel in any language, Egyptian ysrjꜣr.
: i-i-z:Z1s*Z1s:r-i-A-r:Z1*T14-A1*B1:Z2
Doublet of Yisroel.


Canada

en-proper noun

Canada (countable and uncountable, plural Canadas)

French: canadair

Greek: καναντέρ (kanantér)

Italian: canadair

Japanese: カナダ

Serbo-Croatian: kanader

From French Canada, from the Laurentian kanata (“village, settlement”) (compare Onondaga ganataa), ultimately from Proto-North Iroquoian *-nat-. See also "Name of Canada" on English Wikipedia.


Wales

en-proper noun

Wales (countable and uncountable, plural Waleses)

wails (whales in accents with wine-whine merger)

From Middle English Wales, from Old English Wēalas, plural of wealh (“Celt, Welsh person”), from Proto-West Germanic *walh, from Proto-Germanic *walhaz (“Celt, Roman”). Compare the second element in Cornwall, and also Gaul.


Jordan

Jordan (countable and uncountable, plural Jordans)

From Latin Iordanēs, from Ancient Greek Ἰορδάνης (Iordánēs), from Biblical Hebrew יַרְדֵּן (yardén, “Jordan (river)”). Doublet of Yarden.

der

A surname transferred from the given name derived from the male given name.


England

en-proper noun

England (usually uncountable, plural Englands)

England
Wales and Berwick Act 1746
Welsh Language Act 1967

desc

→ Bengali: ইংল্যান্ড (iṅlênḍ)

→ Bengali: ইংল্যান্ড (iṅlênḍ)

→ Burmese: အင်္ဂလန် (angga.lan)

→ Chichewa: Mángalande

→ Chinese: 英格蘭／英格兰 (Yīnggélán)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: इंग्लैंड (iṅglaiṇḍ)

اِن٘گْلَینْڈ

Urdu: اِن٘گْلَینْڈ (iṅglainḍ)

Urdu: اِن٘گْلَینْڈ (iṅglainḍ)

→ Japanese: イングランド (Ingurando)

→ Korean: 잉글랜드 (inggeullaendeu)

→ Lao: ອັງກິດ (ʼang kit)

→ Malay:

Arabic script: ايڠلند

Latin script: England

→ Marshallese: In̄len

desctree

→ Spanish: Inglaterra (calque)
→ Tagalog: Inglatera

→? Swedish: England
→ Finnish: Englanti

→ Tamil: இங்கிலாந்து (iṅkilāntu)

Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *angliz
Old English Engle
Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ-der.
Proto-Germanic *landą
Proto-West Germanic *land
Old English land
Old English Engla land
Middle English Engelond
English England
From Middle English Engelond, England, from Old English Engla land (literally “land of the Angles”), from genitive of Engle (“the Angles”) + land (“land”).

Англызтәыла

Kingdom in southeastern Britain, now part of the UK

A habitational surname from Old English.


Catalan

From Middle English Catalane, from French Catalan, from Spanish catalán, from Catalan Catalunya.


Saxon

Partially from Middle English Saxe, Sax; from Old English *Seaxa (attested in plural Seaxan), and Saxoun, from Old French *Saxoun, Saxon (“Saxon”), from Late Latin Saxonem, accusative of Saxo (“a Saxon”), both from Proto-West Germanic *sahs, from Proto-Germanic *sahsą (“rock, knife”), from Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”).
Cognates:
Cognate with Middle Low German sasse (“someone speaking Saxon, i.e. (Middle) Low German”), Old English Seaxa (“a Saxon”), Old High German Sahso (“a Saxon”), Icelandic Saxi (“a Saxon”), Estonian saks (“lord; German”), Finnish Saksa (“Germany”). Also cognate to Old English seax (“a knife, hip-knife, an instrument for cutting, a short sword, dirk, dagger”); more at sax.


Welsh

From Middle English Walsch, Welische, from Old English wīelisċ (“Briton; Roman; Celt”), from Proto-West Germanic *walhisk, from Proto-Germanic *walhiskaz (“Celt; later Roman”), from *walhaz (“Celt, Roman”) (compare Old English wealh), from the name of the Gaulish tribe, the Volcae (recorded only in Latin contexts).
This word was borrowed from Germanic into Slavic (compare Old Church Slavonic Влахъ (Vlaxŭ, “Vlachs, Romanians”), Byzantine Greek Βλάχος (Blákhos)).
Doublet of Vellish. Compare Walloon, walnut, Vlach, Walach, Gaul, Cornwall.

cog

An English and Scottish surname transferred from the nickname for someone who was a Welshman or a Celt.


German

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

From Latin Germānus, Germānī (“the peoples of Germānia”), as distinct from Gauls (in the writings of Caesar and Tacitus), and of uncertain ultimate origin (possibly Celtic/Gaulish).
Not related to german (“closely related”) or germane (from the Latin adjective germānus, through Old French).
Attested since at least 1520. Replaced the older terms Almain and Dutch (from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz) in English. Besides cognates of German, Almain, and Dutch, two other categories of words for the Germans in other languages are cognates of Saxon and descendants of Proto-Slavic *němьcь; see those entries for more.
The surname is generally from the noun, though sometimes confused with Herman, Hermann under Russian influence. As a German surname, Americanized from Germann. Compare Germán, Germain, Jerman.


Amy

Anglicized form of Old French Amee,
which was both a nickname and a form of the Latin name Amata (“beloved”).

[...] Mr. John W. Amy, landlord of the "Cross Keys" at Arnold, Nottingham.

1959 October, “Talking of Trains: Landlord hires a diesel”, in Trains Illustrated, page 460:


Greek

en-proper noun

Greek (countable and uncountable, plural Greeks)

Inherited from Old English Grēcas (“Greeks”), variant of Crēcas, from Proto-West Germanic *Krēkō, from Latin Graecus of uncertain origin, perhaps derived from the toponym Γραῖα (Graîa) or from other Paleo-Balkanic forms from a tribal name Graii.
Greek in any case has the cognate Γραικός (Graikós), the mythological ancestor of the Γραίοι (Graíoi, “Graecians”). Germanic cognates include Dutch Griek, German Grieche. The ⟨g⟩ in English and Germanic cognates was restored under influence from French grec and classical Latin Graecus. The adjective dates to 14th-century Middle English, replacing Old English Grēċisċ (“Greekish”) and earlier Middle English Gregeis. In reference to fraternities and sororities, a clipping of earlier Greek-letter in reference to their usual names being initialisms of mottos in the Greek language. In reference to terms used to analysize financial derivatives, from their usual names consisting of Greek letters.


X

Introduced by René Descartes in the context of mathematical notation, but has since widened to other contexts.

Malcolm X

(anthroponymy, politics) A surname, used by those who have had their identity or heritage, including their proper ancestral names, erased or forgotten.


English

en-prop

English (countable and uncountable, plural Englishes)

English (surname)
English#Places in the United States

From Middle English Englisch, English, Inglis, from Old English Englisċ (“of the Angles; English”), from Engle (“the Angles”), a Germanic tribe + -isċ; equivalent to Engle + -ish. Compare West Frisian Ingelsk, Scots Inglis (older ynglis), Dutch Engels, Danish engelsk, Old French Englesche (whence French anglais), German englisch, Spanish inglés, all ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enǵʰ- (“narrow”) (compare Sanskrit अंहु (áṃhu, “narrow”), अंहस् (áṃhas, “anxiety, sin”), Latin angustus (“narrow”), Old Church Slavonic ѫзъкъ (ǫzŭkŭ, “narrow”)).

cog

An English surname originally denoting a non-Celtic or non-Danish person in Britain.


French

en-prop

French (countable and uncountable, plural Frenches)

desc

⇒ American Sign Language: 9@InsideNeckhigh-PalmDown 9@SideNeckhigh-PalmUp

→ Choctaw: Filanchi

→ Punjabi: ਫ਼੍ਰੈਂਚ (fraiñc)

→ Zulu: isiFulentshi

Inherited from Middle English Frenche, Frensch, Frensc, Frenshe, Frenk, Franche, from Old English Frenċisċ (“Frankish, French”), from Proto-West Germanic *Frankisk (“Frankish”), equivalent to Frank + -ish (compare Frankish). Cognate with Middle Low German vranksch, frenkisch, vrenkesch, vrenksch (“Frankish, French”), Middle High German vrenkisch, vrensch ("Frankish, Franconian; > German fränkisch (“Frankish, Franconian”)), Danish fransk (“French”), Swedish fransk, fransysk (“French”), Icelandic franska (“French”).
Doublet of Frankish.
In reference to vulgar language, from expressions such as pardon my French in the early 19th century, originally in reference to actual (but often mildly impolite) French expressions by the upper class, subsequently adopted ironically by the lower class for English cursewords under the charitable conceit that the listener would not be familiar with them.
In reference to vermouth, a shortened form of French vermouth, distinguished as usually being drier than Italian vermouth.

gl

"Frankish, Franconian; > German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">fränkisch</i> (“Frankish, Franconian”)

Dawn French.


Hobart

A patronymic English surname transferred from the given name derived from a variant of Hubert.


Perth

From Scottish Gaelic Peairt, from Pictish *ᚚᚓᚏᚈ (pert) meaning “wood, copse, thicket”, related to Welsh perth and perhaps Proto-Celtic *kʷerxtā (from Proto-Indo-European *pérkʷus (“oak”).


Daman

Borrowed from Dutch Daman, variant of Damman.


Sydney

en-proper noun

Sydney (countable and uncountable, plural Sydneys)

For the surname and given name, see Sidney. The cities in Australia and Canada are named after British politician Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney (1733–1800).

named-after

(countable) A surname from Old English, a spelling variant of Sidney.


Salvador

From Spanish and Portuguese Salvador, chiefly various placenames honoring Jesus Christ, from Spanish and Portuguese salvador (“savior”), from Latin salvator, from salvāre (“to save”) + -tor (forming agent nouns). In Spanish placenames, frequently a clipping of Spanish San Salvador (“Holy Savior”). Doublet of savior, Salvator, and Salvatore.


Leon

Ultimately from Latin Leo and leo (“lion”), from Ancient Greek Λέων (Léōn) and λέων (léōn, “lion”), likely ultimately from a non-Indo-European language. Sometimes via other related languages such as French Léon and sometimes as a diminutive of related names such as Leonard and Leonardo.


Leon

David Camden de Leon
Independence, Iowa
Juan Ponce de Leon
Legio VII Gemina
Martín De León
Mexican–American War

From Spanish León, from Latin legiō (“legion”), named for the Legio VII Gemina, which settled there. In reference to the New York town and Texan river, taken from the former Spanish kingdom. The Texan lake is named for the river. The Floridian county is named for the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon. The Texan county is named for Martin de Leon, founder of Victoria, Texas. The town in Monroe Co., Wisconsin, was named for the Mexican city. The Iowan town was changed to honor the "Fighting Doctor" of the Mexican–American War David Camden de Leon after it was discovered that Iowa already had a city named Independence. The Kansan town was named for the one in Iowa. Doublet of legion via Old French. The California town was named for the nearby Leon Mine.


Darwin

From Middle English Darwin, Derwin, from Old English Dēorwine (“a given name”), composed of dēore (“dear”) + wine (“friend”).
The city in Australia is named after Charles Darwin.

A surname, especially referring to Charles Darwin (1809–1882), British naturalist and founder of the theory of evolution by natural selection.


Turk

From Middle English Turke, Turk, from Old French Turc, from Medieval Latin Turcus, from Byzantine Greek Τοῦρκος (Toûrkos), from Classical Persian تُرْک (turk), from Middle Persian [script needed] (twlk' /turk/), from Old Turkic 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜 (t²ür²k̥). See Proto-Turkic *tür(ü)k for more.


Scotland

From Middle English Scotland, Scotlond, from Old English Scotland (“Ireland", later also "Scotland”, literally “land of the Scots”), equivalent to Scot + -land. Compare West Frisian Skotlân (“Scotland”), Dutch Schotland (“Scotland”), German Schottland (“Scotland”), Danish Skotland (“Scotland”), Icelandic Skotland (“Scotland”).

inh

A habitational surname referring to someone from Scotland.


