juta

Proto-West Germanic: *jūta

desctree

Old English: ġīet, ġīt, ġȳt, ġēt
Middle English: yet, yit
English: yet
Scots: yet

Old Dutch: *jit

gl

Old High German: iozuo (alternatively a new formation from io + zuo)

Middle High German: iezuo, ieze, iez

Cimbrian: et

East Central German: itze

desc

German: jetzt, itz, itzt, izt, itzo, ietzo, itzund, jtzt, jezt, jetzund, jetzunder, jetzo, ytzt, yetzt, jez, jetz, jz, jzt, jtz, jetze

Yiddish: איצט (itst)

Compound of *ju (“already”, adverb), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yew-, accusative of *h₂óyu (“long time”) and the Proto-Germanic *ta (“to, towards”), from Proto-Indo-European *do.


maimrōną

maimrō (active first-person indicative singular)
maimrǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
maimrōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
maimrōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
maimrōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
maimrō (active imperative second-person singular)
maimrōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
maimrōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
maimrōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
maimrō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
maimrōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
maimrōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
maimrōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
maimrōs (active dual first-person indicative)
maimrōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
maimrōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
maimrōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
maimrōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
maimrōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
maimrōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
maimrōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
maimrōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
maimrōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
maimrōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
maimrōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
maimrōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
maimrōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
maimrōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
maimrōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
maimrōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
maimrōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
maimrōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
maimrōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
maimrōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
maimrōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
maimrōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
maimrōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
maimrōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
maimrōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
maimrōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
maimrōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
maimrōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
maimrōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
maimrōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
maimrōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
maimrōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
maimrōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
maimrōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
maimrōndz (active participle present)
maimrōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *maimrōn

Old English: māmrian

Middle English: mameren

English: mammer

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (“to fall into thought, remember, care for”). Cognate with *mīmrōną (“to think, keep in mind, be mindful, muse”), Latin memor (“mindful, thoughtful”), Sanskrit स्मरति (smárati, “he remembers, recollects”).

cog

(West Germanic) to think, be in thought, think out, ponder.


akaną

akō (active first-person indicative singular)
akaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
akai (first-person indicative passive singular)
akizi (active indicative second-person singular)
akaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ak (active imperative second-person singular)
akazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
akaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
akidi (active indicative singular third-person)
akai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
akadau (active imperative singular third-person)
akadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
akaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
akōz (active dual first-person indicative)
akaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
akadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
akaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
akadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
akamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
akaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
akandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
akaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
akid (active indicative plural second-person)
akaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
akid (active imperative plural second-person)
akandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
akaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
akandi (active indicative plural third-person)
akain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
akandau (active imperative plural third-person)
akandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
akaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ōk (active first-person indicative singular)
ōkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ōht (active indicative second-person singular)
ōkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ōk (active indicative singular third-person)
ōkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ōkū (active dual first-person indicative)
ōkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ōkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ōkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ōkum (active first-person indicative plural)
ōkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ōkud (active indicative plural second-person)
ōkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ōkun (active indicative plural third-person)
ōkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
akandz (active participle present)
akanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *akan
Old English: acan
Middle English: aken, ake, eken
English: ache
Scots: yawk
Yola: aake
Old Frisian: *aka
Saterland Frisian: ääke, eeke
Old Saxon: *akan
Middle Low German: aken
Low German: aken, äken, achen
Old Dutch: *akan
⇒ Middle Dutch: ākel
⇒ Dutch: akelig

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eg- (“sin, crime”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄγος (ágos, “curse, blood-guilt, penance”), Sanskrit आगस् (ā́gas, “offence, injury, sin, fault”). According to Orel, "[d]espite the semantic discrepancy, these forms are historically identical", referring to the verb for the 'drive' described above and referencing Seebold, p.74-5. Indeed, Kroonen prefers to reconstruct the proto-form as *h₂eǵ- and adduces as cognates, in contrast to the above, Sanskrit आजि (ājí, “race, competition, fight”), Avestan 𐬁𐬰𐬌 (āzi, “greed, desire”), Persian آز (âz, “greed”).


stenaną

stenō (active first-person indicative singular)
stenaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stenai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stinizi (active indicative second-person singular)
stenaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sten (active imperative second-person singular)
stenazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stenaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stinidi (active indicative singular third-person)
stenai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stenadau (active imperative singular third-person)
stenadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stenaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stenōz (active dual first-person indicative)
stenaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stenadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stenaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stenadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stenamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stenaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stenandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stenaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stinid (active indicative plural second-person)
stenaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stinid (active imperative plural second-person)
stenandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stenaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stenandi (active indicative plural third-person)
stenain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stenandau (active imperative plural third-person)
stenandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stenaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stan (active first-person indicative singular)
stēnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stant (active indicative second-person singular)
stēnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stan (active indicative singular third-person)
stēnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stēnū (active dual first-person indicative)
stēnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stēnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stēnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stēnum (active first-person indicative plural)
stēnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stēnud (active indicative plural second-person)
stēnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stēnun (active indicative plural third-person)
stēnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stenandz (active participle present)
stunanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stenan
Old English: stenan, stinan
>? Middle English: stenen, steynen (regarded as byforms of stunien)
Old Saxon: *stenan
Middle Low German: stēnen, stȫnen (rounded form perhaps merged with *stunōn or *stunnjan)
Low German: stöhnen
→? Middle High German: stenen (northern)
German: stöhnen
Old Dutch: *stenan
Middle Dutch: stēnen
Dutch: stenen, steunen (rounded form perhaps merged with *stunōn or *stunnjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂- (“to crash, sound, thunder, roar, moan”). Cognate with Latin tonō (“to thunder”).


fuhsaz

fuhsaz (nominative singular)
fuhsōz (nominative plural)
fuhsōs (nominative plural)
fuhs (singular vocative)
fuhsōz (plural vocative)
fuhsōs (plural vocative)
fuhsą (accusative singular)
fuhsanz (accusative plural)
fuhsas (genitive singular)
fuhsis (genitive singular)
fuhsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fuhsai (dative singular)
fuhsamaz (dative plural)
fuhsō (instrumental singular)
fuhsamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fuhs
Old English: fox
Middle English: fox, vox, wox
English: fox
Scots: fox
Yola: voxe, vox
Old Frisian: *foks
North Frisian: foos
Saterland Frisian: Foaks
West Frisian: foks
Old Saxon: fohs, fuhs
Middle Low German: vos, vōs
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: vos
German Low German: Voß, Voss
Westphalian:
East Westphalian:
Lippisch: Voss, Foss
Paderbornisch: Voß
South Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: Voß
Westmünsterländisch: Foss
Plautdietsch: Foss
→ Icelandic: fox
→ Danish: fos
Old Dutch: fus, vus
Middle Dutch: vos
Dutch: vos
Afrikaans: vos
Jersey Dutch: vośe
Negerhollands: vos
Limburgish: vósj
Old High German: fuhs
Middle High German: vuhs
Alemannic German: Fuchs, Fugs
Walser: fuks, fuksch, fòcks, vucks
Bavarian: Fuchs
Cimbrian: vuks, buks
Mòcheno:
Central Franconian: Fuss, Fuhs, (southern) Fuchs
Hunsrik: Fuchs
Luxembourgish: Fuuss
East Central German:
Vilamovian: füks
East Franconian:
German: Fuchs
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Fux
Swabian: Fuchs
Yiddish: פֿוקס (fuks)

From Proto-Indo-European *púḱsos (“the tailed one”). Cognate with Sanskrit पुच्छ (púccha, “tail, rod”), Avestan 𐬞𐬎𐬯𐬀 (pusa).


skipą

skipą (nominative singular)
skipō (nominative plural)
skipą (singular vocative)
skipō (plural vocative)
skipą (accusative singular)
skipō (accusative plural)
skipas (genitive singular)
skipis (genitive singular)
skipǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skipai (dative singular)
skipamaz (dative plural)
skipō (instrumental singular)
skipamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skip
Old English: sċip, sċyp
Middle English: schip, schup
Scots: ship, schip
English: ship
→ Esperanto: ŝipo
Old Frisian: skip
North Frisian: schap (Mooring), Skep (Sylt)
Saterland Frisian: Skip, Schip
West Frisian: skip
Old Saxon: skip
Middle Low German: schip, schep
Low German: Schipp
German Low German: Schipp, Schip
Plautdietsch: Schepp
Old Dutch: skip, scip
Middle Dutch: schip, schep
Dutch: schip
Afrikaans: skip
Limburgish: sjeep
Old High German: skif, skef, scif
Middle High German: schif, schef
Bavarian: Schiff, Scheff
Central Franconian: Scheff, Schoff, Schöff (parts of Eifel, southwestern Ripuarian)
Hunsrik: Schiff
Luxembourgish: Schëff
German: Schiff
Yiddish: שיף (shif)
→ Old Italian: schifo
Italian: schifo
⇒ English: skeevy
⇒ English: skeeve
→ Middle French: esquif
French: esquif
→ Middle English: skif
English: skiff
→ Russian: скиф (skif)

Old Norse: skip
Icelandic: skip
Faroese: skip
Norwegian Nynorsk: skip
Old Swedish: skip
Swedish: skepp
Old Danish: skip
Danish: skib
Norwegian Bokmål: skip
Scanian: śevv
→ Irish: scib
→ Scottish Gaelic: sgioba

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀 (skip)

Uncertain etymology.
One theory derives it from Proto-Indo-European *skēi-b-, *ski-b-, which would be an extension of *skey- (“to cut”). Compare Lithuanian skiẽbti (“to rip up”), Latvian škibît (“to cut, lop”). A relation to Proto-Germanic *skapjaną (“to create, shape”) has been considered related as well, but the phonetics pose difficulties. The original meaning inherited from Proto-Indo-European was likely “hollowed tree”, and all daughter languages agree in the meaning “ship”, thus the specified meaning “ship” is assumed for Proto-Germanic; however the Old High German word also had the meaning “hollow object” and described various vessels and containers, so the Proto-Germanic word could also have been used in a more generic fashion. Moreover, one meaning does not have to exclude the other by rule. Compare the development of Old Norse skeið (“sheath; spoon; ship”), also from an extension of *skey-; cf. also unrelated Latin vās (“hollow object”), source of French vaisseau (“vessel”).
Kroonen instead claims that this word would rather be a loanword from Latin scyphus (“drinking vessel”).


