tinhaną

tinhō (active first-person indicative singular)
tinhaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tinhai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tinhizi (active indicative second-person singular)
tinhaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tinh (active imperative second-person singular)
tinhazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tinhaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tinhidi (active indicative singular third-person)
tinhai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tinhadau (active imperative singular third-person)
tinhadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tinhaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tinhōz (active dual first-person indicative)
tinhaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tinhadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tinhaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tinhadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tinhamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tinhaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tinhandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tinhaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tinhid (active indicative plural second-person)
tinhaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tinhid (active imperative plural second-person)
tinhandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tinhaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tinhandi (active indicative plural third-person)
tinhain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tinhandau (active imperative plural third-person)
tinhandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tinhaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tanh (active first-person indicative singular)
tungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tanht (active indicative second-person singular)
tungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tanh (active indicative singular third-person)
tungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tungū (active dual first-person indicative)
tungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tungum (active first-person indicative plural)
tungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tungud (active indicative plural second-person)
tungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tungun (active indicative plural third-person)
tungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tinhandz (active participle present)
tunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *tingan, ġetingan

From Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite, sting”).


klanhs

klanhs (nominative singular)
klanhiz (nominative plural)
klanh (singular vocative)
klanhiz (plural vocative)
klanhų (accusative singular)
klanhunz (accusative plural)
klanhiz (genitive singular)
klanhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klanhi (dative singular)
klanhumaz (dative plural)
klanhē (instrumental singular)
klanhumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *clōh

desc

Middle English: clogh, clough, clow, clew

English: clough

Northumbrian cleugh

Scots: cleuch

Old High German: *klāh (in placenames)

Unknown. Kroonen links *kling(w)aną (“to shrink”). Compare also Proto-Celtic *glendos (“valley, glen”) and Proto-Germanic *klintaz (“hill, cliff”), of possible substrate origin.
In view of *klintaz, *klibą (“cliff”) and *kluftiz (“cleft”), sound symbolism may be involved.

sound-symbolic

sound symbolism


hagatusjō

hagatusjō (nominative singular)
hagatusjôz (nominative plural)
hagatusjō (singular vocative)
hagatusjôz (plural vocative)
hagatusjǭ (accusative singular)
hagatusjōz (accusative plural)
hagatusjōz (genitive singular)
hagatusjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hagatusjōi (dative singular)
hagatusjōmaz (dative plural)
hagatusjō (instrumental singular)
hagatusjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hagatussjā, *hagatusi
Old English: hægtesse, hæġtes, hæġtess, heġtes, hǣts
Middle English: hagge, hegge
English: hag
Old Frisian: *hegtesse, *hexe
Saterland Frisian: Häkse
West Frisian: hekse
Old Saxon: *hagatusia
Middle Low German: hexe
German Low German: Häxe, Hexe
Plautdietsch: Hakjs
→ Danish: heks
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: heks
→ Swedish: häxa
Old Dutch: *hagatissa
Middle Dutch: hagetisse
Dutch: hagedis (dialectal)
Old High German: hagzissa, hagazussa, hagzussa, hāzissa, hāzussa, hāzessa, hāzus
Middle High German: hecse, hesse, hexse, hegxse, hexe
German: Hexe
→ Dutch: heks
Afrikaans: heks
→ Papiamentu: hèks
→ Polish: heksa
Luxembourgish: Hex

Uncertain; possibly from *hagaz (“skilled, crafty”) + *tusjō (“witch, demon”) (whence Norwegian tysja (“witch, demon”)), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰus-yéh₂, from *dʰews- (“breath; spirit”) (whence *deuzą (“animal, beast”)). However, this devoicing is phonetically irregular. The second part is more likely from Proto-Indo-European *dus- (“bad, evil”).

af

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


krabitaz

krabitaz (nominative singular)
krabitōz (nominative plural)
krabitōs (nominative plural)
krabit (singular vocative)
krabitōz (plural vocative)
krabitōs (plural vocative)
krabitą (accusative singular)
krabitanz (accusative plural)
krabitas (genitive singular)
krabitis (genitive singular)
krabitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krabitai (dative singular)
krabitamaz (dative plural)
krabitō (instrumental singular)
krabitamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *krabit
Old Saxon: krevit
Middle Low German: krēvet
German Low German: Kreeft, Krefft
Plautdietsch: Kjräft
→ Danish: kræft
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kreft
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kreft
→ Old Swedish: krævet, kræveta
Swedish: kräfta
Old Dutch: *crevet
Middle Dutch: creft, crēvet, crēeft
Dutch: kreeft
Afrikaans: kreef
Negerhollands: kreeft, greef
→ Papiamentu: kref, kreeft
Limburgish: kreef
→ Norman: crabette, cravette, crevette (possibly)
→ French: crevette
Old High German: krebiz, krebazzo
Old High German: crebiz, krëbez, krebz
Alemannic German: Chräps
German: Krebs
→ Danish: krebs
→ German Low German: Krebs
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kreps
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kreps
→ Saterland Frisian: Krääps
→ Scanian: krævs
→ Yiddish: קרעבס (krebs)
Luxembourgish: Kriibs
→ Old French: crevice, crevez, crevis, crevesce, creveche, creveis, escrevise, escreveice, escreviche (either from a diminutive *krabitjō or from Old High German krebiz)
Middle French: escrevice, escrevisse, escrevisce, crevis, creviche, crevice
French: écrevisse
→ Middle Dutch: crevetse
→ Middle English: crevis, crevyse, creuez, crevez, crevise, creveys, crevesse, krevys
English: crevis; crayfish, crawfish (influenced by fish)

Traditionally considered a relative of *krabbô (“crab”) and thus derived from Pre-Germanic *grobʰidos, from the zero-grade form of *gerbʰ- (“to carve, scratch”) + *-itaz, *-utaz (animal suffix) (compare *hurznutō (“hornet”), *herutaz (“deer”), *ganutô (“gander”)). However, Kroonen notes that, in addition to the above theory, significant influence or even outright borrowing from the same substrate continuum whence Ancient Greek κᾱ́ρᾰβος (kā́răbos, “beetle, crustacean”) and Proto-Germanic *humaraz (“lobster”) is possible.

cog

(West Germanic) A crustacean (crab, lobster, crayfish).


stauraz

stauraz (nominative singular)
staurōz (nominative plural)
staurōs (nominative plural)
staur (singular vocative)
staurōz (plural vocative)
staurōs (plural vocative)
staurą (accusative singular)
stauranz (accusative plural)
stauras (genitive singular)
stauris (genitive singular)
staurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staurai (dative singular)
stauramaz (dative plural)
staurō (instrumental singular)
stauramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *staur
Old Dutch: *stōr
Middle Dutch: stoor

Apparently from Proto-Indo-European *(s)towr-o-s, from *(s)tewrH-, *(s)twerH- (“to stir up, agitate”), though Kroonen assigns no etymology and compares only Latvian stũrs (“stubborn, unruly”), which he considers potentially loaned from the Germanic.


maiską

maiską (nominative singular)
maiskō (nominative plural)
maiską (singular vocative)
maiskō (plural vocative)
maiską (accusative singular)
maiskō (accusative plural)
maiskas (genitive singular)
maiskis (genitive singular)
maiskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maiskai (dative singular)
maiskamaz (dative plural)
maiskō (instrumental singular)
maiskamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: māsc

English: mash

Old Saxon: mēsk

Middle Low German: mēsch

→ Swedish: mäsk

Old High German: meisk

Middle High German: meisch

German: Maisch

From earlier *maihską, from Proto-Indo-European *moiḱ-sḱ-o/eh₂-, from *meyḱ- (“mix”).


