baba

Balkano-Romance:

Megleno-Romanian: baľă

Romanian: bale

Italo-Romance:

Italian: bava

Sicilian: vava

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: bava

Old French: beve

French: bave

Ibero-Romance:

Ladino: bava

Portuguese: baba

Spanish: baba

onomatopoeic

nursery


vera

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: vearã, viare

Istro-Romanian: vęrę

Megleno-Romanian: veară, vęră

Romanian: vară

→ Albanian: verë

Italo-Western Romance:

Old Neapolitan: vera

Old Romagnol: vera

From Latin vēra, plural of vēr (“spring”), reinterpreted as a feminine singular noun. In the Balkans its meaning shifted to 'summer' because the derivatives of Late Latin prīma vēra (originally 'early spring') had taken over the general sense of 'spring'. Cf. the similar semantic chain-shift in Ibero-Romance derivatives of *vērānum.


passare

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: passae, passai, passare

Balkano-Romance:

Romanian: păsa

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: passà

Gallurese: passà

Sassarese: passà

Istriot: passà

Italian: passare

Sicilian: passari

Venetan: pasar

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: passâ

Ladin: passer

Romansch: passar, passer

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: pasâ

Romagnol: pasêr

Piedmontese: passé

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: passar

Occitan: passar

Old French: passer (see there for further descendants)

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: pasar

Old Galician-Portuguese: passar

Galician: pasar

Portuguese: passar

Old Leonese:

Asturian: pasar

Extremaduran: passal

Leonese: pasare

Mirandese: passar

Spanish: pasar

From passus (“step, pace”) + -āre (verb-forming suffix). Later borrowed from Romance into Medieval and Modern Latin (e.g. Queneau's autobi passebant completi).


alba

Balkano-Romance:

⇒ Romanian: alba

Italo-Dalmatian:

Istriot: alba

Italian: alba

Neapolitan: arba

Sicilian: alba, arba, abba

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: albe

Romansch: alva

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: alba

Franco-Provençal: ârba

Old French: albe

French: aube

Occitan: alba, auba

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: alba

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: alva
Galician: alba
Portuguese: alva

Spanish: alba

Substantivization of the feminine of Classical Latin albus (“white, bright”).


fallire

Italo-Romance:

Italian: fallire

Dalmatian: fallir

→? Sicilian: falliri

Insular Romance:

Old Sardinian: fallire

desc

Sardinian: faddire, faddiri (Campidanese)

North Italian:

Old Lombard: fallir

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: fallir

Franco-Provençal: falyir

Old French: falir, faillir (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: falir, falhir

Ibero-Romance:

Navarro-Aragonese: [Term?]

Aragonese: fallir, fallexer

Old Galician-Portuguese: falir ⇒ falescer

Galician: falir, falecer

Portuguese: falir, falecer

Old Spanish: fallir ⇒ fallesçer

Spanish: fallir, fallecer

Reassignment of Classical fallere (“to deceive”) to the fourth conjugation.


felem

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: fele, feli m

Balkano-Romance: f

Aromanian: heari

Romanian: fiere

Italo-Dalmatian: m

Dalmatian: fial

Italian: fele, felle, fiele

Neapolitan: fele

Sicilian: feli

Venetan: fiel m or f

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: fêl f

Romansch: feil m

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: fela f, fel m

Ligurian: fê f

Lombard: fel f

Piedmontese: fel f

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: fel m or f

French: fiel m

Occitan: fèl m

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: fiel m

Asturian: fiel ?

Old Galician-Portuguese: fel m

Fala: fel, fe f

Galician: fel m

Portuguese: fel m

Old Spanish: fiel f

Ladino: fiel f

Spanish: hiel f

From Classical fel n, with a paragogic /-e/ and change in gender. Compare *corem (“heart”), *melem (“honey”).


capitare

>? Albanian: kaptoj

Italian: capitare

Romanian: căpăta

reach, arrive at, get to (an end or conclusion); by extension, occur, happen


mancare

Italian: mancare

→ Albanian: mungoj

→⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *mangalōn

From mancus (“lame, defective”) + -āre (verb-forming suffix).


renio

la-noun

*rēniō m (oblique *rēniōnem); third declension

rēniō (canonical masculine)
rēniōnem (oblique)
rẹ́niọ (nominative singular)
rẹniọ́nẹs (nominative plural)
rẹniọ́nẹs (genitive singular)
rẹniọ́nọ (genitive plural)
rẹniọ́ni (dative singular)
rẹniọ́nẹvọs (dative plural)
rẹniọ́nẽ (ablative accusative singular)
rẹniọ́nẹs (ablative accusative plural)

Italo-Romance:

Central Italian: orgnone

Neapolitan: regnone

Sicilian: riñuna, ruñuna

North-Italian:

Friulian: rognon

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: rugnon, rügnon, rognon

desc

Ligurian: rognon, rugnoen, rugnoin, argnon

Lombard: rognon, regnin

Piedmontese: rognon, rëgnon

Romagnol: rugnon, rignon, argnon

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: rognon

Old French: reignon, roignon

Middle French: roignon
French: rognon

→ Italian: rognone

Norman: rignon, reignon

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: renyó, ronyó

Occitan: renhon, ronhon

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: rinyón

Asturian: reñón, riñón

Mirandese: renhon

Spanish: riñón

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: orrungione, runzone


odio

la-verb

*odiō (present infinitive *odiāre, perfect active *odiāvī, supine *odiātum); first conjugation

odiō (canonical)
odiāre (infinitive present)
odiāvī (active perfect)
odiātum (supine)

Italian: uggire

Old Catalan: ujar

From odi- (“hatred”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix).


casco

la-verb

*cascō (present infinitive *cascāre, perfect active *cascāvī, supine *cascātum); first conjugation

cascō (canonical)
cascāre (infinitive present)
cascāvī (active perfect)
cascātum (supine)

Aromanian: cascu

Megleno-Romanian: casc

Romanian: căsca

Sardinian: cascare

Borrowed from Ancient Greek χάσκω (kháskō).


salare

salāre (canonical)
*insalāre (alternative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: ãnsar, ãnsãrari

Romanian: săra, sărare

Italo-Romance:

Italian: salare

Venetan: salar, sałar

Sicilian: salari

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: salâ

Romansch: ensalar, ansalar

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: salar

French: saler

Occitan: salar

Ibero-Romance:

Spanish: salar

From sal, or from a change of conjugation from salīre.


palatium

la-noun

*palātium n (plural *palātia); second declension

palātium (canonical neuter)
palātia (plural)

Old French: palais m

French: palais

Norman: palais

Romanian: păraț n

→ Albanian: pëllas f

From palātum (“palate”), perhaps confused with or influenced by the unrelated palātium (“palace”).


assediare

assediāre (canonical)
*assedeāre (alternative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: ashedz, ashidzari

Romanian: așeza, așezare

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: asear

Portuguese: assear

Spanish: asear


torcere

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: torchere, torciri, trochere, dorchere

Balkano-Romance:

Aromanian: torcu, toartsiri

Megleno-Romanian: torcu, toarțiri, toarciri

Romanian: toarce, toarcere

Italo-Dalmatian:

Italian: torcere

Sicilian: tòrciri

Venetan: tòrxer, tòrzer, tòrxar

Gallo-Italic::

Piedmontese: tòrze

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: tòrcer

Occitan: tòrcer, torcir

Old French: tortre, tuertre, tordre

French: tordre

Norman: teurtre (Jersey)

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: torcer

Portuguese: torcer

Spanish: torcer

Reassignment of Classical torquēre to the third conjugation.


scatta

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: escata

Occitan: escata

Ribagorçan: escata

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: scatta, iscatta

Unknown. Attested as scatus, squato and squatam.


rasare

Italo-Romance:

Italian: rasare

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: rasai, arrasai, rasare

Sicilian: rasari

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: arazâ

Lombard: rasar

Piedmontese: rasé

Friulian: rasâ

Romansch: raser

Venetan: raxar

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: rasar

French: raser

→ English: raze

Gascon: arrasar

Occitan: rasar

Ibero-Romance:

Portuguese: rasar

Spanish: rasar

From rās- (“shaven”) + -āre (verb-forming suffix).


porcile

porcīle (canonical masculine)
porcīlēs (plural)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: porcile

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: porchile

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: porchil (northern)

Old Occitan: porsil, pocil

Provençal: porciu

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: Porciles

Portuguese: pocil (regional), Pocil

From porc- (“pig”) + -īle (“place for keeping”). Displaced Classical Latin suīle. Eventually surfaces as Medieval Latin porcīle in the 13th century, by this point a borrowing from Romance.


radica

rādī̆ca (canonical feminine)
rādī̆cās (plural)

Dalmatian: radaica

Istriot: radíga, radéiga, radíža

Occitan: rasiga, rasic

Sardinian: raíga (Campidanese)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: radica

raca (Val di Chiana)

Neapolitan:

ràdica (Agnone)

ràreche (Napoli)

ràteche (Molfetta)

Sicilian: ràdica

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Lombard: racca

⇒ Piedmontese: rago̢tsa

Romagnol: ràdga

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: rage

→⇒ Piedmontese: fè ragi ('take root', lit. 'make root')

Old French: *rage

Bourbonnais-Berrichon: radze

Lorrain: raδ

desc

Occitan: rajo, rádzo, radza (Vivaro-Alpine)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Campidanese: arráiga

Logudorese: ráiga

Nuorese: rádica, ráica

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: rrange

From rādīcula (diminutive of rādīx) via a process of 'de-diminutivization'. This apparently resulted in two variants: one with a short ĭ in the second syllable, the other with a long ī.


cadentia

Italian: cadenza (see there for further descendants)

Franco-Provençal: chenci (archaic)

Old French: cheance (see there for further descendants)

Romanian: cădință

From cadent- + -ia, or from the neuter plural of cadens (“falling”).


cavitare

Balkan Romance(?):

Aromanian: caftu

Romanian: căuta

Dalmatian:

caiptare

Italo-Romance:

Old Neapolitan: gavitare

Neapolitan: gavetà, avetà, gavitare

Calabria: gavitare

Sicilian: gavitari

Ibero-Romance:

Portuguese: cavidar

From caveō + -itāre (frequentative ending).


compitare

Italian: compitare

Ladin: cumpeder

Navarro-Aragonese: cuempetet (3SG subj., Glosas Emilianenses)

Romanian: cumpăta

>? Venetan: conpedar

Alternative form of computāre (“count, reckon”)


formicarium

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: furnicar

Megleno-Romanian: furnigar

Romanian: furnicar

Italo-Romance:

Italian: formicaio

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: furmiâr

Gallo-Italic:

Piedmontese: furmijé, furmié

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: formiguer

Gascon: hormiguèr, hromiguèr

Occitan: formiguièr

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: forniguer, forniguere, forniguero, froniguero

Asturian: formigueru

Galician: formigueiro

Portuguese: formigueiro

Spanish: hormiguero


ovare

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: oauã

Romanian: oua

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: ovâ

Ibero-Romance:

Portuguese: ovar

Spanish: ovar


caldura

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: cãldurã

Romanian: căldură

Italo Romance:

Italian: caldura


captiare

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: cazzare, cassai, acassare, cassare, catzare (borrowed from Catalan/Spanish?)