þagjaną

þagjō (active first-person indicative singular)
þagjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þagjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þagisi (active indicative second-person singular)
þagjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þagi (active imperative second-person singular)
þagjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þagjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þagiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þagjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þagjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þagjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þagjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þagjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þagjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þagjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þagjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þagjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þagjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þagjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þagjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þagjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þagiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þagjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þagiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þagjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þagjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þagjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þagjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þagjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þagjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þagjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þagidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þagidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þagidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þagidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þagidē (active indicative singular third-person)
þagidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þagidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þagidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þagidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þagidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þagidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þagidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þagidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þagidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þagidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þagidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þagjandz (active participle present)
þagidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þagjan

Old English: þeċġan, āþeċġan

Iterative-intensive formation derived from *þigjaną.

/ˈθɑɣ.jɑ.nɑ̃/


hringaz

hringaz (nominative singular)
hringōz (nominative plural)
hringōs (nominative plural)
hring (singular vocative)
hringōz (plural vocative)
hringōs (plural vocative)
hringą (accusative singular)
hringanz (accusative plural)
hringas (genitive singular)
hringis (genitive singular)
hringǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hringai (dative singular)
hringamaz (dative plural)
hringō (instrumental singular)
hringamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hring
Old English: hring
Middle English: *ring
English: ring

Of uncertain origin. Orel tentatively connects the word to the "ring, circle" of Etymology 1, i.e. "the noise that clashing rings make". Other theories derive the word from a Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreg-, *(s)kArg-, *(s)kArk- (“to caw, crow, croak, pipe, shout”), and compare Lithuanian krañkti (“to caw, cough, croak”). Alternatively, an intra-Germanic onomatopoeic formation.


laugō

laugō (nominative singular)
laugôz (nominative plural)
laugō (singular vocative)
laugôz (plural vocative)
laugǭ (accusative singular)
laugōz (accusative plural)
laugōz (genitive singular)
laugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laugōi (dative singular)
laugōmaz (dative plural)
laugō (instrumental singular)
laugōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *laugu

Old English: lēaġ

Middle English: leihe, leȝe, liȝe

English: lye

Scots: lee

Old Frisian: *lāge, *lāch

Saterland Frisian: Loge, Looie

West Frisian: leach

Old Saxon: *lōga

Middle Low German: lôge

German Low German: Loge, Loog, Loje

Old Dutch: *lōga

Middle Dutch: lôge

Dutch: loog

Afrikaans: loog

Old High German: louga

Middle High German: louge

German: Lauge

→ Bulgarian: луга (luga)

→ Czech: louh

→ Hungarian: lúg

→ Macedonian: лу́га (lúga)

→ Polish: ług

→ Serbo-Croatian: лу̑г / lȗg

→ Slovak: lúh

→ Slovene: lug

→ Ukrainian: луг (luh)

desctree

Old Norse: laug
Icelandic: laug
Faroese: leyg
Norwegian Nynorsk: laug
→ Norwegian Bokmål: laug
Old Swedish: løgh
Swedish: lög
Old Danish: løgh
Danish: løv, lø, løj, lørdag, Løgum (placename)

desc

Proto-Samic: *lāvkō, *lāvkōtēk (“to bathe”)

Northern Sami: lávgu

Southern Sami: laavkoe

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *lewh₃- (“to wash”), perhaps via pre-Germanic *lowh₃-k-éh₂.


baumaz

baumaz (nominative singular)
baumōz (nominative plural)
baumōs (nominative plural)
baum (singular vocative)
baumōz (plural vocative)
baumōs (plural vocative)
baumą (accusative singular)
baumanz (accusative plural)
baumas (genitive singular)
baumis (genitive singular)
baumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baumai (dative singular)
baumamaz (dative plural)
baumō (instrumental singular)
baumamiz (instrumental plural)


leuhtą

leuhtą (nominative singular)
leuhtō (nominative plural)
leuhtą (singular vocative)
leuhtō (plural vocative)
leuhtą (accusative singular)
leuhtō (accusative plural)
leuhtas (genitive singular)
liuhtis (genitive singular)
leuhtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
leuhtai (dative singular)
leuhtamaz (dative plural)
leuhtō (instrumental singular)
leuhtamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *leuht
Old English: lēoht, lēht — Anglian, līht
Middle English: leoht, liht, light
English: light
Scots: licht
Old Frisian: liācht
Saterland Frisian: Ljoacht, Lucht
West Frisian: ljocht
Old Saxon: lioht
Middle Low German: licht, lucht
Low German: Licht
German Low German: Licht
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Lecht
Lippisch: Lecht, Lucht
Sauerländisch: Lecht, Licht
Westmünsterländisch: Lecht, Lech
Plautdietsch: Licht
Old Dutch: lieht
Middle Dutch: licht
Dutch: licht
Afrikaans: lig
Limburgish: lèch
Old High German: lioht
Middle High German: liecht, licht
Alemannic German: Liecht (north Alsatian), Liacht (south Alsatian)
Bavarian: Liacht
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Licht
Kölsch: Leesch
Luxembourgish: Liicht
East Central German:
Vilamovian: łicht
East Franconian: Lieacht
German: Licht
Rhine Franconian: Licht, Liecht, Lischt
Frankfurterisch: [liʃt]
Pennsylvania German: Licht
Yiddish: ליכט (likht)

From Proto-Indo-European *lewktom, ultimately from the root *lewk- (“to shine”) and the suffix *-tós.


furduz

furduz (nominative singular)
furdiwiz (nominative plural)
furdu (singular vocative)
furdiwiz (plural vocative)
furdų (accusative singular)
furdunz (accusative plural)
furdauz (genitive singular)
furdiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furdiwi (dative singular)
furdumaz (dative plural)
furdū (instrumental singular)
furdumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *furdu
Old English: ford
Middle English: ford, furd, foord
English: ford
Scots: furde, furd, fuird
⇒ English: Chelmsford (from a contraction of Ċēolmǣres + ford)
→ Proto-Brythonic: *forð (“road”) (see there for further descendants)
Old Frisian: forda
West Frisian: furde
Old Saxon: ford
Middle Low German: furd, vōrde, vōrt
German Low German: Föörd
Old Dutch: furda, *ford
Middle Dutch: vort, vōort
Dutch: voorde f, voord m, (archaic) voort m
Old High German: furt
Middle High German: vurt
German: Furt
→ Saterland Frisian: Fúurt

From Proto-Indo-European *pr̥téw-, the oblique stem of *pértus (“crossing”), equivalent to unattested *feraną (“to cross”) + *-þuz. The nominative stem gave rise to *ferþuz. In the nominative the stress fell on the root, and as such *ferþuz does not display the effects of Verner's Law seen in *furduz, which has generalized the oblique stem.


funkô

funkô (nominative singular)
funkaniz (nominative plural)
funkô (singular vocative)
funkaniz (plural vocative)
funkanų (accusative singular)
funkanunz (accusative plural)
funkiniz (genitive singular)
funkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
funkini (dative singular)
funkammaz (dative plural)
funkinē (instrumental singular)
funkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *funkō
Old English: *funca
Middle English: funke, fonke
English: funk
⇒? English: spunk (possibly blent with spark)
⇒? Scots: spunk, sponk (possibly blent with spark)
Old Frisian: *funka
Saterland Frisian: Funke
West Frisian: fonk, fûnk
Old Saxon: *funko
Middle Low German: vunke
German Low German: Funk
Low German: Fonk
→ Danish: funke
→ Norwegian Bokmål: funke
Old Dutch: *funko
Middle Dutch: vonke
Dutch: vonk
Limburgish: vónk
Old High German: funcho, funko, funco
Middle High German: vunke
German: Funke
Luxembourgish: Fonk
Yiddish: פֿונק (funk)

Two possibilities have been proposed:
* From Proto-Indo-European *ph₂un-, oblique stem of *péh₂wr̥ (“fire”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *(s)peng- (“to shine”).


taikuraz

taikuraz (nominative singular)
taikurōz (nominative plural)
taikurōs (nominative plural)
taikur (singular vocative)
taikurōz (plural vocative)
taikurōs (plural vocative)
taikurą (accusative singular)
taikuranz (accusative plural)
taikuras (genitive singular)
taikuris (genitive singular)
taikurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
taikurai (dative singular)
taikuramaz (dative plural)
taikurō (instrumental singular)
taikuramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *taikur
Old English: tācor
Old Frisian: tāker
Old High German: zeihhur
Middle High German: zeicher

From Proto-Indo-European *dayh₂ur-o-s, thematicized from *dayh₂wḗr ~ *dayh₂ur-és (“brother-in-law”).