mēdwō

mēdwō (nominative singular)
mēdwôz (nominative plural)
mēdwō (singular vocative)
mēdwôz (plural vocative)
mēdwǭ (accusative singular)
mēdwōz (accusative plural)
mēdwōz (genitive singular)
mēdwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēdwōi (dative singular)
mēdwōmaz (dative plural)
mēdwō (instrumental singular)
mēdwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mādu, *madu
Old English: mǣd, mēd — Anglian, Kentish
Middle English: mede, medwe
English: mead, meadow
Scots: meeda
Yola: mead
Old Frisian: mēde, mēd
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: miad
Goesharde: mäid
Halligen: meed
Karrharde: meed
Wiedingharde: mäid- (in compounds such as mäidfjin)
East Frisian:
Harlingerland Frisian: meede, mehde
Saterland Frisian: Mäid
West Frisian: miede
→ Middle Low German: mede
German Low German: Meed, Mede
⇒ German Low German: Meedje
Old Dutch: *māda
Middle Dutch: mâde
Dutch: made
Old High German: *mata (< *madu)
Middle High German: matte, mate
Alemannic German: Matt
Alsatian: Matt, Matte
German: Matte

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂meh₁- (“to mow”) + *-dwō; see also Proto-Germanic *mēþą (“a mowing”). Cognate with Latin metere (“to cut down; reap; mow”).


hamô

hamô (nominative singular)
hamaniz (nominative plural)
hamô (singular vocative)
hamaniz (plural vocative)
hamanų (accusative singular)
hamanunz (accusative plural)
haminiz (genitive singular)
hamanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hamini (dative singular)
hamammaz (dative plural)
haminē (instrumental singular)
hamammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hamō

Old English:

Middle English:

English: hame (“horse collar”)

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: hame, haem (“horse collar”)

Dutch: haam (“horse collar”)

Old High German: *hamo

desc

Middle High German: hame (“fishing rod”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱom-o-, from *ḱem- (“to restrain; shaft, collar”). Cognate with Sanskrit शम्या (śámyā, “yoke pin, plug, wedge”), Avestan 𐬯𐬌𐬨𐬁 (simā, “yoke pin”), Ancient Greek κάμαξ (kámax, “pole, bar, shaft”), Old Armenian սամիք (samikʻ, “facewoods of a yoke”).


wastmaz

wastmaz (nominative singular)
wastmōz (nominative plural)
wastmōs (nominative plural)
wastm (singular vocative)
wastmōz (plural vocative)
wastmōs (plural vocative)
wastmą (accusative singular)
wastmanz (accusative plural)
wastmas (genitive singular)
wastmis (genitive singular)
wastmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wastmai (dative singular)
wastmamaz (dative plural)
wastmō (instrumental singular)
wastmamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wæstm, westm

Middle English: wæstm, wastme, wastom

Old Saxon: wastum

From earlier *wahsmaz, from *wahsijaną (“to grow”).


jugunþiz

jugunþiz (nominative singular)
jugunþīz (nominative plural)
jugunþi (singular vocative)
jugunþīz (plural vocative)
jugunþį (accusative singular)
jugunþinz (accusative plural)
jugunþīz (genitive singular)
jugunþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jugunþī (dative singular)
jugunþimaz (dative plural)
jugunþī (instrumental singular)
jugunþimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *jugunþi
Old English: ġeoguþ
Middle English: youthe
English: youth (obsolete yought)
Middle Scots: ȝouthe, ȝouth, ȝowth, ȝewth, youth
Scots: youth
Old Frisian: jogethe
Saterland Frisian: Juugd
West Frisian: jeugd
Old Saxon: juguth, jugud
Middle Low German: jōged
German Low German: Jöögd
Old Dutch: *juguth, iuginde
Middle Dutch: jōghet, jōgede
Dutch: jeugd
Old High German: jugund
Middle High German: jugent
German: Jugend
Luxembourgish: Jugend
Yiddish: יוגנט (yugnt)

From earlier *juwundiz (possibly influenced in form by *dugunþō), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yú-Hn̥-ti-s, from *h₂yéwHō (“young”).

(West Germanic) the state of being young; youth


kanką

kanką (nominative singular)
kankō (nominative plural)
kanką (singular vocative)
kankō (plural vocative)
kanką (accusative singular)
kankō (accusative plural)
kankas (genitive singular)
kankis (genitive singular)
kankǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kankai (dative singular)
kankamaz (dative plural)
kankō (instrumental singular)
kankamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kank

Old English: canc

Middle English: cang, chang

From Proto-Indo-European *gong- (“mockery, derision”).


snuttuz

snuttuz (nominative singular)
snuttiwiz (nominative plural)
snuttu (singular vocative)
snuttiwiz (plural vocative)
snuttų (accusative singular)
snuttunz (accusative plural)
snuttauz (genitive singular)
snuttiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snuttiwi (dative singular)
snuttumaz (dative plural)
snuttū (instrumental singular)
snuttumiz (instrumental plural)
*snuttaz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *snutt, *snott

Old English: *snott; ġesnott, ġesnot

Middle English: snotte, snot

Scots: snot; (snotter, snoter)

English: snot; (snotter)

Old Frisian: snotta

North Frisian: snot

Saterland Frisian: Snotte

West Frisian: snotte

Old Saxon: *snotto; *snotta

Middle Low German: snotte; (snotter)

German Low German: Snött, Snodder

→ Danish: snot

→ Norwegian: snott

q

→ German: Schnodder (standard colloquial word in Northern Germany)

Old Dutch: *snotto

Middle Dutch: snotte

Dutch: snot

Afrikaans: snot

Old High German: *snuz; snuzza

Middle High German: snuz

desc

German: Schnutz, Schnütz, Schnütt, Schnuter, Schnotter (dialectal)

Reflecting pre-Germanic *snutnús, likely back-formed from the accusative plural of an old n-stem *snéuþô (or similar), whence also the form *snuttaz, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *snew- (“to flow, run; moisture”).
Alternatively, onomatopoeic.


kīkaną

kīkō (active first-person indicative singular)
kīkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kīkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kīkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kīkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kīk (active imperative second-person singular)
kīkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kīkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kīkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kīkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kīkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kīkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kīkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kīkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kīkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kīkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kīkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kīkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kīkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kīkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kīkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kīkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kīkid (active indicative plural second-person)
kīkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kīkid (active imperative plural second-person)
kīkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kīkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kīkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kīkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kīkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kīkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kīkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kaik (active first-person indicative singular)
kikį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kaiht (active indicative second-person singular)
kikīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kaik (active indicative singular third-person)
kikī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kikū (active dual first-person indicative)
kikīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kikudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kikīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kikum (active first-person indicative plural)
kikīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kikud (active indicative plural second-person)
kikīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kikun (active indicative plural third-person)
kikīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kīkandz (active participle present)
kikanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kīkan
⇒ Old Frisian: *kīkia
West Frisian: kytse
Saterland Frisian: kiekje
Old Saxon: kīkan
Middle Low German: kîken
Low German: kieken
→ Dutch: kieken
Plautdietsch: kjikjen
→ Middle English: kiken, keken, kyken
Scots: keek
English: keek
→ German: kieken
→ Icelandic: kíkja
→ Faroese: kika
→ Norn: kika
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kika, kikka
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kike
→ Swedish: kika
→ Finnish: tsiigata
→ Danish: kigge, kikke, kige (dialect)
Norwegian Bokmål: kikke
→ Gutnish: keike, keik', keika
Old Dutch: *kīcan
Middle Dutch: kiken
Dutch: kijken
Afrikaans: kyk

desc

→ Estonian: (possibly via Middle Low German) kiikama

Unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ikos, related to Proto-Italic *kaikos, in which case it would be a doublet of *haihaz (“one-eyed”); this is formally problematic, however. Alternatively suggested to be sound-symbolic.
Perhaps related to German gucken (“to watch, look”), but this word is itself of obscure origin.