Islam

en-proper noun

Islam (usually uncountable, plural Islams)

Borrowed around 1610 from Arabic إِسْلَام (ʔislām, “submission, surrender”), verbal noun of أَسْلَمَ (ʔaslama), from the root س ل م (s-l-m).


Cornish

From Corn(wall) + -ish, from Cornish Kernewek, Kernowek.

A habitational surname from Old English referring to someone from Cornwall.


Christian

en-proper noun

Christian (countable and uncountable, plural Christians)

/ˈkɹɪʃt͡ʃən/

/ˈkɹɪst͡ʃən/

From Middle English Cristien, from Old French chrestien, from Latin Chrīstiānus, from Ancient Greek Χρῑστιᾱνός (Khrīstiānós), from Χρῑστός (Khrīstós, “Christ, anointed [one]”) + Latin suffix -ānus. The older form is Christen. Doublet of cretin. By surface analysis, Christ + -ian.


Klingon

In many cases, from German Klingen, via Russian Клинген (Klingen) (many bearers in 1900s US censuses are recorded as being from Russia). Compare the various spellings of the related surname Klingon Smith (more commonly Klingensmith, Klingenschmitt, Klingenschmidt).


Africa

Africa (countable and uncountable, plural Africas)

→ Swahili: Afrika

From Middle English Affrike, from Old French Affrique, Affrike, from Latin Āfrica, from Āfrī, singular Āfer (inhabitant of the country of Carthage), in turn either from:
* The Punic or Phoenician word 𐤏𐤐𐤓 (ʿpr /ʿafar/, “dust”), which has cognates in other Semitic languages.
* The Berber word ifri (“cave”), plural ifran, in reference to cave dwellers of Tunisia (see Tataouine).
Folk etymologies include:
* Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-) + φρίκη f (phríkē), meaning "without cold"
* Latin aprica (“sunny”).


Milton

The English place names are from Old English mylen (“mill”) or middel (“middle”) + tun (“settlement”).

A habitational surname from Old English, from the multiple places in Britain named "Milton".


Webster

Webster (countable and uncountable, plural Websters)

An English surname originating as an occupation for someone who was a weaver.


Jew

From Middle English Jew, Giu, Giw, Ju, from Old French juiu, Giu, gyu, from Latin iūdaeus (“Judean (i.e. Jew)”), from Ancient Greek Ἰουδαῖος (Ioudaîos), from Ἰουδά (Ioudá), Ἰούδας (Ioúdas, “Judah, Judas, Jude”) + -ιος (-ios, suffix forming adjectives), from Biblical Hebrew יְהוּדָה (y'hudá, “male given name, Yehuda; Judah, Judea”). Doublet of Yid. Displaced Old English Iūdēisċ.


Manchu

/ˌmænˈt͡ʃuː/

Borrowed from Manchu ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ (manju), probably from Sanskrit मञ्जुश्री (mañjuśrī, “Manjushri”).


Flanders

en-prop

Flanders (countable and uncountable, plural Flanderses)

From Middle English Flaunders, Flaundress, flawndirs, from Old French Flandres, from Middle Dutch vlâendren pl, from Vlander, from Old Frisian, from Proto-Germanic *flaumdrą (“waterlogged land”), from *flaumaz (“flowing, current (water)”) (compare Old High German weraltfloum (“transitoriness of life”), Old Norse flaumr (“eddy”)), from Proto-Indo-European *plow-m- (“flow”) (compare Ancient Greek πλῠ́μα (plúma, “dishwater, washing water”)). More at flow. "Waterlogged" refers to the mudflats and salt marshes common to coastal Flanders.


Andrew

en-proper noun

Andrew (countable and uncountable, plural Andrews)

[ˈeᵊnˌd̠ɹ̠˔ʷʊ̈u]

[ˈænˌd̠ɹ̠ʷ˔ʊ̈u]

From Ancient Greek Ἀνδρέας (Andréas), cognate with ἀνδρεῖος (andreîos, “manly”), both from ἀνήρ (anḗr, “man”). Doublet of André, Andreas, Andrei, and Andrey.

doublet

(countable) A Scottish and English surname originating as a patronymic.


Watson

and narrator of the Sherlock Holmes stories

A northern English and Scottish surname originating as a patronymic.


Bentley

From Old English Beonetlēah. Originally a Sussex habitational name, the word leah or leag meaning field in Old English. Hence, equivalent to bent (“bent-grass”) + -leigh/lea (“meadow, field”); compare Bentham.

An English habitational surname from Old English.


Highlander

Americanized spelling of German Heilander.


Hu

From Chinese 胡 (hú). Doublet of Wu. For less common variants, see Hu.

A common surname from Chinese of east Asian derivation.


Athens

Americanized form of Greek Αθηναίος (Athinaíos).


Feder

A surname from German, equivalent to English Feather.


London

en-proper noun

London (countable and uncountable, plural Londons)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: London

From Middle English London, from Old English Lunden, from Proto-Celtic via Latin Londinium – see for details. Doublet of Londinium.

Londens

of, from or pertaining to London in the UK

A habitational surname for someone from London.


Ashkenazi

/ˌæʃkɪˈnɑːzi/

/ˌæʃkɪnəˈziː/

/ˌɑːʃkɪˈnɑːzi/

/ˌɑːʃkɪnəˈziː/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Ashkenazi.wav

From Hebrew אַשְׁכְּנַזִּי ('ashk'nazí), from Biblical Hebrew אַשְׁכְּנַז (ʾaškənaz). Biblical Ashkenaz was the son of Gomer, grandson of Japheth, and great-grandson of Noah. Ashkenaz's descendants were identified with Germans by medieval Jewish tradition. Ashkenaz was the name used for the Rhine river, which was the starting point of central and eastern European settlement by Jews, who are thought to have arrived in the region from Italy, and then spread east as they fled violent oppression and followed more favorable ownership laws.

bor

אַשְׁכְּנַזִּי


Paris

desctree

→ Arabic: بارِيس (bārīs), بَارِيز (bārīz) — dated, پَارِيس (pārīs) — rare
→ Afar: Baaríis
→ Somali: Baaríis

→ Hindi: पेरिस (peris)

→ Urdu: پَیرِس (pairis)
→ Punjabi: پَیرَس (pairas)

From Middle English Parys, Paris, from Old French Paris, from the Late Latin name of an earlier settlement, Lutetia Parisiorum (“Lutetia of the Parisii”), from Latin Parīsiī, a Gaulish tribe, from Transalpine Gaulish *parios (“cauldron”), from Proto-Celtic *kʷaryos, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-. Doublet of Parizh.

der

-æɹɪs (Received Pronunciation, New York City, without the Mary–marry–merry merger)

-ɛɹɪs (General American, Canada, Mary–marry–merry merger)

An English habitational surname from Old French for someone from Paris.


Paris

A French surname originating as a patronymic, ultimately from Latin Patricius.


Paris

An English surname of Celtic origin, a variant of Parris.


Paris

A Sicilian surname, a variant of Parigi.


Paris

A Spanish surname, a variant of Aparicio.


Orne

en-proper noun

Orne (countable and uncountable, plural Ornes)


Albert

Albert (countable and uncountable, plural Alberts)

From Old English Æþelbeorht, from Proto-West Germanic *Aþalberht, a compound of *aþalaz (“noble”) + *berhtaz (“bright, famous”), or from Old French Albert, from Latin Albertus, itself from the Germanic name. Regardless of the exact route, it is a doublet of Ethelbert. It became popular in 19th-century England due to Queen Victoria’s consort, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.


Michael

Michael (countable and uncountable, plural Michaels)

Armenian: Մայքլ (Maykʻl)

Greek: Μάικλ (Máikl)

From Middle English Michael, from Old French Michel, Old English Michahel, and directly from their source Latin Michaēl, from Ancient Greek Μῐχᾱήλ (Mikhāḗl), from Biblical Hebrew מִיכָאֵל (mîḵāʾēl, literally “who is like God?”). Doublet of Mikhail.

der

A surname transferred from the given name.


Charles

en-proper noun

Charles (countable and uncountable, plural Charleses)

From French Charles, from Old French Charles, Carles, from Latin Carolus, from and also reinfluenced by Frankish and Old High German Karl, from Proto-Germanic *karilaz (“free man”); compare the English word churl and the German Kerl. In reference to the Ecuadorian island, a clipping of the original name King Charles's Island, granted in honor of Charles II of England.


Christopher

From Late Latin Christophorus, from Koine Greek Χρῑστόφορος (Khrīstóphoros, “carrier of Christ”), from Ancient Greek Χριστός (Khristós, “Christ”) + φόρος (phóros, “carrier, bearer”), from φέρειν (phérein, “to carry, to bear”) + -ος (-os, “-er: forming agent nouns”), from the legend of Saint Christopher carrying the infant Jesus across a river.


Juneau

en-proper noun

Juneau (countable and uncountable, plural Juneaus)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Juneau.wav

From French Juneau.
The Alaskan city was named after Joe Juneau, whose French surname derives from jeune (“young”).


Durban

Durban (countable and uncountable, plural Durbans)

en:Benjamin D'Urban
en:Durban
en:Durban (disambiguation)

From D'Urban, from French d’Urbain, from Urbain, from Latin Urbanus, from urbanis, from urbs.
* The city in South Africa is named after Benjamin D'Urban.


Palermo

/pəˈlɜː(ɹ)məʊ/

/pəˈlɛə(ɹ)məʊ/

From Italian Palermo, from Sicilian Palermu, from Arabic بَلَرْم (Balarm), from Latin Panormus, from Ancient Greek Πάνορμος (Pánormos), from πᾰν- (pan-, “all”) + ὅρμος (hórmos, “port”) for its natural harbor.


Seville

From (possibly through a Middle French form) Spanish Sevilla, from Arabic إِشْبِيلِيَة (ʔišbīliya), from Latin Hispalis, ultimately from Phoenician 𐤔𐤐𐤋𐤄 (šplh /sefela/, “plain, valley”). Compare Hebrew שפלה (shfela, “lowland”), Arabic سافل (safil, “lowly”).

der

إِشْبِيلِيَة

Arabic إِشْبِيلِيَة (ʔišbīliya)


Orleans

/ˌɔɹ.leɪˈɑ̃/

/ˌɔɹ.liˈɑːn/

From French Orléans, ultimately from Latin Aurelianum, from the name of the Roman emperor Aurelian, who rebuilt the city. More at Aurelius.

A surname from French [in turn transferred from the place name].


Rhodes

en-proper noun

Rhodes (countable and uncountable, plural Rhodeses)

From rodes, the plural form of Middle English rode, from Old English rod, rodu.
The Rh- form—a 16th century spelling modification— was created by analogy with the unrelated Rhodes, Greece.

Cecil Rhodes (1853–1902), English mining magnate and politician.

A topographic surname for a person who lived near woodland clearings, or a habitational one for someone from a place so named.


Gerard

From Middle English Gerard, from Old French Gerart, from Frankish *Gaiʀahard, from *gaiʀ (“spear”) + *hard(ī) (“hard, brave”).


Verona

From the Italian Verona and the Latin Vērōna.

Verona

province in the Veneto region of northern Italy


Christ

From Middle English Crist, from Old English Crist, from Latin Christus, from Ancient Greek Χρῑστός (Khrīstós), proper noun use of χρῑστός (khrīstós, “[the] anointed [one]”), a semantic loan of Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ (māšīaḥ, “anointed”) or the Aramaic equivalent (whence ultimately also English messiah, also via Latin, Greek). Compare grime for the Proto-Indo-European root, *gʰr-ey- (“to rub, smear; to anoint”); further related to ghee.


Turin

en-proper noun

Turin (countable and uncountable, plural Turins)

From Piedmontese Turin, from the Roman name, Latin Augusta Taurinōrum, ultimately from the name of the Taurini tribe. Connections to Latin taurus (“bull”) are folk etymology. Doublet of Torino, the Italian name.


Vancouver

en-prop

Vancouver (countable and uncountable, plural Vancouvers)

George Vancouver
Vancouver
Vancouver Expedition
Vancouver, Washington

The family name is from the Dutch place name Coevorden (“the place where cows ford the river”) via the Dutch family name van Coevorden (“a person from Coevorden”). The place names are derived from the family name, being named after George Vancouver, an English explorer who charted the northwestern Pacific coast of North America in a 1791–1794 expedition.