Balkano-Romance:

Aromanian: (a)cãtsari

Romanian: agăța, acăța

Italo-Dalmatian:

Italian: cacciare

Neapolitan: caccià

Sicilian: cacciari

Venetan: casar, caçar, cazhar

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: cjaçâ

Romansch: chatschar

Gallo-Italic:

Piedmontese: cassé

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: caçar

Franco-Provençal: chaciér

Occitan: caçar

Old French: chacier, chacer (chiefly Anglo-Norman), cachier (northern) (see there for further descendants)

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: cazar

Extremaduran: cazal

Old Galician-Portuguese: caçar

Fala: cazal

Galician: cazar

Portuguese: caçar

Old Spanish: caçar

Spanish: cazar
→ Italian: cazzare

From captus (“captured, caught”) + -iāre.
Its early existence is hinted at by the Late Latin captiōsus (“intent on hunting”), attested in the sixth century CE.


coleum

cōleum (canonical neuter)
cōlea (plural)

Balkan Romance: n

Aromanian: colj, colju

Romanian: coi, coaie

Italo-Romance: f

Corsican: cuglia

Italian: coglia

Neapolitan: cuglia (Apulia)

Insular Romance: f

Sardinian: coza, colla (Campidanese)

Gallo-Romance:

desctree

Old French: coil m, coille f
Middle French: couille
French: couille
Walloon: coye
→ Middle Dutch: cul
Dutch: kul

Old Occitan: colh m, colha f

Occitan: colha

Borrowings:

→ Proto-Brythonic: *köll f
Breton: kell
Cornish: kell
Middle Welsh: keill
Welsh: caill

From cōleus m, made into a neuter noun with a collective plural on account of the fact that testicles generally come in pairs.


musculum

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: mushclju, mushcljiu

Romanian: mușchi

Italo-Romance:

Italian: muschio

Sicilian: muschiu

North Italian:

Friulian: muscli

Venetan: muscio

From mūscum (“moss”) + -ulum (diminutive suffix).


viridia

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: veardzã, verdzu

Istro-Romanian: vęrzĕ

Megleno-Romanian: vęrză, veardză

Romanian: varză

Dalmatian:

viarz

Italo-Romance:

Italian: verza

Neapolitan: virzu m

North Italian:

Friulian: verze, verge

Lombard: verza

→ German: Wirsing

Piedmontese: vërza f, verz m

Venetan: verxa, verza

desc

→ Cimbrian: viirtza, biirtza (Mezzaselva)

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: verça

desctree

Galician: verza, berza
→ Portuguese: berça

Portuguese: verça

Old Spanish: verça

Spanish: berza

Substantivization of Classical viridia n pl (“green”, adjective).


levius

la-adj

*levius (feminine *levia, neuter *levium); first/second-declension adjective

Italo-Romance:

Neapolitan: lieggio, liggio

Sicilian: lieggiu, leggiu

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Campidanese: lebiu

Logudorese: lebiu

Nuorese: lepiu

Gallo-Romance (all meaning "cork"):

desc

Franco-Provençal: liéjo, lyezhou, lidzo, yédzo

Oïl:

Angevin: iage

Bourbonnais-Berrichon: iege

Bourguignon: liage

Champenois: guêche, iyide

Franc-Comtois: lîdje, lidzou

French: liège

Gallo: liaije

Occitano-Romance:

Old Occitan: leuge (“light”) ⇒ leujor (“lightness”)

Gascon:

lèuge (“light, empty”)

lèujas, lhejas (“lungs”)

⇒ lauyíu (“light, of little worth”)

Old Occitan: liege, leuge (“cork”)

Auvergnat: lèuge

Gascon: lèuge, léuja

Languedocien: lèuge

Limousin: lèuge

Provençal: lègi, lhège

Niçard lèuge

Vivaro-Alpine: lhèage, lhège

Alteration of Latin levis. First attested in Old Occitan.


derectus

la-noun

*dērēctus m (oblique *dērēctum); second declension

dērēctus (canonical masculine)
dērēctum (oblique)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: daretu, deretu

Balkano-Romance:

Megleno-Romanian: dirept

Romanian: derept, dirept

Ibero-Romance:

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: dereito
Galician: dereito
Portuguese: direito (see there for further descendants)

Old Leonese:

Asturian: derechu

Old Spanish:

Ladino: derecho

Spanish: derecho, drecho (obsolete, regional)
→ English: derecho
→ Papiamentu: derecho, drechi


arcarius

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: arcar

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: arquer

Old French: archier (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: arquièr

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: arqueru

Galician: arqueiro

Portuguese: arqueiro

Spanish: arquero


bibitura

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: biuturã

Romanian: băutură, beutură

Island Romance:

Sardinian: bibidura, bidura


pictare

pictāre (canonical)
*pinctāre (alternative)

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: păta

Italo-Romance:

Italian: pittare

Neapolitan: pittà

Sicilian: pittari

From pictus (“painted”) + -āre (verb-forming suffix).


puppa

Asturian: popa

Catalan: popa

Galician: popa

Istriot: poûpa

Italian: poppa

Ligurian: popa

French: poupe

Norman: poupe

Portuguese: popa

Romanian: pupă

Spanish: popa

Venetan: pupa

→ Albanian: pupë

→ Dalmatian: pȕpa

→ Greek: πούπα (poúpa)

→ Ottoman Turkish: پوپا

Turkish: pupa

From puppis, with a change in declension.


vissina

vissīna (canonical feminine)
*vissīnum (alternative)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: pìssina, ⇒ fungupìssinu

Balkano-Romance:

Aromanian: bishinã

Megleno-Romanian: bișǫnă

Romanian: bășină

Italo-Romance:

Neapolitan: vissina

Sicilian: bissinu, pissinu

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: veixina

Occitan: vessino

Gascon: vechie

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: bixín

Spanish: bejín


consutura

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: cusătură, cusutură

Italo-Romance:

Italian: costura

Neapolitan:

Calabria: cusitura

Sicilian: cusitura

North Italian:

Romansch: cusdüra

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: costura

Old French: costure

Middle French: cousture, coûture

French: couture

Walloon: costeure

Catalan: costura

Occitan: costura

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: costura

Galician: costura

Portuguese: costura

Spanish: costura

Borrowed from one or more of the above Romance forms:

New Latin: cōnsūtūra

From consuō (“sew together”) + -tūra (suffix forming action nouns).


corem

Dalmatian:

cur

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: core

Italian: cuore, core

Neapolitan: core

Sicilian: cori

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: core, coro (Logudorese), coru (Campidanese)

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: côr

Ligurian: cheu

Lombard: cœur

Piedmontese: cheur

Romagnol: côr, cör (Ravenna), cór (Santarcangelo)

Friulian: cûr

Istriot: cor, core, cour

Romansch: cor

Venetan: cor

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: cor

Franco-Provençal: côr

Old French: cuer (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: còr

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: cor

Galician: cor (archaic, literary)

Portuguese: cor, de cor

Old Spanish: cuer, cor
Spanish: cor

From Classical cor n, with a paragogic /-e/ and change in gender. Compare *felem (“bile”), *melem (“honey”).


plovia

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: ploai

Istro-Romanian: ploie

Megleno-Romanian: ploaiă

Romanian: ploaie

Dalmatian:

pluaia

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: pioghja

Italian: pioggia

Neapolitan: chioggia

Sicilian: chioggia, chioggi

Padanian:

Friulian: ploie

Ligurian: cieuvia

Old Ligurian: pobia

Old Lombard: piobia

Old Venetan: ploba, piuoba

Piedmontese: piobbia

Romansch: plievgia

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: pluja

Aragonese: plevita, pluya

Franco-Provençal: ploge

Old French: pluie (see there for further descendants)

Gascon: pluja

Occitan: pluèja, plueja, pluoja, ploja, pleja

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: proja

From Classical Latin pluvia, with the stressed vowel taken from *plŏvĕre (“to rain”).


stanticus

la-adj

*stanticus (feminine *stantica, neuter *stanticum); first/second-declension adjective

Albanian: shtënger

Aromanian: stãngu

French: étancher, étanche

Italian: stanco

Megleno-Romanian: stǫng

Romanian: stâng


melus

Aromanian: mer

Italian: melo

Megleno-Romanian: mer

Romanian: măr

Borrowed from Ancient Greek μηλέα (mēléa).


alemosyna

la-noun

*alēmosyna f (oblique *alēmosynam); first declension

alēmosyna (canonical feminine)
alēmosynam (oblique)

Balkan Romance:

→ Albanian: lëmoshë (or via Germanic)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: limosina (popular)

Sicilian: limòsina

→ Maltese: limosja

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: limòśna, limòşna, limôṡna

Ligurian: limôxina

Lombard: limòsna

Piedmontese: limòsna

Northern Gallo-Romance:

desc

Franco-Provençal: armôna, môrna, remôna, èrmôna

desctree

Old French: almosne, almone, aumone, aumosne
French: aumône

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: almosna

Catalan: almoina

Occitan:

Auvergnat: aumòrna, almòrna

Gascon: aumoina

Languedocien: almòina

Limousin: aumòsna, armòina

Provençal: aumòrna

Vivaro-Alpine: aumoina, aumona

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: llimosna

desc

Old Galician-Portuguese: elmosna, esmolna, esmolna, esmolla

Galician: esmola, elemosia, almosna, esmonla

Portuguese: esmola

Old Spanish: almosna

Spanish: limosna (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ Middle Welsh: *elusen

Welsh: elusen

→ Old Irish: almsan

Middle Irish: almsa

Irish: almsa

→ Proto-West Germanic: *alemōsinā (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *alъmužъna (or all borrowed from Germanic)

Czech: almužna

Polish: jałmużna

Slovak: almužna

Slovene: almužna

→ Hungarian: alamizsna

Alteration of Late Latin eleēmosyna (“alms”), borrowed from Greek ἐλεημοσύνη (eleēmosúnē, “alms”).


ploppus

la-noun

*plōppus m (oblique *plōppum); second declension

plōppus (canonical masculine)
plōppum (oblique)

→ Albanian: plep

Aromanian: plup, plop

Asturian: chopu

Italian: pioppo

Old Portuguese:

Galician: chopo, choupo

Portuguese: choupo, chopo

Romanian: plop

Sicilian: chiuppu

Spanish: chopo

→ Volapük: plop (via descendants)

Metathetical alteration of Classical Latin pōpulus (“poplar”).


melem

/ˈmɛles/ (nominative singular)
/ˈmɛle/ (accusative singular)
/ˈmɛli/ (singular)

Balkan Romance: f

Aromanian: njari

Istro-Romanian: mľåre

Megleno-Romanian: m'ari

Romanian: miere

Dalmatian:

mil m

Italo-Romance: m

Corsican: mele

Italian: miele

Neapolitan: mele

Sicilian: meli

Insular Romance: m

Sardinian: mele, meli (Campidanese)

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: mîl f

Istriot: mel m

Ladin: mil f

desc

Romansch: mel, mèl (Sursilvan), meal (Sutsilvan), mêl (Surmiran) m

Venetan:

Venetan: miel m

Gallo-Romance:

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: mê, amê m or f

Lombard: mel, mil m or f

Old Piedmontese: miél, miéu f

Piedmontese: mel, me f

Catalan: mel f

desctree

Old French: miel m
French: miel
Norman: myi

Occitan: mèl m or f

Gascon: mèu m or f

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: miel f

Asturian: miel m or f

Old Galician-Portuguese: mel m
Galician: mel
Portuguese: mel

Spanish: miel f

→? Samoan: meli

From Classical mel n, with a paragogic /-e/ and change in gender. Compare *corem (“heart”), *felem (“bile”).


excappare

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: scãpari

Romanian: scăpa

Italo-Romance:

Italian: scappare

Neapolitan: scappà

Sicilian: scappari

North Italian:

Romansch: scappar, scapar, scapper

Venetan: scanpar

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: escapar

Old French: eschaper, escaper (northern)
Middle French: eschapper
French: échapper
Norman: êcapper
→ Middle English: escapen
English: escape

Occitan: escapar

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: escapar

Mirandese: scapar

Old Galician-Portuguese: escapar

Fala: escapal

Galician: escapar

Portuguese: escapar

Spanish: escapar

→ Ido: eskapar

Italo-Romance:

Italian: scampare

→ Middle French: escamper

French: escamper

Sicilian: scampari

North Italian:

desc

Friulian: scjampâ, sčhampâ (alternative spelling)

Ligurian: scampâ

Romansch: stgampar

Venetan: scampar

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: eschamper, escamper

Middle French: eschamper

→ Middle Dutch: [Term?]

Dutch: schamperen

→ English: scamper

From ex- (“out”) + cappa (“cape, cloak”) + -āre (verb-forming suffix).


excambiare

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: schimba

→ Albanian: shkëmbej

Italo-Romance:

Italian: scambiare

Sicilian: scanciari

North Italian:

Friulian: sgambiâ

desc

Romansch: stgamiar, scumiar, scumgear, scumiar, stgamger, s-chamger, s-chamgiar

Venetan: scanbiar

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: escanviar

desctree

Old French: eschangier, eschanger, eschaunger
French: échanger
→ Middle English: eschaungen, echaungen
English: exchange

Occitan: escambiar

Ibero-Romance:

Portuguese: escambiar, escambar

From ex- (“out”) + cambiāre (“exchange”).


cinusia

Aromanian: cinushi / cinushe, tsinushã

Corsican: cianugia

Istro-Romanian: țerușe

desc

Megleno-Romanian: ciănușă, cinușă, tșănușă

Romanian: cenușă

From cinus, a less commonly used variant of Latin cinis, from Proto‐Indo‐European *ken-.


maneanum

māneānum (canonical neuter)
māneāna (plural)

Insular Romance:

Old Sardinian: [Term?]

Sardinian: manzanu, mangianu, mengianu (Campidanese)

Sassarese: manzanu

Ibero-Romance:

Mozarabic: [script needed] (manyânā) (12th c.)