lungraz

lungraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
lungrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
lungrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
lungrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
lungrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
lungrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
lungranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
lungrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
lungrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
lungranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
lungrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
lungrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
lungras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
lungraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
lungras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
lungraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
lungraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
lungraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
lungrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
lungraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
lungrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
lungraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
lungraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
lungraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
lungranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
lungraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
lungranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
lungraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
lungraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
lungraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
lungrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
lungrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
lungrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
lungraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
lungrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
lungrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
lungranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
lungrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
lungrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
lungranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
lungrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
lungrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
lungriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
lungrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
lungriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
lungranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
lungrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
lungranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
lungrini (dative masculine singular weak)
lungrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
lungrini (dative neuter singular weak)
lungrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
lungrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
lungrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
lungrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
lungrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
lungrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
lungrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
lungrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
lungrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *lungr
Old English: lungor
Old Saxon: lungar

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ln̥gʷʰrós (“light”).


nestą

nestą (nominative singular)
nestō (nominative plural)
nestą (singular vocative)
nestō (plural vocative)
nestą (accusative singular)
nestō (accusative plural)
nestas (genitive singular)
nistis (genitive singular)
nestǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nestai (dative singular)
nestamaz (dative plural)
nestō (instrumental singular)
nestamiz (instrumental plural)
*nistą (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *nest, *nist
Old English: nest
Middle English: nest, neste, nist, nyst, neest
English: nest
Scots: nest
Yola: naesth
Old Frisian: *nest
Saterland Frisian: Nääst
West Frisian: nêst, nust
Old Saxon: *nest
Middle Low German: nest
German Low German: Nest
Plautdietsch: Nast
→ Swedish: näste
Old Dutch: nest
Middle Dutch: nest
Dutch: nest
Afrikaans: nes
Negerhollands: nest, nes
→ Papiamentu: nèshi, nèishi, nesji
⇒ Limburgish: ès (rebracketing)
Old High German: nest
Middle High German: nest, nist
Bavarian: Nest
⇒ Cimbrian: èst (rebracketing)
Central Franconian: Ness, Nest, Nöss, Nöst, Nost (all < nist)
Hunsrik: Nist
Luxembourgish: Nascht
German: Nest
Rhine Franconian: Nest, Nescht, Nischt (last < nist)
Pennsylvania German: Nescht
Vilamovian: naost
Yiddish: נעסט (nest)

From Proto-Indo-European *nisdós (“seat”) with a change to the neuter gender.
The vocalism e < i (apparently from a-mutation) uncommonly prevails in most descendants, including the oldest stages (matched only by *weraz). Forms with i are attested in Middle English and Middle High German, however. These may be either old variants or analogical formations after West Germanic *nistijan (“to nest”), *ganistī (collective).


gelwaz

gelwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gelwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gelwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gelwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gelwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gelwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gelwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gelwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gelwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gelwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gelwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gelwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gelwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
gelwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gelwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
gelwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gelwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gelwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gelwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gelwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gelwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gelwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gelwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gelwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gelwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gelwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gelwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gelwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gelwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gelwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gelwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gelwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gelwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gelwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gelwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gelwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gelwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gelwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gelwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gelwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gelwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gelwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gelwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gelwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gelwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gelwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gelwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gelwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gelwini (dative masculine singular weak)
gelwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gelwini (dative neuter singular weak)
gelwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gelwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gelwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gelwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gelwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gelwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gelwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gelwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gelwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *gelu
Old English: ġeolu
Middle English: ȝelwe, ȝalow, yelow
English: yellow; yeller, yallow, yaller, yullow (dialectal)
Scots: yella, yelly, yallow
Old Frisian: *jele
Saterland Frisian: jeel
West Frisian: giel
Old Saxon: gelo, gelu
Middle Low German: gēl
Low German: gelb
German Low German: geel, gęl, gäl
Hamburgisch: geel
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: gial
Lippisch: gäll
Sauerländisch: giäl, geal, gail, gēäl
Westmünsterländisch: gääl, geel, gell
East Low German
Mecklenburg-Vorpommersch: gäl
Märkisch: gēl
Plautdietsch: jäl
Old Dutch: *gelo
Middle Dutch: gelu, geluw, gēle
Dutch: geel
Limburgish: gael
Old High German: gelo
Middle High German: gël (inflected gëlwe)
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: gahl, gäl
Swabian: geal
Central Franconian: gäl, jäl, jell
Cimbrian: gel, ghéel (Sette Comuni)
German: gelb; gehl (regional)
→ Hunsrik: gelleb
Luxembourgish: giel
Pennsylvania German: gehl
Vilamovian: gaoł
Yiddish: געל (gel), געלב (gelb)

Proto-Germanic: *gulþą
Proto-West Germanic: *golþ
Old English: gold
Middle English: gold
English: gold
Scots: gooth, gowth, gowd, goold
Old Frisian: gold
Saterland Frisian: Gould
West Frisian: goud
Old Saxon: gold
Middle Low German: golt
Low German: Gold
German Low German: Goolt, Guld, Gold
Plautdietsch: Golt
Old Dutch: golt, gold
Middle Dutch: gout
Dutch: goud
Afrikaans: goud
Berbice Creole Dutch: gautu
Negerhollands: gaut, goud, gout
Skepi Creole Dutch: gaut
→ Sranan Tongo: gowtu
→ Caribbean Javanese: gautu
→ Saramaccan: góútu
→ Trió: koutu
Limburgish: góldj
Old High German: gold, cold
Middle High German: golt
Alemannic German: Gold
Bavarian: Goid, Golt
Cimbrian: gold, golt (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: golt
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Gold
Luxembourgish: Gold
East Central German:
Vilamovian: gułd
East Franconian:
German: Gold
Rhine Franconian: Gold
Frankfurterisch: [g̥olt]
Pennsylvania German: Gold
Yiddish: גאָלד (gold)
Old Norse: gull, goll
Icelandic: gull n
Faroese: gull n
Norwegian Nynorsk: gull n
Old Swedish: gull n
Swedish: gull, guld n
Old Danish:
Danish: guld n
Norwegian Bokmål: gull n
→ Greenlandic: kuulti
Gutnish: gull n
Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐌻𐌸 (gulþ)
Crimean Gothic: goltz
→ Proto-Finnic: *kulta (see there for further descendants)
→ Proto-Samic: *kollē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃-wó-s (“yellow”), from *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”) + *-wós. Cognate with Latin helvus (“light-yellow”).


ahsō

ahsō (nominative singular)
ahsôz (nominative plural)
ahsō (singular vocative)
ahsôz (plural vocative)
ahsǭ (accusative singular)
ahsōz (accusative plural)
ahsōz (genitive singular)
ahsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ahsōi (dative singular)
ahsōmaz (dative plural)
ahsō (instrumental singular)
ahsōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ahsu
Old English: eax
Old Frisian: *ax
West Frisian: as
Old Saxon: ahsa
Middle Low German: asse
Old Dutch: *assa
Middle Dutch: asse
Dutch: as
Afrikaans: as
Negerhollands: az
→ Indonesian: as
→ Papiamentu: as (dated)
Old High German: ahsa
Middle High German: ahse
Alemannic German: Uechs
German: Achse
→ Norwegian Bokmål: akse
Luxembourgish: Achs

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs-eh₂, from *h₂eḱs- (“axle”).


hulliz

hulliz (nominative singular)
hullīz (nominative plural)
hulli (singular vocative)
hullīz (plural vocative)
hullį (accusative singular)
hullinz (accusative plural)
hullīz (genitive singular)
hullijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hullī (dative singular)
hullimaz (dative plural)
hullī (instrumental singular)
hullimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hyll
Middle English: hil, hyl, hille, hylle, hul, hulle, helle
English: hill
Scots: hill, hull
Yola: hele, hile, hill

Old Frisian: *hell, *hel; holla

West Frisian: hel

Old Saxon: *hull, *hul

Middle Low German: hull

Old Dutch: hil (coastal, Ingvaeonic); *hul (elsewhere)

Middle Dutch: hil, hille; hul

Dutch: hil; hul

From Proto-Indo-European *kl̥Hnís (“hill”), from the root *kelH-. Compare Proto-Italic *kolnis > Latin collis.


drugą

drugą (nominative singular)
drugō (nominative plural)
drugą (singular vocative)
drugō (plural vocative)
drugą (accusative singular)
drugō (accusative plural)
drugas (genitive singular)
drugis (genitive singular)
drugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drugai (dative singular)
drugamaz (dative plural)
drugō (instrumental singular)
drugamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *drog
Old Frisian: *droch
North Frisian: drōch
Saterland Frisian: Drog m
Old Saxon: *drog
Middle Low German: droch
Westphalian:
Suerländer-Märkisch: Drǫg
Old Dutch: *drog
Middle Dutch: droch
⇒ Dutch: drogreden
⇒ Dutch: droggrond
⇒ Dutch: droglicht
Old High German: *trug, *trog
Middle High German: truc, troc m
German: Trug

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrugʰ-o-m, thematicized from *dʰréwk-s ~ *dʰrugʰ-és, from *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive”) + *-s. Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰrúkš (“lie, deceit”), and perhaps Proto-Celtic *drukos (“bad”).


maiskaz

maiskaz (nominative singular)
maiskōz (nominative plural)
maiskōs (nominative plural)
maisk (singular vocative)
maiskōz (plural vocative)
maiskōs (plural vocative)
maiską (accusative singular)
maiskanz (accusative plural)
maiskas (genitive singular)
maiskis (genitive singular)
maiskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maiskai (dative singular)
maiskamaz (dative plural)
maiskō (instrumental singular)
maiskamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *maisk, *mask

desc

Old English: mǣsc-, māsc-, māx-, māscwyrt

Middle English: maske, masche, *mashe (found in misse-mashe)