Syracuse

en-proper noun

Syracuse (countable and uncountable, plural Syracuses)

From French Syracuse, from Latin Syrācūsae, from Ancient Greek Συρᾱ́κουσαι (Surā́kousai) attested from 8th century BC, from a Pre-Greek name, possibly Phoenician 𐤔𐤄𐤓𐤀𐤇 (šhrʾḥ, “to feel ill”) in reference to the ancient port's proximity to a swamp. As a surname, an anglicized form of Italian Siracusa. Compare Sicilian Saragusa.


Maine

Maine (disambiguation)
Maine (province)
Maine (state)
Maine (surname)

A Scottish and English surname from Old French, a variant of Main.


Warsaw

Warsaw (countable and uncountable, plural Warsaws)


Oxford

From Middle English Oxenford, Oxneford, from Old English Oxnaford (“Oxford”, literally “oxen's ford”), equivalent to ox + ford. Compare Old Norse Öxnafurða.

inh

An English habitational surname derived from the city in England.


Wellington

en-proper noun

Wellington (countable and uncountable, plural Wellingtons)

From Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, British soldier and statesman.
From Old English Weolingtun, meaning "wealthy estate".

(countable) A habitational surname from Old English from the places in England.


Daniel

From Middle English Daniel, Daniell, from Ancient Greek Δᾱνῑήλ (Dānīḗl), from Hebrew דָּנִיֵּאל (daniyél, literally “God is my judge”), name borne from the prophet whose story is told in the Book of Daniel.

der

A British surname originating as a patronymic, a variant of Daniels.

A French surname originating as a patronymic.

A Portuguese surname originating as a patronymic.

A surname from Irish, a rare adopted anglicization of Ó Domhnaill (O'Donnell).


Bergamo

en-proper noun

Bergamo (countable and uncountable, plural Bergamos)

/ˈbɜːɡəˌməʊ/

(countable) A habitational surname from Italian.


Cuneo

Cuneo (countable and uncountable, plural Cuneos)

Borrowed from Italian Cuneo, from Latin cuneus (“wedge”), after the shape of the city, which is at the confluence of two rivers. Doublet of coin.


Cosenza

Cosenza (countable and uncountable, plural Cosenzas)


Valencia

From Spanish Valencia, from Latin Valentia, from valentia (“power, vigor”). Doublet of Valence.

Valencia
Valencia (autonomous community)
Valencia orange


Brindisi

Brindisi (countable and uncountable, plural Brindisis)

From Italian Brindisi, from Latin Brundisium, from Ancient Greek Βρεντέσιον (Brentésion), said to be from Messapic.


Catania

Catania (countable and uncountable, plural Catanias)


Brescia

Brescia (countable and uncountable, plural Brescias)

Borrowed from Italian Brescia, Lombard Brèsa.


Bologna

Bologna (countable and uncountable, plural Bolognas)

From Italian Bologna, from Latin Bonōnia, ultimately from Celtic. Doublet of Boleyn and Boulogne.


Savona

Savona (countable and uncountable, plural Savonas)


Salerno

From Italian Salerno, from Latin Salernum.


Dane

From Middle English Dane, from Old Norse danir. Displaced native Old English Dene. Both forms ultimately descend from Proto-Germanic *daniz.

Often he wrote good ones on casual slips and fancied them his; names like Trevellyan or Montressor or Delancey, with musical prefixes; or a good, short, beautiful, but dignified name like "Gordon Dane". He liked that one. It suggested something.

1913, Harry Leon Wilson, Bunker Bean, BiblioBazaar, LLC, published 2008, →ISBN, page 13:

A surname transferred from the nickname for someone who came from Denmark, also a variant of Dean.


Ragusa

Ragusa (countable and uncountable, plural Ragusas)

Borrowed from Italian Ragusa, from Latin Ragusia. Probably from Proto-Albanian *rāguša (“grape”) (modern Albanian rrush)


Berlin

Berlin (countable and uncountable, plural Berlins)

Baden-Württemberg · Bavaria · Brandenburg · Hesse · Lower Saxony · Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania · North Rhine-Westphalia · Rhineland-Palatinate · Saarland · Saxony · Saxony-Anhalt · Schleswig-Holstein · Thuringia


Rome

→ Hindi: रोम (rom)

→ Thai: โรม (room)

From Middle English Rome, from Old English Rōm, Rūm, from Proto-West Germanic *Rūmu, from Proto-Germanic *Rūmō and influenced by Late Latin Rōma (“Rome, Constantinople”), from Classical Latin Rōma (“Rome”). In Roman mythology, the name was said to derive from Romulus, one of the founders of the city and its first king.
The name appears in a wide range of forms in Middle English, including Rom, Room, Roome, and Rombe as well as Rome; by early modern English, it appeared as Rome, Room, and Roome, with the spelling Rome occurring in Shakespeare and common from the early 18th century on. The final spelling was influenced by Norman, Middle French, Anglo-Norman, and Old French Rome. Doublet of Rum.

der

do not sit in Rome and strive with the Pope


Coventry

From Old English Cofentrēo, Cofantrēo, of obscure origin. Believed to be derived from an Anglo-Saxon named Cofa, hence Cofantrēo (literally “Cofa's tree”).

unc

obscure


Nicholas

en-proper noun

Nicholas (countable and uncountable, plural Nicholases)

From Middle English Nicholas, from Old French Nicholas, from Latin Nīcolāus, from Ancient Greek Νικόλαος (Nikólaos), from νίκη (níkē, “victory”) + λαός (laós, “people”).


Messina

From Italian Messina. Doublet of Messene.


Brent

en-proper noun

Brent (countable and uncountable, plural Brents)

English surname from placenames in Devon and Somerset, from Old English brant (“steep”), referring to hills. Compare Brents.

A habitational surname from Old English.


Bromley

Bromley (countable and uncountable, plural Bromleys)

From Old English brōm (“broom”) + lēah (“wood”). Equivalent to broom + -ley and doublet of Brimley.; compare Broom.

Bromley (disambiguation)
London Borough of Bromley


Limburg

Limburg (countable and uncountable, plural Limburgs)


Christmas

Christmas (countable and uncountable, plural Christmases or Christmasses)

Christmases (plural)
Christmasses (plural)

→ Afrikaans: Krismis

desctree

→ Gilbertese: Kiritimati
→ English: Kiritimati

→ Golin: geresma

→ Hawaiian: Kalikimaka

desc

→ Hindi: क्रिसमस (krismas), क्रिस्मस (krismas)

→ Hopi: Kyesmis

→ Japanese: クリスマス (Kurisumasu)

→ Korean: 크리스마스 (Keuriseumaseu)

→ Maori: Kirihimete

→ Mon: ခရေတ်သမာတ်

→ Mon: ခရေတ်သမာတ်

→ Burmese: ခရစ္စမတ် (hka.racca.mat)

→ Spanish: Crismes

→ Swahili: Krismasi

The proper noun is derived from Middle English Cristemasse, Criste-mas (“Christmas Day; season of Christmas; Christmas festivities”) [and other forms], from Old English Cristes mæsse (“Christmas”, literally “Christ’s mass”), from Crist (“Christ”) + -es (possessive marker) + mæsse (“a mass (celebration of the Eucharist)”). The English word is analysable as Christ + -mas (suffix denoting a holiday or sacred day).
The noun, adjective, and verb are derived from the proper noun.
Adjective sense 1 (“red and green in colour”) refers to these colours being traditionally associated with Christmas.


Montana

en-proper noun

Montana (countable and uncountable, plural Montanas)

From Latin montāna
* the US state via Spanish montaña (“mountain”)
* the surname from Spanish Montaña topographic surname

Alabama · Alaska · Arizona · Arkansas · California · Colorado · Connecticut · Delaware · Florida · Georgia · Hawaii · Idaho · Illinois · Indiana · Iowa · Kansas · Kentucky · Louisiana · Maine · Maryland · Massachusetts · Michigan · Minnesota · Mississippi · Missouri · Montana · Nebraska · Nevada · New Hampshire · New Jersey · New Mexico · New York · North Carolina · North Dakota · Ohio · Oklahoma · Oregon · Pennsylvania · Rhode Island · South Carolina · South Dakota · Tennessee · Texas · Utah · Vermont · Virginia · Washington · West Virginia · Wisconsin · Wyoming

A surname from Spanish, equivalent to English Mountain, Mount, or Hill


Hesse

Hesse (countable and uncountable, plural Hesses)


Holland

From Old Dutch holt lant (“wood land”). A popular but false etymology holds that it is derived from hol land (“hollow land”), inspired by the low-lying geography of both the Dutch and the English region (Holland, Lincolnshire).

An English habitational surname from Middle English for someone from the Netherlands.


Holland

From Old English hoh land (“spur land”).

An English habitational surname from Middle English for someone from any of the various places in England named Holland.


Alexander

/ˌælɪɡˈzændɚ/

[ˌælɪɡˈzeəndɚ]

[ˌælɪɡˈzeəndə]

/ˌalɪɡˈzɑːndə/

Borrowed from Latin Alexander, from Ancient Greek Ἀλέξανδρος (Aléxandros), from ἀλέξω (aléxō, “I defend”) + ἀνδρ- (andr-), the stem of ἀνήρ (anḗr, “man”). Doublet of Alastair and Alejandro.

A Scottish surname originating as a patronymic, anglicized from Scottish Gaelic Mac Alasdair (“son of Alexander”).


Moses

From Latin Mōsēs, Mōȳsēs, from Ancient Greek Μωυσῆς (Mōusês), from Biblical Hebrew מֹשֶׁה (mōšê). Further etymology is unclear, but it is sometimes conjectured to derive from Egyptian ms-s (msj, “to give birth to”), a common element in Egyptian names of the form ‘[name of deity] is the one who bore him’; or, alternatively, contains Egyptian N35A (mw, “water”).

der

<i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">msj</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">mw</i>


Herbst

Borrowed from German Herbst. Doublet of harvest.


Luo

From the pinyin romanization of Chinese 洛 (Luò).


Luo

From the pinyin romanization of Chinese 羅／罗 (Luō).


Boden

* As a north/Low German surname, derived from the personal name Bode, from the noun meaning "messenger" (Old Saxon bodo).
* As a German surname, from the noun Boden (“bottom”). Compare Bottom.
* As a Swedish surname, from the noun bod (“small hut”). Compare Bodin.
* As an Irish surname, from Ó Buadáin (“descendant of Buadán”), see Bowden.
* As an English surname, variant of Bawden.

An English surname common in Shropshire and the West Midlands area of central England.


Bache

* As an English and German surname, spelling variant of Bach.
* As a German and French surname, from a pet form of Bartholomaeus.
* Americanized from the Norwegian and Danish surname Bakke.


Zucker

From German Zucker. The Zucker rat is named after researchers Lois M. Zucker and Theodore F. Zucker.


Douglas

en-proper noun

Douglas (countable and uncountable, plural Douglases)

desc

→ Translingual: douglasi, douglasii (learned)

From a place name, Scottish Gaelic dubh (“black”) + glais (“stream”).

(countable) A habitational surname from Scottish Gaelic of Scottish origin.


Napoli

en-prop

Napoli (countable and uncountable, plural Napolis)

Borrowed from Italian Napoli, from Latin Neāpolis, from Ancient Greek Νεᾱ́πολῐς (Neā́polis), from νέᾱ (néā, “new”) + πόλῐς (pólis, “city”).


Ezra

en-proper noun

Ezra (countable and uncountable, plural Ezras)

From the Biblical Hebrew עֶזְרָא (ʿezrā). Doublet of Esdras.

以士拉书

Ī-sê̤ṳ-lá-cṳ̆


Aaron

/or Celtic languages; it is pronounced /

From Latin Aaron, from Ancient Greek Ἀαρών (Aarṓn), from Hebrew אַהֲרֹן (ʾAhărōn), of unknown meaning, possibly meaning “bearer of martyrs”, or perhaps also, or instead, related to the Ancient Egyptian ꜥḥꜣ rw (“warrior lion”), though it has been suggested to also mean “elevated”, “exalted” or “high mountain”. Doublet of Harun.