Navarro-Aragonese: manyana

Aragonese: mañana

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: mañana, mañá

Extremaduran: mañana

Leonese: mañana

Mirandese: manhana

Old Galician-Portuguese: mannãa (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: mannana (see there for further descendants)

Ellipsis of a phrase such as tempus *māneānum (“morning time”), the latter consisting of māne n (“morning”) + -ānum (adjective-forming suffix).


tando

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: tând (obsolete, regional)

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: tandu

Neapolitan: tanno

Sicilian: tànnu

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: tando

A demonstrative form to quandō (“when”), after the model of Classical Latin quālis ~ tālis, quantus ~ tantus.


affundare

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: afundari

Romanian: afunda

Italo-Romance:

Italian: affondare

Gallo-Italic:

Piedmontese: afondé

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: afondar

Old French: afonder

Occitan: afondar

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: afondar

Galician: afondar

Portuguese: afundar

Spanish: ahondar

[äfːʊn̪ˈd̪äːrɛ]

From ad- (“to”) + fundus (“bottom”) + -āre (verb-forming suffix).


molliare

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: muljari

Romanian: muia

Italo-Romance:

Sicilian: muḍḍiari

North Italian:

Emilian: mujà

Lombard: mojà

Piedmontese: mujé

Venetan: mojar, mogiar

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: mullar

Old French: moillier, muillier

French: mouiller

→ English: moil

Occitan: molhar

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: moyar

Old Galician-Portuguese: mollar

Galician: mollar

Portuguese: molhar

Spanish: mojar

From mollis (“soft”) + -iāre (causative verb-forming suffix).
Compare the Classical mollīre (“soften”), which it mostly displaced in Romance. For the sense development from "soften" to "soak", compare German einweichen.


affumare

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: afum

Romanian: afuma

Italo-Romance:

Italian: affumare

Neapolitan: affumà

Sicilian: affumari

Gallo-Romance:

Gascon: ahumar

Occitan: (N. Provence) afumar

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: afumar

Galician: afumar

Portuguese: afumar

Spanish: ahumar

From ad- (“to”) + fūmus (“smoke”, noun) + -āre (verb-forming suffix).

(transitive) smoke (apply smoke to, e.g. food)


agurare

Balkano-Romance:

Romanian: agura (obsolete)

Italo-Dalmatian:

Italian: agurare

Venetan: agurar, ingurar

Rhaeto-Romance:

Romansch: urar, avuoirar

Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: ahorar

Old Occitan: ahurar, aürar, agurar

Ibero-Romance:

Portuguese: agoirar, agourar

Spanish: agorar

From augurāre via dissimilation of /au̯/ to /a/ before a stressed syllable with /ŭ/, as also with agurium < augurium.


assecurare

Italo-Romance:

Italian: assicurare

→ Piedmontese: assicuré

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: assegurare

North Italian:

Romansch: asgürer

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: assurar

desctree

Old French: asseurer, asseürer
Middle French: asseurer
French: assurer
→ Danish: assurere
→ Romanian: asigura (partial calque)
→ Middle English: [Term?]
English: assure

Old Occitan: asegurar, assegurar
Occitan: assegurar

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: assegurar

Galician: asegurar

Portuguese: assegurar

Old Spanish: assegurar

Spanish: asegurar

From ad- (“to”) + sēcūrus (“safe, secure”) + -āre (verb-forming suffix).
Eventually surfaces in twelfth-century Medieval Latin as assēcūrāre, by that point simply a borrowing from Romance.


accaptare

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: accattà

desc

Italian: accattare (regional or archaic)

Neapolitan: accattare

Sicilian: accattari

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: accattare, agattai (Campidanese)

North Italian:

Ligurian: acatâ

Old Lombard: acatar

Piedmontese: caté, catà

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: achetar

desctree

Old French: acheter, achater, acater (Old Northern French)
Bourguignon: aichetai
Champenois: aitcheter, aicheter
French: acheter, achepter (obsolete)
→ Esperanto: aĉeti
Norman: acataer, acataïr (Guernsey), acater (Jersey)
Picard: acater
Walloon: atchter
→⇒ Middle English: acatour
English: cater, acater, acater

From Classical acceptāre, etymologically remodelled to ad- + captare. Doublet of *accattāre (“observe, heed”).


vocitum

Italo-Romance:

Italian: vuoto, voto (Tuscan), voito, voido, voto (central dialects)

Neapolitan: vuoito, vuito

North Italian:

Friulian: vueit

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: vut, vot, veut

Old Lombard: uoio

Lombard: veuid, veui, veut, veu

Old Ligurian: vojo

Ligurian: vêuo, veujo

Piedmontese: veuid, veui

Romagnol: vuit, voit, vut, vuet

Ladin: vuet, uet, vuot, öt, öć

Old French: vuit, voit, wit, wide, vuide
Bourguignon: veude
French: vide
→ Romanian: vid
Norman: viède
Picard: uide
Walloon: vude
→ Middle English: voide, voyde
English: void
→ Welsh: foed

Occitano-Romance:

Aragonese: vueito

Ribagorçan: vuedo, vuido

Occitan:

Auvergnat: voeide

desc

Gascon: vueit, vuit, vuet, voit, vut, vude

Languedocien: void, voide, vuèg, vèg

Limousin: voide

Provençal: vuege, vege, voeide, veuide

Vivaro-Alpine: vuege, viude, vuide

Old Catalan: buit

Catalan: buit, but

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: buidu, boidu

Originally a past participle of vocāre (“to empty”, verb), attested variant of vacāre, compare vacuus (“empty”, adj).


expaventare

Balkan Romance:

⇒ Romanian: spăimânta

Italo-Romance:

Italian: spaventare

Sicilian: spavintari

North Italian:

Ladino: espantar

Venetan: spaventar

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: espantar, espaventar

Old French: espoenter

Middle French: espoventer

French: épouvanter

Old Occitan: espaventar, espavantar

Occitan: espantar, espaventar

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: espantar

Portuguese: espantar

Spanish: espantar


oblitare

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: ultu, ultari

Istro-Romanian: utu

Megleno-Romanian: uľt, uľtari

Romanian: uita, uitare

North Italian:

Romansch: emblidar, amblidar, invlidar

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: oblidar

Franco-Provençal: oubliar

Old French: oblier (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: oblidar, doblidar

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: olvidar

Old Galician-Portuguese: obridar, oblidar (Cantigas de Santa Maria)

desctree

Spanish: olvidar
→ Portuguese: olvidar
→ Sardinian: olvidare, olvidai (Campidanese)


frictura

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: fripturã

Istro-Romanian: fripturĕ

Megleno-Romanian: friptură

Romanian: friptură

Italo-Romance:

Italian: frittura

Sicilian: frittura

North Italian:

Friulian: friture

Ligurian: frïtûa

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: friture, fritture, fruiture

Middle French: friture

French: friture (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle English: fryture (see there for further descendants)

→ Dutch: friture, frituur

Lorrain: fritîre (Vosgien of Gérardmer)

Picard: friture

Walloon: friteure

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: fritura

Old Occitan: frichura, *fritura

Occitan: frichura, fritura

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: frichura (Somontano)

>? Galician: fritura

>? Portuguese: fritura

Spanish: fritura

From frīgō (“fry”) + -tūra (abstract noun-forming suffix).


altiare

Dalmatian:

alzur

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: alzà

Italian: alzare

→ Sardinian: altzare, altzai

Neapolitan: aizà

Sicilian: auzari, ausari

North Italian:

Friulian: alçâ

Lombard: alzà

Piedmontese: aussé

Romansch: ozer, uzer, auzar

Venetan: alsar, alçar

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: alçar

Old French: haucier (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: auçar, nauçar

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: alzar

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: alçar
Galician: alzar
Portuguese: alçar

Old Spanish: alçar

Ladino: alsar

Spanish: alzar

From altus (“high”) + -iāre (factitive verb-forming suffix). Displaced Classical altāre.
Eventually borrowed from Romance into Medieval Latin as altiō.


habutum

la-part

*habūtus (feminine *habūta, neuter *habūtum); first/second-declension participle

habūtus (canonical)
habūta (feminine)
habūtum (neuter)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: avut

Istro-Romanian: avut, aveit

Romanian: avut

Dalmatian:

avoit, (Zara:) avut

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: avutu

Italian: avuto

Neapolitan: avuto

Sicilian: avutu

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: aü

Lucania: avudu

Ligurian: avudu

Friulian: vût

Istriot: bù

Ladin: abù

Venetan: avudo, avù

Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: haüt

Catalan: hagut

Old French: eut, eu

Middle French: eu

French: eu

Norman: ieu, aëu

Walloon: avou

Gascon: avut

Old Occitan: avut, aut, agut

Occitan: agut

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: avudo

Old Spanish: avudo


clapo

la-verb

*clapō (present infinitive *clapāre, perfect active *clapāvī, supine *clapātum); first conjugation

clapō (canonical)
clapāre (infinitive present)
clapāvī (active perfect)
clapātum (supine)

Friulian: cjapâ

Istriot: ciapà

Italian: chiappare

Ladin: giapé

Lombard: ciapà

desc

Romansch: clapper, tgapar, tgappar, tschaffar, tschiffar, tschüffer

Sardinian: tzapare

Venetan: ciapar

Metathesized from *caplō, from Late Latin capulō, from capulum.


deexcito

la-verb

*dēexcitō (present infinitive *dēexcitāre, perfect active *dēexcitāvī, supine *dēexcitātum); first conjugation

dēexcitō (canonical)
dēexcitāre (infinitive present)
dēexcitāvī (active perfect)
dēexcitātum (supine)

Dalmatian: destruar

Emilian: desder

Italian: destare

Ligurian: adescià (Genoese)

Lombard: dessear (obsolete)

Old Occitan: desidar

Gascon: deschidà, deschudà

Romanian: deștepta (possibly)

Romansch: sdasder, destadar


sambatum

desctree

Old French: samedi (< *sambatī diēs)
Middle French: samedi
French: samedi
→ Franco-Provençal: samedi
Haitian Creole: samdi
Louisiana Creole: sanmdi, sammdi
Mauritian Creole: samdi
Gallo: samdi
Norman: samedi, samdi, Sanm'de, sammedi, somedi
Walloon: semdi

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *sambata

Balkano-Romance:

Aromanian: Sãmbãtã, sãmbãtã, sembãte

Romanian: sâmbătă

Rhaeto-Romance:

Romansch: samda

→ Gothic: *𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰𐍄𐍉 (*sambatō)

→ Old High German: sambaztag

Middle High German: sameztac, samztac

German: Samstag

→ Proto-Slavic: *sǫbota

→ Hungarian: szombat

From Ancient Greek *σάμβατον (*sámbaton, “Sabbath”), variant of σάββατον (sábbaton), from Biblical Hebrew שַׁבָּת (šabbāṯ, “Sabbath”).


taxitare

Insular Romance:

>? Sardinian: tastài

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican:

Sassarese: tastà

Italian: tastare

Sicilian: tastari

Venetan: tastar

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: tastâ

Gallo-Italic:

Piedmontese: tasté

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: tastar

Occitan: tastar

Old French: taster

French: tâter

→ Middle English: tasten

English: taste

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: tastar

Spanish: tastar

From taxō + -itō (frequentative suffix).


volvitare

Italo-Romance:

Italian: voltare

Neapolitan: votare

Sicilian: vutari

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: vortare, voltare (Logudorese)

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Old Lombard: vultar

Piedmontese: volté

Friulian: voltâ

Istriot: vultà

Ladin: outé

Venetan: voltar, oltar

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: voltar

Old French: vouter, vuter

Occitan: voutá, vooutá (both Provençal)

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: voltar

Portuguese: voltar

From *volvitus (“spun”) + -āre (verb-forming suffix), with early loss of unstressed /ĭ/. The form *volvitus would represent a 'vulgar' past participle for Latin volvere (“to spin”).
Alternatively a direct phonetic development from the Classical frequentative volūtāre (> *vol(ŭ)tāre). It would be somewhat unusual, as this type of unstressed vowel reduction in the second syllable of tetrasyllabic paroxytones is generally counteracted in verbs due to analogy with proparoxytonic inflections (e.g. Latin volū́tat 'he rolls').


nivare

nivāre (canonical)
*nevāre (alternative)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Campidanese: niai

Logudorese: niare

Nuorese: nivare, nibare

Italo-Romance:

Italian: nevare

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: nevà, neivà, nvà, nvé

Ligurian: nevâ, nejâ

Lombard: nvar

desc

Romansch: naiver, neiver (Sursilvan, Surmiran), never (Sutsilvan)

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: nevêr, nêvre; nèivre

Valdôtain: nòivre

>? Walloon: niver

From nivem (“snow”, noun) + -āre (verb-forming suffix).


plovere

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: ploae, ploai

Romanian: ploua

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: piova

Italian: piovere

Neapolitan: chiòve

Sicilian: chiòviri

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: cêuve

Lombard: pieuv

Piedmontese: pieuve

Friulian: plovi

Ladin: plovei

Romansch: plover, plouver, plaver

Venetan: pióvar

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: plô(v)re

Oïl:

Norman: pliôre

desctree

Old French: plovoir, pluveir (archaic), plover
French: pleuvoir

Walloon: ploure

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: ploure

desc

Gascon: plàver, plòver, plòger, plòir, plever, pleure

Occitan: plòure (all dialects)

Auvergnat: pleure

Limousin: pleure

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: plever

Ribagorçan: plloure, pllober

Asturian: llover, ḷḷover, chover (western)