Scots: mask, musk

English: mash, mishmash

Old Frisian: *māsk, *mask

North Frisian: mask

Saterland Frisian: Mask; Miskmask

Old Saxon: *mēsk, *mask

Middle Low German: masch, mêsch, mêschewert, meisch

German Low German: Mask

→ Danish: mask, miskmask

→ Swedish: mäsk, mask (dialectal)

Old Dutch: *mēsk, *mask

Middle Dutch: *masch

>? Dutch: mas (possibly borrowed from Low German)

Old High German: *meisk

Middle High German: meisch

German: Maisch m, Maische f

From earlier *maihskaz, from Proto-Indo-European *moiḱ-sḱ-o/eh₂-, from *meyḱ- (“mix”).


saipǭ

saipǭ (nominative singular)
saipōniz (nominative plural)
saipǭ (singular vocative)
saipōniz (plural vocative)
saipōnų (accusative singular)
saipōnunz (accusative plural)
saipōniz (genitive singular)
saipōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saipōni (dative singular)
saipōmaz (dative plural)
saipōnē (instrumental singular)
saipōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *saipā
Old English: sāpe
Middle English: sope, sape
English: soap (see there for further descendants)
Scots: saip, sape
→ Middle Irish: sóp
→ Old Norse: sápa
Icelandic: sápa
Faroese: sápa
Norwegian: såpa, såpe
→ Danish: såpe
Norwegian Bokmål: såpe
Old Swedish: sāpa
Swedish: såpa
→ Finnish: suopa, soopa
Old Frisian: *sēpe
Saterland Frisian: Seepe
West Frisian: sjippe
Old Saxon: *sēpa
Middle Low German: sêpe, seipe
German Low German: Seep
Dutch Low Saxon: ziepe, zaip, zaipe, zeeip, zepe, zeip, ziep, zaibe, zeep
→ Estonian: seep
→ Danish: sæbe
Norwegian Bokmål: sæbe, sæpe, sepe
→ Latvian: ziepes
Old Dutch: *sēpa
Middle Dutch: sêpe, seipe
Dutch: zeep
Afrikaans: seep (see there for further descendants)
Berbice Creole Dutch: sepu
Skepi Creole Dutch: sepu
→ Akawaio: seepoo, sawana
→ Pemon: seepoo, sawana
→ Lokono: sêpo
Limburgish: zeip
Old High German: seipfa, seiffa, seifa
Middle High German: seife
Alemannic German: Seif, Seife, Seifi, Seipfe, Soapfe
Swabian: Soif
Bavarian: Saf, Soaffa, Soaf
Central Franconian: Seef, Sääf, Seif
Hunsrik: Seif
Luxembourgish: Seef
East Central German:
Vilamovian: zaof
East Franconian: Saafe
German: Seife
Rhine Franconian: Saaf, Saaif, Sääf, Sääif, Seef
Frankfurterisch: [saːf]
Pennsylvania German: Seef
Yiddish: זייף (zeyf)

Finnic:

→ Finnish: saippua
→ Ingrian: saippu
→ Northern Sami: sáibu

→ Latin: sāpō (see there for further descendants)

Of unclear origin. One theory derives the term from Proto-Indo-European *seyb- (“to pour out, dribble, strain, trickle”), and compares it with Latin sēbum (“tallow, grease”).


dwaiskijaną

dwaiskijō (active first-person indicative singular)
dwaiskijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dwaiskijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dwaiskīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
dwaiskijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dwaiskī (active imperative second-person singular)
dwaiskijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dwaiskijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dwaiskīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dwaiskijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dwaiskijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dwaiskijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dwaiskijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dwaiskijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dwaiskijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dwaiskijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dwaiskijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dwaiskijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dwaiskijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dwaiskijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dwaiskijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dwaiskijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dwaiskīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dwaiskijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dwaiskīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dwaiskijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dwaiskijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dwaiskijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dwaiskijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dwaiskijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dwaiskijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dwaiskijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dwaiskidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dwaiskidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dwaiskidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dwaiskidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dwaiskidē (active indicative singular third-person)
dwaiskidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dwaiskidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dwaiskidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dwaiskidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dwaiskidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dwaiskidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dwaiskidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dwaiskidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dwaiskidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dwaiskidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dwaiskidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dwaiskijandz (active participle present)
dwaiskidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dwaiskijan

Old English: dwǣsċan

Middle English: duschen

English: dush

Scots: dusch

⇒ Old English: ādwǣsċan

Middle English: adweschen

⇒ Old English: tōdwǣsċan

Old Frisian: *dwēska

West Frisian: dwêste

⇒ West Frisian: dwêstgje, dwêstje

⇒ West Frisian: sândwêste

⇒ West Frisian: útdwêste

Old Dutch: *dwēsken

Middle Dutch: dwesscen, dwisscen

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰwey- (“to slip away; dwindle; die”), from *dʰew- (“to dwindle, die”).

(West Germanic) (transitive) to suffocate, extinguish


dwēsaz

dwēsaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dwēsō (feminine nominative singular strong)
dwēsą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dwēsai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dwēsôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dwēsō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dwēsanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dwēsǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dwēsą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dwēsanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dwēsōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dwēsō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dwēsas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
dwēsaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dwēsas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
dwēsaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dwēsaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dwēsaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dwēsammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dwēsaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dwēsammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dwēsaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dwēsaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dwēsaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dwēsanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dwēsaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dwēsanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dwēsaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dwēsaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dwēsaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dwēsô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dwēsǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dwēsô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dwēsaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dwēsōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dwēsōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dwēsanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dwēsōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dwēsô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dwēsanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dwēsōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dwēsōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
dwēsiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dwēsōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dwēsiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dwēsanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dwēsōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
dwēsanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
dwēsini (dative masculine singular weak)
dwēsōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dwēsini (dative neuter singular weak)
dwēsammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dwēsōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
dwēsammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
dwēsinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dwēsōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dwēsinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dwēsammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dwēsōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
dwēsammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dwās
Old English: dwǣs
Middle English: dwæs
Old Frisian: dwēs
Old Saxon: *dwās
Middle Low German: dwâs
Low German: dwas
Old Dutch: *dwās
Middle Dutch: dwâes
Dutch: dwaas
Afrikaans: dwaas
→ West Frisian: dwaas (noun)
Limburgish: dwaos
Old High German: *dwās, *twās
Middle High German: twās, dwās

Compare *dusāną (“to slumber”); also Latvian dusēt (“to sleep, rest”).


badją

badją (nominative singular)
badjō (nominative plural)
badją (singular vocative)
badjō (plural vocative)
badją (accusative singular)
badjō (accusative plural)
badjas (genitive singular)
badis (genitive singular)
badjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
badjai (dative singular)
badjamaz (dative plural)
badjō (instrumental singular)
badjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *badi
Old English: bedd, bed, bædd
Middle English: bedde, bed
English: bed
Scots: bede, bed
Old Frisian: bedd
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: baad
Helgoland: Baad
Mooring: beed
Saterland Frisian: Bääd
West Frisian: bêd
Old Saxon: bed, bedd, beddi
Middle Low German: bedde
Low German: Bett, Bedd
Dutch Low Saxon: bedde
German Low German: Bedd
Plautdietsch: Bad, Bed
→ Icelandic: beddi
Old Dutch: beddi
Middle Dutch: bedde
Dutch: bed
Afrikaans: bed
Berbice Creole Dutch: bedi
Negerhollands: bet, bedi, bere, bedde
→ Virgin Islands Creole: bedi (archaic)
Skepi Creole Dutch: bede
→ Caribbean Javanese: bèt
→? Mohegan-Pequot: beed
→ Papiamentu: bèt, bèchi, bèrchi, bed
→ Saramaccan: bédi
→? Sranan Tongo: bedi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bedi
→ Caribbean Javanese: bèḍi
→ Kari'na: bedi
Limburgish: bèd
→ French: bedde (“matress”) (dialectal)
Old High German: betti, beti
Middle High German: bette, bete, bet
Alemannic German: Bett
Swabian: Bedd
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: pett
German: Bett (“bed”), Beet (“flowerbed”)
→ Danish: bed
Norwegian Bokmål: bed
Luxembourgish: Bett
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Bett
Vilamovian: bet

Old Norse: beðr m (“bolster, bedding”)
Icelandic: beður m, beð n
Faroese: beður m, beð n
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: bedd
Old Swedish: *bädh, bädhil
Swedish: bädd c
→ Finnish: peti

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌳𐌹 (badi)

desc

→ Proto-Finnic: *patja (“pillow, mattress”) (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰodʰh₂-yó-m (“dug-out plot of land”), from *bʰedʰh₂- (“to dig, burrow; to pierce, stab”) + *-yóm (the supposed intermediate meaning would be paralleled in Proto-Celtic *bedom (“ditch, grave”) and explain the sense “flowerbed” in West Germanic); or perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰh₁-tó-s (“warm”), from *bʰeh₁- (“to warm”) + *-tós, whence *baþą (“bath”), Dutch betten (“to warm up”).

suf

(West Germanic and originally?) plot of ground


raþą

raþą (nominative singular)
raþō (nominative plural)
raþą (singular vocative)
raþō (plural vocative)
raþą (accusative singular)
raþō (accusative plural)
raþas (genitive singular)
raþis (genitive singular)
raþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raþai (dative singular)
raþamaz (dative plural)
raþō (instrumental singular)
raþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *raþ