A surname transferred from the given name.


Alton

From Old English ǣwell (“river source”) + tūn (“settlement, town”).

An English habitational surname from Old English.


Lombard

Lombard (countable and uncountable, plural Lombards)

From Middle English Lombard, Lumbard, borrowed from Old French Lombard, Lombart (“a Lombard”), from Late Latin langobardus, longobardus (“a Lombard”), from Germanic, derived from the Proto-Germanic elements *langaz + *bardaz; equivalent to long + beard. Some sources derive the second element instead from Proto-Germanic *bardǭ, *barduz (“axe”), related to German Barte (“axe”). Doublet of Langobard. Compare longbeard. Compare with Old English Langbeardas (“Lombards”).


Eisen

From the German and Jewish/Yiddish surname, from Eisen (“iron”).


Fuchs

From German Fuchs. Doublet of Fox and Vos.


Engels

Friedrich Engels


Berne

Berne (countable and uncountable, plural Bernes)


Xavier

/ɪɡˈzeɪ.vɪə/

Toponymic surname of a 16th-century saint born in the Kingdom of Navarre (now partially placed in Spain), Francis de Xavier, from a place name in the Kingdom of Navarre, originally from Basque Xabier. Doublet of Echeverría.

A plaque commemorating the memory of British Rail guard Asquith Xavier, who broke the colour bar at Euston station in 1966, was unveiled at Chatham station on September 24.

2020 October 7, “Network News: Plaque at Chatham honours colour bar pioneer”, in Rail, page 26:

A surname from Spanish [in turn from Basque], found chiefly among people of Spanish and Portuguese descent.


Wallis

Wallis (countable and uncountable, plural Wallises)

* (surname): The surname is an Old English byname for a Welshman or Breton, from Old French waleis (“foreign”). The Welsh hamlet may be derived from this.

An English ethnic surname transferred from the nickname for someone with Welsh ancestry.


Atkins

Atkins (countable and uncountable, plural Atkinses)

A surname transferred from the given name meaning "son of Atkin (Adam)".


George

→ Arabic: جورج (jorj)

→ Cebuano: George

→ Cantonese: 佐治 (zo2 zi6)

→ Chinese: 喬治／乔治 (Qiáozhì)

→ Hawaiian: Keoki

→ Japanese: ジョージ (Jōji)

→ Korean: 조지 (Joji)

→ Maori: Hōri
→ English: hori

→ Persian: جورج (jorj)

→ Swedish: George

Name of an early saint, from Middle English George, from Latin Geōrgius, from Ancient Greek Γεώργῐος (Geṓrgios), from γεωργός (geōrgós, “farmer, earth worker”), from γῆ (gê, “earth”) (combining form γεω- (geō-)) + ἔργον (érgon, “work”) Doublet of Jorge and Geevarghese.
The aircraft autopilot sense is probably from George DeBeeson, who patented an early (1931) autopilot system, and/or a reference to the expression let George do it. The Pullman porter sense derives from George Pullman, who hired Black people to staff his sleeping cars, and the patrons of the service seeing the Black people as servants of George Porter, much like how an enslaved person was named after the enslaver.

An English and Welsh surname originating as a patronymic.

A French surname originating as a patronymic.

A German surname originating as a patronymic, a variant of Georg.

A surname from Irish [in turn originating as a patronymic], an anglicization of Seoirse.


Schatz

* As a German and Jewish surname, from Schatz (“treasure”).
* Also as a Jewish surname, from an acronym derived from Hebrew שליח ציבור (shalíakh tsibúr), "congregation's emissary," of the Hazzan.


Bern

Bern (countable and uncountable, plural Berns)

Bern zinc tablet
Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen
en:Bern
en:Bern (disambiguation)

From Alemannic German Bärn, of uncertain further origin.
A popular folk etymology says it was named by its founder, Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen, after the first animal he saw in the area, a Bär(in) (“bear”) (compare Berlin, subject to a similar folk etymology).
The name is now thought to be connected to a Celtic word, Proto-Celtic *berna (“cleft”) (from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to carve out, cut”)) and *branos (“raven”) (compare the name ΒΡΕΝΟΔΩΡ (BRENODŌR), on the Bern zinc tablet, which has also been connected with the Gaulish name Brennus). More at Bern.


Thomas

en-proper noun

Thomas (countable and uncountable, plural Thomases)

→ Hawaiian: Kamaki

→ Maori: Tāmati

→ Scottish Gaelic: Tòmas

Thomas of Bayeux
Thomas the Presbyter
Thomas the Slav

Inherited from Middle English Thomas, from Latin Thōmās m (as in the Vulgate), from Ancient Greek Θωμᾶς m (Thōmâs), the Biblical Greek transcription of Aramaic תאומא or תאמא (“twin”), the nickname of one of the Twelve Apostles.
In the gospel of John (11:16, 20:24), the Aramaic nickname is also translated into Greek, as δίδυμος m (dídumos). Used as a given name since the Middle Ages, e.g. Thomas the Presbyter (7th century), Thomas the Slav (8th century), Thomas of Bayeux (died 1100).
(infidel or doubter): In reference to the doubting Apostle.

The reappearance of Dylan and Caitlin Thomas brought her the excitement again of literary gatherings and much uninhibited partying.²²³ For a woman of 41 the Thomases represented fun and an opportunity not to play second fiddle to a disapproving husband who was very clear as to what he wanted but not sensitive to her social needs.

2006, Chris Wrigley, A.J.P. Taylor: Radical Historian of Europe, London – New York: I.B. Tauris, →ISBN, page 182:

A common surname originating as a patronymic.


Joseph

Joseph (countable and uncountable, plural Josephs)

→ Maori: Hohepa

From Middle English Ioseph, ultimately from Biblical Hebrew יוֹסֵף (Yoséf, literally “(God) shall add”); a son of Jacob.

der

An English surname originating as a patronymic.


Travers

From Anglo-Norman traverser (“to cross”), an occupational name for a toll collector.
In Ireland, used as an Anglicization of Irish Ó Treabhair.


Paul

From Latin Paulus, from paulus (“small”). Doublet of Pablo and Paolo.


Devon

From Old English Defenas, which meant both "Devonians" and "Devon," exemplifying the common Anglo-Saxon practice of naming a place after the people who inhabit it.


Yale

Ultimately borrowed from Welsh Iâl, from iâl (“clearing, cultivated upland”). The surname is habitational. The university is named for Elihu Yale, a notable early benefactor.

A surname transferred from the place name.


Higgs

From Hick + -s. From Hick + the patronymic suffix -s.


Abington

en-proper noun

Abington (countable and uncountable, plural Abingtons)

From the Old English personal name Abba + -ing (“belonging to”) + tūn (“enclosure; settlement, town”).

(countable) A habitational surname from Old English.


Abelard

/ˈæb.əˌlɑɹd/

From French Abélard, an extension of the Abel with an Germanic suffix -(h)ard. Possibly also regarded a variant of the German Eberhard "boar" + "hard", equivalent to English Everett.


Abdullah

Borrowed from Arabic عَبْدُ ٱللّٰه (ʕabdu llāh, “servant of God”, from عَبْد (ʕabd, “servant”) + اللّٰه (allāh, “God”)).

bor

عَبْدُ ٱللّٰه


Frankenstein

en-proper noun

Frankenstein (countable and uncountable, plural Frankensteins)

From German Frankenstein, various places named for Franken (“Franks, Frankish”) + Stein (“stone”). The use of referencing mad scientists derives from Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein, or, The Modern Prometheus, where Victor Frankenstein assembles a man from pieces of various corpses and brings him to life with electricity. Use of the reference to the monster itself is an ellipsis of the earlier Frankenstein's monster, with the monster's usual modern appearance derived from Boris Karloff's performance in the 1931 film Frankenstein.


Everest

Everest (countable and uncountable, plural Everests)


Hannah

An Irish and Scottish surname, a variant of Hanna.


Yamato

From Japanese 大和 (Yamato), itself of uncertain derivation, but likely related to 山 (yama, “mountains”). See Proto-Japonic *yamatə.

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Yamato.


Ryan

en-prop

Ryan (countable and uncountable, plural Ryans)

Bryan

linguistically unrelated but often confused in spoken English

A surname from Irish, anglicized from Ó Riaghain, Ó Riain (“descendant of Riaghan, Rían”). Riaghan/Rían is perhaps from rí (“king”) + -án (diminutive suffix), meaning “little king”.

A surname from Irish, an alternate anglicization of Ó Maoilriaghain, Ó Maoilriain (Mulryan).

A surname from Irish, a rare anglicization of Ó Ruadháin, Ó Ruaidhín (Rowan, Rouine).

A surname from Irish, a rare anglicization of Ó Sraitheáin, Ó Sruitheáin, Ó Srutháin (Strachan, Strahan).


Richard

From Middle English Rycharde, from Old French Richard, from Medieval Latin Richardus and Ricohardus, from Frankish *Rīkahard, from Proto-Germanic *Rīkaharduz, a construction of *rīks (“king, ruler”) + *harduz (“hard, brave”). Cognate with Old High German Rīcohard (“Richard”). A hypothetical Old English equivalent *Rīċheard would also yield an identical "Richard" in Modern English, though it is unknown if the Old English equivalent existed.

compound

Martin Richard, the youngest of three people killed by explosions at the Boston Marathon in 2013

(rare compared to given name) A surname originating as a patronymic.


Colombo

From Italian Colombo, from colombo (“pigeon, dove”).


Nanson

From Nan + -son (the former is an old diminutive related to Nancy), son of Anne. First noted in Yorkshire, Northern England in the 16th century.


Friedman

From German Friedmann, from German Fried (“peace”) + Mann (“man”).


Peter

en-proper noun

Peter (countable and uncountable, plural Peters)

From Middle English Peter, from Old English Petrus, from Latin Petrus, from Ancient Greek Πέτρος (Pétros), from πέτρος (pétros, “stone, rock”). Doublet of Pedro, Piers, and Boutros.


Im

Borrowed from Korean 임(林) (Im) or Korean 임(任) (Im).


Adam

From Middle English Adam, from Old English Adam, from Latin Adam, Adamus, from Ancient Greek Ἀδάμ (Adám), Ἄδαμος (Ádamos), from Biblical Hebrew אָדָם (adam, “earth, man, soil, light brown”), from אדמה (adamah, “red earth, ground”).

A Scottish surname originating as a patronymic.

A German surname originating as a patronymic.


Saul

From Hebrew שָׁאוּל (shaúl, “asked for”). Doublet of Silas, which derived from Aramaic.


Wien

From German Wien, a habiational name for the city of Vienna.


Kerry

* As an English surname, from a personal name derived from Old Norse Kári.
* As an Irish surname, from Ó Ciardha (“descendant of Ciardha”), from ciar (“black”).

A ticket of John Kerry and John Edwards with, effectively, four first names, would send the wrong message to the world. Also no candidate has ever been elected president, with a girl's name like "Kerry" for a "surname".

2004 The Bulletin, Australia, "Hustling Hustings", February 25, 2004

A surname from Middle English derived from the place name, or from the Middle English given name Kendrick.


Pamplona

From the Roman name, Latin Pompeiopolis, named for Pompey, Roman general who founded it in 68 BC.