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)


kradulaz

kradulaz (nominative singular)
kradulōz (nominative plural)
kradulōs (nominative plural)
kradul (singular vocative)
kradulōz (plural vocative)
kradulōs (plural vocative)
kradulą (accusative singular)
kradulanz (accusative plural)
kradulas (genitive singular)
kradulis (genitive singular)
kradulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kradulai (dative singular)
kradulamaz (dative plural)
kradulō (instrumental singular)
kradulamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kradul
Old English: cradol, cradel
Middle English: cradel, credel
English: cradle
Scots: cradill, credill


mugjō

mugjō (nominative singular)
mugjôz (nominative plural)
mugjō (singular vocative)
mugjôz (plural vocative)
mugjǭ (accusative singular)
mugjōz (accusative plural)
mugjōz (genitive singular)
mugjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mugjōi (dative singular)
mugjōmaz (dative plural)
mugjō (instrumental singular)
mugjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *muggju, *muggjā
Old English: myċġ
Middle English: migge, mydge
Scots: mige
English: midge
Old Frisian: *megge, *migge
Saterland Frisian: Määge
West Frisian: mich
Old Saxon: muggia, mugga
Middle Low German: mügge
German Low German: Mügge, Mügg
→ Old Norse: myg
Danish: myg
Swedish: mygga, mygg
Norwegian: mygg
Old Dutch: *mugga
Middle Dutch: mugge
Dutch: mug
Afrikaans: muggie
Old High German: mugga, mukka, mucka
Middle High German: mücke, mügge, mugge, mucke
German: Mücke
Hunsrik: Mick
Luxembourgish: Méck

From *mu- (from earlier *muwī, continuing Proto-Indo-European *muH-íh₂, *muH-iéh₂-s-, the short u a result of Dybo's law) + *-gjō (diminutive suffix). The western Germanic variants underwent a different velarization than *mują, though both are from the same ultimate source. Cognates include Latin musca (“fly (insect)”), Lithuanian mùsė (“fly”), Proto-Slavic *mùxa (“fly”).


lapilaz

lapilaz (nominative singular)
lapilōz (nominative plural)
lapilōs (nominative plural)
lapil (singular vocative)
lapilōz (plural vocative)
lapilōs (plural vocative)
lapilą (accusative singular)
lapilanz (accusative plural)
lapilas (genitive singular)
lapilis (genitive singular)
lapilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lapilai (dative singular)
lapilamaz (dative plural)
lapilō (instrumental singular)
lapilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lapil
Old Frisian: lepel, leppel
Saterland Frisian: Lääpel
West Frisian: leppel
Old Saxon: lepil
Middle Low German: lēpel, leppel
Low German: Lepel
Plautdietsch: Läpel
→? Norn: lepel
Old Dutch: *lepil
Middle Dutch: lēpel
Dutch: lepel
Afrikaans: lepel
Berbice Creole Dutch: leple
Jersey Dutch: lêpel
Negerhollands: leepel, leppu
Skepi Creole Dutch: lepel
→ Lokono: lepele
Limburgish: laepel
Limburgish: laepel
Old High German: lepfil, leffil
Middle High German: leffel
Alemannic German: Leffel, Läffel, Löffel
Bavarian: Leffl
Cimbrian: löffl
Mòcheno: leffl
Central Franconian: Läffel, Läfel
Hunsrik: Leffel
Luxembourgish: Läffel
German: Löffel
Rhine Franconian: Leffel, Lewwel
Frankfurterisch: [lev̥l̩]
Pennsylvania German: Leffel
Vilamovian: łefuł
Yiddish: לעפֿל (lefl)

From Proto-Indo-European *leb-, *leh₂b- (“to slurp; lick; smack”), equivalent to *lapaną (“to drink; slurp; lap”) + *-ilaz (agent suffix).


līstǭ

līstǭ (nominative singular)
līstōniz (nominative plural)
līstǭ (singular vocative)
līstōniz (plural vocative)
līstōnų (accusative singular)
līstōnunz (accusative plural)
līstōniz (genitive singular)
līstōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
līstōni (dative singular)
līstōmaz (dative plural)
līstōnē (instrumental singular)
līstōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *līstā

Old English: līste

Middle English: liste, lyste; list (through confluence with Old French form)

Scots: liste, lyst, list

English: list

→ Irish: liosta

Old Frisian: *līste, *lēste

Saterland Frisian: Lieste; Läiste

West Frisian: list

Old Saxon: *līsta

Middle Low German: lîste

Dutch Low Saxon: lieste, liest

German Low German: Liest

→ Old Norse: lísta

Icelandic: lista; listi

Faroese: listi

Norwegian: liste

Swedish: lista; list

Danish: liste; list

Frankish: *līsta

Old Dutch: *līsta

Middle Dutch: lijste, lijst

Dutch: lijst (“frame”)

→ Vulgar Latin: *lista (also possibly from Langobardic)

Old French: liste

Middle French: liste

French: liste

Italian: lista

→ Dutch: lijst (“list”) (likely in part through French)

→ German: Liste

→ Luxembourgish: Lëscht

Spanish: lista

Portuguese: lista

Galician: lista

Old High German: līsta

Middle High German: līste

German: Leiste

Hunsrik: Leist

Luxembourgish: Läischt

From Proto-Indo-European *leyzd- (“edge; seam; band”), from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“track; groove; furrow”) (see also *laistaz); or perhaps related to Latin lītus (“shore; coast”).


leukaną

leukō (active first-person indicative singular)
leukaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
leukai (first-person indicative passive singular)
liukizi (active indicative second-person singular)
leukaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
leuk (active imperative second-person singular)
leukazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
leukaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
liukidi (active indicative singular third-person)
leukai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
leukadau (active imperative singular third-person)
leukadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
leukaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
leukōz (active dual first-person indicative)
leukaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
leukadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
leukaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
leukadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
leukamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
leukaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
leukandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
leukaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
liukid (active indicative plural second-person)
leukaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
liukid (active imperative plural second-person)
leukandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
leukaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
leukandi (active indicative plural third-person)
leukain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
leukandau (active imperative plural third-person)
leukandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
leukaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lauk (active first-person indicative singular)
lukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lauht (active indicative second-person singular)
lukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lauk (active indicative singular third-person)
lukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lukū (active dual first-person indicative)
lukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lukum (active first-person indicative plural)
lukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lukud (active indicative plural second-person)
lukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lukun (active indicative plural third-person)
lukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
leukandz (active participle present)
lukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*lūkaną (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *leukan
Old English: lūcan
Middle English: louken
English: louk, look (“to weed”) (dialectal)
Old Frisian: lūka
West Frisian: lûke
Old Saxon: *lūkan
Middle Low German: lûken
Low German: luken
⇒ Low German: lucksen
→ German: abluchsen (partially)
Old High German: liohhan
Middle High German: liechen
German: liechen

From Proto-Indo-European *lewǵ- (“to break”), cognate with Sanskrit रुजति (rujáti, “to break open”), Lithuanian lū́žti (“to break”) and Old Armenian լուծանեմ (lucanem, “to break, to loose”).


harmaz

harmaz (nominative singular)
harmōz (nominative plural)
harmōs (nominative plural)
harm (singular vocative)
harmōz (plural vocative)
harmōs (plural vocative)
harmą (accusative singular)
harmanz (accusative plural)
harmas (genitive singular)
harmis (genitive singular)
harmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harmai (dative singular)
harmamaz (dative plural)
harmō (instrumental singular)
harmamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *harm
Old English: hearm
Middle English: harm, harem, arme, herme
English: harm
Scots: herm, hairm
Yola: harrm
Old Frisian: herm (in compounds)
Old Saxon: harm
Middle Low German: harm, herm
Old Dutch: harm
Middle Dutch: harm
Dutch: harm
Old High German: harm, haram
Middle High German: harm
German: Harm

Old Norse: harmr

Icelandic: harmur

(Faroese: harmligur)

Norwegian Bokmål: harme

Norwegian Nynorsk: harm

Old Swedish: harmber

Swedish: harm

→ Finnish: harmi

Danish: harme

Traditionally derived Proto-Indo-European *pḱór-mo-s (“shame, grief, torment, pain”), from *pḱer- (“to have shame, distress over”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sormъ (“shame”), Persian شرم (šarm, “idem”), Avestan 𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fšar^əma, “sense of shame”). Because of PIE root constraints and the fact that the only evidence for *p- comes from Avestan, an alternative etymology reconstructs the root as *ḱer(H)-.