Old Frisian: reth

West Frisian: rêd

Old Saxon: rath

Middle Low German: rat

German Low German: Rad

Plautdietsch: Raut

→ Swedish: ratt

→ Finnish: ratti

→ Norwegian Bokmål: ratt

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: ratt

→ Danish: rat

→ Elfdalian: ratt

Old Dutch: *rath

Middle Dutch: rat, rad

Dutch: rad

Limburgish: raad

Old High German: rad

Middle High German: rat

German: Rad

→ Esperanto: rado

Hunsrik: Raat

Luxembourgish: Rad

Yiddish: ראָד (rod)

From Proto-Indo-European *Hróth₂om or *Hrótom, from the root *Hreth₂- or *Hret- (“to roll”). Compare Latin rota, perhaps from the collective of the same word.


taikijaną

taikijō (active first-person indicative singular)
taikijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
taikijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
taikīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
taikijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
taikī (active imperative second-person singular)
taikijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
taikijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
taikīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
taikijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
taikijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
taikijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
taikijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
taikijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
taikijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
taikijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
taikijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
taikijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
taikijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
taikijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
taikijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
taikijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
taikīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
taikijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
taikīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
taikijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
taikijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
taikijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
taikijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
taikijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
taikijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
taikijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
taihtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
taihtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
taihtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
taihtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
taihtē (active indicative singular third-person)
taihtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
taihtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
taihtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
taihtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
taihtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
taihtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
taihtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
taihtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
taihtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
taihtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
taihtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
taikijandz (active participle present)
taikidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *taikijan

desctree

Old English: tǣċan
Middle English: techen
English: teach
Scots: teich
Yola: teach

Old Frisian: *tēka, *tētza

⇒? Saterland Frisian: tekend, teekend

Old Saxon: *tēkian

>? Middle Low German: têken

German Low German: teken

Old Dutch: *teiken

>? Middle Dutch: teken

Causative in *-janą to *taik(k)ōną (see Proto-West Germanic *taigōn), from Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to show, instruct, tell, point out, explain”) + *-néh₂ti; the Germanic *k rather than expected *h or *g is thus due to Kluge's law. Cognate with Latin dīcō (“speak, say, tell”), Ancient Greek δείκνυμι (deíknumi, “show, point out, explain, teach”).

cog

(West Germanic) to show, point out, demonstrate; to teach


blukką

blukką (nominative singular)
blukkō (nominative plural)
blukką (singular vocative)
blukkō (plural vocative)
blukką (accusative singular)
blukkō (accusative plural)
blukkas (genitive singular)
blukkis (genitive singular)
blukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blukkai (dative singular)
blukkamaz (dative plural)
blukkō (instrumental singular)
blukkamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blokk
Old Frisian: blok
Saterland Frisian: Blok
West Frisian: blok
Old Saxon: blok
Middle Low German: blok
German Low German: Block
→ Danish: blok
→ Faroese: blokkur
→ Norwegian: blokk
→ Swedish: block
Old Dutch: *bloc
Middle Dutch: bloc
Dutch: blok
Afrikaans: blok
Berbice Creole Dutch: bloko
→ Caribbean Javanese: blog
→ Indonesian: blok
→ Papiamentu: blòki, blokki (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: blok, blók
→ Old French: bloc
Middle French: bloc
French: bloc (see there for further descendants)
Walloon: blok
→ Middle English: blok
English: block (see there for further descendants)
Scots: block
Old High German: bloh, bloch (also piloch, biloh, from a merger with an unrelated word)
Middle High German: bloch
German: Block (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *blukną, presumably metathesized from *bulkną, from pre-Germanic *bʰl̥ǵʰ-no-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵʰ- (“to balk, beam; to swell”). Cognate with Old Irish blog, Latin fulcrum.

der

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Germanic parent language
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)


gaistaz

gaistaz (nominative singular)
gaistōz (nominative plural)
gaistōs (nominative plural)
gaist (singular vocative)
gaistōz (plural vocative)
gaistōs (plural vocative)
gaistą (accusative singular)
gaistanz (accusative plural)
gaistas (genitive singular)
gaistis (genitive singular)
gaistǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaistai (dative singular)
gaistamaz (dative plural)
gaistō (instrumental singular)
gaistamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gaist
Old English: gāst, gǣst, gaast
Middle English: gost, gast, gaast, goost, goste
English: ghost
Scots: gaist, gast, ghaist
Yola: gaast
Old Frisian: gāst, gēst
Saterland Frisian: Gäist, Jeest
West Frisian: geast
→ Norwegian Bokmål: gast
→ Old Danish: gast (or from Low German)
Danish: gast
→ Old Swedish: gaster
Swedish: gast
Old Saxon: gēst, geist
Middle Low German: gêst, geist
Low German: Geist
German Low German: Geest, Geist
Plautdietsch: Jeist
Old Dutch: geist, gēst, *gast
Middle Dutch: gêest
Dutch: geest
Afrikaans: gees
Negerhollands: geest
Old High German: geist, gheist, keist
Middle High German: geist
German: Geist
→ English: geist
→ Danish: gejst
→ Swedish: gejst
→ Norwegian Bokmål: geist
Hunsrik: Geest, Geist
Luxembourgish: Geescht
Yiddish: גײַסט (gayst)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéysd-os, from *ǵʰeys- (“to be angry, agitated”). Cognate with Sanskrit हेड (héḍa, “anger”), Lithuanian žei̇̃sti (“to wound”).


miltijaz

miltijaz (nominative singular)
miltijōz (nominative plural)
miltijōs (nominative plural)
miltī (singular vocative)
miltijōz (plural vocative)
miltijōs (plural vocative)
miltiją (accusative singular)
miltijanz (accusative plural)
miltijas (genitive singular)
miltīs (genitive singular)
miltijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
miltijai (dative singular)
miltijamaz (dative plural)
miltijō (instrumental singular)
miltijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *miltī

Old English: milt

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)meld- (“to beat, grind, crush, weaken”).


bedą

bedą (nominative singular)
bedō (nominative plural)
bedą (singular vocative)
bedō (plural vocative)
bedą (accusative singular)
bedō (accusative plural)
bedas (genitive singular)
bidis (genitive singular)
bedǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bedai (dative singular)
bedamaz (dative plural)
bedō (instrumental singular)
bedamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bed
Old English: bed
Middle English: bed, bede (through confluence with descendants of Old English ġebed)
English: bead
Scots: bede, beid
Old High German: *bet
Middle High German: bët, bëte
German: Bet

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰedʰ- (“to ask for, beseech, implore”); more at *bedō.


dēhǭ

dēhǭ (nominative singular)
dēhōniz (nominative plural)
dēhǭ (singular vocative)
dēhōniz (plural vocative)
dēhōnų (accusative singular)
dēhōnunz (accusative plural)
dēhōniz (genitive singular)
dēhōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dēhōni (dative singular)
dēhōmaz (dative plural)
dēhōnē (instrumental singular)
dēhōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dāhwā, *dagwā, *dahā
Old English: *dāwe
Middle English: dawe
English: daw
⇒ English: jackdaw
Scots: da, daa, daw
Old Saxon: dāha
Old High German: tāha
Middle High German: tāhe
German: Tach, Dache (dialectal)

Perhaps from an onomatopoeic Proto-Indo-European root *dʰek-, *dʰēk- (“a daw, starling, thrush”). Cognate with Old Prussian doacke (“starling”), Latin faccilāre (“the sound or timbre of the thrush”).


kebrą

kebrą (nominative singular)
kebrō (nominative plural)
kebrą (singular vocative)
kebrō (plural vocative)
kebrą (accusative singular)
kebrō (accusative plural)
kebras (genitive singular)
kibris (genitive singular)
kebrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kebrai (dative singular)
kebramaz (dative plural)
kebrō (instrumental singular)
kebramiz (instrumental plural)
*kefraz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *kebr

Old Dutch: *kifer; *kifel

→ Old French: *gifle, giffe

Middle French: gifle

French: gifle

Old High German: kifer; *kifel

Middle High German: kiver; kifel

German: Kiefer


delbaną

delbō (active first-person indicative singular)
delbaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
delbai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dilbizi (active indicative second-person singular)
delbaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
delb (active imperative second-person singular)
delbazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
delbaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dilbidi (active indicative singular third-person)
delbai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
delbadau (active imperative singular third-person)
delbadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
delbaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
delbōz (active dual first-person indicative)
delbaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
delbadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
delbaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
delbadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
delbamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
delbaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
delbandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
delbaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dilbid (active indicative plural second-person)
delbaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dilbid (active imperative plural second-person)
delbandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
delbaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
delbandi (active indicative plural third-person)
delbain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
delbandau (active imperative plural third-person)
delbandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
delbaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dalb (active first-person indicative singular)
dulbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dalft (active indicative second-person singular)
dulbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dalb (active indicative singular third-person)
dulbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dulbū (active dual first-person indicative)
dulbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dulbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dulbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dulbum (active first-person indicative plural)
dulbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dulbud (active indicative plural second-person)
dulbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dulbun (active indicative plural third-person)
dulbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
delbandz (active participle present)
dulbanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *delban
Old English: delfan
Middle English: delven
Scots: delve
English: delve
Old Frisian: delva
West Frisian: dolle
Old Saxon: *delvan (in compounds: bidelvan)
Middle Low German: delven
Low German: dölven
Old Dutch: *delvan
Middle Dutch: delven
Dutch: delven
Afrikaans: delf, delwe
Limburgish: dèlve
Old High German: *telpan, *telban (in compounds: bitelban)
Middle High German: tëlben, dëlben
German: delben, telben (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰelbʰ- (“to dig”). Cognate with Lithuanian delbti (“to drop, cast down”).