James

James (countable and uncountable, plural Jameses)

⇒ English: Jim (diminutive)

⇒ English: Jimmy, Jimmie, Jimmi, Jimi (diminutive)

⇒ English: Jimbo (diminutive)

→ Hindi: जिम्बो (jimbo)

→ Hawaiian: Kimo

⇒ English: Jem (diminutive)

⇒ English: Jemmy (diminutive)

⇒ English: Jamie, Jamey (diminutive)

⇒ English: Jay (diminutive)

desc

→ Chinese: → 詹姆斯 (Zhānmǔsī) (transliteration)

→ Cornish: Jammes, Jamma

→ Danish: James

→ Fijian: Semesa

→ Icelandic: James

desctree

→ Irish: Séamas, Séamus, Seumas
→ English: Seamus, Shamus

→ Manx: Jayms

→ Maori: Hemi

→ Samoan: Semisi

→ Scottish Gaelic: Seumas
→ English: Hamish

→ Swedish: James

→ Welsh: Siâms

The English New Testament form of Jacob, from Middle English James, from Old French James, from Vulgar Latin Iacomus, spoken and altered pronunciation of Latin Iacobus, from Ancient Greek Ἰάκωβος (Iákōbos), from Ἰακώβ (Iakṓb), from Hebrew יַעֲקֹב (Yaʿăqōḇ). Doublet of Jacques, Jacob, Iago, Jago, Yago, Hamish, Seamus, and Santiago. In reference to the Ecuadorian island, a modification of the earlier name Duke of York's Island after its eponymous duke's coronation as James II of England.
See Occitan Jacme for an intermediary between Old French James and Catalan Jaume.

der

Hebrew יַעֲקֹב (Yaʿăqōḇ)


Cory

An English surname from Old Norse, a variant of Corey.


Jones

en-proper noun

Jones (countable and uncountable, plural Joneses or Jonesses)

瓊斯

transliterations of the English name "Jones"

An English and Welsh surname originating as a patronymic derived from the given name John.

Jussila

surnames derived from the equivalents of "John"


David

David (countable and uncountable, plural Davids)

From Middle English David, Davyd, Davyde, from Old English Dauid, David, from Latin David, Davidus, from Koine Greek Δαυίδ (Dauíd), Δαβίδ (Dabíd), borrowed from Biblical Hebrew דּוד (Dāwîḏ, literally “beloved”).

der

A surname originating as a patronymic common in Wales, in honor of the ancient Saint David of Wales.


Barry

Anglicized form of Irish Barra, short form of Fionnbharr, from fionn (“white”) + barr (“head”).

A surname from Irish derived from the given name, or from place names in Scotland and Wales.


Whelan

Reduced Anglicized form of Irish Ó Faoláin (“descendant of Faolán”), a hypocoristic form of faol (“wolf”). Doublet of Phelan.


Labrador

/ˈlæb.ɹəˌdɔː(ɹ)/

/ˈlæb.ɹəˌdɔɹ/

Eponym of Portuguese explorer João Fernandes Lavrador, from Portuguese lavrador (“landholder, farmer”), ultimately from Latin labor (“work”).
The surname comes from Spanish Labrador.


Torino

en-proper-noun

Torino (countable and uncountable, plural Torinos)

Borrowed from Italian Torino. Doublet of Turin.


Dana

An American surname of uncertain origin.


Robert

From Anglo-Norman Robert, from the Old Frankish cognate of Old High German Hrodperht (normalised form: Ruodberht), from Proto-West Germanic *Hrōþiberht, from Proto-Germanic *Hrōþiberhtaz (literally “shining glory”). Doublet of Rupert.

der

(rare compared to given name) A French surname originating as a patronymic.


Norman

From Middle English Norman, from Old English Norman (a variant of Norþman) and Old French Normant.
It is certain that the word is derived from the base of the Germanic words for north and the Germanic base of the words for man. However, given the frequent movement of Germanic groups especially into and out of Britain in the post-classical world, it is unclear in what tongue it came to be used first. In addition, the generally accepted meaning, a person from Normandy or one of the many French-speaking invaders to Britain, was used chiefly by Anglo-Norman and Old French, though it originally referred to any Scandinavian of the time. See also Northman.

A surname transferred from the nickname, for someone from Normandy, or for a Viking (Northman).


Hallewell

A habitational surname from Old English from a place name meaning "holy well".


Gavin

Medieval variant of Gawain, the name of an Arthurian knight, first recorded as Old French Gauvain. The form Gavin survived in Scotland and spread to other English-speaking countries in the 1960s. Doublet of Gawain.


Anthony

From Latin Antōnius, name of a Roman gens (with excrescent -h- suggested by an unetymological association with Ancient Greek ἄνθος (ánthos, “flower”)). The Roman clan name is of uncertain etymology, but is not Greek or Hebrew; most likely of Etruscan origin, possibly derived from Ani, the Etruscan god of the sky. Doublet of Antoine.


Tolkien

Likely from Middle Low German Tolkin (literally “son of Tolk”), which is probably also related to Polish Tołkiny and German Tolksdorf, names for a Prussian town; the nickname Tolk is connected to Middle Low German tolk (“interpreter”), from Proto-Slavic *tъlkъ. J. R. R. Tolkien subscribed to a folk etymology that connected the name with German tollkühn (“foolhardy”).

(countable) A surname.
British author J. R. R. Tolkien


Ferguson

en-prop

Ferguson (countable and uncountable, plural Fergusons)

From Fergus + -son, translation of Gaelic MacFhearguis, "son of Fergus".

(countable) A surname transferred from the given name originating in Scotland from Clan Fergusson and now widespread in the English-speaking world.


Orion

From Middle English Orioun, from Latin Ōrīōn, from Ancient Greek Ὠρίων (Ōríōn), speculatively from Akkadian 𒌋𒊒𒀭𒈾 (Uru-anna, “heaven's light”), though without any firm evidence.


Abe

Borrowed from Japanese 阿部 (Abe), Japanese 安部 (Abe) or Japanese 安倍 (Abe).


Scot

From Old English Scottas (“people from Ireland, Irishmen”), from Late Latin Scotti (see Scōtī for more).
See Scoti.


Walter

A Germanic name, from Middle English Walter, from Old Northern French Waltier, from Frankish *Waltheri (compare Old High German Waltheri, which see for more details), from Proto-Germanic *Waldaharjaz, from *waldą (“ruler”) + *harjaz (“army, host”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (“be strong”) + *ker- (“army”). Related to Old English Waldhere. Compare herald and Harold, in which these elements are reversed.


Gaby

Borrowed from Southern French Gaby, a hypocoristic form of Gabriel.


Dewar

en-prop

Dewar (countable and uncountable, plural Dewars)

Dewar, Scottish Borders
James Dewar
en:Dewar
en:Dewar flask

From Scottish Gaelic deoradh (“pilgrim, stranger”), an occupational surname for a custodian of holy relics. It could also be an habitational surname, from Dewar, Scottish Borders. The flask is named for James Dewar, who is credited with its invention.


Tony

The statuettes awarded by the American Theatre Wing are formally known as “Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre”; they are named for Antoinette Perry (1888–1946), an actress, director, producer and co-founder of the American Theatre Wing, who was nicknamed Tony.

A surname transferred from the given name


Weld

A surname from Old English possibly deriving from the Old English word for woodland. The family is mainly located in the Southern regions of England.


Burdak

Borrowed from Hindi बुरडक (burḍak); this surname is predominantly found in Rajasthan.


Todd

An English and Scottish surname transferred from the nickname from Middle English tod (“fox”).


Yule

From Middle English yol, youle, from Old English ġeōl (“Christmas, Yule”), either cognate with or from Old Norse jól, from Proto-Germanic *jehwlą. Cognate with Gothic 𐌾𐌹𐌿𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃 (jiuleis); see also Old English ġēola and Old Norse ýlir.


Herr

As a title and German and Jewish surname (also found in Hungary and France), from the noun Herr (“gentleman, sir”).


Herr

As a Hmong surname, variant of Her, named after the Her clan, written in Chinese as 侯 (compare Hou).


Bucks

Probably an altered spelling of German Buchs or a patronymic form of Buck.


Lewes

en-proper noun

Lewes (countable and uncountable, plural Leweses)

From Middle English Lewes, from late Old English Lewes, a variant of earlier Lǣwe, of uncertain origin. Traditionally derived from Old English hlǣw (“hill”), referring to the several mounts in Lewes. Alternatively, perhaps derived from Old English lǣw (“cut, incision, gash”), referring to the narrow, steep-sided 'gash' where the River Ouse cuts through the line of the South Downs.

unc

uncertain


Marshal

/ˈmɑː(ɹ)ʃəl/

An English and Scottish status surname from Middle English for someone who was in charge of the horses of a royal household, or an occupational surname for someone who looked after horses, or was responsible for the custody of prisoners.


Murray

en-proper noun

Murray (countable and uncountable, plural Murrays)

Scottish surname derived from the place name Moray in NE Scotland, probably from old Celtic "sea + settlement".

Mordake the Earl of Fife, and eldest son / To beaten Douglas, and the Earls of Athol, / Of Murray, Angus, and Menteith.

A Scottish surname from Scottish Gaelic.


Blackadder

A surname, from the river and the adjacent Blackadder House.


Bristol

Latin bristoliensis

From Middle English Brigstow, from Old English Bryċġstōw (literally “the place by the bridge”), from bryċġ + -stōw, with additional final /l/ due to hypercorrection from l-vocalizing accents. See bridge and stow for more.
The tiddlywinks sense is associated with players from Bristol University.


Rodger

/ˈɹɒd͡ʒə(ɹ)/

A surname originating as a patronymic derived from Roger.


Bajan

A shortened form of Bar-Bajan, a phonetically spelled form of Barbadian.


Jason

Probably reduced from James + -son or a variant of Jesson.

An English surname originating as a patronymic.


Haskell

* The programming language is named after American logician Haskell Curry (1900–1982).
* As an English surname, from the Middle English personal name Askell, from Old Norse Áskell. Compare Axtell, Askin, Haskin, Hasty, Astin.
* As a surname in the Isle of Man, a variant of Castell, itself related to the above.
* As a Jewish surname, from Khaskl, a Yiddish form of Yeḥezqel, see Ezekiel.

named-after

An English surname originating as a patronymic derived from the Old Norse given name Áskell.


Hoover

The surname is an anglicization of German Huber or Low German Hufer, originally designating a landowner or a prosperous small-scale farmer. The common noun and verb are taken from the brand name of one of the first vacuum cleaners (see hoover).

An American surname from German (shared by several famous people including J. Edgar Hoover and Herbert Hoover).


Sommer

* As a German, Jewish, Danish, and Norwegian surname, from the noun sommer (“summer”).
* Also as a German surname, from Middle Low German somere (“pack animal”), probably derived from Latin sagma (“pack saddle”).
* As an English, Scottish, and German surname, variant of Summer.


Higgins

An anglicised version of Irish Ó hUiginn (“descendant of a Viking”).


Higgins

A Middle English patronymic surname derived from a diminutive of Hick ( Richard).

An English surname transferred from the given name.


Matthew

From earlier Matheu, from Old French Mathieu, from Latin Matthaeus, from Ancient Greek Ματθαῖος (Matthaîos), from Aramaic מַתַּי (mattay). Compare Hebrew מַתִּתְיָהוּ (mattiṯyāhū, literally “gift of the Lord”). Doublet of Mattathias.

cog

מַתִּתְיָהוּ


Navidad

en-proper noun

Navidad (countable and uncountable, plural Navidads)

Borrowed from Spanish Navidad. The surname is mostly found in the Philippines.


Howard

Howard (countable and uncountable, plural Howards)

Medieval personal name from Middle English Howard, Howarde, from Old Norse Hávarðr, from hár (“high”) + varðr (“guard”). In some cases a variant of Heward, from Old French Huard.

Henry Howard, the most noble Earl of Surry, who flourishing in the time of King Henry the 8.th, as his name is sufficiently famous for the martial exploits of that family for many generations, so deserves he, had he his due, the particular fame of learning, wit, and poetic fancy

1675, Edward Phillips, Egerton Brydges, Theatrum Poetarum Anglicanorum, page V:


Mecca

From Arabic مَكَّة (Makka) of uncertain etymology. In American place names, in reference to the Arabian city.

MR. HOWE: I would like to ask Mr. Mecca this question : does he think there would be substantial duplication between the agency that he is suggesting, and the current Governors' Committees on Employment of the Handicapped.
MR. MECCA: […]

1968, United States. President's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped, The Seriously Handicapped and the Voluntary Health Agency: Proceedings of a Panel Discussion, Annual Meeting, May 2-3, 1968, page 32:


Cecil

From Latin Caecilius, a Roman family name derived from caecus (“blind”). The surname has absorbed the Old Welsh Seisyllt, from Latin Sextilius, from Sextus.