Leonese: ḷḷover, chovere

Mirandese: chober

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: chover
Galician: chover
Portuguese: chover (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: llover

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Campidanese: prori, proi

desc

Logudorese: proghere, proere, pioghere, pioere

Nuorese: proghere, proere, cioere

From or a collateral form of Classical pluere.
Excluding the attestation below, first attested in Old French as pluveir.


extorcere

Balkano-Romance:

Aromanian: astoartsiri, astorcu

Romanian: stoarce

Italo-Dalmatian:

Italian: storcere

⇒ Neapolitan: storzellare

Venetan: stòrxer, stòrxar, stòrzer

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: stuarzi, stuargi

Ladin: storjer, storje

Romansch: storscher, stordscher

Gallo-Italic:

Piedmontese: stòrze

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: estordre

Ibero-Romance:

Portuguese: estorcer

Spanish: estorcer

From ex- + *torcere. Cf. Classical Latin extorquēre.


exvolare

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: azboair, azboru, azbuirari

Romanian: zbura, zburare

Dalmatian:

q

attested in the conjugation <i class="Latn mention" lang="dlm">śvolúa</i>

*śvolúr (attested in the conjugation śvolúa)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: svolare

North Italian:

Friulian: svolâ

Istriot: zbulà

Ladin: jorè

Old Ligurian: sgorâ

Ligurian: xoâ

Lombard: sgolar

Piedmontese: svolé

desc

Romansch: sgular, svuler (Puter), svolar (Vallader)

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: esvoler

Franc-Comtois: évoulê

Middle French: esvoler


alicunus

la-adj

*alicūnus (feminine *alicūna, neuter *alicūnum); first/second-declension adjective

alicūnus (canonical)
alicūna (feminine)
alicūnum (neuter)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: alcuno

→ Interlingua: alcun, alcuno

desc

Sicilian: arcunu, accunu, alcunu, alicunu, ancunu

Sardinian: alicunu, calicunu (medieval)

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old French: alcun, aucun

French: aucun

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: algú

Gascon: augun (Biarnés)

Languedocien: alcun, aucun

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: algún

Old Galician-Portuguese: algũu

Galician: algún

Portuguese: algum

Old Spanish:

Ladino: alguno

Spanish: alguno

aliquī + ūnus. First attested in Old French in the 10th century.


veranum

Insular Romance:

Old Corsican: veranu

Corsican: veranu, viranu, branu

Sassarese: branu

Sardinian:

Campidanese: benãu, enãu, banãu, anãu

Logudorese: beranu, baranu

Nuorese: beranu, eranu, veranu (non-betacist varieties)

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: verano

Asturian: veranu, verañu, branu

Mirandese: berano

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: verão
Fala: verán
Galician: verán, vran, vrao, vrau, vra
Portuguese: verão

Old Spanish: verano
Ladino: enverano
Spanish: verano

Ellipsis of *[tempus vērānum] (“springtime”), from tempus (“time”) + vēr (“spring”) + -ānus (adjective-forming suffix). Compare hībernum (“winter”), an ellipsis of the attested phrase tempus hībernum 'wintertime'. The original sense of 'spring' survives in Corsican and Sardinian. It is attested in medieval Ibero-Romance as well, but there has since been a shift to the sense of 'summer' due to the derivatives of prīma vēra (originally 'early spring') taking over the general sense of 'spring'.


cosio

la-verb

*cōsiō (present infinitive *cōsīre, perfect active *cōsīvī, supine *cōsītum); fourth conjugation

cōsiō (canonical)
cōsīre (infinitive present)
cōsīvī (active perfect)
cōsītum (supine)
cọ́sęrę (infinitive)
cọsę́ntẹs (participle present)
cọsę́ndọ (gerund)
cọsútọ (participle past)
cọ́sọ (first-person indicative present singular)
cọ́sẹs (indicative present second-person singular)
cọ́sẹt (indicative present singular third-person)
cọ́sẹmọs (first-person indicative plural present)
cọ́sẹtẹs (indicative plural present second-person)
cọ́sọnt (indicative plural present third-person)
cọsẹ́vã (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
cọsẹ́vas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
cọsẹ́vat (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
cọsẹvámọs (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
cọsẹvátẹs (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
cọsẹ́vant (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
cọ́si (first-person indicative perfect singular)
cọsẹ́sti (indicative perfect second-person singular)
cọ́sẹt (indicative perfect singular third-person)
cọsẹ́mmọs (first-person indicative perfect plural)
cọsẹ́stẹs (indicative perfect plural second-person)
cọsẹ́rọnt (indicative perfect plural third-person)
cọ́sęrã (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
cọ́sęras (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
cọsę́rat (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
cọsęrámọs (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
cọsęrátẹs (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
cọ́sęrant (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
cọ́sęrẽ (first-person future indicative perfect singular)
cọ́sęrẹs (future indicative perfect second-person singular)
cọsę́rẹt (future indicative perfect singular third-person)
cọsę́rẹmọs (first-person future indicative perfect plural)
cọsę́rẹtẹs (future indicative perfect plural second-person)
cọ́sęrẹnt (future indicative perfect plural third-person)
cọ́sęrę áviọ (first-person future indicative singular)
cọ́sęrę ávẹs (future indicative second-person singular)
cọ́sęrę ávęt (future indicative singular third-person)
cọ́sęrę avẹ́mọs (first-person future indicative plural)
cọ́sęrę avẹ́tẹs (future indicative plural second-person)
cọ́sęrę ávęnt (future indicative plural third-person)
cọ́sęrę avẹ́vã (conditional first-person singular)
cọ́sęrę avẹ́vas (conditional second-person singular)
cọ́sęrę avẹ́vat (conditional singular third-person)
cọ́sęrę avẹvámọs (conditional first-person plural)
cọ́sęrę avẹvátẹs (conditional plural second-person)
cọ́sęrę avẹ́vant (conditional plural third-person)
áviọ cọsútọ (first-person indicative multiword-construction perfect singular)
ávẹs cọsútọ (indicative multiword-construction perfect second-person singular)
ávęt cọsútọ (indicative multiword-construction perfect singular third-person)
avẹ́mọs cọsútọ (first-person indicative multiword-construction perfect plural)
avẹ́tẹs cọsútọ (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural second-person)
ávęnt cọsútọ (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural third-person)
avẹ́vã cọsútọ (first-person indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular)
avẹ́vas cọsútọ (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect second-person singular)
avẹ́vat cọsútọ (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular third-person)
avẹvámọ cọsútọ (first-person indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural)
avẹvátẹs cọsútọ (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural second-person)
avẹ́vant cọsútọ (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural third-person)
avẹ́rę áviọ cọsútọ (first-person future indicative multiword-construction perfect singular)
avẹ́rę ávẹs cọsútọ (future indicative multiword-construction perfect second-person singular)
avẹ́rę ávęt cọsútọ (future indicative multiword-construction perfect singular third-person)
avẹ́rę avẹ́mọs cọsútọ (first-person future indicative multiword-construction perfect plural)
avẹ́rę avẹ́tẹs cọsútọ (future indicative multiword-construction perfect plural second-person)
avẹ́rę ávęnt cọsútọ (future indicative multiword-construction perfect plural third-person)
cọ́sã (first-person present singular subjunctive)
cọ́sas (present second-person singular subjunctive)
cọ́sat (present singular subjunctive third-person)
cọsámọs (first-person plural present subjunctive)
cọsátẹs (plural present second-person subjunctive)
cọ́sant (plural present subjunctive third-person)
cọ́sęrẽ (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
cọ́sęrẹs (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
cọ́sęręt (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
cọsęrẹ́mọs (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
cọsęrẹ́tẹs (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
cọ́sęręnt (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
cọsẹ́ssẽ (first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
cọsẹ́ssẹs (pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
cọsẹ́ssęt (pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
cọsẹssẹ́mọs (first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
cọsẹssẹ́tẹs (pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
cọsẹ́ssęnt (pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
cọ́sę (imperative present second-person singular)
cọ́sẹtę (imperative plural present second-person)
cósęrę (infinitive)
cosę́ntis (participle present)
cosę́ndo (gerund)
cosútu (participle past)
cóso (first-person indicative present singular)
cósis (indicative present second-person singular)
cósit (indicative present singular third-person)
cósimus (first-person indicative plural present)
cósitis (indicative plural present second-person)
cósunt (indicative plural present third-person)
cosévã (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
cosévas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
cosévat (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
cosevámus (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
cosevátis (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
cosévant (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
cósi (first-person indicative perfect singular)
cosísti (indicative perfect second-person singular)
cósit (indicative perfect singular third-person)
cosímmus (first-person indicative perfect plural)
cosístis (indicative perfect plural second-person)
cosérunt (indicative perfect plural third-person)
ávio cosútu (first-person indicative multiword-construction perfect singular)
áves cosútu (indicative multiword-construction perfect second-person singular)
ávęt cosútu (indicative multiword-construction perfect singular third-person)
avémus cosútu (first-person indicative multiword-construction perfect plural)
avétis cosútu (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural second-person)
ávęnt cosútu (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural third-person)
avévã cosútu (first-person indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular)
avévas cosútu (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect second-person singular)
avévat cosútu (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular third-person)
avevámu cosútu (first-person indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural)
avevátis cosútu (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural second-person)
avévant cosútu (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural third-person)
avérę ávio cosútu (first-person future indicative multiword-construction perfect singular)
avérę áves cosútu (future indicative multiword-construction perfect second-person singular)
avérę ávęt cosútu (future indicative multiword-construction perfect singular third-person)
avérę avémus cosútu (first-person future indicative multiword-construction perfect plural)
avérę avétis cosútu (future indicative multiword-construction perfect plural second-person)
avérę ávęnt cosútu (future indicative multiword-construction perfect plural third-person)
ávio ád cósęrę (first-person future indicative multiword-construction singular)
áves ád cósęrę (future indicative multiword-construction second-person singular)
ávęt ád cósęrę (future indicative multiword-construction singular third-person)
avémus ád cósęrę (first-person future indicative multiword-construction plural)
avétis ád cósęrę (future indicative multiword-construction plural second-person)
ávęnt ád cósęrę (future indicative multiword-construction plural third-person)
cósã (first-person present singular subjunctive)
cósas (present second-person singular subjunctive)
cósat (present singular subjunctive third-person)
cosámus (first-person plural present subjunctive)
cosátis (plural present second-person subjunctive)
cósant (plural present subjunctive third-person)
cósęręm (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
cósęres (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
cósęręt (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
cosęrémus (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
cosęrétis (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
cósęręnt (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)

Dalmatian: coser

Friulian: cusî

Italian: cucire

Romansch: cusir

desc

Sardinian: cosire, cusire, cosie, cusiri

Sicilian: cùsiri

Venetan: cuxir

From *cōsō, with a change to the fourth conjugation.


attitiare

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: ațâța

Italo-Romance:

Italian: attizzare

>? Neapolitan: azzizzare (Calabria)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: attittare

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: atiar

Old French: atisier

French: attiser

Occitan: atisar

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: atizar

Portuguese: atiçar

Spanish: atizar

From ad- + tītiō (“firebrand”) + -āre (verb-forming suffix).


domnicella

la-noun

*domnicella f (oblique *domnicellam, masculine *domnicellus); first declension

domnicellam (oblique)
domnicellus (masculine)

Catalan: donzella

desctree

Old French: damoisele, dameisele, domnizelle
→ Catalan: damisel·la
→ Italian: damigella
Middle French: dameisele
French: damoiselle, demoiselle
→ English: demoiselle
→ Middle English: dameisele
English: damsel
→ Ido: damzelo
Norman: d'mouaîselle
→ Old Occitan: damisela
→ Spanish: damisela

Old Galician-Portuguese: donezỹa

desc

Galician: denociña, delonciña, denunciña

Old Galician-Portuguese: donzela, donçela, donsela

Galician: doncela, donicela

Portuguese: donzela

Old Occitan: donçela, donsela

→ Italian: donzella

→ English: donzella

→ Middle French: danselle, dansielle, donselle, donzelle

French: donzelle

Occitan: donzèla, donaisèla

Old Sardinian: donnikella

Spanish: doncella

→ English: doncella

From earlier *dominicella, from domina + -ica + -ella, hence a full sense of "the little maidenly (woman)".


pissiare

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: chishari

Romanian: pișa

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: piscià

Italian: pisciare

→ Sardinian: pisciare, pisciai (Campidanese)

Neapolitan: piscià

Sicilian: pisciari

North Italian:

Friulian: pissâ

Romansch: pischer

Venetan: pisar

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: pixar

Franco-Provençal: pissier

Old French: pissier (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: pishar, pissar

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: pixar, pichar


imprehendere

Balkano-Romance:

Romanian: împrinde

Italo-Dalmatian:

Dalmatian: imprendro, imprandro

Italian: imprendere

Sicilian: mprènniri

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: emprendre

Occitan: emprendre (rare)