tugiz

tugiz (nominative singular)
tugīz (nominative plural)
tugi (singular vocative)
tugīz (plural vocative)
tugį (accusative singular)
tuginz (accusative plural)
tugīz (genitive singular)
tugjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tugī (dative singular)
tugimaz (dative plural)
tugī (instrumental singular)
tugimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tugi
Old English: tyġe
Middle English: tige
Yola: ty
Old Saxon: *tugi
Middle Low German: toge, toch
Low German: Tog
→ Danish: tog
→ Faroese: tok
→ Norwegian Bokmål: tog
→ Swedish: tåg
Old Dutch: *tugi
Middle Dutch: tuege
Dutch: teug
Afrikaans: teug
Old High German: zug, zuc
Middle High German: zuc, zug
Central Franconian: Zoch
→ German: Zoch
Hunsrik: Zugh
Luxembourgish: Zoch
German: Zug
→ Luxembourgish: Zuch
→ Polish: cug
→ Silesian: cug
Vilamovian: cug
Yiddish: צוג (tsug)

An action noun derived from *teuhaną (“to pull, tug”).


legraz

legraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
legrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
legrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
legrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
legrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
legrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
legranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
legrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
legrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
legranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
legrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
legrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
legras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
legraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
legras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
legraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
legraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
legraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
legrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
legraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
legrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
legraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
legraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
legraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
legranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
legraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
legranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
legraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
legraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
legraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
legrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
legrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
legrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
legraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
legrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
legrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
legranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
legrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
legrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
legranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
legrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
legrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
legriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
legrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
legriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
legranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
legrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
legranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
legrini (dative masculine singular weak)
legrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
legrini (dative neuter singular weak)
legrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
legrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
legrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
legrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
legrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
legrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
legrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
legrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
legrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *legr
Old English: *leġer
⇒ Old English: ānleġer, dirneleġer

From pre-Germanic *legʰrós, equivalent to *ligjaną + *-raz.

(West Germanic) lying (together with someone)


stulraz

stulraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
stulrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
stulrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
stulrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
stulrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
stulrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
stulranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
stulrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
stulrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
stulranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
stulrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
stulrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
stulras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
stulraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
stulras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
stulraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
stulraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
stulraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
stulrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
stulraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
stulrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
stulraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
stulraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
stulraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
stulranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
stulraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
stulranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
stulraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
stulraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
stulraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
stulrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
stulrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
stulrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
stulraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
stulrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
stulrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
stulranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
stulrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
stulrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
stulranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
stulrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
stulrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
stulriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
stulrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
stulriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
stulranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
stulrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
stulranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
stulrini (dative masculine singular weak)
stulrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
stulrini (dative neuter singular weak)
stulrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
stulrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
stulrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
stulrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
stulrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
stulrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
stulrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
stulrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
stulrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *stulr

Old English: stulor

From pre-Germanic *(ts/st)l̥rós, equivalent to *stelaną + *-raz.

(West Germanic) stealthy, sneaky, furtive


wrībaną

wrībō (active first-person indicative singular)
wrībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wrībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wrībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wrībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrīb (active imperative second-person singular)
wrībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wrībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wrībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wrībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wrībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wrībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wrībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wrībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wrībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wrībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wrībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wrībid (active indicative plural second-person)
wrībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrībid (active imperative plural second-person)
wrībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wrībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wrībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wrībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wrībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wrībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wraib (active first-person indicative singular)
wribį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wraift (active indicative second-person singular)
wribīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wraib (active indicative singular third-person)
wribī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wribū (active dual first-person indicative)
wribīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wribudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wribīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wribum (active first-person indicative plural)
wribīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wribud (active indicative plural second-person)
wribīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wribun (active indicative plural third-person)
wribīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrībandz (active participle present)
wribanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wrīban
Old Frisian: *wrīva
Saterland Frisian: wrieuwe
West Frisian: wriuwe
Old Saxon: wrīvan
Middle Low German: wrîven, rîven
Dutch Low Saxon:
Twents: frieuwen
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: riwen
East Frisian: rieven
Mecklenburgisch, Pommerellisch, Northern Low Saxon (Bremisch): wriwen
Schleswig-Holsteinisch: wriewen
Westphalian:
Bentheimisch, Dortmundisch, East Westphalian (Lippe), Westmünsterländisch: riewen
Bentheimisch, Dortmundisch, Westmünsterländisch: friewen
Sauerländisch: reywen, reyben (Brilon, Wenden), rǖben (Niedersfeld), rīen (Finnentrop, Attendorn, Kirchhundem, Olpe), ruiwen (Meschede)
East Westphalian: rüiwen (Lippe), wruiben (Ravensberg), rieben (Wedemark)
Westmünsterländisch: frieben
Old Dutch: *wrīvan
Middle Dutch: wrîven
Dutch: wrijven
Afrikaans: vryf, vrywe
Limburgish: wrieve
Old High German: rīban, *rīvan, *wrīvan
Middle High German: rīben
Alemannic German: riibe
Central Franconian: rieve, frieve, reive
Hunsrik: reive
Luxembourgish: reiwen
German: reiben
→ Old French: riper
Middle French: riper, ripper
French: riper

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wreyp- / *wrīp-, from a labial extension of Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to turn”), whence Ancient Greek ῥίπτω (rhíptō, “to throw, cast”), though this is disputed.


ōbō

ōbō (nominative singular)
ōbôz (nominative plural)
ōbō (singular vocative)
ōbôz (plural vocative)
ōbǭ (accusative singular)
ōbōz (accusative plural)
ōbōz (genitive singular)
ōbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ōbōi (dative singular)
ōbōmaz (dative plural)
ōbō (instrumental singular)
ōbōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: uoba

The functional o-grade, ō-stem deverbal noun from the lost strong verb *afaną. For the formation, compare *fōrō, *grōbō.

(West Germanic) doing, performing, practicing


daugijaną

daugijō (active first-person indicative singular)
daugijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
daugijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
daugīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
daugijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
daugī (active imperative second-person singular)
daugijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
daugijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
daugīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
daugijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
daugijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
daugijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
daugijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
daugijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
daugijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
daugijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
daugijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
daugijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
daugijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
daugijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
daugijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
daugijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
daugīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
daugijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
daugīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
daugijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
daugijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
daugijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
daugijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
daugijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
daugijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
daugijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
daugidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
daugidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
daugidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
daugidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
daugidē (active indicative singular third-person)
daugidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
daugidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
daugidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
daugidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
daugidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
daugidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
daugidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
daugidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
daugidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
daugidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
daugidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
daugijandz (active participle present)
daugidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *daugijan
Old English: ġedīeġan
Old Saxon: ādōgian
Old Dutch: *dōgen
Middle Dutch: dogen
Dutch: dogen, gedogen
Afrikaans: doog

An intensive formation derived from the root of *duganą.


swindaną

swindō (active first-person indicative singular)
swindaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swindai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swindizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swindaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swind (active imperative second-person singular)
swindazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swindaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swindidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swindai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swindadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swindadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swindaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swindōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swindaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swindadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swindaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swindadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swindamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swindaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swindandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swindaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swindid (active indicative plural second-person)
swindaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swindid (active imperative plural second-person)
swindandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swindaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swindandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swindain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swindandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swindandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swindaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swand (active first-person indicative singular)
swundį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swanst (active indicative second-person singular)
swundīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swand (active indicative singular third-person)
swundī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swundū (active dual first-person indicative)
swundīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swundudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swundīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swundum (active first-person indicative plural)
swundīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swundud (active indicative plural second-person)
swundīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swundun (active indicative plural third-person)
swundīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swindandz (active participle present)
swundanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *swindan
Old English: swindan
Middle English: swinden, swynden
Old Frisian: *swinda
Saterland Frisian: swiende
West Frisian: swine
Old Saxon: swindan
Middle Low German: swinden
German Low German: swinnen
→ Norwegian Bokmål: svinne
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: svinne, svinna
→ Old Swedish: svinda, svinna
Swedish: svinna
→ Danish: svinde
Old Dutch: *swindan
Middle Dutch: swinden
Dutch: zwinden
Old High German: swintan
Middle High German: swinden
German: schwinden