dwemrą

dwemrą (nominative singular)
dwemrō (nominative plural)
dwemrą (singular vocative)
dwemrō (plural vocative)
dwemrą (accusative singular)
dwemrō (accusative plural)
dwemras (genitive singular)
dwimris (genitive singular)
dwemrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dwemrai (dative singular)
dwemramaz (dative plural)
dwemrō (instrumental singular)
dwemramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dwemr, *dwimr

desc

Old English: *dweomor, dwimor, dwimer, dwymer

Middle English: dweomer, dwimer

English: dweomer, dwimmer

⇒ Old English: ġedwimor

From *dwemaną (“to smoke; fume”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”).


kūts

kūts (nominative singular)
kūtiz (nominative plural)
kūt (singular vocative)
kūtiz (plural vocative)
kūtų (accusative singular)
kūtunz (accusative plural)
kūtiz (genitive singular)
kūtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kūti (dative singular)
kūtumaz (dative plural)
kūtē (instrumental singular)
kūtumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kūt

Old Dutch: *kūt

>? Middle Dutch: kuut, cuut, coet

Dutch: koet

⇒ Dutch: meerkoet

desc

→ Middle English: cote, coote, cute, cuytt

English: coot

Scots: coot, quet, queet

Old High German: *kūz

Middle High German: kūz, kiuzelīn, kützlīn

German: Kauz

→ German Low German: Kauz, Kauter

→ Middle Low German: kûtz

⇒ Middle Low German: kü̂tzken

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gewH-d- (“to call, cry out, cry, screech”), but in any case ultimately onomatopoeic.


brōmiz

brōmiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
brōmī (feminine nominative singular strong)
brōmį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
brōmijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
brōmijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
brōmijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
brōmijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
brōmijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
brōmį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
brōmijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
brōmijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
brōmijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
brōmijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
brōmīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
brōmijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
brōmijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
brōmīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
brōmijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
brōmijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
brōmijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
brōmijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
brōmijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
brōmijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
brōmijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
brōmijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
brōmijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
brōmijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
brōmijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
brōmijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
brōmijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
brōmijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
brōmijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
brōmijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
brōmijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
brōmijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
brōmijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
brōmijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
brōmijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
brōmijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
brōmijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
brōmijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
brōmijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
brōmijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
brōmijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
brōmīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
brōmijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
brōmīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
brōmijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
brōmijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
brōmijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
brōmīni (dative masculine singular weak)
brōmijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
brōmīni (dative neuter singular weak)
brōmijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
brōmijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
brōmijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
brōmīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
brōmijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
brōmīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
brōmijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
brōmijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
brōmijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *brōmi

desctree

Old English: brēme, brœ̄me — Anglian
Middle English: brem, breme
English: breme
Scots: breme

Vṛddhi gerundive of otherwise unattested *bramaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrem- (“to make noise”).


felma-

felmô (nominative singular)
felmaniz (nominative plural)
felmô (singular vocative)
felmaniz (plural vocative)
felmanų (accusative singular)
felmanunz (accusative plural)
filminiz (genitive singular)
felmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
filmini (dative singular)
felmammaz (dative plural)
filminē (instrumental singular)
felmammiz (instrumental plural)
felmaz (nominative singular)
felmōz (nominative plural)
felmōs (nominative plural)
felm (singular vocative)
felmōz (plural vocative)
felmōs (plural vocative)
felmą (accusative singular)
felmanz (accusative plural)
felmas (genitive singular)
filmis (genitive singular)
felmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
felmai (dative singular)
felmamaz (dative plural)
felmō (instrumental singular)
felmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *felm-; *filmīn-

Old English: *felma (in compound ǣġerfelma); filmen, fylmen (< *filmīn-)

Middle English: filme

Scots: fillum, feelim

English: film

Old Frisian: filmene (< *filmīn-)

Old Dutch: *felm

Middle Dutch: velm, vilm m

Old High German: felm m

Probably an original men-stem from Proto-Indo-European *pélmō which was re-formed as if from *pél-mo-s, from the root *pel- (“hide, skin; to cover, wrap”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πέλμα (pélma, “sole of the foot”), which is from *pélmn̥.

cog

(West Germanic) covering, skin, hide, fleece


ferhwą

ferhwą (nominative singular)
ferhwō (nominative plural)
ferhwą (singular vocative)
ferhwō (plural vocative)
ferhwą (accusative singular)
ferhwō (accusative plural)
ferhwas (genitive singular)
ferhwis (genitive singular)
ferhwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ferhwai (dative singular)
ferhwamaz (dative plural)
ferhwō (instrumental singular)
ferhwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ferh
Old English: feorh, feorg, ferh
Middle English: fere, vore
Old Frisian: ferch
Old Saxon: ferh, ferah
Old High German: fërah
Middle High German: vërch
German: Ferch (obsolete)

Old Norse: fjǫr

Icelandic: fjör

Faroese: fjør

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌿𐍃 (fairƕus)

Probably derived from Proto-Germanic *ferhuz (“body; life; oak-tree”), itself from Proto-Indo-European *perkʷ- (“oak”), as oak trees symbolized life and vitality in Germanic mythology.
Old Norse fjǫrg (“gods”), from Proto-Germanic *fergō, could originally be the plural of this neuter (“vital forces”?), with analogical vocalism instead of the expected *furgō (with delabialization in this context).


sundaz

sundaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sundō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sundą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sundai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sundôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sundō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sundanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sundǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sundą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sundanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sundōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sundō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sundas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sundaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sundas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sundaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sundaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sundaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sundammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sundaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sundammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sundaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sundaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sundaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sundanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sundaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sundanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sundaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sundaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sundaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sundô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sundǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sundô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sundaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sundōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sundōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sundanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sundōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sundô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sundanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sundōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sundōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sundiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sundōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sundiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sundanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sundōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sundanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sundini (dative masculine singular weak)
sundōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sundini (dative neuter singular weak)
sundammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sundōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sundammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sundinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sundōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sundinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sundammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sundōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sundammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sund
Old English: *sund (with various prefixes)
Middle English: sund, sound
English: sound
Scots: sound, soun
Old Frisian: sund
North Frisian: suwn
Saterland Frisian: suund
West Frisian: sûnd, sûn
Old Saxon: *sund
Middle Low German: sunt
Low German: sund
→ Danish: sund
→ Faroese: sunnur
→ Swedish: sund
→ Norwegian Bokmål: sunn
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: sunn
Old Dutch: *sund
Middle Dutch: sunt, sont
Dutch: zond
Old High German: sunt
Middle High German: sunt

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gasund
Old English: ġesund
Middle English: ȝesund, isund, izound; sund, sound
English: sound
Scots: sound, soun
Old Frisian:
Saterland Frisian: gesuund
Old Saxon: gisund
Middle Low German: gesunt
Low German: gesund
Old Dutch: gisunt
Middle Dutch: gesont
Dutch: gezond
Afrikaans: gesond
Jersey Dutch: xjezónd
Negerhollands: gesond, gesont
→ Sranan Tongo: gesontu
→ Aukan: gusontu
→ Caribbean Javanese: kheson
Old High German: gisunt
Middle High German: gesunt
Bavarian: gsund
Cimbrian: gazùnt, gesunt (Luserna)
Central Franconian: gesond, jesond, jesonk (Ripuarian)
German: gesund
Hunsrik: gesund
Luxembourgish: gesond
Yiddish: געזונט (gezunt)

Adjectival formation related to *sanþaz (“true, correct”); compare also Hittite [script needed] (ašuwant-, “good”) (𒀀𒀸𒋗𒍑 (a-aš-šu-uš)).


draugiz

draugiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
draugī (feminine nominative singular strong)
draugį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
draugijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
draugijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
draugijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
draugijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
draugijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
draugį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
draugijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
draugijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
draugijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
draugijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
draugīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
draugijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
draugijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
draugīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
draugijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
draugijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
draugijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
draugijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
draugijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
draugijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
draugijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
draugijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
draugijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
draugijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
draugijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
draugijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
draugijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
draugijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
draugijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
draugijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
draugijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
draugijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
draugijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
draugijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
draugijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
draugijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
draugijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
draugijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
draugijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
draugijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
draugijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
draugīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
draugijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
draugīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
draugijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
draugijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
draugijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
draugīni (dative masculine singular weak)
draugijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
draugīni (dative neuter singular weak)
draugijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
draugijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
draugijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
draugīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
draugijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
draugīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
draugijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
draugijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
draugijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *draugī
Old English: drȳġe, drīġe (or < *drūgī)
Middle English: drye, drie, dri, drige, dryge, drüȝe
English: dry
Scots: dry, drey
Old Saxon: *drōgi
Middle Low German: drôge
Low German: dröög, dröge
→ German: dröge
Old Dutch: *drougi, *drōgi
Middle Dutch: drôghe
Dutch: droog
Afrikaans: droog
Berbice Creole Dutch: droko
Negerhollands: droog, drok
Skepi Creole Dutch: dróg
→ West Frisian: droech

⇒ Old Norse: draugr
Icelandic: draugur

Seemingly from a Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to strengthen; become hard or solid”), from *dʰer- (“to hold, hold fast, support”). Related to Proto-Germanic *druknaz (“dry”); see there for more.