Old Gascon: emprener

Old French: emprendre

Middle French: emprendre

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: emprender

Portuguese: emprender (obsolete), emprehender, empreender (Latin-influenced)

Spanish: emprender


excadere

Italo-Romance:

Sicilian: scàdiri

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: escaure

Franco-Provençal: èchêre

Old Occitan: eschazer, escazer

Occitan: escàser, escaire, escàiguer

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: scad, scãdeari

Romanian: scădea, scădere

Italo-Romance:

Italian: scadére

North Italian:

Friulian: scjadê

Piedmontese: scade

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: escheoir

French: échoir

→ Middle English: chete

English: escheat

From ex- + cadĕre and its Late Latin variant cadēre.
Compare the Classical equivalent excidĕre, showing historic vowel reduction of /a/.
Eventually surfaces in thirteenth-century Medieval Latin as excadere, a borrowing from Romance or internal formation.


minacio

la-verb

*mināciō (present infinitive *mināciāre, perfect active *mināciāvī, supine *mināciātum); first conjugation

mināciō (canonical)
mināciāre (infinitive present)
mināciāvī (active perfect)
mināciātum (supine)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: minacciare

North Italian:

Friulian: menaçâ

Piedmontese: minassé

Venetan: minasar, manasar

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: menaciér

Norman: m'nichi

desctree

Old French: menacier
French: menacer
Norman: m'nichi
→ Middle English: manacen, manace, manasen, manassen, menace
English: menace

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: menazar

Catalan: menaçar

Occitan:

Gascon: miaçar

Languedocien: menaçar

Ibero-Romance:

Portuguese: meaçar

Old Spanish: menaçar

Spanish: menazar


admortire

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: amurtsãri

Romanian: amorți

Italo-Romance:

Italian: ammortire

Insular Romance:

⇒ Sardinian: ammustreschere

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: amortir

Old French: amortir

French: amortir

desc

→ Middle English: amortisen (via the Old Fr. stem amortiss-)

English: amortize

Occitan: amortir

Ibero-Romance:

⇒ Portuguese: amortecer

Old Spanish: amortir ⇒ amortesçer

Spanish: amortecer

From ad- + mort(u)us (“dead”) + -īre (verb-forming suffix).


indulcire

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: ndultsiri

Romanian: îndulci

Italo-Romance:

Italian: indolcire

North Italian:

Piedmontese: andossì

Insular Romance:

Old Sardinian: [Term?]

Gallurese: indulcí

Sardinian: indurchire, indulchire

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: endolcir

Old French: endoucir

Ibero-Romance:

Spanish: endulcir (obsolete)

From in- + dulcis (“sweet”) + -īre (verb-forming suffix).


mulgo

la-verb

*mulgō (present infinitive *mulgere, perfect active *mulsī, supine *mulsum); third conjugation

mulgō (canonical)
mulgere (infinitive present)
mulsī (active perfect)
mulsum (supine)
mọ́lgęrę (infinitive)
mọlgę́ntẹs (participle present)
mọlgę́ndọ (gerund)
mọ́lsọ (participle past)
mọ́lgọ (first-person indicative present singular)
mọ́lgẹs (indicative present second-person singular)
mọ́lgẹt (indicative present singular third-person)
mọ́lgẹmọs (first-person indicative plural present)
mọ́lgẹtẹs (indicative plural present second-person)
mọ́lgọnt (indicative plural present third-person)
mọlgẹ́vã (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
mọlgẹ́vas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
mọlgẹ́vat (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
mọlgẹvámọs (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
mọlgẹvátẹs (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
mọlgẹ́vant (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
mọ́lsi (first-person indicative perfect singular)
mọlsẹ́sti (indicative perfect second-person singular)
mọ́lsẹt (indicative perfect singular third-person)
mọlsẹ́mmọs (first-person indicative perfect plural)
mọlsẹ́stẹs (indicative perfect plural second-person)
mọlsẹ́rọnt (indicative perfect plural third-person)
mọ́lsęrã (first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
mọ́lsęras (indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
mọlsę́rat (indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
mọlsęrámọs (first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
mọlsęrátẹs (indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
mọ́lsęrant (indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
mọ́lsęrẽ (first-person future indicative perfect singular)
mọ́lsęrẹs (future indicative perfect second-person singular)
mọlsę́rẹt (future indicative perfect singular third-person)
mọlsę́rẹmọs (first-person future indicative perfect plural)
mọlsę́rẹtẹs (future indicative perfect plural second-person)
mọ́lsęrẹnt (future indicative perfect plural third-person)
mọ́lgęrę áviọ (first-person future indicative singular)
mọ́lgęrę ávẹs (future indicative second-person singular)
mọ́lgęrę ávęt (future indicative singular third-person)
mọ́lgęrę avẹ́mọs (first-person future indicative plural)
mọ́lgęrę avẹ́tẹs (future indicative plural second-person)
mọ́lgęrę ávęnt (future indicative plural third-person)
mọ́lgęrę avẹ́vã (conditional first-person singular)
mọ́lgęrę avẹ́vas (conditional second-person singular)
mọ́lgęrę avẹ́vat (conditional singular third-person)
mọ́lgęrę avẹvámọs (conditional first-person plural)
mọ́lgęrę avẹvátẹs (conditional plural second-person)
mọ́lgęrę avẹ́vant (conditional plural third-person)
áviọ mọ́lsọ (first-person indicative multiword-construction perfect singular)
ávẹs mọ́lsọ (indicative multiword-construction perfect second-person singular)
ávęt mọ́lsọ (indicative multiword-construction perfect singular third-person)
avẹ́mọs mọ́lsọ (first-person indicative multiword-construction perfect plural)
avẹ́tẹs mọ́lsọ (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural second-person)
ávęnt mọ́lsọ (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural third-person)
avẹ́vã mọ́lsọ (first-person indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular)
avẹ́vas mọ́lsọ (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect second-person singular)
avẹ́vat mọ́lsọ (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular third-person)
avẹvámọ mọ́lsọ (first-person indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural)
avẹvátẹs mọ́lsọ (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural second-person)
avẹ́vant mọ́lsọ (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural third-person)
avẹ́rę áviọ mọ́lsọ (first-person future indicative multiword-construction perfect singular)
avẹ́rę ávẹs mọ́lsọ (future indicative multiword-construction perfect second-person singular)
avẹ́rę ávęt mọ́lsọ (future indicative multiword-construction perfect singular third-person)
avẹ́rę avẹ́mọs mọ́lsọ (first-person future indicative multiword-construction perfect plural)
avẹ́rę avẹ́tẹs mọ́lsọ (future indicative multiword-construction perfect plural second-person)
avẹ́rę ávęnt mọ́lsọ (future indicative multiword-construction perfect plural third-person)
mọ́lgã (first-person present singular subjunctive)
mọ́lgas (present second-person singular subjunctive)
mọ́lgat (present singular subjunctive third-person)
mọlgámọs (first-person plural present subjunctive)
mọlgátẹs (plural present second-person subjunctive)
mọ́lgant (plural present subjunctive third-person)
mọ́lgęrẽ (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
mọ́lgęrẹs (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
mọ́lgęręt (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
mọlgęrẹ́mọs (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
mọlgęrẹ́tẹs (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
mọ́lgęręnt (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
mọlsẹ́ssẽ (first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
mọlsẹ́ssẹs (pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
mọlsẹ́ssęt (pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
mọlsẹssẹ́mọs (first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
mọlsẹssẹ́tẹs (pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
mọlsẹ́ssęnt (pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
mọ́lgę (imperative present second-person singular)
mọ́lgẹtę (imperative plural present second-person)
múlgęrę (infinitive)
mulgę́ntẹs (participle present)
mulgę́ndo (gerund)
múlsu (participle past)
múlgo (first-person indicative present singular)
múlgẹs (indicative present second-person singular)
múlgẹt (indicative present singular third-person)
múlgẹmus (first-person indicative plural present)
múlgẹtẹs (indicative plural present second-person)
múlgunt (indicative plural present third-person)
mulgẹ́vã (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
mulgẹ́vas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
mulgẹ́vat (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
mulgẹvámus (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
mulgẹvátẹs (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
mulgẹ́vant (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
múlsi (first-person indicative perfect singular)
mulsẹ́sti (indicative perfect second-person singular)
múlsẹt (indicative perfect singular third-person)
mulsẹ́mmus (first-person indicative perfect plural)
mulsẹ́stẹs (indicative perfect plural second-person)
mulsẹ́runt (indicative perfect plural third-person)
múlsęrẽ (first-person future indicative perfect singular)
múlsęrẹs (future indicative perfect second-person singular)
mulsę́rẹt (future indicative perfect singular third-person)
mulsę́rẹmus (first-person future indicative perfect plural)
mulsę́rẹtẹs (future indicative perfect plural second-person)
múlsęrẹnt (future indicative perfect plural third-person)
ávio múlsu (first-person indicative multiword-construction perfect singular)
ávẹs múlsu (indicative multiword-construction perfect second-person singular)
ávęt múlsu (indicative multiword-construction perfect singular third-person)
avẹ́mus múlsu (first-person indicative multiword-construction perfect plural)
avẹ́tẹs múlsu (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural second-person)
ávęnt múlsu (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural third-person)
avẹ́vã múlsu (first-person indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular)
avẹ́vas múlsu (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect second-person singular)
avẹ́vat múlsu (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular third-person)
avẹvámu múlsu (first-person indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural)
avẹvátẹs múlsu (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural second-person)
avẹ́vant múlsu (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural third-person)
avẹ́rę ávio múlsu (first-person future indicative multiword-construction perfect singular)
avẹ́rę ávẹs múlsu (future indicative multiword-construction perfect second-person singular)
avẹ́rę ávęt múlsu (future indicative multiword-construction perfect singular third-person)
avẹ́rę avẹ́mus múlsu (first-person future indicative multiword-construction perfect plural)
avẹ́rę avẹ́tẹs múlsu (future indicative multiword-construction perfect plural second-person)
avẹ́rę ávęnt múlsu (future indicative multiword-construction perfect plural third-person)
vǫ́lio múlgęrę (first-person future indicative multiword-construction singular)
vę́lẹs múlgęrę (future indicative multiword-construction second-person singular)
vǫ́lęt múlgęrę (future indicative multiword-construction singular third-person)
vǫlẹ́mus múlgęrę (first-person future indicative multiword-construction plural)
vǫlẹ́tẹs múlgęrę (future indicative multiword-construction plural second-person)
vǫ́lẹnt múlgęrę (future indicative multiword-construction plural third-person)
múlgã (first-person present singular subjunctive)
múlgas (present second-person singular subjunctive)
múlgat (present singular subjunctive third-person)
mulgámus (first-person plural present subjunctive)
mulgátẹs (plural present second-person subjunctive)
múlgant (plural present subjunctive third-person)
mulsẹ́ssẽ (first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
mulsẹ́ssẹs (pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
mulsẹ́ssęt (pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
mulsẹssẹ́mus (first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
mulsẹssẹ́tẹs (pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
mulsẹ́ssęnt (pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
múlgęrę (infinitive)
mulgę́ntis (participle present)
mulgę́ndo (gerund)
múlsu (participle past)
múlgo (first-person indicative present singular)
múlgis (indicative present second-person singular)
múlgit (indicative present singular third-person)
múlgimus (first-person indicative plural present)
múlgitis (indicative plural present second-person)
múlgunt (indicative plural present third-person)
mulgévã (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
mulgévas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
mulgévat (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
mulgevámus (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
mulgevátis (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
mulgévant (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
múlsi (first-person indicative perfect singular)
mulsísti (indicative perfect second-person singular)
múlsit (indicative perfect singular third-person)
mulsímmus (first-person indicative perfect plural)
mulsístis (indicative perfect plural second-person)
mulsérunt (indicative perfect plural third-person)
ávio múlsu (first-person indicative multiword-construction perfect singular)
áves múlsu (indicative multiword-construction perfect second-person singular)
ávęt múlsu (indicative multiword-construction perfect singular third-person)
avémus múlsu (first-person indicative multiword-construction perfect plural)
avétis múlsu (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural second-person)
ávęnt múlsu (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural third-person)
avévã múlsu (first-person indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular)
avévas múlsu (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect second-person singular)
avévat múlsu (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular third-person)
avevámu múlsu (first-person indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural)
avevátis múlsu (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural second-person)
avévant múlsu (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural third-person)
avérę ávio múlsu (first-person future indicative multiword-construction perfect singular)
avérę áves múlsu (future indicative multiword-construction perfect second-person singular)
avérę ávęt múlsu (future indicative multiword-construction perfect singular third-person)
avérę avémus múlsu (first-person future indicative multiword-construction perfect plural)
avérę avétis múlsu (future indicative multiword-construction perfect plural second-person)
avérę ávęnt múlsu (future indicative multiword-construction perfect plural third-person)
ávio ád múlgęrę (first-person future indicative multiword-construction singular)
áves ád múlgęrę (future indicative multiword-construction second-person singular)
ávęt ád múlgęrę (future indicative multiword-construction singular third-person)
avémus ád múlgęrę (first-person future indicative multiword-construction plural)
avétis ád múlgęrę (future indicative multiword-construction plural second-person)
ávęnt ád múlgęrę (future indicative multiword-construction plural third-person)
múlgã (first-person present singular subjunctive)
múlgas (present second-person singular subjunctive)
múlgat (present singular subjunctive third-person)
mulgámus (first-person plural present subjunctive)
mulgátis (plural present second-person subjunctive)
múlgant (plural present subjunctive third-person)
múlgęręm (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
múlgęres (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
múlgęręt (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
mulgęrémus (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
mulgęrétis (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
múlgęręnt (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: múgghere, múlghere, mugi, múrgere, mulli, múlliri