Dee

Dee
River Dee (Ireland)
River Dee, Aberdeenshire
River Dee, Cumbria
River Dee, Wales


Stancel

Possibly from:
* Old English stane cell, which means "stone chamber". Or it could be from Stancil, a village in England.
* German Stenzel.
* Polish-Jewish Stencel
* Polish Stanisław, or Russian Станислав (Stanislav)
* Romanian stâncă, meaning rock or cliff


Stephen

From Latin Stephanus, from Ancient Greek Στέφανος (Stéphanos), from στέφανος (stéphanos, “crown, wreath”), from στέφω (stéphō, “to put round, to surround”).
From *stegʷʰ- (“to enlace”) + -νος (-nos, suffix forming an adjective or noun) from Proto-Indo-European *-nós (suffix forming a verbal adjective from a verb stem).


Duncan

en-proper noun

Duncan (countable and uncountable, plural Duncans)

* As a Scottish Gaelic and Irish surname, from Donnchadh, a name composed of donn (“brown”) + cath (“battle”). Also spelled as Donagh and Donaghue, Donahue.
* Also as an Irish surname, Anglicized from ó Duinnchinn, from donn (“brown”) + ceann (“head”).

A Scottish surname originating as a patronymic.

A surname from Irish, a variant of Dinkin.

An Irish surname, adopted as an anglicization of Ó Donnchadha (whence Donoghue).


Whitby

Whitby (countable and uncountable, plural Whitbys)

From Old Norse hvítr býr (“white town”). Equivalent to white + -by.

(countable) A habitational surname from Old Norse.


Elizabeth

Elizabeth (countable and uncountable, plural Elizabeths)

From Middle English Elizabeth, from the Ancient Greek Ἐλισάβετ (Elisábet), a transliteration of the Old Testament Biblical Hebrew אלישבע (Elisheva, “my God is an oath”). See El and שבועה. Doublet of Elisheba.


Krishna

en-prop

Krishna (countable and uncountable, plural Krishnas)


Oliver

en-proper noun

Oliver (countable and uncountable, plural Olivers)

From Middle English Oliver, from Old French Olivier, by folk etymology derived from the Latin name Olīvārius, but probably representing an Old High German form of Old Norse Óleifr (“ancestral + relic”) (modern Danish Olaf and Swedish Olof), or Proto-Germanic *ala- (“all”) + *wēraz (“true”) (modern Swedish allvar). Name of a paladin of Charlemagne in medieval French romance.


Pentecost

→ Japanese: ペンテコステ (Pentekosuto)

→ Maori: Petekoha

From Middle English Pentecoste, from Old English Pentecosten, from Ecclesiastical Latin pentēcostē, ultimately from Ancient Greek πεντηκοστή (pentēkostḗ, “fiftieth”) in reference to the number of days. Cognate with pentecoster.


Gabriel

From Latin Gabriel, from Ancient Greek Γαβρῑήλ (Gabrīḗl), from Hebrew גַּבְרִיאֵל (gaḇrīʾḗl, “God is my strong man”), from גֶּבֶר (géver, “strong man, hero”) and אֵל (ʾēl, “God, deity”), from Proto-Semitic *ʾil-. Doublet of Jibril.


Wilson

en-proper noun

Wilson (countable and uncountable, plural Wilsons)

From Will (short form of William) + -son.

affix

short form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">William</i>

An English, Scottish and northern Irish surname originating as a patronymic.


Kirwan

en-proper noun

Kirwan (countable and uncountable, plural Kirwans)

Anglicized form of Irish Ó Ciardhubháin (“descendant of Ciardhubhán”), a personal name composed of ciar (“dark”) + dubh (“black”) + the suffix -an.


Kessel

en-proper-noun

Kessel (countable and uncountable, plural Kessels)


Neville

en-proper noun

Neville (countable and uncountable, plural Nevilles)

* A Norman baronial surname, de Neville, from place names in Normandy, Néville, from Old French Neville (“Néel's estate”) or Neuville (“new settlement”), equivalent to nuef + ville.
* Also as an Irish surname, from Ó Niadh (see Nee) or Ó Cnaimhín (see Nevin).


Tyson

* A variant of Tison. A nickname from Old French tison (“firebrand”).
* A patronymic English surname, variant of Dyson, from Dennis + -son.
* In the U.S.A. adopted by a German family who came to America (Germantown, PA) in 1683, originally named German Teisen "son of Theiss", which was short for Matthias. Original spellings were Theisen, Theissen, Teisen, Teison.

A surname from Old French, variant of Tison

A surname from German, variant of Theisen


Sidney

Sidney (countable and uncountable, plural Sidneys)

English surname, from several placenames in England, from Old English sīdan, dative of sīd (“spacious, wide”) + īeġ (“island”).

An English habitational surname from Old English [æt þǣre] sīdan īeġe (“[at the] wide island”).


Westmorland

The civil parish in New Brunswick is named analogously to Westmorland County.


Cumberland

From Middle English Cumberlond, Cumberland, Cumbreland, from Old English Cumberland, Cumbraland, Cumerland, from Cumbric *Cumbri + Old English land, from Proto-Brythonic *kömrüɣ, plural of *kömroɣ. By surface analysis, Cumbria + -land. Doublet of Cambria. Cognate with Welsh Cymru.

Cumberland
Cumberland (disambiguation)
Cumberland, Maryland


Rutland

Unclear. Attested in Old English as Roteland and Ritelanede. Perhaps hrīþer (“cattle”) + land (“land”), or from the personal name Rota + land.

unk

Unclear

An English habitational surname from the county in England.


Somerset

From Old English Sumorsǣte, which is short for Sumortūnsǣte, meaning "the people living at or dependent upon Sumortūn (Somerton)". An alternative suggestion is that the name derives from *Seo-mere-sætan meaning "settlers by the sea lakes".


Avon

From Proto-Brythonic *aβon (“river”). Compare with Welsh afon.


Spenser

From Middle English Spenser, from Middle English spenser (“spencer”), from spense (“spence”).

(countable) A surname originating as an occupation, variant of Spencer, a rare spelling variant of Spencer.


Essex

Inherited from Old English Ēastseaxan (literally “East Saxons”), which stood for both Essex and the people of Essex.

Essex

small unincorporated community in San Bernadino County, California

Essex

coastal town in Essex County, Massachusetts


Sussex

en-proper noun

Sussex (countable and uncountable, plural Sussexes)

Inherited from Old English Sūþseaxan (literally “South Saxons”), which stood for both Sussex and its people.
The town in New Brunswick may have been named after Sussex, New Jersey. The civil parish is named after the town.


Hollywood

en-proper noun

Hollywood (countable and uncountable, plural Hollywoods)

(Hollywood, L.A., CA, USA): Coined by real estate developer H. J. Whitley, from holly + wood.

Bollywood

for more similarly formed names, see Category:en:Film industries


Wiltshire

From Middle English Wiltonshire, from Old English Wiltūnsċīr (Wiltescire 1086 Domesday Book), named after the town of Wilton in the county (Old English Wiltūn).

A habitational surname from Old English.


Wilton

en-proper noun

Wilton (countable and uncountable, plural Wiltons)

From either Old English welig (“willow”) or wella (“spring, stream”) + tūn (“enclosure; settlement, town”).


Cornwall

From Middle English Cornwale, Cornwaile, from Old English Cornwēalas (“Cornwall, inhabitants of Cornwall”), from Proto-Celtic *karnos (“horn”) + Old English wealh (“stranger, foreigner”). Compare Wales/Welsh, Walloon, Gaul.


Norfolk

Edward Howard, 9th Duke of Norfolk
Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk
Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk
James Cook
Mary Howard, Duchess of Norfolk
Norfolk
Norfolk (disambiguation)
William Ambrosia Cowley

From Middle English Northfolk, from Old English Norþfolc (literally “northern people”), from norþ (“north, northern”) + folc (“folk, people, race, nation”). As an Ecuadorian island, clipping of Duke of Norfolk's Island, bestowed by William Ambrosia Cowley in 1684 honor of Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk; his son Henry, the 7th duke; or both. As an Australian island and territory, bestowed by James Cook in 1774 in honor of Mary Howard, wife of the 9th duke.


Stilton

en-proper noun

Stilton (countable and uncountable, plural Stiltons)

Recorded as Stichiltone in the Domesday Book, the village's name derives from Old English stigel (“stile”) + tūn (“enclosure; settlement, town”). The cheese was named after the village where it was originally sold.


Camden

From Old English campas (“enclosure”) + denu (“valley”).

An English habitational surname from Old English.


Cleveland

en-prop

Cleveland (countable and uncountable, plural Clevelands)

From place names in England (i.e. Cleveland, England), from Middle English Cleveland, Clyveland, from Middle English clive, cleve, cleove (“cliff”) + land, equivalent to cliff + land.


Hampshire

en-proper noun

Hampshire (countable and uncountable, plural Hampshires)

From ham + shire (“county”), from Old English Hāmtūnsċīr. The 'p' evolved phonetically between [m] and [sh], as with Thompson.
The community in Prince Edward Island is named after the county in England. The name was inspired by nearby Wiltshire.


Casey

Casey (countable and uncountable, plural Caseys)

Anglicisation of an Irish surname Ó Cathasaigh (“descendant of (a person named) Watchful”).


Kent

From Old English Cent, from Latin Cantium, from Brythonic *Cantio (compare Old Irish céite (“gathering, folkmoot, hillock”)), from Proto-Celtic *kantos (“corner, rim”).

cog

A surname from Old English derived from the place name.


Macaulay

From Scotland, an anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic Gaelic Mac Amhalghaidh ("son of Amhalghaidh"). From Ireland, an anglicisation of the Gaelic Mac Amhlaoibh ("son of Amhlaoibh") or Mac Amhlaidh ("son of Amhlaidh"). These Gaelic names are derived from the Old Norse personal name Áleifr and Óláfr.

A surname from Scottish Gaelic of Gaelic origin.


Addison

en-proper noun

Addison (countable and uncountable, plural Addisons)

A patronymic surname from a medieval diminutive form of Adam + -son.

A surname transferred from the given name.


Chaucer

From Middle English Chaucer, from Old French chaucier (“hose-maker, hosier”), from chauces (“clothing for the legs, breeches, pantaloons, hose”). Compare the modern loanword chausse.

der

A rare medieval English surname from Old French.


Reynard

/ˈɹɛnɑː(ɹ)d/

From Old French Renart (Modern renard (“fox”)), influenced by Middle Dutch Reynaerd, both ultimately from Proto-Germanic *Raginaharduz, from *raginą (“decision, advice, counsel”) + *harduz (“hard, strong”). Compare German Reinhard, Old High German Reginhart (“strong in counsel”).


Birmingham

/ˈbɜː.mɪŋˌhæm/

Beorma
Birmingham
Birmingham (disambiguation)

From Middle English, 1086, from Old English Beormingahām, from Beorma + ing + hām, "home of Beorma;" first element of uncertain origin but possibly from beorma (“yeast”). More at Beorma.

Birminghamian

native or resident of Birmingham, Alabama


Simon

From Middle English Simon, from Latin Simon, from Ancient Greek Σίμων (Símōn), from Biblical Hebrew שִׁמְעוֹן (šimʿōn, “hearkening”). In Britain, confusion arose at an early date due to similarity with native Sigmund (Siegmund), and its Norman introduced variant, Simund. Doublet of Simeon.

der

Western musicians such as Peter Gabriel, Sting, Paul Simon and David Byrne

2016, Vanessa Knights, Ian Biddle, Music, National Identity and the Politics of Location, page 52:


Lauren

For example, the new York designer Ralph Lifshitz chose to change his "unpleasant-sounding" name to Ralph Lauren, creating a multi-billion-dollar clothing enterprise as a result.

2007, Marcel Danesi, Why It Sells:Decoding the Meanings of Brand Names, Rowman & Littlefield, page 59:

A surname from French [in turn originating as a patronymic], a variant of Laurent.