denaraz

denaraz (nominative singular)
denarōz (nominative plural)
denarōs (nominative plural)
denar (singular vocative)
denarōz (plural vocative)
denarōs (plural vocative)
denarą (accusative singular)
denaranz (accusative plural)
denaras (genitive singular)
denaris (genitive singular)
denarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
denarai (dative singular)
denaramaz (dative plural)
denarō (instrumental singular)
denaramiz (instrumental plural)
*denarō (alternative)
*denraz (alternative)

Old High German: tenar; tenra

Middle High German: tëner; tënre

Thematicized form of Proto-Indo-European *dʰénr̥ (“flat of the hand, palm”). Cognate with Ancient Greek θέναρ (thénar, “palm of the hand; sole of the foot”). See *dʰénwr̥ for this and related reconstructions.


swin-

From Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound”). Cognate with Latin sonō (“sound, resound”), Latin sonus (“sound, noise”), Russian звон (zvon, “ringing, jingle”), Old Irish seinnid (“play (an instrument)”).

cog

swinsian

Proto-West Germanic: *swinisōn or *swinisēn


skirmiz

skirmiz (nominative singular)
skirmīz (nominative plural)
skirmi (singular vocative)
skirmīz (plural vocative)
skirmį (accusative singular)
skirminz (accusative plural)
skirmīz (genitive singular)
skirmijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skirmī (dative singular)
skirmimaz (dative plural)
skirmī (instrumental singular)
skirmimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skirmi
Old Saxon: *skirm, *skerm
Middle Low German: scherm, scharm
German Low German: Schirm
→ Danish: skærm
→ Faroese: skermur
→ Icelandic: skermur
→ Norwegian Bokmål: skjerm
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skjerm
→ Swedish: skärm
Old Dutch: skirm
Middle Dutch: scherm
Dutch: scherm
Afrikaans: skerm
→ Caribbean Javanese: sekèrm
→ Indonesian: sekeram
→ Papiamentu: skèrmu
Limburgish: sjèrm
Old High German: scirm, skirm, scerm, skerm
Middle High German: schirm, scherm
German: Schirm
→? Finnish: sermi
→ Russian: ширма (širma)
Hunsrik: Scherrem
Yiddish: שירעם (shirem)
→ Old French: escran, escren, escrein (see there for further descendants)
→⇒ Italian: schermo

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)

A nominal derivative of Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut, divide”).


biliz

biliz (masculine nominative singular strong)
bilī (feminine nominative singular strong)
bilį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
biljai (masculine nominative plural strong)
biljôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
biljō (neuter nominative plural strong)
biljanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
biljǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
bilį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
biljanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
biljōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
biljō (accusative neuter plural strong)
biljas (genitive masculine singular strong)
bilis (genitive masculine singular strong)
biljaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
biljas (genitive neuter singular strong)
bilis (genitive neuter singular strong)
biljaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
biljaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
biljaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
biljammai (dative masculine singular strong)
biljaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
biljammai (dative neuter singular strong)
biljaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
biljaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
biljaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
biljanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
biljaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
biljanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
biljaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
biljaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
biljaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
biljô (masculine nominative singular weak)
biljǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
biljô (neuter nominative singular weak)
biljaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
biljōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
biljōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
biljanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
biljōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
biljô (accusative neuter singular weak)
biljanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
biljōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
biljōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
biliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
biljōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
biliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
biljanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
biljōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
biljanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
bilini (dative masculine singular weak)
biljōni (dative feminine singular weak)
bilini (dative neuter singular weak)
biljammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
biljōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
biljammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
bilinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
biljōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
bilinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
biljammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
biljōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
biljammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: bile-, bele (in compounds: bilewit, belewit; bilehwīt)

Middle English: bilewit, bilewhit

Old Frisian: *billīk

desc

Saterland Frisian: billich (“fair, equitable, just”)

West Frisian: billik, binlik

Old Saxon: bili (in compound: biliwit; unbilithunga); *billīk

Middle Low German: billik, billich, bilk

German Low German: billig

→ Saterland Frisian: billich (“at fair/decent price, inexpensive, cheap”)

→ Danish: billig

→ Norwegian Bokmål: billig

→ Swedish: billig

Old Dutch: *biliwit; *bili; *billīk

Middle Dutch: beelwitte, belewitte, beluwitte; billic, bilc, billijc

Dutch: beeldwit; billijk, billig

Afrikaans: billik

Old High German: bili (in compounds: *biliwiz); billūh, billīh

Middle High German: bilewiz, bilwiz, bilwīz; billich

Bavarian: büllich, büllig

German: billig

Yiddish: ביליק (bilik)

German: Bilwiz, Bilwis, Bilwiß, Bilweis (“a kind of demon; also a family name”)

Luxembourgish: bëlleg

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰil-i-s, from *bʰil- (“good, decent”); the original sense seems to have been "equal, even". Cognate with Ancient Greek φίλος (phílos, “dear, beloved, lief”), Old Irish bil (“good, mild”).


faką

faką (nominative singular)
fakō (nominative plural)
faką (singular vocative)
fakō (plural vocative)
faką (accusative singular)
fakō (accusative plural)
fakas (genitive singular)
fakis (genitive singular)
fakǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fakai (dative singular)
fakamaz (dative plural)
fakō (instrumental singular)
fakamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fak
Old English: fæc, fec
Middle English: fæc, fec
English: fack
Scots: faik, feck, fauk
Old Frisian: fak, fek
Saterland Frisian: Fäk
West Frisian: fek
Old Saxon: fac, fak
Middle Low German: vak
German Low German: Fack
→ Danish: fag
→ Icelandic: fag
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: fag
Norwegian Nynorsk: fag
→ Swedish: fack
Old Dutch: *fak
Middle Dutch: vac
Dutch: vak
Afrikaans: vak
→ Indonesian: vak
Old High German: fah
Middle High German: vach
German: Fach
→ English: Fach
→ Esperanto: fako
→ Kashubian: fach
→ Luxembourgish: Fach
→ Polish: fach
Yiddish: פֿאַך (fakh)

Via pre-Germanic *ph₂ǵóm, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ- (“to fit, fasten, fix”). Cognate with Sanskrit पाजस् (pā́jas, “surface, side”), Latin pāgus (“division, district”) and pangō (“fasten, fix”, verb). The root is otherwise absent from Germanic, but see *fastuz.


awahaimaz

awahaimaz (nominative singular)
awahaimōz (nominative plural)
awahaimōs (nominative plural)
awahaim (singular vocative)
awahaimōz (plural vocative)
awahaimōs (plural vocative)
awahaimą (accusative singular)
awahaimanz (accusative plural)
awahaimas (genitive singular)
awahaimis (genitive singular)
awahaimǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awahaimai (dative singular)
awahaimamaz (dative plural)
awahaimō (instrumental singular)
awahaimamiz (instrumental plural)
*auhaimaz (alternative)
*awunhaimaz (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *auhaim
Old English: ēam
Middle English: em, eam, eem, eeme, eme, heme, nem, æem, æm, eom, heam, yem (Early Middle English), eame, eyme (Late Middle English)
English: eam, eme (dialectal)
Scots: eme
Old Frisian: ām, āme, ēm
North Frisian: ohm
Saterland Frisian: Oom
West Frisian: iem, yem, yeme
Old Saxon: *ōhēm
Middle Low German: ōhem, ōm
Low German: Ohm
Münsterländisch: Low German: Öhms (plural)
Plautdietsch: Oom
Old Dutch: *ōm
Middle Dutch: ôom
Dutch: oom, ome, noom
Afrikaans: oom
→ English: oom
Berbice Creole Dutch: om
Negerhollands: noom, nom, noem
→ Virgin Islands Creole: nom, noom (dated)
→ Ambonese Malay: om
→ Indonesian: om
→ Papiamentu: mò, òn, òmpi (from the diminutive), mo (Aruba), òm (Aruba), omo (Aruba), oom
→ Sranan Tongo: omu
→ West Frisian: omme, omke
Limburgish: ome
Old High German: ōheim
Middle High German: ōheim; (Central German) ōhem, ōem
German: Oheim, Ohm (partly from Low German), Oehm

From *awô (“grandfather”) + *haimaz (“home”). .


hradjaną

hradjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hradjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hradjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hradisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hradjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hradi (active imperative second-person singular)
hradjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hradjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hradiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hradjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hradjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hradjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hradjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hradjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hradjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hradjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hradjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hradjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hradjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hradjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hradjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hradjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hradiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hradjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hradiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hradjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hradjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hradjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hradjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hradjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hradjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hradjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hradidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hradidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hradidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hradidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hradidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hradidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hradidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hradidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hradidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hradidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hradidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hradidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hradidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hradidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hradidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hradidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hradjandz (active participle present)
hradidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hraddjan
Old English: hreddan
Middle English: redden, redde, reddenn (Ormulum)
English: redd, red; rid
Scots: redd, red
Yola: red
Old Frisian: hredda, reda
Saterland Frisian: rädje
West Frisian: rêde
Old Saxon: *hreddian
Middle Low German: redden
Low German: redden
→ Danish: redde
→ Icelandic: redda
→ Swedish: rädda
→ Norwegian: redde
Old Dutch: *redden
Middle Dutch: redden
Dutch: redden
Afrikaans: red
Old High German: retten
Middle High German: retten
German: retten
Luxembourgish: retten

Equivalent to *hradaz (“fast”) + *-janą; the original meaning was probably "to be quick", which underwent semantic shift > "to drive, save".