Balkano-Romance:

Aromanian: mulgu, muldziri

Romanian: mulge, mulgere

Italo-Dalmatian:

Italian: molgere

Venetan: molder, mólzer, mónzer, mónxer, mólzar, mónzar

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: molzi, molgi

Romansch: mulscher, munscher, mundscher

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: mouedre

Occitan: mólzer

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: moger, muxir

Spanish: mecer, muir, → mulger


depano

la-verb

*dēpānō (present infinitive *dēpānāre, perfect active *dēpānāvī, supine *dēpānātum); first conjugation

dēpānō (canonical)
dēpānāre (infinitive present)
dēpānāvī (active perfect)
dēpānātum (supine)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: deapin, dipinari

Romanian: depăna, depănare

Italo-Romance:

Italian: dipanare

Padanian:

Emilian: dvaner

Lombard: doané (Ticinese)

Piedmontese: davané ⇒ Piedmontese: dasvané

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: dobanar, debanar

Belsetán: depanar

Catalan: debanar

Occitan: debanar

Languedocien: dabanar ⇒ desbanar

⇒ Vivaro-Alpine: desbanar

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: debaer, dobar, debandar ⇒ debandeira, debandoira

Portuguese: dobar

Spanish: devanar

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: demanare


orulo

*ōrulō (present infinitive *ōrulāre, perfect active *ōrulāvī, supine *ōrulātum); first conjugation

ōrulō (canonical)
ōrulāre (infinitive present)
ōrulāvī (active perfect)
ōrulātum (supine)

French: ourler

Italian: orlare

Portuguese: orlar

Spanish: orlar

Romanian: urla (2) (REW 6107)


invirdesco

*invirdēscō (present infinitive invirdīre, perfect active invirdīvī, supine invirdītum); fourth conjugation

invirdēscō (canonical)
invirdīre (infinitive present)
invirdīvī (active perfect)
invirdītum (supine)

Italian: inverdire

Portuguese: enverdecer

Romanian: înverzi

Spanish: enverdecer


putio

*pūtiō (present infinitive *pūtiāre, perfect active *pūtiāvī, supine *pūtiātum); first conjugation

pūtiō (canonical)
pūtiāre (infinitive present)
pūtiāvī (active perfect)
pūtiātum (supine)

Friulian: puçâ

Italian: puzzare

Venetan: spusar, spuçar


bassiare

Aragonese: baxar

Asturian: baxar

Catalan: baixar

Old French: baissier, baisser

French: baisser

Norman: baîssi

Walloon: baxhî

Old Galician-Portuguese: baixar

Galician: baixar

Portuguese: baixar

Spanish: bajar


adbassiare

Catalan: abaixar

Gallurese: abbacà

Old French: abaissier

→ English: abase

French: abaisser

Walloon: abaxhî

Old Galician-Portuguese: abaixar

Portuguese: abaixar

Old Spanish: abaxar

Ladino: abashar

Spanish: abajar

Sardinian: abbassiare, abbasciài

Sassarese: abbascià


extutare

Dalmatian:

stotur

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Campidanese: studai

Logudorese: istudare

Nuorese: istutare

Italo-Romance:

Italian: stutare

Neapolitan: stotare

Sicilian: astutari, stutari (aphetic)

North Italian:

Friulian: studâ

Romansch: stüder, stüdar, stidar; stüzzer, stizzar

Venetan: stuar, studar — Trieste

From ex- + tūtārī (“avert, ward off”), with the prefix likely taken from extinguere.


adminaciare

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: amenința

Italo-Romance:

Sicilian: amminazzari

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: amenaçar

Occitan: amenaçar

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: amenazar

Old Galician-Portuguese: amẽaçar

Portuguese: ameaçar

Spanish: amenazar


aiunus

Aromanian: agiun

Spanish: ayuno

Dissimilated from an earlier iaiūnus, from ieiūnus.


traginare

Corsican: trascinà

Old French: trainer, traïner

French: traîner

→ English: train (borrowing)

→ Danish: træne (borrowing)

→ Galician: treinar (to train)

→ Italian: trainare (borrowing)

→ Portuguese: treinar

Galician: treinar (to drag (the mill))

Old Occitan:

Catalan: traginar

→ Spanish: trajinar (borrowing)

Occitan: treginar

Italian: trascinare

Romanian: tărăgăna, trăgăna

Sicilian: trascinari

Extended form of *tragāre, from trahere.


adbracchiare

Dalmatian: abrasur

Italo-Romance:

Italian: abbracciare

Sicilian: abbrazzari

Sardinian: abbratzare

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: abraçar

Occitan: abraçar

Ibero-Romance:

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: abraçar
Fala: abrazal
Galician: abrazar
Portuguese: abraçar

Old Spanish: abraçar

Spanish: abrazar


incarricare

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: ãncãrcari

Romanian: încărca

→ Albanian: ngarkoj

Italo-Romance:

Italian: incaricare

North Italian:

⇒ Ladin: nceria (noun)

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: encarregar

Old French: enchargier (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: encargar, encharjar

Ibero-Romance:

Portuguese: encarregar

Spanish: encargar


babbus

Italo-Romance:

Italian: babbo

North Italian:

Romagnol: ba, bab

Romansch: bab

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: babbu


incoagulo

head

*incoagulō (infinitive *incoagulāre, first-person singular preterite *incoagulāvī, past participle *incoagulātum)

incoagulō (canonical)
incoagulāre (infinitive)
incoagulāvī (first-person preterite singular)
incoagulātum (participle past)

Balkan Romance:

desc

Aromanian: ncljeg, ncljegu, ãncljeg, ãncljegu, ancljeg, ancljegu, cljeg, cljegu

Megleno-Romanian: ạncľag

Romanian: închega

North Italian:

Romansch: inquaglier


uxorare

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: ãnsor, nsor, ãnsoru, nsoru, sor, soru

Megleno-Romanian: ạnsor

Romanian: însura

Dalmatian:

⇒ uzorizare (archaic)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: assurà (dialect of Alatri)

Neapolitan: nsurà, nsurare


invitiare

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: anvets

Istro-Romanian: ănmeţå

Megleno-Romanian: ạnvets

Romanian: învăța

→ Proto-Albanian: *imbitjɔnit

⇒ Albanian: mësoj

Italo-Romance:

Italian: invezzare

Neapolitan: ammezzà

Calabria: 'mbizzare

Sicilian: ammizzari

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: envoisier

Occitan: envezar

Ibero-Romance:

Ladino: embezar, ambezar

From in- + vitium + -āre. Compare *advitiāre.


carnaceum

Megleno-Romanian: cărnat

Romanian: cârnat, cârnaț

Sicilian: carnazzu


disculceus

la-adj

*disculceus (feminine *disculcea, neuter *disculceum); first/second-declension adjective

disculcea (feminine)
disculceum (neuter)

Aromanian: discultsu

Friulian: discolç

Megleno-Romanian: discults

Romanian: desculț

Sardinian: iscultzu

Venetan: descolz

From *discalceus. The -u- was likely taken from disculciō. Alternatively, from a shortening of disculciātus.


feminus

*fēminus (feminine *fēmina, neuter *fēminum); first/second-declension adjective

fēminus (canonical)
fēmina (feminine)
fēminum (neuter)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: feamin

Megleno-Romanian: feamin

Romanian: famen

Ibero-Romance:

Portuguese: fêmeo


exventare

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: zvintu

Megleno-Romanian: izvint

Romanian: zvânta

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: isventare (Logudorese), sventai (Campidanese)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: sventare

Sicilian: sbintari, svintari, sbentare

North Italian:

Emilian: svintar

Friulian: svintà

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: esventar

Old French: esventer, esvanter

French: éventer

Occitan: esventar

From ex- (“out”) + ventus (“wind”) + -āre (verb-forming suffix).


sanitosus

la-adj

*sānitōsus (feminine *sānitōsa, neuter *sānitōsum); first/second-declension adjective

sānitōsus (canonical)
sānitōsa (feminine)
sānitōsum (neuter)

Italo-Western Romance:

Gascon: sanetos

Neapolitan: sanetuso

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: sanidosu

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: sãnãtos, sãnãtosu

Megleno-Romanian: sănătos

Romanian: sănătos

→ Albanian: shëndoshë


excarmino

la-verb

*excarminō (present infinitive *excarmināre, perfect active *excarmināvī, supine *excarminātum); first conjugation

excarminō (canonical)
excarmināre (infinitive present)
excarmināvī (active perfect)
excarminātum (supine)

Aromanian: scarmin, scãrminari

Catalan: escarmenar

q

influenced by <i class="Latn mention" lang="it">scapigliare</i>

Italian: scarmigliare (influenced by scapigliare)

Megleno-Romanian: scarmin

Neapolitan: scarminare

Romanian: scărmăna, scărmănare

Spanish: escarmenar


experlavare

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: aspel, spel, spilari

Aromanian: spelå

Megleno-Romanian: spel

Romanian: spăla

→ Albanian: shpëlaj, shplaj, shpërlaj

Italo-Romance:

Neapolitan:

Calabria: spaddavare

desc

Sicilian: spirlavari, spillavari, spillivari, ⇒ spirlavatu

Calabria: sprullavari


strinctus

la-part

*strinctus (feminine *strincta, neuter *strinctum); first/second-declension participle

→ Albanian: shtrenjtë (“expensive”)

Aromanian: strimtu, strãmtu

Friulian: strent

Istriot: strento

Old Italian: strinto, strinta

Ladin: strent

Megleno-Romanian: strimt

Neapolitan: strinto

Old French: estreint

French: étreint

Romanian: strâmt

Sardinian: istrintu, strintu

Venetan: strento, strent

From strictus, with the nasal imported from the present stringō.


medullum

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: midulj n

Italo-Romance:

Italian: midollo, midolla

Tuscan: mirollo, merollo, midollo

Neapolitan: medullo, merullo, metullo

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: maodhu, maoddu, miuddu, meuddu, meduddu

North Italian:

Ligurian: mòulo, miòlo

Lombard: mòl, miòl

Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: mooll, mohoyl, mool, moyl

Catalan: moll

Gascon: mesoth, medoth, moth

Old Occitan: mezol

Languedocien: mesolh

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: miollo, megollo

Asturian: megollu, migollu, miollu

Mirandese: miolho

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: meolo
Fala: miolus
Galician: miolo, meolo, molo
Portuguese: miolo

Old Spanish: meollo
Ladino: meoyo
Spanish: meollo

Formed analogically from medulla, which was apparently reinterpreted as a collective neuter plural. Compare the attested Medullum.


sicilare

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: sitsirari

Romanian: secera

Dalmatian:

seclur

North Italian:

Friulian: seselâ

Gallo-Romance: (via the variant *siculare)

Old French: cillier

Champenois: cîler

Lorrain: sceillî, sèïer

Picard: sêilli

Walloon: ciler

From sicilis/*sicila (“sickle”) + -āre (verb-forming suffix).


turbulare

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: turbur, turburari

Romanian: tulbura, tulburare

→ Albanian: trubulloj

Gallo-Romance:

Occitan: trebolar

Old French: trobler, trubler, torbler

French: troubler

→ English: trouble

From turbō or from turbula (“disorderly group, little crowd”), diminutive of turba; another possibility is derivation from a root *turbulus, itself from turbidus and perhaps influenced by turbulentus.


turbulus

la-adj

*turbulus (feminine *turbula, neuter *turbulum); first/second-declension adjective

Balkan Romance: (?)