Of uncertain origin. Probably from a Proto-Indo-European *(s)wendʰ- (“to dwindle”), and compared with Proto-Slavic *vę̀dnǫti (“to fade, wither”) as well as perhaps Old Armenian քանդել (kʻandel, “to demolish, break up”). Alternatively, perhaps related to Proto-Germanic *swīnaną, *dwīnaną, *þwīnaną (“to dwindle”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰey- (“to dwindle”), though this is phonetically difficult.


hlankō

hlankō (nominative singular)
hlankôz (nominative plural)
hlankō (singular vocative)
hlankôz (plural vocative)
hlankǭ (accusative singular)
hlankōz (accusative plural)
hlankōz (genitive singular)
hlankǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlankōi (dative singular)
hlankōmaz (dative plural)
hlankō (instrumental singular)
hlankōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlanku

Old English: *hlanc, *hlonc

Middle English: *lanke, lonke

English: lank, lonck, lunk (dialectal)

Old Saxon: hlanka

Middle Low German: lanke

German Low German: Lank

Frankish: *hlanka

Old Dutch: *hlanka, *lanka

Middle Dutch: lanke

Dutch: lank

→ Old French: flanche f, flanc m (see there for further descendants)

Middle French: flanche

→? English: flanch, flange

desc

Old High German: hlanca, hlancha, lanca, lanka

Middle High German: lanke

German: Lanke (obsolete)


skikkijaną

skikkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skikkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skikkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skikkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skikkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skikkī (active imperative second-person singular)
skikkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skikkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skikkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skikkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skikkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skikkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skikkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skikkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skikkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skikkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skikkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skikkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skikkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skikkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skikkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skikkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skikkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skikkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skikkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skikkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skikkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skikkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skikkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skikkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skikkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skikkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skikkidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skikkidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skikkidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skikkidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skikkidē (active indicative singular third-person)
skikkidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skikkidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skikkidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skikkidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skikkidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skikkidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skikkidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skikkidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skikkidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skikkidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skikkidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skikkijandz (active participle present)
skikkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skikkijan

Old English: *sċiċċan

Middle English: skekken (possibly from Dutch or Low German?)

Old Frisian: skikka, skitza

West Frisian: skikke

Old Saxon: *skikkian

Middle Low German: schicken

German Low German: schicken

→ Old Norse: skikka

Danish: skikke

Icelandic: skikka

Norwegian: skikke

Swedish: skicka

→ Middle French: chicaner

French: chicaner; chicanerie

→ German: schikanieren

→ English: chicanery

→ Polish: szykanować

Old Dutch: *skikken

Middle Dutch: schicken

Dutch: schikken

Old High German: *skicchen

Middle High German: schicken

German: schicken

Hunsrik: schicke

Luxembourgish: schécken

→ Polish: szykować

From Proto-Indo-European *skeg- or *skek- (“to jump; move”), perhaps from *skehaną + *-kijaną (intensive suffix).


skēkaz

skēkaz (nominative singular)
skēkōz (nominative plural)
skēkōs (nominative plural)
skēk (singular vocative)
skēkōz (plural vocative)
skēkōs (plural vocative)
skēką (accusative singular)
skēkanz (accusative plural)
skēkas (genitive singular)
skēkis (genitive singular)
skēkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skēkai (dative singular)
skēkamaz (dative plural)
skēkō (instrumental singular)
skēkamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *sċǣc; *sċǣcere, sċēacere; tōsċēacerian

Old Frisian: skāk; skākrāf; skākere, skāker

Old Saxon: *skāk; *skākāri

Middle Low German: schâk; schâker

Frankish: *skāk

Old Dutch: *skāk

Middle Dutch: scaec

Dutch: schaak; schaker

→ Old French: eschec, eschiec (“booty, spoils”); eschiequer, eschecer, escheker, eschieker

Middle French: eschec, eschiec

→ Middle English: skekken, skiken

→ Medieval Latin: scachum; scachator

Old High German: skāh; skāhhāri

Middle High German: schāch; schāchære

German: Schächer

From Proto-Indo-European *skeg- (“to jump; move”).


frijō

frijō (nominative singular)
frijôz (nominative plural)
frijō (singular vocative)
frijôz (plural vocative)
frijǭ (accusative singular)
frijōz (accusative plural)
frijōz (genitive singular)
frijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frijōi (dative singular)
frijōmaz (dative plural)
frijō (instrumental singular)
frijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *friju

Old English: frēo f, older *frio

Old Saxon: frī f; frī n (< *frijją)

From Proto-Indo-European *priHéh₂, feminine form of *priHós, from the root *preyH- (“to love”).


dripiz

dripiz (nominative singular)
dripīz (nominative plural)
dripi (singular vocative)
dripīz (plural vocative)
dripį (accusative singular)
dripinz (accusative plural)
dripīz (genitive singular)
dripjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dripī (dative singular)
dripimaz (dative plural)
dripī (instrumental singular)
dripimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dripi

Old English: drepe, drype

Zero-grade i-stem derived from *drepaną.

(West Germanic) striking, stroke, slaying


ailijaną

ailijō (active first-person indicative singular)
ailijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ailijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
ailīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
ailijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ailī (active imperative second-person singular)
ailijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ailijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ailīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
ailijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ailijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
ailijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ailijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ailijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
ailijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ailijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ailijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ailijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ailijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ailijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ailijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ailijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ailīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
ailijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ailīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
ailijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ailijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ailijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
ailijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ailijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
ailijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ailijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ailidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
ailidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ailidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
ailidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ailidē (active indicative singular third-person)
ailidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ailidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
ailidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ailidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ailidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ailidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
ailidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ailidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
ailidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ailidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
ailidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ailijandz (active participle present)
ailidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ailijan
Old English: ǣlan

From *ailą (“fire”) + *-janą (“denominal suffix”).


bilją

bilją (nominative singular)
biljō (nominative plural)
bilją (singular vocative)
biljō (plural vocative)
bilją (accusative singular)
biljō (accusative plural)
biljas (genitive singular)
bilis (genitive singular)
biljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
biljai (dative singular)
biljamaz (dative plural)
biljō (instrumental singular)
biljamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bill, bil n

Middle English: bil, bille, bill

Scots: bill

English: bill

(Old Frisian: *bile)

(West Frisian: bile)

Old Saxon: bil n; (*bīhal; *bīhala)

Middle Low German: bil n; (bīl n; bīle f)

(German Low German: Biel n or f)

→ Danish: bil (“axe”)

→ Swedish: bila (“axe”)

Old Dutch: *billi; (*bīal; *bīala)

Middle Dutch: bille; (bīle, bijl)

Dutch: bil, (bijl)

(Afrikaans: byl)

Old High German: billi n; (bīhal n; bīhala f)

Middle High German: bille, bil n; (bīhel, bīel, pīel, bīl, bīle n)

German: Bille f; (Beil n)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *bʰey(H)- (“to strike; beat”), but the derivation is unclear; either:
* consecutive suffixes *-l- and *-yo-m
* a Verner alternant *billą < *bidlą (or *bīdlą) of *bīþlą (if such a reconstruction is valid; compare Old Norse bíldr m) in the weak stem, but in that case the origin of the ja-stem is unexplained.
Alternatively, the West Germanic terms were borrowed from unattested Old Norse *bill- < *biþl-, or there is a more complicated borrowing situation within West Germanic.


fōrō

fōrō (nominative singular)
fōrôz (nominative plural)
fōrō (singular vocative)
fōrôz (plural vocative)
fōrǭ (accusative singular)
fōrōz (accusative plural)
fōrōz (genitive singular)
fōrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fōrōi (dative singular)
fōrōmaz (dative plural)
fōrō (instrumental singular)
fōrōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: fōr

Middle English: fore, foore

Old High German: fuora

Middle High German: vuore

German: Fuhre

Luxembourgish: Fouer

Functional o-grade ō-stem derived from *faraną.