(West Germanic) to loosen; set free; deliver; rescue; save


dīkaz

dīkaz (nominative singular)
dīkōz (nominative plural)
dīkōs (nominative plural)
dīk (singular vocative)
dīkōz (plural vocative)
dīkōs (plural vocative)
dīką (accusative singular)
dīkanz (accusative plural)
dīkas (genitive singular)
dīkis (genitive singular)
dīkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dīkai (dative singular)
dīkamaz (dative plural)
dīkō (instrumental singular)
dīkamiz (instrumental plural)
*dīkô (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *dīk
Old English: dīċ
Middle English: dich
English: ditch (“trench, bank”)
>? Old English: dīc
Middle English: dic, dik (“trench, embankment”) (possibly influenced by or borrowed from Old Norse díki, Middle Dutch dijc)
Scots: dike, dyke
English: dike (“levee”)
Old Frisian: dīk
North Frisian: dijck
Saterland Frisian: Diek
West Frisian: dyk
Old Saxon: dīk (“levee, pond”)
Middle Low German: dîk
German Low German: Diek
→ German: Deich (“dam”)
→ Estonian: tiik (“pond”)
Old Dutch: dīc (“levee, wall”)
Middle Dutch: dijc
Dutch: dijk
Afrikaans: dyk
→ Old French: diic, dike
Middle French: digue
French: digue
→ Irish: díog (“trench”)
Old High German: tīh (“dam”)
Middle High German: tīch, dīch (“small dry valley, dam, pond”) (influenced by Low German)
German: Teich (“pond”)
German: Deich (“dam”)
Yiddish: טײַך (taykh, “river”)

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language

Uncertain. Two Indo-European etymologies are plausible:
* From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeygʷ- (“to stick, stab, dig”). Cognate with Latin fīgō (“pierce, pin, fasten, fix”), Lithuanian di̇́egti (“to plant, implant, ingraft, prickle, stab”).
* From pre-Germanic *dīkkô ~ *dīkkaz with regular reduction, via Kluge's law from a Proto-Indo-European n-stem *dʰeyǵʰ-n-, gen. *dʰeyǵʰ-nó-, from *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to form”).
Importantly, the former assumes an original meaning *“something dug out; ditch”, while the latter assumes *“something constructed”.


draibō

draibō (nominative singular)
draibôz (nominative plural)
draibō (singular vocative)
draibôz (plural vocative)
draibǭ (accusative singular)
draibōz (accusative plural)
draibōz (genitive singular)
draibǫ̂ (genitive plural)
draibōi (dative singular)
draibōmaz (dative plural)
draibō (instrumental singular)
draibōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *draibu

Old English: drāf, drǣf

Middle English: draf, drof, drove

English: drove

Scots: draif, drave

Old Frisian: *drēf

West Frisian: dreef, dree

Old Saxon: *drēva

desc

Middle Low German: drêve, drêf (in compounds)

German Low German: Dreve, Dreev

Old Dutch: *drēva

Middle Dutch: dreve f or m

Dutch: dreef

→ French: drève (dialectal)

Old High German: *treiba

Middle High German: treibe f, treip m

Old Norse: dreif

Icelandic: dreif

Norwegian Bokmål: drev

Norwegian Nynorsk: drev

Swedish: drev

Danish: drev

/ˈdrɑi̯.βɔː/

Derived from *drībaną (“to push, move, drive”).


falisaz

falisaz (nominative singular)
falisōz (nominative plural)
falisōs (nominative plural)
falis (singular vocative)
falisōz (plural vocative)
falisōs (plural vocative)
falisą (accusative singular)
falisanz (accusative plural)
falisas (genitive singular)
falisis (genitive singular)
falisǫ̂ (genitive plural)
falisai (dative singular)
falisamaz (dative plural)
falisō (instrumental singular)
falisamiz (instrumental plural)
*felzaz (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *falis
Old Saxon: felis
Middle Low German: vels
Old Dutch: *felis
Middle Dutch: vels
Dutch: vels
Old High German: felis, fels, feliso
Middle High German: vels, velse
German: Fels, Felsen (often distinguished)
Hunsrik: Fels
Luxembourgish: Fiels
→ Vulgar Latin: *falisa, *falesa
Old French: falise, falese, faleise, faloise
Middle French: falize, falise, faleise, faloise, falaise
French: falaise (see there for further descendants)
→ Medieval Latin: falesa, falisia
Italian: falesa, falesia

Old Norse: fell, fjall (possibly < *felzaz)
Icelandic: fjall, fell
Faroese: fjall
Norwegian Nynorsk: fjell; (dialectal) fjall, fjadd, fjedl
Old Swedish: fiæl
Swedish: fjäll
Danish: fjeld
Norwegian Bokmål: fjell
→ Middle English: fell, fel
Scots: fell, fiold
English: fell

From Proto-Indo-European *pels-, *pelis- (“rock, cliff”), or perhaps an s-stem *pél-es-. Compare Old Irish ail (“boulder, rock”), Proto-Celtic *ɸallom (“cliff”), Sanskrit पाषाण (pāṣāṇa, “stone, rock”) and Pashto پرښه (parṣ̌a). Kroonen suggests reconstructing an acrostatic *pól-s ~ *pél-s-s, with o-grade based especially on the Old French borrowing falise.
Alternatively from a substrate language; more at πέλλα (pélla).


krakōną

krakō (active first-person indicative singular)
krakǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
krakōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
krakōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
krakōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krakō (active imperative second-person singular)
krakōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
krakōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
krakōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
krakō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krakōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
krakōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
krakōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
krakōs (active dual first-person indicative)
krakōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krakōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krakōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krakōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
krakōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
krakōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krakōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
krakōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
krakōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
krakōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krakōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
krakōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
krakōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
krakōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
krakōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krakōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
krakōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
krakōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
krakōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
krakōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
krakōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
krakōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krakōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
krakōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krakōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
krakōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krakōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krakōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krakōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
krakōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krakōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
krakōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krakōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
krakōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krakōndz (active participle present)
krakōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *krakōn

Old English: cracian, ċearcian

Middle English: craken, crakken; charken, cherkin

Scots: crak, crack, craik; jarg, chirk, girgand, chork

English: crake, crack; chark

Old Frisian: *krakja

Saterland Frisian: kroakje

West Frisian: kreakje

Old Saxon: *krakōn

Middle Low German: krāken

Low German: kraken

Old Dutch: *krakon

Middle Dutch: craken

Dutch: kraken

Afrikaans: kraak

→ Middle French: craquer

French: craquer

Old High German: krahhōn

Middle High German: krachen

Bavarian: kråcha, kråchn

German: krachen

Hunsrik: krache

Luxembourgish: kraachen

From Proto-Indo-European *gerg-, *grā- (“to crow, shout”), from Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂- (“to make a sound, cry hoarsely”), ultimately of onomatopoeic origin. Cognate with Lithuanian girgždėti (“to creak, squeak”).

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic

cog

(West Germanic) to crack; crackle; shriek


skulō

skulō (nominative singular)
skulôz (nominative plural)
skulō (singular vocative)
skulôz (plural vocative)
skulǭ (accusative singular)
skulōz (accusative plural)
skulōz (genitive singular)
skulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skulōi (dative singular)
skulōmaz (dative plural)
skulō (instrumental singular)
skulōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skolu

desctree

Old English: sċolu, sċeolu
Middle English: *schole
English: shoal
Scots: schole

Old Frisian: *skole

North Frisian:

Söl'ring: Skuul

Fering: skuul

Öömrang: skuul

Halunder: Skuul

Bökingharde: schölj

West Frisian: skoal

Old Saxon: scola, skola

Middle Low German: schōle

Old Dutch: *skola

Middle Dutch: schōle

Dutch: school

→ Middle English: scole

Scots: scule, scuill, skole

English: school

→ Danish: skole

→ Latin: schola (“troop of soldiers”)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to split, divide”).


kittīną

kittīną (nominative singular)
kittīnō (nominative plural)
kittīną (singular vocative)
kittīnō (plural vocative)
kittīną (accusative singular)
kittīnō (accusative plural)
kittīnas (genitive singular)
kittīnis (genitive singular)
kittīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kittīnai (dative singular)
kittīnamaz (dative plural)
kittīnō (instrumental singular)
kittīnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kittīn

desctree

Old English: *ċitten, *ċytten, *ċietten
Middle English: chitte
English: chit
Scots: chit

Old Saxon: *kittīn

Middle Low German: *kitte

Low German: kitte

Old High German: kizzīn, chizzīn; kizzi, chitzi

Middle High German: kitze; kitz

Cimbrian: khitz

German: Kitz

From *kittô + *-īną. The first element is tentatively from Proto-Indo-European *gidʰ-, *gidʰ-n- (“kid”) (see *kidją), or more likely from a substrate language. For the latter case, compare *gaits (“goat”) with its incompatible voicing.

(West Germanic) the young of an animal; fawn; kid; whelp

>? Dutch: ket

possibly conflated with a descendant of Proto-Germanic *kidją


dulją

dulją (nominative singular)
duljō (nominative plural)
dulją (singular vocative)
duljō (plural vocative)
dulją (accusative singular)
duljō (accusative plural)
duljas (genitive singular)
dulis (genitive singular)
duljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
duljai (dative singular)
duljamaz (dative plural)
duljō (instrumental singular)
duljamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *duli
Old High German: tulli, duli
Middle High German: tülle
German: Tülle
→ Vulgar Latin: *dullia (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰel(h₂)- (“curvature, hollow, bend”).