Aromanian: turburi, turbur

Romanian: tulbure

→ Albanian: tarbulj

Italo-Romance:

Calabrian: trúvolo, túrbulu

Sicilian: trùbbulu

Padanian:

Lombard: tórbor

Piedmontese: tërbol

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: tèrbol

Franco-Provençal: trobllo

Occitan: trebol

Old French: troble

French: trouble

→ Dutch: troebel

→ English: trouble

Probably from alteration of turbidus, with influence from turbulentus, cf. also turbula, diminutive of turba (“disorderly crowd”); related to *turbulō.


pittus

*pittus (feminine *pitta, neuter *pittum); first/second-declension adjective

pitta (feminine)
pittum (neuter)
*piccus (alternative)

Romanian: pic

Uncertain; possibly from earlier *piccus, borrowed from Proto-Celtic *bikkos (“small, little”). Alteration of -tt-/-cc- also possibly due to the influence of paucus (“few, little”).

piccino

pittinus, pitinnus (+ -inus) (merger with pauquinus); Italian

pequeno

Old Galician-Portuguese: pequeno; Portuguese

piccolo

pitulus (+ -ulus) (merger with pauculus); Italian

pìcciulu

pitulus (+ -ulus) (merger with pauculus); Sicilian


domnicellus

la-noun

*domnicellus m (oblique *domnicellum, feminine *domnicella); second declension

domnicellum (oblique)
domnicella (feminine)

Catalan: donzell

→ Spanish: doncel

Old French: damoisel

French: damoiseau

Old Occitan: donçel, donzel, donsel

→ Italian: donzello

→ English: donzel

Old Sardinian: donnikellu

From earlier *dominicellus, from dominus + -icus + -ellus.


mixticare

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: (a)misticari

Romanian: mesteca

Dalmatian:

mescur

Italo-Romance:

desc

Italian: mesticare, misticare (archaic?)

Arcevia: mistigà

Neapolitan: ammistecà (Abruzzo)

Sicilian: misticari

From mixtus (“mixed”) + -icāre (verb-forming suffix).


minutiare

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: mărunța (archaic) ⇒ mărunți

Italo-Romance:

desc

Italian: minuzzare (archaic), sminuzzare

Sicilian: munuzzari

North Italian:

Emilian: minsá

Romansch: manisar

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: menuisier

French: menuiser

Old Occitan: menuzar

Occitan: menusar, desmenusar, esmenusar

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: [Term?]

Galician: esmiuzar

Portuguese: esmiuçar

Old Spanish: menuzar

Spanish: desmenuzar

→ Catalan: desmenussar

From minūtus + -iāre (causative verb-forming suffix).


fumizare

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: fumedz

Romanian: fuma (certain conjugations)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: fumeggiare

Sicilian: fumiari

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: fumejar

Old French: fumoier, fumoiier

Middle French: fumoyer

Occitan: fumejar, femejar

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: fumiar

Old Galician-Portuguese: fumear

Galician: fumear

Portuguese: fumear

Old Spanish: fumeyar

Spanish: humear

From Latin fūmigāre, with the suffix replaced by -izāre (verb-forming suffix). Derivable from fūmus (“smoke”) + -izāre.

Alternative form of fūmigō (“smoke, give off smoke”)


peccuinus

la-adj

*peccuinus (feminine *peccuina, neuter *peccuinum); first/second-declension adjective

peccuina (feminine)
peccuinum (neuter)
*pittinus (alternative)

Italian: piccino

Mirandese: pequeinho

Occitan:

Gascon: pouninn

Provençal: pechin

Portuguese: pequeno

Romanian: puțin, pucin

Romanian: pic

Sardinian: pithinnu

Spanish: pequeño

Variant of pittinus, diminutive of *pittus, from earlier *piccus, borrowed from Proto-Celtic *bikkos (“small, little”). Alteration of -tt-/-cc- also possibly due to the influence of paucus (“few, little”).


colobra

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: colovra, colora

Italo-Romance:

Sicilian: culovra, culòvria, culòrbia

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: colobra

Franco-Provençal: calovra

Occitan: colòbra

desc

Old French: colovre, coluevre, collure, calovre

French: couleuvre

French: couleuvrine

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: cullebra

Asturian: culuebra, culiebra

Leonese: culuebra, culiebra, colebra, crioba

Mirandese: queluobra

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: coobra
Galician: cobra
Portuguese: cobra (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: culuebra, coluebra
Spanish: culebra
Chavacano: culebra
Papiamentu: kolebra

From Classical Latin cólubra, with a forward shift in stress due to the -br- and with */ˈɔ/ developing via dissimilation from the following /β/. Compare the masculine equivalent colŏber < Classical coluber. (Cf. also *iŏvenem, *ŏvum).


glemus

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: gljem

Romanian: ghem

North Italian:

Lombard: gemb

Venetan: gemo


vetulire

Balkan Romance:

⇒ Aromanian: nvicljescu, nvicljiri

Old Romanian: vechi

⇒ Romanian: învechi

Gallo-Romance:

⇒ Catalan: envellir

French: vieillir

Occitan: vielhir ⇒ envielhir

From vetulus (“old”) + īre (verb-forming suffix).


inclavare

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: enclavar

Occitan: enclavar

Old French: encloer

French: enclouer

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: enclavar

Portuguese: encravar

Spanish: enclavar


mintula

Sardinian: mincra, minca

desc

Sicilian: minchia, menchia, mìnchia, mincia, minghia, 'nchia, 'nghia

→ Italian: minchia ⇒ minchione

→ Middle French: minchon

From Latin mentula, with the stressed vowel apparently replaced by that of mingō (“urinate”).


abhorrire

Balkano-Romance:

Romanian: borî (possibly)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: abborrire, aborrire (latinized)

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: avorrir

Franco-Provençal: avuri, avori

Occitan: aborrir

Old French: avourrir

Ibero-Romance:

Fala: aburril

Galician: aburrir

Portuguese: aborrir

Spanish: aburrir

Reassignment of Classical abhorrēre to the fourth conjugation.


eccum hic

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: aci

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: qui

Italian: qui

Padanian:

Friulian: chi

Ligurian: chi

Venetan: chi

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: tchë

Old Bourguignon: qui

Franc-Comtois: qui

Poitevin-Saintongeais: qui

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: aquí

Occitan: qui, aqui

Ibero-Romance:

Extremaduran: equí, aquí

Old Leonese: [Term?]

Asturian: equí, aquí

Leonese: aiquí

Mirandese: eiquí, aquí

Old Galician-Portuguese: [Term?]

Galician: eiquí, aiquí, aquí

Portuguese: aqui

Spanish: aquí

→ Interlingua: aqui

Forms with the first vowel altered into /i-/ by analogy with ici and such:

Old Franco-Provençal: yqui, iqui

Franco-Provençal: ique

Old French: iki, iqui

Gallo: itchi

Norman: itchi

Picard: iki

Poitevin-Saintongeais: iqui


subilare

Balkano-Romance:

Aromanian: shuir, shuirari

Romanian: șuiera, șuierare

Italo-Dalmatian:

Dalmatian: sublar

Italian: subillare, sobillare

Rhaeto-Romance:

Romansch: tschüblar

Gallo-Italic:

Piedmontese: subié

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: sublar

French: subler (Acadian)

Occitan:

Languedocien: sublar

Limousin: sublar, ⇒ eissublar

Provençal: sublar

Vivaro-Alpine: sublar

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: xubriar, subiar


viridura

Italo-Romance:

Italian: verdura ⇒ verzura (crossed with verza)

Sicilian: virdura

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: birdura (“cabbage”)

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: verdure

French: verdure
→ Romanian: verdură

→ Middle English: verdure

English: verdure

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: verdura

Occitan: verdura

Ibero-Romance:

Old Spanish: verdura

Spanish: verdura

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: verdura

Portuguese: verdura

From viridis (“green”) + -ūra (noun-forming suffix).


viriditia

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: virdeatsã

Romanian: verdeață

Italo-Western Romance:

French: verdesse (type of grape)

Italian: verdezza

From viridis (“green”) + -itia (abstract noun-forming suffix).


pulvus

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: pous ⇒ pousiere

desctree

French: poussière
Haitian Creole: pousyè

Norman: poussière

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: pols ⇒ polsera

Gascon: pov ⇒ povas (Comenges)

Occitan:

Languedocien: pols, polsa

Provençal: poussa

Vivaro-Alpine: pòussa

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: polvu

Old Galician-Portuguese: poo (with loss of /β/ preceding loss of /l/)
Galician: po
Portuguese: pó (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: polvos

Spanish: polvo

Reassignment of the Classical pulvis m to the neuter gender.


eccum modo

Romanian: acum

Sardinian: como

From Latin eccum (deictic) + modo (“now”).


ad modo

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: amó

Romanian: amu

Italo-Western Romance:

Dalmatian: jamo

Ladin: amó

Lombard: amó


eccum inde

Balkan Romance:

Old Romanian: cinde

⇒ Romanian: decinde

Italo-Romance:

Italian: quindi

Sicilian: quinni

Ibero-Romance:

Old Galician-Portuguese: aquen

Galician: aquén

Portuguese: aquém

Spanish: aquende

From Latin eccum (deictic) + inde (“thence”).


eccum iste

head

*eccum iste m (feminine *eccum ista, neuter *eccum istum)

eccum ista (feminine)
eccum istum (neuter)
*ecce iste (alternative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: aestu

Megleno-Romanian: tsist

Romanian: acest, acestui

Dalmatian:

>? čost

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: questu, quistu

Italian: questo, costui

Neapolitan: chisto

Sicilian: chistu

North Italian:

Friulian: chest

Istriot: quisto

Ladin: chest

Piedmontese: cost

Romansch: quest

Venetan: cuesto

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: aquest

Occitan: aqueste

Ibero-Romance:

desc

Navarro-Aragonese: aquesti, aqueste, aquesto

Asturian: aquesti

Galician: aqueste (Bierzo)

Mirandese: aqueste

Navarro-Aragonese: aquesti

Portuguese: aqueste (Beira)

Spanish: aqueste

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: custu, icustu, icuste, custe

From eccum (deictic) + iste (“that one”).


eccum ille

head

*eccum ille m (feminine *eccum illa, neuter *eccum illum)

eccum illa (feminine)
eccum illum (neuter)
*ecce ille (alternative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: atsel

Istro-Romanian: ţel

Megleno-Romanian: tsel

Romanian: acel, acelui, cel

Dalmatian:

col

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: quellu, quillu, quiddu

Italian: quello, quegli, colui

Neapolitan: chille

Sicilian: chiddu

North Italian:

Friulian: chel

Istriot: quil

>? Ladin: chël

Piedmontese: aquel, chiel, col

Romansch: quel

Venetan: cuel, cuelo

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: aquell

Occitan:

Auvergnat: aquèl, aquelh

Gascon: aqueth, aceth

Languedocien: aquel

Limousin: aqueu

Provençal: aqueu

Vivaro-Alpine: aqueu

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: aquel, aquer

Asturian: aquel, aquelli

Mirandese: aquel, aqueilho

Old Galician-Portuguese: aquele, aquel

Galician: aquel, aquil, aquele

Portuguese: aquele, aquilo

Old Spanish:

Ladino: akel

Spanish: aquel, aquello

→ Interlingua: aquelle

Insular Romance:

Old Sardinian: icullu, cullu, *iculle

Sardinian: cuddu, icudde


eccum ipse

*eccum ipse m (feminine *eccum ipsa, neuter *eccum ipsum)

eccum ipsa (feminine)
eccum ipsum (neuter)
ecce ipse (alternative)

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: quissu

Sicilian: chissu

Padanian:

Lombard: quex

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: aqueix, agueix

Ibero-Romance:

Old Leonese: aquesse

Leonese: aquese

Old Galician-Portuguese: aquesse

Galician: aquese (Bierzo)

Portuguese: aquesse (Beira Baixa)

Spanish: aquese

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: cussu, icusse, cusse

From eccum (deictic) + ipse (“the very same”).


nittus

la-adj

*nittus (feminine *nitta, neuter *nittum); first/second-declension adjective

Italo-Romance:

Italian: netto (“clear, pure”)

Sicilian: nittu (“clear, pure”)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: nitu, nidu

North Italian:

Friulian: net

Istriot: nito

Ladin: nët

Romansch: net

Venetan: néto

Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: net

Catalan: net

→ Spanish: neto

Franco-Provençal: net

Old French: net (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: net

From Classical Latin nitidus via an early syncope of the unstressed /ĭ/ and assimilation of the resulting /dt/ to /tt/.


eccum talis

eccum tālis (canonical feminine masculine)

Balkan Romance:

Megleno-Romanian: cutari

Romanian: cutare, acătării

Italo-Romance:

Italian: cotale

Gallo-Romance:

Occitan: aital

Old Catalan: aital


eccum illac

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: acolea

Italo-Romance:

Italian: colà

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: acolá, aculá

Portuguese: acolá

Spanish: acullá

From eccum (deictic) + illāc (“that way”).


eccum tantum

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: ahtãntu

Megleno-Romanian: tăntu

Romanian: atât

Italo-Romance:

Old Italian: cotanto

Italian: cotanto

→ Old Sardinian: gotantu

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Occitan: aitant

Old Catalan: aitant


tundus

*tundus (feminine *tunda, neuter *tundum); first/second-declension adjective

Italo-Romance:

Italian: tondo

Neapolitan: tunno

Sicilian: tunnu

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: tundu, tunnu

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: tont

Lombard: tont

Romagnol: tond

Friulian: tont

Venetan: tondo

→ Istriot: tòndo

→ Istro-Romanian: tond

Back-derived from Late Latin retundus (< Classical rotundus), with the initial segment interpreted as the prefix re-.


putricus

*putricus (feminine *putrica, neuter *putricum); first/second-declension adjective

From putridus, with the ending replaced by -icus. Compare *rancicus and *muccicus.


putricalium

putricālium (canonical neuter)
putricālia (plural)

Balkan Romance:

Romanian: putregai n

q

some forms influenced by <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">-āceum</i>

Gallo-Romance: (some forms influenced by -āceum)

Angevin: pouriail

desc

Bourbonnais-Berrichon: pourriat, pourrigea, pourrija

Franc-Comtois: pourriâ

Norman: pourriau

Ibero-Romance: (with unexpected /k/)

Galician: podricallo

Leonese: podricajo


muccicus

la-adj

*muccicus (feminine *muccica, neuter *muccicum); first/second-declension adjective

From mŭccidus, variant of mūcidus, with the ending replaced by -icus. Compare *rancicus and *putricus.