A Scottish surname from Scottish Gaelic [in turn originating as a patronymic], a rare anglicization of Mac Labhrainn (“son of Laurence”) (McLaren)


Oscar

Exact origin uncertain. Resuscitated by James Mcpherson in The Works of Ossian (1765). Napoleon, an admirer of the Ossianic poems, chose it for his godson Oscar Bernadotte, who became a king of Sweden.
The modern given name is a conflation of two unrelated names: first, Middle Irish Oscar (the name of Fionn Mac Cumhaill's grandson in Irish mythology), from Middle Irish os (“deer”) + cara (“friend”); and second, Old English Ōscār, Ōsgār (personal name, literally “spear of the gods/spear of God”), from Old English ōs (“god”) and gār (“spear”) (see Oswald). Compare German Ansgar (personal name), Danish Asker, Asger (personal name), Norwegian Asgeir (personal name), Icelandic Ásgeir (personal name).
(Academy Award): Disputed. Said to have been named by actress Bette Davis after her first husband, Harmon Oscar Nelson, or by secretary Margaret Herrick after her cousin Oscar Pierce.

bor

A surname from Irish [in turn originating as a patronymic], a rare anglicization of Mac Oscair (“son of Oscar”) (McCusker).


Vincent

en-proper noun

Vincent (countable and uncountable, plural Vincents)

→ Arabic: فينسنت (fīnsint)

→ Greek: Βίνσεντ (Vínsent)

desc

→ Japanese: ビンセント (Binsento), ヴィンセント (Vinsento)

From French Vincent, from Latin Vincentius, from vincēns (“conquering”), from the verb vincō.

(countable) A surname originating as a patronymic.


Toyota

en-proper noun

Toyota (countable and uncountable, plural Toyotas)

[tɔɪ̯ˈoʊ̯ɾə]

[taɪ̯ˈoʊ̯ɾə]

From Japanese トヨタ (Toyota), from the name of the Toyoda family. The spelling was changed to Toyota because of a belief that it sounded better, or because トヨタ takes eight strokes to write, and 8 is considered lucky.


Peugeot

En-us-Peugeot from France pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg


Manchester

Manchester
Manchester (disambiguation)
Manchester Ship Canal

→ Finnish: Manse

From Old English Mameċeaster. The first element may be from a word related to Breton mamm (“mother; female animal; womb”), in reference to a breast-shaped hill.
The second part is known to be from Old English ceaster, from Latin castra (“camp”).


Washington

en-proper noun

Washington (countable and uncountable, plural Washingtons)

Washington (the town in Tyne and Wear, northeast England): probably from the Old English place name Hwæssingatūn (literally “a settlement of the household of Hwæssa”), from Hwæssa (a Saxon chieftain's name) + -ing (“belonging to”) + tūn (“homestead, settlement”). It was attested in 1096 as Wasindone. Hwæssa is of uncertain origin, said to possibly correspond to waþ (“hunt”) + sige (“victory”), or possibly related to hwæte (“wheat”). There are other theories; more on Wikipedia.
The surname derives from the town, and most places in the United States are named for George Washington.

DC

The federal district and city are coterminous and the city government administers the district, so are jurisdictionally equivalent


Mandel

en-proper-noun

Mandel (countable and uncountable, plural Mandels)

* Germanic surname (Dutch Mandel, German Mandel, Yiddish Mandel, all meaning "almond"). Also found in Slovenian as Mandelj.
* As a south German and Austrian surname, variant of Mandl, from Mann + -l.
* As a Dutch surname, from mandel (“sheaf of wheat”) (see Mandel below).
* As a Jewish surname, variant of Mendel.

(countable) A surname.
A surname from Dutch.

(countable) A surname.
A surname from German.

(countable) A surname.
A surname from Yiddish.


Hackney

The senses "a horse" and "(a means of transport) available for hire" derive from the fact that many horses were kept for hire in the London borough of Hackney.
The place name is from Old English Hacan ieg "Hacan's Isle" (or "Hook's Island"), referring to dry land in a marsh.


Gordon

The main etymology, associated with Celtic names, is from the Scots surname Gordon, from a place name, but the origin is debated:
* If the English or Scots name is from a Brythonic language (such as Old Welsh or Old Breton), then possibly from a Proto-Brythonic compound such as *gor (“spacious”) + *din (“fort”);
* If the Scots name is itself from English, then possibly from French Gourdon, derived from Gallo-Roman Latin Gordus, from Gaulish *Gordos;
* Otherwise, possibly ultimately from Old English *gor-dūn (“mud hill”) whence a habitational name.

A Scottish habitational surname from the Celtic languages for someone from Gordon, Berwickshire.

An English habitational surname from Anglo-Norman for someone from Gourdon, France.

A habitational surname from Irish, an anglicization of de Górdún (“of Gordon (Berwickshire)”).

A surname from Irish [in turn originating as a patronymic], an adopted anglicization of Mag Mhuirneacháin (“son of Muirneachán”) (traditionally Magournahan).

Mount, vassals, couch your lances, and cry, "Gordon!
Gordon for Scotland and Elizabeth!"

1822 Walter Scott, Poetical Works: Halidon Hill (Baudry's European Library, 1838), page 420

A Jewish habitational surname probably for someone from Grodno, Belarus.


Anastasia

From the name of a 4th-century martyr, Ancient Greek Ἀναστασία (Anastasía), from ἀνάστασις (anástasis, “resurrection”). The name, and its male counterpart Anastasius, were originally given to children who were born around Eastertime during the early years of Christianity.

en:Anastasia
en:Anastasia (disambiguation)
en:Anastasia (surname)


Phillip

en-proper noun

Phillip (countable and uncountable, plural Phillips)

Philip#First name
Philip#Surname
Phillip, Australian Capital Territory


William

desc

→ Azerbaijani: → Uilyam (transliteration)

→ Bengali: উইলিয়াম (uiliẏam)

⇒ Cebuano: William

→ Chinese: → 威廉 (Wēilián) (transliteration)

→ Finnish: Viljami, Wiljami

→ Hawaiian: Uilama, Wilama, Wiliama

→ Ingrian: → Viljam (transliteration)

→ Japanese: ウィリアム (Wiriamu)

→ Korean: → 윌리엄 (willieom) (transliteration)

Russian: Уильям (Uilʹjam)

⇒ Slovak: Viliam

→ Tagalog: William

From Middle English William, from Anglo-Norman Willame, from Old High German Willahelm, from Proto-Germanic *Wiljahelmaz (> Latin Gulielmus), from Proto-Germanic *wiljô (“will”) + *helmaz (“helmet”), the latter component ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“to cover, conceal, save”). Cognate with Dutch Willem, German Wilhelm, etc.; cognate borrowings outside of Germanic include Guillaume and Guillermo.


Luke

From Latin Lūcās, from Koine Greek Λουκᾶς (Loukâs). See the Greek entry for more.

כרוזותא דלוקא

Kārōzūtā’ d'Lūqā’

ܟܪܘܙܘܬܐ ܕܠܘܩܐ

Kārōzūtā’ d'Lūqā’

Soiscéal Naofa Íosa Críost de réir Lúcáis

An English surname originating as a patronymic, a variant of Luck.

An Irish surname originating as a patronymic, a later anglicization of Lúcás (Lucas).


Jane

Variant of Jeanne, from French Jeanne, from Middle French Jehanne, from Medieval Latin Johanna, variant of Latin Ioanna under influence from Latin Iōhannēs, from Koine Greek Ἰωάννα (Iōánna), from Hebrew יוֹחָנָה (Yôḥānāh, literally “God is gracious”), the feminized form of יְהוֹחָנָן (Yəhōḥānān) which produced John and its many doublets. As a placeholder name, cf. similar use of John and Jack and earlier use of Joan in the same role.
Doublet of Gianna, Ivana, Jana, Janice, Janis, Jean, Jeanne, Jen, Joan, Joanna, Joanne, Johanna, Juana, Shavonne, Sian, Siobhan, Shane, Shaun, Shauna, and Sheena.

doublet

A surname originating as a patronymic derived from a Middle English variant of John.


Skirvin

The surname Skirvin may be of old Norse origin (possibly the name of a village), with many later instances of the name in the United Kingdom, primarily Scotland. The earliest instances of the name within the United States are found in Maryland dating back to the 1720s.


Jeffrey

Health to great [Francis] Jeffrey! Heaven preserve his life
To flourish on the fertile shores of Fife
And guard it sacred in the future wars
Since authors sometimes seek the field of Mars!

1809, George Gordon Byron, English Bards and Scotch reviewers:A Satire:

A surname originating as a patronymic derived from Geoffrey.


Godfrey

en-proper noun

Godfrey (countable and uncountable, plural Godfreys)

From Old French Godefrei, from Old High German Godafrid (“peace of God”), from Proto-Germanic *Gudafriþuz. Equivalent to god + frith. Doublet of Gottfried and Geoffrey.


Noel

* (names): From Noel in the sense of Christmas; given since Middle Ages to children born at Christmastide.
* (city in Missouri): Named for brothers Clark Wallace and William Jasper Noel, stockmen and owners of a sawmill.
* (community of Nova Scotia, Canada): Named after its most prominent resident, Noël Doiron.


Shakespeare

→ Vietnamese: Sếch-xpia

A common Middle English surname meaning spearman, corresponding to shake (“to brandish a weapon”) + spear.

The name Shakespeare occurs from the 13th century on in the records of various English counties. The first Shakespeare as yet discovered in Warwickshire is one Thomas, a felon, who fled from the law in 1359. Toward the end of the fourteenth century there were landed Shakespeares at Baddesley, and this family held its own into the sixteenth.

1913, Katharine Lee Bates, Lilla Weed, compilers, Shakespeare: Selective Bibliography and Biographical Notes, [Wellesley, Mass.]: Wellesley College, page 33:


Dougal

Anglicized form of Scottish Gaelic Dùghall, from Old Irish dubgall (“Dane, black-haired foreigner”), synchronically from dubh (“black”) + gall (“stranger”).

A surname from Scottish Gaelic [in turn originating as a patronymic].


Antonov

Borrowed from Russian Анто́нов (Antónov).

A male surname from Russian, feminine equivalent Antonova.


Boston

→ Abenaki: Pastonki, pastoni

→ Klamath-Modoc: basdin

→ Lushootseed: pastəd

→ Mohawk: Wáhston

The US city is named after the English town (from which several prominent colonists had come), which itself is sometimes said to be named as a contraction of Botolph's town or Botolph's stone (the name Botolph itself coming from Old English Botwulf, from boda + wulf). However, this is uncertain.

A habitational surname transferred from the place name.


Bunsen

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Bunsen.wav


Russel

A surname transferred from the nickname, a rather rare spelling variant of Russell.


Russell

→ Translingual: russelianus

→ French: Russell

Inherited from Middle English Russel, from Anglo-Norman Russel. Doublet of Rousseau/Roussel. Equivalent to russel.

An English, Scottish and Irish surname transferred from the nickname from the Norman nickname for someone with red hair.


Provo

Certificate of Ilypolite Lefever and wife Mary, that they have agreed to sell and convey to George Provo, late of the Parish of St. Martins in the Feilds, Co. of Middlesex, England, now of New Salem, cordwinder, their dividend[…]

1899, William Nelson, Documents Relating to the Colonial, Revolutionary and Post-Revolutionary History of the State of New Jersey, page 547:

Minister MacKay said during the Nova Scotia election campaign that Tory candidate Dwayne Provo was in the best position to help his constituents receive money from ACAO.

2006, Canada. Parliament. Senate, Debates of the Senate: Official Report (Hansard):

Fred Provo received the Flaherty Award as the football team's most inspirational player. He was also their leading rusher. Husky fans knew him as a hard driver with the speed of a gazelle.

2013, W. Thomas Porter, Go Huskies!: Celebrating the Washington Football Tradition, Triumph Books (IL), →ISBN, page 53:


Einstein

Borrowed from German Einstein.
* The common noun is an eponym of Albert Einstein.


Vernon

From Transalpine Gaulish uerna (“alder”) (from Proto-Celtic *wernā, from Proto-Indo-European *wern-) + -o, -onis (locative suffix, literally “place of alder trees”).

An English habitational surname from Anglo-Norman, originally a Norman baronial name, derived from the town in Normandy.


Arthur

From the name of the legendary king, from Middle English Arthure, from Medieval Latin Arthurus, probably from Middle Welsh arth (“bear”).
Other suggestions include Old Welsh arth (“bear”) and ur (“man”), or a Latinized (Romano-British) name; compare Latin Artorius, itself possibly of Etruscan origin, or more likely Messapic-Illyrian related to Proto-Albanian *artsa (“bear”).


