stunōną

stunō (active first-person indicative singular)
stunǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stunōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
stunōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
stunōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stunō (active imperative second-person singular)
stunōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stunōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stunōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
stunō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stunōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
stunōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stunōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stunōs (active dual first-person indicative)
stunōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stunōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stunōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stunōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stunōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stunōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stunōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stunōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stunōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
stunōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stunōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
stunōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stunōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stunōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
stunōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stunōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
stunōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stunōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stunōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
stunōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stunōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
stunōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stunōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
stunōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stunōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
stunōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stunōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stunōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stunōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
stunōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stunōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
stunōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stunōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
stunōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stunōndz (active participle present)
stunōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stunōn
Old English: stunian
Middle English: stunien, stonien, stunen
Scots: stun, stound, stony
English: stun, stound, astonish
Old Saxon: *stunōn
Middle Low German: stōnen, stȫnen (latter merged with stēnen)
Dutch Low Saxon: steunen
German Low German: stöhnen
→ German: stöhnen
Old Dutch: *stunōn, *stonōn
Middle Dutch: stōnen
Dutch: steunen (merged with Middle Dutch stēnen)
Old High German: *stunōn
Middle High German: stunen, stunden
→ Vulgar Latin: *stunō (alternatively from Latin *extonō, see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ten- (“to thunder, rustle, rumble, drone, groan”).

der

(West Germanic) to make a loud sound; crash


huppijaną

huppijō (active first-person indicative singular)
huppijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
huppijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
huppīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
huppijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
huppī (active imperative second-person singular)
huppijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
huppijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
huppīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
huppijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
huppijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
huppijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
huppijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
huppijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
huppijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
huppijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
huppijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
huppijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
huppijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
huppijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
huppijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
huppijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
huppīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
huppijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
huppīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
huppijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
huppijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
huppijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
huppijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
huppijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
huppijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
huppijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
huppidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
huppidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
huppidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
huppidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
huppidē (active indicative singular third-person)
huppidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
huppidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
huppidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
huppidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
huppidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
huppidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
huppidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
huppidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
huppidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
huppidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
huppidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
huppijandz (active participle present)
huppidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *huppijan

Old English: *hyppan

Middle English: hüppen, hyppen, hippen

Scots: hip

English: hip (dialectal)

Old Saxon: *huppian

Middle Low German: huppen

German Low German: hüppen

→? Saterland Frisian: hupje

Old Dutch: *huppen

Middle Dutch: huppen

Dutch: huppen, hippen

Old High German: *hupfēn

Middle High German: hüpfen, hupfen

German: hüpfen

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: *hyppa

→? Proto-Finnic: *hüp'äit'äk (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kewb- (“to bend; a bend, joint”); see *hupiz (“hip”). Or, derived from the iterative *huppōną ~ *hubbōną, from
a Proto-Indo-European *kup-; see there for more.

(West Germanic) to move up and down; hop

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)


breuþaną

breuþō (active first-person indicative singular)
breuþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
breuþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
briuþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
breuþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
breuþ (active imperative second-person singular)
breuþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
breuþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
briuþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
breuþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
breuþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
breuþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
breuþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
breuþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
breuþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
breuþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
breuþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
breuþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
breuþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
breuþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
breuþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
breuþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
briuþid (active indicative plural second-person)
breuþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
briuþid (active imperative plural second-person)
breuþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
breuþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
breuþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
breuþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
breuþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
breuþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
breuþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brauþ (active first-person indicative singular)
bruþį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
braust (active indicative second-person singular)
bruþīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brauþ (active indicative singular third-person)
bruþī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bruþū (active dual first-person indicative)
bruþīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bruþudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bruþīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bruþum (active first-person indicative plural)
bruþīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bruþud (active indicative plural second-person)
bruþīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bruþun (active indicative plural third-person)
bruþīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
breuþandz (active participle present)
bruþanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *breuþan
Old English: brēoþan
Middle English: breothen
Old High German: briodan

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to pierce; to strike”).


kīmô

kīmô (nominative singular)
kīmaniz (nominative plural)
kīmô (singular vocative)
kīmaniz (plural vocative)
kīmanų (accusative singular)
kīmanunz (accusative plural)
kīminiz (genitive singular)
kīmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kīmini (dative singular)
kīmammaz (dative plural)
kīminē (instrumental singular)
kīmammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kīmō; *kīm

Old Saxon: kīmo

Middle Low German: kîme, kîne

German Low German: Kiem, Kien

→ Middle Dutch: kieme

Dutch: kiem

→ West Frisian: kym, kjim

→ Saterland Frisian: Kien

Old Dutch: kīmo

Middle Dutch: kyme

desctree

Old High German: kīmo
Middle High German: kīme
German: Keim
Luxembourgish: Kéng

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵéyH-mon-, related to *kīnaną (“to split open, germinate, sprout”).


slībaną

slībō (active first-person indicative singular)
slībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
slībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
slībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slīb (active imperative second-person singular)
slībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
slībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
slībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
slībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
slībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
slībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
slībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
slībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
slībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
slībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
slībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
slībid (active indicative plural second-person)
slībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slībid (active imperative plural second-person)
slībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
slībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
slībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
slībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
slībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
slībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
slaib (active first-person indicative singular)
slibį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slaift (active indicative second-person singular)
slibīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slaib (active indicative singular third-person)
slibī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slibū (active dual first-person indicative)
slibīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slibudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slibīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slibum (active first-person indicative plural)
slibīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slibud (active indicative plural second-person)
slibīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slibun (active indicative plural third-person)
slibīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slībandz (active participle present)
slibanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *slīban
Old English: slīfan
Middle English: sliven; slivere, sliver
Scots: slive; scleeberie, slaiver, sliver
English: slive (obsolete); sliver
Old Saxon: *slīvan
>? Middle Low German: slîven (“to ladle out, spoon in, ingest”)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ley- (“smooth; slick; sticky; slimy”), the same source as *slīmą (“slime”) and *līmaz (“glue, clay, lime”). For the semantics, compare Proto-Germanic *slīpaną (“to whet, sharpen”), Old High German slīman (“to make smooth”), Proto-Celtic *limāti (“to polish, sharpen”) and Latin līma (“carpenter's file”), from extensions of the same root.