Alternative form of muccidus (“moldy, musty, snivelling”)


muccicalium

muccicālium (canonical neuter)
muccicālia (plural)

Italian: moccicaglia f

Romanian: mucegai n

From *muccicus + -ālium. Compare *putricālium.


putricare

Gallo-Romance:

Old Occitan: poyrigar, apoirigar

⇒ Occitan: purigié (Saint-Pierre)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian:

Campidanese: purdiai

Logudorese: pudrigare ⇒ ispudriare

From *putricus + -āre. Compare *muccicāre.


muccicare

Italian: moccicare

From *muccicus + -āre. Compare *putricāre.


rasicare

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: rasicare, arrasicare (Nuorese), rasigare, arrasigare (Logudorese), arrasigai, arresigai (Campidanese)

Sicilian: rascari, arrascari

North Italian:

Venetan: rascar

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: rascar

⇒ Franco-Provençal: râche

Occitan: rascar

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: rascar

Portuguese: rascar

Spanish: rascar

From rās- (“shaven”) + -icāre (verb forming suffix).


cuperare

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: cuperare, cuberare, cuberai

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: cobrar

Old Franco-Provençal: corar

Old French: covrer, combrer, cobrer

Middle French: couvrer, combrer

Occitan: cobrar, crobar

Ibero-Romance:

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: cobrar
Galician: cobrar
Portuguese: cobrar

Spanish: cobrar

→ Basque: cobru

Back-formation of recuperāre (“recover, regain”).


expingere

Catalan: espènyer

Dalmatian: spangro

Old French: espaindre, espeindre

Old Occitan: espenher, espénje, espenji

desc

Italian: spingere, spignere (dated or regional)

Sardinian: ispinghere, spingiri (Campidanese)

Sicilian: spìnciri

From ex- + pangō. Compare Classical impingō. Not to be confused with expingō (“paint, depict”).


undizare

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: undedz

Romanian: undeza

Italo-Romance:

Italian: ondeggiare

Neapolitan: onnejà

North Italian:

Venetan: ondizar

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: onejar

Franco-Provençal: ondeyér

Occitan: ondejar

Old French: ondoiier

French: ondoyer

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: ondear, ondexar

Portuguese: ondear, ondejar

Spanish: ondear

From unda (“wave”, noun) + -izāre (verb-forming suffix).


lacrimizare

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: lãcãrmedz

Romanian: lăcrima (certain conjugations)

Italo-Western Romance:

Catalan: llagrimejar

desctree

Old French: larmoiier, larmeier, larmoier
French: larmoyer

Italian: lacrimeggiare (non-standard)

Occitan: lagremejar

Old Galician-Portuguese: *lagremejar

Galician: lagrimexar, lagremexar

desc

Portuguese: lacrimejar (/k/ by Latin influence)

Spanish: lagrimear


caronia

Balkan Romance:

q

>? Romanian: cărâie (if so, phonetically influenced by another word)

Italo-Romance:

desctree

Italian: carogna
→ Catalan: carronya
→ Spanish: carroña
→? Sicilian: carogna

Gallo-Romance:

desc

Franco-Provençal: charogne, charounye, charonye, tsaroutha

Old French: charogne (see there for further descendants)

Old Occitan: caronha

Occitan: caronha, charonha, carònha, carraunha

From carō (“flesh”). The origin of the suffix is unclear.


ad prope

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: aproapi

Megleno-Romanian: proapi

Romanian: aproape

North Italian:

Piedmontese: apreu, apreuv

Lombard: apreuf

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: aprop

Languedocien: aprop, aprèp ("after", influenced by après)


incaballicare

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: incaddicare, incaddigare

Balkano-Romance:

Aromanian: ncalic, ncãlicari

Megleno-Romanian: ăncălicari

Romanian: încăleca, încălecare

Italo-Romance:

Italian: incavalcare, encavalcare (archaic, Tuscan)

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: encavalcar

Occitan: encavalcar, encavaucar

Old French: enchevauchier, enchevalchier, enchevacher, enchivacher

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: encabalgar

Galician: encabalgar

Portuguese: encavalgar

Spanish: encabalgar

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: ngalkoj

From in- + caballus + -icāre or in- + caballicāre.

(transitive or intransitive) mount on a saddle


discaballicare

Balkano-Romance:

Aromanian: discalic

Megleno-Romanian: discălicari

Romanian: descăleca, descălecare

Italo-Romance:

Italian: discavalcare

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: schiavagliâ

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: descavalcar

Franco-Provençal: dètsevœudzi

desctree

Old French: deschevauchier
Middle French: deschevaucher

Old Occitan: descavalcar, descavalgar

Old Gascon: descabalga, descabauga

Ibero-Romance:

Portuguese: descavalgar

Spanish: descabalgar

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: shkalkoj

From dis- + caballus + -icāre or dis- + caballicāre.


pullionem

pulliōnem (canonical masculine)
pulliōnēs (plural)

Occitan: polon (Niçard)

Old French: poillon

Walloon: poyon

desc

Sardinian: puzone, pigione (Laconi, Desulo), pilloni (General Campidanese)


torundus

la-adj

*torundus (feminine *torunda, neuter *torundum); first/second-declension adjective

Insular Romance:

⇒? Sardinian: atturundare

North Italian:

Friulian: taront

Ladin: torónn

Old Venetan: torond


cadutus

la-part

*cadūtus (feminine *cadūta, neuter *cadūtum); first/second-declension participle

cadūtus (canonical)
cadūta (feminine)
cadūtum (neuter)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: cãdzut

Old Romanian: căd̦ut

Romanian: căzut

Italo-Romance:

Italian: caduto

Neapolitan: caduto, caruto

Sicilian:

Calabria: cadutu

Salento: cadutu, catutu

North Italian:

desc

Gallo-Italic of Basilicata: cadudu, carudu, caruttu

⇒ Ladin: recadù

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: chù

Old French: chëu, chäu

Bourguignon: chu

French: chu

Poitevin-Saintongeais: cheù, cheùt

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: cahut ⇒ cahegut

Catalan: caüt (non-standard), caigut (standard), calgut (Alghero)

Gascon: cadut ⇒ cajut

Old Occitan: cazut ⇒ cagut, cazegut

Occitan: cazut, casegut

Ibero-Romance:

Navarro-Aragonese: cadutu (Glosas Silenses)

Old Spanish: caudo


frigulare

Old French: friller

Bourguignon: friller

Franc-Comtois: frilli

Middle French: friller

Poitevin-Saintongeais: friler

→? Proto-Albanian: [Term?]

Albanian: fërgëlloj


coleutus

la-adj

*cōleūtus (feminine *cōleūta, neuter *cōleūtum); first/second-declension adjective

cōleūtus (canonical)
cōleūta (feminine)
cōleūtum (neuter)

Italo-Romance:

Sicilian: cugliutu (obsolete)

Insular Romance:

desctree

Sardinian: cozudu, colludu (Campidanese)
→? Italian: cogliuto

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: coillu
Middle French: couillu
French: couillu

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: collut

Occitan: colhut

Ibero-Romance:

Galician: colludo

Portuguese: colhudo

Spanish: cojudo

From cōleus (“testicle”) + -ūtus (adjective-forming suffix). Cf. Vulgar Latin *barbūtus ⇔ Classical Latin barbātus.

af

Alternative form of cōleātus (“betesticled, not castrated”)


gemellicum

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: gremeddicu, ameddigu, meddighe (Logudorese), ghermeddiche, cremeddicu, cremeddiche (Nuorese)

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: xemelgu, ximielgu

Leonese: emielgo (13th c.), mielgo

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: xemelgo, ximelgo, gemelgo (reintegrationist)

Portuguese: gemelgo (northern)

Spanish: mielgo


imprumutare

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: mprumut, mprumutu, mpurmut, mpurmutu

Romanian: împrumuta

North Italian:

Old Ligurian: imprumuar, impremuar

Lombard: imprümüdar, impermüdà

Piedmontese: imprümüdar, impremüdà

Romansch: impermidar

desctree

Gallo-Romance: imprūntāre (8th c., Reichenau Glossary)
Franco-Provençal: emprontar, èprontê, inprontâ
Old French: emprunter
Middle French: emprunter
French: emprunter
Norman: emprunter
→ Italian: improntare
Gascon: emprontar
Occitan: empruntar

Alteration of imprōmūtuāre via regressive assimilation.


barbutus

la-adj

*barbūtus (feminine *barbūta, neuter *barbūtum); first/second-declension adjective

barbūtus (canonical)
barbūta (feminine)
barbūtum (neuter)

Italo-Romance:

Italian: barbuto

Sicilian: varvutu

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: barbudu

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: barbut

Occitan: barbut

Old French: barbu

French: barbu

Norman: barbu

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: barbudu

Galician: barbudo

Portuguese: barbudo (see there for further descendants)

Spanish: barbudo (see there for further descendants)

From barba (“beard”) + -ūtus (adjective-forming suffix). Cf. Vulgar Latin *cōleūtus ⇔ Classical Latin cōleātus.

af

Alternative form of barbātus (“bearded”)


cinquagesima

la-noun

*cīnquāgēsima f (oblique *cīnquāgēsimam); first declension

cīnquāgēsima (canonical feminine)
cīnquāgēsimam (oblique)

North Italian:

Romansch: tschuncaisma

Puter: tschinquaisma

Gallo-Romance:

desc

Old French: cinquesme, chinquesme, ciunquesme

Middle French: cinquesme

Walloon: Cîcweme

→ Middle Dutch: sinxene
Dutch: Sinksen

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: cincogesma, cinquagesma

West Iberian:

Old Galician-Portuguese: cimquoesma

Galician: cincuesma

Navarro-Aragonese: sinquagesima

Old Spanish: cinquaesma

Borrowings:

→ Old Irish: cingcices

Middle Irish: cengciges

Irish: Cincís

Scottish Gaelic: Caingis

From Classical quīnquāgesima via dissimilation of /kʷ/-/kʷ/ to /k/-/kʷ/; compare cīnque, cīnquāgintā.


sicila

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: seatsirã

Romanian: seceră

Dalmatian:

secla

North Italian:

Friulian: [ˈsezule], [ˈsejʒola]

Istriot: [ˈsizula]

Ladin: [ˈsɛdla]

Piedmontese: [ˈsɛza]

Romansch: [ˈsajʒla]

Venetan: [ˈsezuja]

Gallo-Romance: (via the variant *sicula)

Old French: seile

Champenois: cîle, ceille

Lorrain: sée

⇒ Middle French: crowée de sille

Picard: sêille

Walloon: sèye

Perhaps a blend of the synonyms sicilis and secula.


similiare

head

*similiāre (present participle *similiantem)

similiāre (canonical)
similiantem (participle present)

Italo-Romance:

desc

Italian: somigliare, simigliare (literary)

Sicilian: simigghiari

q

North Italian: (forms with /o/ perhaps infl. by Italian)

Friulian: semejâ, someâ

Old Ligurian: semegiar

Old Lombard: *semeglar ⇒ semeglançça

Lombard: someià, somejà, someà

Piedmontese: smié, semiglià

desc

Romansch: sumegliar, semegliar, sumiglier, sumaglier

Venetan: somejar, somegiar, somiar

Gallo-Romance:

Old Occitan: semelhar

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: semellar

Leonese: semeyar

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: semellar
Galician: semellar
Portuguese: semelhar

Spanish: semejar

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: simizare

From similis + -iāre. Compare Late Latin similāre.


similiantem

Italo-Romance:

Italian: somigliante

Sicilian: simigghianti

North Italian:

Friulian: someant

Romansch: sumegliant, semegliont

Venetan: somejante, somegiante

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: semeyante

Galician: semellante

Portuguese: semelhante

Spanish: semejante


-entare

-entāre (canonical)
*-antāre (alternative)

From an amalgamation of -entem (present participle ending) and -āre (verb-forming suffix).