Gunther

From German Gunther. Compare variants: Gunter, Günter, Guenter, Günther, Guenther, Ginter, Ginther.


Purim

From Hebrew פּוּרִים (purím, literally “lots”).


Nambissan

Borrowed from Malayalam നമ്പീശൻ (nampīśaṉ). This surname is mostly found in Kerala, among those who work in the temples and perform the duty of making temple garlands. It is often a surname of the brahmins in Kerala.


Nagraj

From Sanskrit नागराज (nāgarāja, “king of snakes”). The surname is from Marathi नागराज (nāgrāj).


Dvorak

August Dvorak
Dvorak Simplified Keyboard

From Czech Dvořák. The keyboard is named after the American inventor August Dvorak.


Sharma

* Transliteration of Hindi शर्मा (śarmā).
* Transliteration of Telugu శర్మ (śarma).


Scott

en-proper noun

Scott (countable and uncountable, plural Scotts)

(countable) An English ethnic surname transferred from the nickname for someone with Scottish ancestry.


Philip

Philip (countable and uncountable, plural Philips)

From Middle English Philip, ultimately from Ancient Greek Φίλιππος (Phílippos), name of ancient kings of Macedonia, from φίλιππος (phílippos, “fond of horses”), from φιλέω (philéō, “I love”) + ἵππος (híppos, “horse”).

af

(countable, rare compared to given name) A surname originating as a patronymic.


Pawsner

A rare variant of the common name "Posner". Other variants are "Pozner" and "Posener". They all imply a resident of Posen in old Prussia, now Poznań in Poland.


Francis

From Medieval Latin Franciscus (“French(man)”) (from Francia (“France”), originally a nickname of Saint Francis of Assisi. Doublet of Francisco and Franz.

bor

(used only as equivalent to French François) Francés


Conlon

From Irish Ó Connalláin, which could be from con (“hound”) + leon (“lion”), though the second element could instead be from gal (“valor”), similar to O'Connell.

Capt. Paul Conlon confirmed a report in the Star Ledger last night that three Maplewood police officers would be laid off effective June 30, after federal stimulus funding for the township appeared less certain.


Francisco

en-proper noun

Francisco (countable and uncountable, plural Franciscos)

From Latin Franciscus. Doublet of Francis.
* (given name): From Romance Francisco (Portuguese Francisco, Spanish Francisco)
* (moon of Uranus): From the naming pattern established for moons of Uranus, being references to the works of William Shakespeare. From being a character in the play The Tempest

(countable) A surname from Spanish or from Portuguese [in turn transferred from the given name]


Marvin

From Welsh Merfyn (“Mervyn”), probably from mer (“marrow”) + myn (“eminent”).


Lynn

An English habitational surname from Welsh, from King's Lynn in Norfolk, from Welsh llyn (“lake”) or Old English lean (“reward”, implying land tenure).

A Scottish habitational surname from Scottish Gaelic, from Scottish Gaelic linne (“firth; pond, pool; waterfall”).

A surname from German, an anglicization of Lind.

A surname from Irish, a variant of Flynn.


Jose

From Spanish/Portuguese José, from Hebrew. Doublet of Joseph.

A surname transferred from the given name, derived from the given name.


Dorey

Nickname for a goldsmith or someone with golden hair, from Old French doré (“golden”).


Isaac

Isaac (countable and uncountable, plural Isaacs)

→ Pohnpeian: Aisek

From Middle English Ysaac, from Latin Isaac, from Ancient Greek Ἰσαάκ (Isaák), from Hebrew יצחק (Yiṣḥāq, literally “he laughs, he will laugh”). Explained in Genesis as referring to his mother Sarah’s laughing when she was told she would have a son at her old age. The verb is masculine, however, perhaps due to its use as a boy’s name.


Durham

From Old English Dunholm, meaning "hill islet". In order to get from Dunholm to Durham, two major processes had to take place. Firstly, the n at the coda of the first syllable, dun, underwent dissimilation. Specifically, by influence of the m in the coda of the following syllable (holm), said n denasalised and lenited to the oral r, thus dur. Secondly, after a weakening of the vowel quality in the more weakly-stressed syllable holm, this ending was misanalysed as the similar-sounding toponymic suffix, -ham, meaning home or farm.
Doublet of Duresm and Dunelm.

An English habitational surname from Old English from the city in England.


Sam

A surname from Cantonese, a romanization of 岑 (cén) or 沈 (shěn).


Owen

A surname from Welsh [in turn originating as a patronymic] derived from the given name.

A surname from Irish [in turn originating as a patronymic], a variant of McKeown.

A surname from Scottish Gaelic [in turn originating as a patronymic], a variant of MacEwen.


Austin

From Middle English [Term?], from Anglo-Norman Aostin, Austin, a contraction of Old French Agustin, from Latin Augustīnus, from Augustus (literally “majestic”). Doublet of Augustine.

An English surname originating as a patronymic from the given name.


Colin

Diminutive of Coll, a medieval short form of Nicholas. It has also been used to anglicize Irish Coileán and Scottish Gaelic Cailean.

A rather rare surname originating as a patronymic, variant of Collin.


Tatar

Borrowed from Czech, Slovak, Polish Tatar and Hungarian Tatár, an ethnic surname for a Tatar person.


Jackson

en-proper noun

Jackson (countable and uncountable, plural Jacksons)

Andrew Jackson, President of the United States (1829–1837).

Michael Jackson, singer and entertainer (1958–2009).


Frederick

From German Friedrich, Friederich and influenced by Latin Friderīcus, Frederīcus, from Old High German Fridurih, from Frankish *Friþurīk, from Proto-Germanic *Friþurīks (“peace king, peaceful ruler”).


Patrick

en-prop

Patrick (countable and uncountable, plural Patricks)

[ˈpʰæ.t̠ɹ̠̊˔ʷɪk̚]

From Middle English Patrick, from Latin Patricius (“patrician”), the name of an early Irish saint. Doublet of Paddy.

(countable) An English surname originating as a patronymic.


Kopf

German surname, borrowed from German Kopf (see below). Compare Koepf.


Easter

The noun is derived from Middle English Ester, from Old English ēastre, seemingly from Ēastre, a proposed Anglo-Saxon goddess of the dawn whose festival is thought to have been celebrated around the vernal equinox. Further from Proto-West Germanic *Austrā, from Proto-Germanic *Austrǭ, derived from either Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews- (“dawn; east”) or, more semantically plausible, from *austrą, *auzrą, a metathesized form of *wazrą (“spring (season)”), *-ǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥ (“spring”).
The English word is cognate with German Low German Oostern (“Easter”), Old High German ōstarūn (modern German Ostern) and is possibly a doublet of east. Despite a modern folk etymology, not related to Ishtar.
The verb is derived from the noun.


Blume

* As a German surname, from German Blume.
* As a Swedish surname, variant of Blom.


Lewis

en-proper noun

Lewis (countable and uncountable, plural Lewises)

From Middle English Lewis, Lowis, from Anglo-Norman, from Old French Louis, from Frankish *Hlūdawīg. Doublet of Louis.

A surname from Irish [in turn originating as a patronymic], an anglicization of Lobhaois, itself from Old French Louis.

A surname from Welsh [in turn originating as a patronymic], an adopted anglicization of Llywelyn.


Samuel

From Latin Samūēl, from Ancient Greek Σαμουήλ (Samouḗl), from Biblical Hebrew שְׁמוּאֵל (šəmûʾēl, literally “name of God”) https://www.etymonline.com/word/samuel. It is also taken to mean "heard by God" or "asked of God."
According to 1 Samuel 1:20, the Biblical judge and prophet was given this name due to its similarity to a Hebrew word that means "heard by God."


Franklin

en-prop

Franklin (countable and uncountable, plural Franklins)

From Middle English frankelein (“freeholder”), see franklin. The place names are mostly named after American statesman Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790).

named-after

A surname transferred from the nickname.


Williams

en-proper noun

Williams (countable and uncountable, plural Williamses)

威廉姆斯

transliterations of the English surname "Williams"

An English surname originating as a patronymic of common usage in Wales and England.

An Irish surname originating as a patronymic, an adopted anglicization of Mac Uilliam (McWilliam)


Vogel

(crater): Named after German astrophysicist Hermann Carl Vogel (1841–1907).


Alfred

→ Danish: Alfred

Esperanto: Alfredo

Faroese: Alfred

→ Finnish: Alfred

French: Alfred

→ German: Alfred

Greek: Αλφρέδος (Alfrédos)

Italian: Alfredo

Norman: Alfred

→ Norwegian: Alfred

Portuguese: Alfredo

desctree

Spanish: Alfredo
Cebuano: Alfredo
Tagalog: Alfredo

→ Swedish: Alfred

From Middle English Alfred, from Old English Ælfrǣd, from ælf (“elf”) + rǣd (“counsel”). Doublet of Alfredo and Avery.
The modern pronunciation with /f/ is a spelling pronunciation; the name in Old English was pronounced with [v], as shown in its Middle English descendant Alured (in which u stands for modern v).

(rare) A surname originating as a patronymic.


Parsons

An occupational surname for a child or a servant of a parson.
* In the United States adopted by bearers of one or more similar sounding Jewish surnames, and of the Swedish surnames Pärsson and Persson.


Taylor

An English and Scottish surname originating as an occupation for a tailor.

(rare) A surname from Irish [in turn originating as an occupation], an anglicization of Táilliúir (“tailor”).


Archibald

From Old English Arcebald, Arcenbald or Ercenbald, from Old French Archaunbault, from Proto-West Germanic *Erknabalþ, from *erkn (“pure, holy, genuine, precious”) + *balþ (“strong, bold”).


Clark

From Old English clerc (“clergyman; learned man”), whence also clerk.

der

An English and Scottish surname originating as an occupation for a scribe, secretary, or cleric.


Lawrence

en-proper noun

Lawrence (countable and uncountable, plural Lawrences)

"My name is Richard Lawrence."
Candice thought he had a storybook name. Like Lawrence of Arabia, she said, but what she always called him was Ricky. Just a jump away from Tricky Dicky.

2007, John Dunning, The Bookworm's Last Fling, Simon & Schuster, published 2007, →ISBN, page 321:


Davis

en-prop

Davis (countable and uncountable, plural Davises)

A Welsh and English surname originating as a patronymic, a variant of Davies.

戴維斯

transliteration of the English name "Davis"

An Irish surname, adopted as an anglicization of Ó Damháin, Ó Daimhín (whence Devine).

An Irish surname, adopted as an anglicization of Mac Dáibhidh (whence McDavid).


Harvey

en-proper noun

Harvey (countable and uncountable, plural Harveys)

From Haerviu, name of a Breton saint, from Old Breton hoiarn (“iron”) + viu (“blazing”). Cognate with modern Breton Haerviu.
In Ireland, used as an anglicisation of Irish Ó hAirmheadhaigh and Ó hEarchaidh.
The civil parish in New Brunswick is probably named in honour of British colonial administrator John Harvey (1778 - 1852).

A surname transferred from the given name.


Kong

Borrowed from Mandarin 孔 (kǒng) or Cantonese 江 (gong1).


Roy

Roy (countable and uncountable, plural Roys)

→ French: Roy

→ Norwegian: Roy

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: Roy

→ Norwegian Bokmål: Roy

→ Swedish: Roy

From various sources:
* Anglo-Norman roy (“king”) a variant of Old French roi, from Latin rēx, rēgem from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“ruler, king”). Doublet of Rey.
* Scottish Gaelic ruadh (“red, red-haired”) from Old Irish rúad, from Proto-Celtic *roudos from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ-.
* Anglicisation of Bengali রায় (raẏ, surname).

der

(countable) A surname.
A surname from Anglo-Norman.

(countable) A surname.
A surname from Old French.

(countable) A surname.
A surname from Scottish Gaelic.

(countable) A surname.
A surname from Bengali.


Allen

en-proper noun

Allen (countable and uncountable, plural Allens)

An English and Scottish surname transferred from the given name derived from the given name Alan.