(West Germanic) a going, traveling, journey


likkraz

likkraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
likkrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
likkrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
likkrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
likkrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
likkrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
likkranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
likkrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
likkrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
likkranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
likkrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
likkrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
likkras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
likkraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
likkras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
likkraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
likkraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
likkraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
likkrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
likkraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
likkrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
likkraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
likkraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
likkraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
likkranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
likkraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
likkranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
likkraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
likkraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
likkraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
likkrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
likkrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
likkrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
likkraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
likkrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
likkrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
likkranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
likkrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
likkrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
likkranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
likkrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
likkrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
likkriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
likkrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
likkriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
likkranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
likkrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
likkranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
likkrini (dative masculine singular weak)
likkrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
likkrini (dative neuter singular weak)
likkrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
likkrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
likkrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
likkrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
likkrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
likkrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
likkrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
likkrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
likkrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *likkr
Old Saxon: *likkar
Middle Low German: lecker
German Low German: lecker
→ Icelandic: lekkur
→ Faroese: lekkur
→ Norwegian: lekker
→ Swedish: läcker
→ Danish: lækker
→ Icelandic: lekker
→ Saterland Frisian: läkker
Old Dutch: *likkar
Middle Dutch: lecker, lacker
Dutch: lekker
Afrikaans: lekker
→ West Frisian: lekker
Old High German: *lekkar
Middle High German: lecker
German: lecker

*likkōną (“to lick”) + *-raz (“adjectival suffix”), with sense development appearing to be "lickable" > "delicious".


snūtaz

snūtaz (nominative singular)
snūtōz (nominative plural)
snūtōs (nominative plural)
snūt (singular vocative)
snūtōz (plural vocative)
snūtōs (plural vocative)
snūtą (accusative singular)
snūtanz (accusative plural)
snūtas (genitive singular)
snūtis (genitive singular)
snūtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snūtai (dative singular)
snūtamaz (dative plural)
snūtō (instrumental singular)
snūtamiz (instrumental plural)
*snūtǭ (alternative possibly)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *snūt
Old Frisian: *snūt
Saterland Frisian: Snuute
West Frisian: snút
Old Saxon: *snūt
Middle Low German: snûte, snuut, snuyt
Low German: Schnute, Snuut
→ German: Schnute
Old Dutch: *snūt
Middle Dutch: snute
Dutch: snuit
Afrikaans: snuit
→ Middle English: snowte, snoute, snout, snute, snowth
English: snout
Scots: snout, snoot
→ English: snoot
Old High German: *snūz
Middle High German: *snuze
German: Schnauze, Schnauße
→ Plautdietsch: Schnuz
Yiddish: שנויץ (shnoyts)

According to Watkins (supported by Orel), of imitative origin and related to *snuttuz (“snot, mucus”).

onomatopoeic

imitative


lattō

lattō (nominative singular)
lattôz (nominative plural)
lattō (singular vocative)
lattôz (plural vocative)
lattǭ (accusative singular)
lattōz (accusative plural)
lattōz (genitive singular)
lattǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lattōi (dative singular)
lattōmaz (dative plural)
lattō (instrumental singular)
lattōmiz (instrumental plural)
*laþþō (alternative)
*laþō (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *lattu

Old English: lætt; *læþþ, *læþ (< *laþþō)

desc

Middle English: latte, lat, lathe, latthe, laththe

English: lath

Scots: latt, lat, lath

Old Frisian: *latt; *latte

Saterland Frisian: Latte

West Frisian: latte

Old Saxon: latta

Middle Low German: latte

German Low German: Latte, Latt

Old Dutch: *latta

Middle Dutch: latte

Dutch: lat

→ Old French: late, latte

Middle French: latte

French: latte

→ Medieval Latin: latta

Catalan: llata

Italian: latta

Portuguese: lata

Spanish: lata

Old High German: latta (< *laþþō); latza (doubtful)

Middle High German: latte

Cimbrian: latta

German: Latte

Luxembourgish: Lat

From an n-stem *laþô ~ *lattaz, though the expected paradigm would be *laþô ~ *luttaz, which presumably underwent leveling; compare the formation of *rattaz. Further origin uncertain. Perhaps the origin is shared with Proto-Celtic *slattā (“stalk, staff”), and both loaned from a pre-Indo-European substrate due to the limited geographical distribution and variation in the final consonant of the stem. Compare Spanish lata, said to be a borrowing from Iberian, and Basque lata (“roof batten”).

(West Germanic) board; plank; ledge; slat; bar; shelf


laþô

laþô (nominative singular)
laþaniz (nominative plural)
laþô (singular vocative)
laþaniz (plural vocative)
laþanų (accusative singular)
laþanunz (accusative plural)
laþiniz (genitive singular)
laþanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laþini (dative singular)
laþammaz (dative plural)
laþinē (instrumental singular)
laþammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *laþa (possibly)

Middle English: lathe, laththe

English: lath (through confluence with descendant of Old English lætt < *lattō)

Scots: lath

Old High German: *lado

Middle High German: lade, laden m

German: Laden

Unknown, but apparently akin to Proto-Germanic *lattō (“board, plank”).

(West Germanic) board; shelf; bar; shutter


krīskaną

krīskō (active first-person indicative singular)
krīskaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
krīskai (first-person indicative passive singular)
krīskizi (active indicative second-person singular)
krīskaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krīsk (active imperative second-person singular)
krīskazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
krīskaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
krīskidi (active indicative singular third-person)
krīskai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krīskadau (active imperative singular third-person)
krīskadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
krīskaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
krīskōz (active dual first-person indicative)
krīskaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krīskadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krīskaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krīskadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
krīskamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
krīskaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krīskandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
krīskaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
krīskid (active indicative plural second-person)
krīskaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krīskid (active imperative plural second-person)
krīskandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
krīskaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
krīskandi (active indicative plural third-person)
krīskain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krīskandau (active imperative plural third-person)
krīskandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
krīskaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kraisk (active first-person indicative singular)
kriskį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kraist (active indicative second-person singular)
kriskīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kraisk (active indicative singular third-person)
kriskī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kriskū (active dual first-person indicative)
kriskīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kriskudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kriskīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kriskum (active first-person indicative plural)
kriskīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kriskud (active indicative plural second-person)
kriskīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kriskun (active indicative plural third-person)
kriskīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krīskandz (active participle present)
kriskanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *krīskan
Old Saxon: *krīskan
Middle Low German: krîschen, krissen, krisken, kreisen, krêsen
Old Dutch: *crīscan
Middle Dutch: criscen, crischen
Dutch: krijsen
Afrikaans: krys
West Frisian: krieze
⇒ West Frisian: kryskje
Limburgish: kriesje, kriese
→ Old French: crincier
Middle French: crincier
French: crincer
⇒ Old French: recrincier
⇒ Old French: crinçon
Old High German: *krīskan
Middle High German: krīschen
German: kreischen (weak, probably through merger with the causative < MHG kreischen)
Central Franconian: kriesche, kreische
Luxembourgish: kräischen
Hunsrik: kreische

From Proto-Indo-European *grey- (“to shout”), which appears to be related to *gerh₂- (“to cry hoarsely”); see also *krēaną (“to crow, shout”), *krītaną (“to call out, scream”).


adisô

adisô (nominative singular)
adisaniz (nominative plural)
adisô (singular vocative)
adisaniz (plural vocative)
adisanų (accusative singular)
adisanunz (accusative plural)
adisiniz (genitive singular)
adisanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
adisini (dative singular)
adisammaz (dative plural)
adisinē (instrumental singular)
adisammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *adisō
Old English: adesa, eadesa
Middle English: adse
Scots: eetch
English: adze

/ˈɑ.ði.sɔːː/

From pre-Germanic *Hodʰ-és-on-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃edʰḗs (compare Hittite [script needed] (atešša, “adze, axe, hatchet”)).

cog

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


flugilaz

flugilaz (nominative singular)
flugilōz (nominative plural)
flugilōs (nominative plural)
flugil (singular vocative)
flugilōz (plural vocative)
flugilōs (plural vocative)
flugilą (accusative singular)
flugilanz (accusative plural)
flugilas (genitive singular)
flugilis (genitive singular)
flugilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flugilai (dative singular)
flugilamaz (dative plural)
flugilō (instrumental singular)
flugilamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *flugil

Middle Low German: vlȫgel

German Low German: Flögel

→ Saterland Frisian: Flöägel

→ Swedish: flöjel

Old Dutch: *flugil

Middle Dutch: vlōghel, vlegel, vleughel

Dutch: vleugel

Afrikaans: vleuel

→ West Frisian: fleugel

Limburgish: vläögel, vleugel

Old High German: *flugil

Middle High German: vlügel

German: Flügel

→ Danish: flygel

→ Norwegian Bokmål: flygel

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: flygel

→ Swedish: flygel

Luxembourgish: Fligel

Vilamovian: fłygel

Yiddish: פֿליגל (fligl)

From *fleuganą (“to fly”) + *-ilaz (“agent instrumental noun suffix”). Possible piecewise doublet of *fuglaz (“bird”) and *flugulaz (“able to fly”).


trahnuz

trahnuz (nominative singular)
trahniwiz (nominative plural)
trahnu (singular vocative)
trahniwiz (plural vocative)
trahnų (accusative singular)
trahnunz (accusative plural)
trahnauz (genitive singular)
trahniwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
trahniwi (dative singular)
trahnumaz (dative plural)
trahnū (instrumental singular)
trahnumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *trān, *trēn

Saterland Frisian: Troone

West Frisian: trien

Old Saxon: trahn; trahni (pl)

Middle Low German: trān, trāne

German Low German: Traan

→ German: Tran (“fish oil”)

desctree

Old Dutch: trān
Middle Dutch: trâen
Dutch: traan
Afrikaans: traan
Negerhollands: traan
→ West Frisian: traan (“fish oil”)
Limburgish: traon

Old High German: trahan, trān

Middle High German: trahen, trān, trōn; træne (pl); trahær, traher, treher

Central Franconian: Tron

German: Träne

From Proto-Indo-European *draḱru-, a variant of Proto-Indo-European *dáḱru- (“tear”).


slīpaną

slīpō (active first-person indicative singular)
slīpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slīpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
slīpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
slīpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slīp (active imperative second-person singular)
slīpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
slīpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
slīpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
slīpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slīpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
slīpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
slīpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
slīpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
slīpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slīpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slīpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slīpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
slīpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
slīpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slīpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
slīpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
slīpid (active indicative plural second-person)
slīpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slīpid (active imperative plural second-person)
slīpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
slīpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
slīpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
slīpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slīpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
slīpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
slīpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
slaip (active first-person indicative singular)
slipį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slaift (active indicative second-person singular)
slipīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slaip (active indicative singular third-person)
slipī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slipū (active dual first-person indicative)
slipīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slipudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slipīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slipum (active first-person indicative plural)
slipīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slipud (active indicative plural second-person)
slipīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slipun (active indicative plural third-person)
slipīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slīpandz (active participle present)
slipanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *slīpan
Old Frisian: slīpa
West Frisian: slypje
Old Saxon: *slīpan
Middle Low German: slîpen
Low German: sliepen
→ Swedish: slipa
→ Finnish: liipata
Old Dutch: *slīpan
Middle Dutch: slipen
Dutch: slijpen
Afrikaans: slyp
Limburgish: sliepe
Old High German: slīfan
German: schleifen

From Proto-Indo-European *sley- (“smooth; slick; sticky; slimy”). Cognate with Cornish lym, Ancient Greek ὀλιβρός (olibrós, “smooth”), Latin limax.


anþijaną

anþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
anþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
anþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
anþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
anþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
anþī (active imperative second-person singular)
anþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
anþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
anþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
anþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
anþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
anþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
anþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
anþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
anþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
anþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
anþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
anþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
anþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
anþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
anþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
anþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
anþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
anþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
anþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
anþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
anþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
anþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
anþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
anþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
anþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
anþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
anþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
anþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
anþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
anþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
anþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
anþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
anþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
anþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
anþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
anþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
anþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
anþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
anþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
anþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
anþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
anþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
anþijandz (active participle present)
anþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *anþijan

Old English: ēþian, ōþian


feþlą

feþlą (nominative singular)
feþlō (nominative plural)
feþlą (singular vocative)
feþlō (plural vocative)
feþlą (accusative singular)
feþlō (accusative plural)
feþlas (genitive singular)
fiþlis (genitive singular)
feþlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
feþlai (dative singular)
feþlamaz (dative plural)
feþlō (instrumental singular)
feþlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *feþl

Old High German: *fedel

desc

⇒ Old High German: fedelgold, pfedelgold

⇒ Old High German: fedelgoldōn, pfedelgoldōn

From pre-Germanic *péth₂lom, from Proto-Indo-European *peth₂-. Cognate with Ancient Greek πέταλον (pétalon).


frōkni

frōkni (nominative singular)
frōknī (nominative plural)
frōkni (singular vocative)
frōknī (plural vocative)
frōkni (accusative singular)
frōknī (accusative plural)
frōknīz (genitive singular)
frōknijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frōknī (dative singular)
frōknimaz (dative plural)
frōknī (instrumental singular)
frōknimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *frōkni, *frōknī

Old English: frœ̄cne, frēcne, frēcen


dampijaną

dampijō (active first-person indicative singular)
dampijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dampijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dampīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
dampijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dampī (active imperative second-person singular)
dampijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dampijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dampīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dampijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dampijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dampijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dampijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dampijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dampijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dampijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dampijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dampijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dampijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dampijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dampijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dampijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dampīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dampijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dampīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dampijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dampijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dampijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dampijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dampijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dampijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dampijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dampidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dampidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dampidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dampidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dampidē (active indicative singular third-person)
dampidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dampidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dampidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dampidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dampidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dampidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dampidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dampidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dampidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dampidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dampidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dampijandz (active participle present)
dampidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Dutch: *dempen

Middle Dutch: dempen

Dutch: dempen

Afrikaans: demp

Old High German: dempfen

Middle High German: dempfen

German: dämpfen


gerraną

gerrō (active first-person indicative singular)
gerraų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gerrai (first-person indicative passive singular)
girrizi (active indicative second-person singular)
gerraiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gerr (active imperative second-person singular)
gerrazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gerraizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
girridi (active indicative singular third-person)
gerrai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gerradau (active imperative singular third-person)
gerradai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gerraidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gerrōz (active dual first-person indicative)
gerraiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gerradiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gerraidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gerradiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gerramaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gerraim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gerrandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gerraindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
girrid (active indicative plural second-person)
gerraid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
girrid (active imperative plural second-person)
gerrandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gerraindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gerrandi (active indicative plural third-person)
gerrain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gerrandau (active imperative plural third-person)
gerrandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gerraindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
garr (active first-person indicative singular)
gurrį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
garrt (active indicative second-person singular)
gurrīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
garr (active indicative singular third-person)
gurrī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gurrū (active dual first-person indicative)
gurrīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gurrudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gurrīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gurrum (active first-person indicative plural)
gurrīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gurrud (active indicative plural second-person)
gurrīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gurrun (active indicative plural third-person)
gurrīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gerrandz (active participle present)
gurranaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *gerran

desctree

Old English: ġeorran
Middle English: ȝerren, ȝurren, ȝarren, yerren, yarren (merged with descendant of ġyrran)
English: yar
Scots: ȝarr, yarr

Old High German: *gerran

Middle High German: gerren

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to make a noise, rattle, gurgle, grumble”).


takkô

takkô (nominative singular)
takkaniz (nominative plural)
takkô (singular vocative)
takkaniz (plural vocative)
takkanų (accusative singular)
takkanunz (accusative plural)
takkiniz (genitive singular)
takkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
takkini (dative singular)
takkammaz (dative plural)
takkinē (instrumental singular)
takkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *takkō

Old Frisian: *takka

Saterland Frisian: Takke

West Frisian: takke

⇒ Old Frisian: takel

West Frisian: takkel, takke

Old Saxon: *takko

Middle Low German: tacke

German Low German: Tacke, Tack

→ Danish: tak

Old Dutch: *takko

Middle Dutch: tacke, tac

Dutch: tak

→ Old Northern French: taque

desctree

→ Middle English: tak, takke, take, tace
English: tack
Scots: taik

→ Anglo-Latin: taccum

Old High German: *zacho; *tacha, *zacha

Middle High German: tacke, zacke

German: Zacke

From Proto-Indo-European *deHgʰ-n-, possibly from a root *deh₃gʰ- (“branch”); split from the same paradigm came Proto-Germanic *tōgô and *tōkô (“branch”).


kaupô

kaupô (nominative singular)
kaupaniz (nominative plural)
kaupô (singular vocative)
kaupaniz (plural vocative)
kaupanų (accusative singular)
kaupanunz (accusative plural)
kaupiniz (genitive singular)
kaupanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kaupini (dative singular)
kaupammaz (dative plural)
kaupinē (instrumental singular)
kaupammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kaupō
Old English: ċīepa
Old High German: koufo
Middle High German: koufe

/ˈkɑu̯.pɔːː/

Borrowed from Latin caupō (“innkeeper, shopkeeper”), likely a common Mediterranean borrowing separately into Latin and Greek. More at caupō.


aþulijaz

aþulijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
aþulijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
aþuliją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
aþulijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
aþulijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
aþulijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
aþulijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
aþulijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
aþuliją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
aþulijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
aþulijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
aþulijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
aþulijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
aþulijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
aþulijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
aþulijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
aþulijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
aþulijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
aþulijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
aþulijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
aþulijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
aþulijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
aþulijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
aþulijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
aþulijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
aþulijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
aþulijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
aþulijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
aþulijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
aþulijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
aþulijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
aþulijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
aþulijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
aþulijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
aþulijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
aþulijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
aþulijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
aþulijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
aþulijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
aþulijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
aþulijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
aþulijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
aþulīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
aþulijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
aþulīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
aþulijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
aþulijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
aþulijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
aþulīni (dative masculine singular weak)
aþulijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
aþulīni (dative neuter singular weak)
aþulijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
aþulijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
aþulijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
aþulīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
aþulijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
aþulīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
aþulijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
aþulijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
aþulijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)
*aþalijaz (alternative)
*aþiljaz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *aþuli, *aþlī
Old English: æþele, eþele
Middle English: athel, ethel
English: athel
Scots: athill
Old Frisian: ethele
Saterland Frisian: eedel
West Frisian: eal
Old Saxon: ethili
Middle Low German: ēdele, ēdel
→ Danish: ædel
→ Norwegian Bokmål: edel
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: edel
→ Swedish: ädel
German Low German: edel
Old Dutch: ethele
Middle Dutch: ēdel
Dutch: edel
Afrikaans: edel
Limburgish: aedel
Old High German: edili
Middle High German: edle, edel
German: edel
Yiddish: איידל (eydl)

From *aþalą (“nobility; kin, lineage”) + *-jaz.


dauzô

dauzô (nominative singular)
dauzaniz (nominative plural)
dauzô (singular vocative)
dauzaniz (plural vocative)
dauzanų (accusative singular)
dauzanunz (accusative plural)
dauziniz (genitive singular)
dauzanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dauzini (dative singular)
dauzammaz (dative plural)
dauzinē (instrumental singular)
dauzammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *dōro

Middle Low German: dōre

→ Danish: dåre

→ Icelandic: dári (possibly)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: dåre

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dåre

→ Swedish: dåre

Old Dutch: *dôro

Middle Dutch: dôre

Dutch: door

Old High German: *tōro

Middle High German: tōre

German: Tor

/ˈdɑu̯.zɔːː/


dīkaną

dīkō (active first-person indicative singular)
dīkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dīkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dīkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dīkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dīk (active imperative second-person singular)
dīkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dīkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dīkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dīkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dīkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dīkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dīkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dīkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dīkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dīkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dīkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dīkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dīkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dīkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dīkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dīkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dīkid (active indicative plural second-person)
dīkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dīkid (active imperative plural second-person)
dīkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dīkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dīkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dīkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dīkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dīkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dīkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
daik (active first-person indicative singular)
dikį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
daiht (active indicative second-person singular)
dikīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
daik (active indicative singular third-person)
dikī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dikū (active dual first-person indicative)
dikīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dikudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dikīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dikum (active first-person indicative plural)
dikīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dikud (active indicative plural second-person)
dikīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dikun (active indicative plural third-person)
dikīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dīkandz (active participle present)
dikanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dīkan

Old Saxon: *dīkan

desc

Middle Low German: dîken (“to atone, make amends”)

Old High German: *tīhhan

Middle High German: tīchen (“to bring about, initiate; atone, suffer for”)

German: teichen (“to do good, remunerate”)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ-n-, from *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to form, shape”).


hragjaną

hragjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hragjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hragjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hragisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hragjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hragi (active imperative second-person singular)
hragjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hragjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hragiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hragjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hragjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hragjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hragjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hragjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hragjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hragjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hragjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hragjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hragjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hragjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hragjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hragjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hragiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hragjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hragiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hragjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hragjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hragjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hragjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hragjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hragjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hragjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hragidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hragidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hragidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hragidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hragidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hragidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hragidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hragidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hragidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hragidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hragidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hragidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hragidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hragidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hragidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hragidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hragjandz (active participle present)
hragidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: regen

Old High German:

Middle High German: regen

German: regen


hragōną

hragō (active first-person indicative singular)
hragǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hragōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hragōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hragōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hragō (active imperative second-person singular)
hragōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hragōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hragōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hragō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hragōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hragōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hragōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hragōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hragōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hragōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hragōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hragōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hragōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hragōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hragōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hragōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hragōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hragōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hragōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hragōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hragōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hragōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hragōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hragōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hragōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hragōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hragōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hragōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hragōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hragōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hragōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hragōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hragōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hragōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hragōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hragōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hragōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hragōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hragōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hragōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hragōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hragōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hragōndz (active participle present)
hragōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

⇒ Old English: oferhragan (Possibly from *hragjaną)

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: regen

Old High German: hragēn

Middle High German: ragen, racken

German: ragen

/ˈxrɑ.ɣɔː.nɑ̃/


hreganą

hregō (active first-person indicative singular)
hregaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hregai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrigizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hregaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hreg (active imperative second-person singular)
hregazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hregaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrigidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hregai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hregadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hregadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hregaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hregōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hregaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hregadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hregaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hregadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hregamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hregaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hregandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hregaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrigid (active indicative plural second-person)
hregaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrigid (active imperative plural second-person)
hregandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hregaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hregandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hregain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hregandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hregandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hregaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrag (active first-person indicative singular)
hrēgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hraht (active indicative second-person singular)
hrēgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrag (active indicative singular third-person)
hrēgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrēgū (active dual first-person indicative)
hrēgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrēgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrēgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrēgum (active first-person indicative plural)
hrēgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrēgud (active indicative plural second-person)
hrēgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrēgun (active indicative plural third-person)
hrēgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hregandz (active participle present)
hruganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Middle High German: regen

Seemingly from a Proto-Indo-European *krek- (“to jut out”), though Kroonen adduces no cognates outside of Germanic, specifically rejecting the traditional connections with Ancient Greek κρόσσαι (króssai, “stepped copings of parapets”), Lithuanian krãkė (“rod, staff”), Russian кроква (krókva, “bar, club, rafters”). Orel, who reconstructs the Germanic as *reganą, instead derives the root from Proto-Indo-European *h₁erǵʰ- (“to move, go”), comparing Ancient Greek ἔρχομαι (érkhomai, “to come, go”); however, in light of Old High German hragēn, this is phonetically untenable, as well as semantically tenuous.


asnō

asnō (nominative singular)
asnôz (nominative plural)
asnō (singular vocative)
asnôz (plural vocative)
asnǭ (accusative singular)
asnōz (accusative plural)
asnōz (genitive singular)
asnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
asnōi (dative singular)
asnōmaz (dative plural)
asnō (instrumental singular)
asnōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *asnu

Old Frisian: esna m (“wage”)

Old Saxon: asna (“wage, tax, interest”)

Middle Low German: asne, asnen