haupaz

haupaz (nominative singular)
haupōz (nominative plural)
haupōs (nominative plural)
haup (singular vocative)
haupōz (plural vocative)
haupōs (plural vocative)
haupą (accusative singular)
haupanz (accusative plural)
haupas (genitive singular)
haupis (genitive singular)
haupǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haupai (dative singular)
haupamaz (dative plural)
haupō (instrumental singular)
haupamiz (instrumental plural)
*hūpô (alternative)
*hūfô (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haup
Old English: hēap
Middle English: hepe, heep
English: heap
Scots: hepe, heip
Old Frisian: hāp
Saterland Frisian: Hoop
West Frisian: heap
Old Saxon: hōp
Middle Low German: hôp
German Low German: Hoop
→ Old Norse: hópr
Icelandic: hópur
Faroese: hópur
Norwegian: hop
Danish: hob
Swedish: hop
Old Dutch: *hōp
Middle Dutch: hôop
Dutch: hoop
Afrikaans: hoop
Limburgish: houp
Old High German: houf
Middle High German: houf
German: Haufen (merged with *hūpô)
→ Old French: houpe
Middle French: houppe
French: houppe

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language

From earlier *hauppaz, reflecting pre-Germanic *kouHp-nó- or *keh₂up-nó-, probably part of an ablauting n-stem paradigm *haufô ~ *huppaz, from which *hūpô also split off; ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂wp- (“heap, pile”), a stem of unusual formation. Related to Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬊𐬟𐬀 (kaofa, “mountain, hump”), Old Irish cúan (“pile”), Lithuanian kaũpas (“heap”), Proto-Slavic *kupъ (“heap”).


funhtijaz

funhtijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
funhtijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
funhtiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
funhtijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
funhtijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
funhtijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
funhtijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
funhtijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
funhtiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
funhtijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
funhtijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
funhtijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
funhtijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
funhtijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
funhtijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
funhtijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
funhtijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
funhtijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
funhtijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
funhtijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
funhtijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
funhtijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
funhtijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
funhtijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
funhtijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
funhtijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
funhtijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
funhtijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
funhtijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
funhtijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
funhtijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
funhtijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
funhtijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
funhtijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
funhtijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
funhtijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
funhtijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
funhtijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
funhtijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
funhtijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
funhtijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
funhtijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
funhtīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
funhtijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
funhtīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
funhtijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
funhtijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
funhtijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
funhtīni (dative masculine singular weak)
funhtijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
funhtīni (dative neuter singular weak)
funhtijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
funhtijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
funhtijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
funhtīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
funhtijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
funhtīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
funhtijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
funhtijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
funhtijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)
*funhtaz (alternative)
*funhtuz (alternative)
*fūhtaz (alternative)
*fūhtiz (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fų̄ht
Old English: fūht
Old Frisian: *fūht, *fūhte
Saterland Frisian: fuchtich
West Frisian: fochte; fochtich
Old Saxon: *fūht
Middle Low German: vucht
German Low German: fucht; fuchtig
Low German: fucht
→ Danish: fugt (noun); fugtig
→ Swedish: fukt (noun); fuktig
→ Norwegian: fuktig
Old Dutch: fughte (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: vucht, vocht
Dutch: vocht (noun); vochtig
Afrikaans: vog (noun); vogtig
Old High German: fūht, fūhti; fiuhti
Middle High German: viuchte
German: feucht

From Proto-Indo-European *pnktu-, from *pen-k-. Cognate with Sanskrit पङ्क (paṅka, “mud, bog”). If *pen-k- is a k-extension of Proto-Indo-European *pen- (“moist; mud, swamp”) (which is uncertain), then compare also Proto-Germanic *fanją (“fen, marsh”), as well as Proto-Germanic *fangō (“wetness, moisture”) (whence Italian fango (“mud”), likely via Gothic).


skehaną

skehō (active first-person indicative singular)
skehaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skehai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skihizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skehaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skeh (active imperative second-person singular)
skehazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skehaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skihidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skehai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skehadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skehadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skehaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skehōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skehaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skehadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skehaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skehadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skehamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skehaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skehandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skehaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skihid (active indicative plural second-person)
skehaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skihid (active imperative plural second-person)
skehandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skehaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skehandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skehain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skehandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skehandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skehaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skah (active first-person indicative singular)
skēhį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skaht (active indicative second-person singular)
skēhīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skah (active indicative singular third-person)
skēhī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skēhū (active dual first-person indicative)
skēhīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skēhudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skēhīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skēhum (active first-person indicative plural)
skēhīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skēhud (active indicative plural second-person)
skēhīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skēhun (active indicative plural third-person)
skēhīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skehandz (active participle present)
skehanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skehan
Old English: sċēon
Middle English: sen
Old Frisian: skiā, schiā
North Frisian: skie
Old Saxon: skehan
Middle Low German: schēn
Low German: schehn
→ Danish: ske
Norwegian Bokmål: skje
→ Icelandic: ske
→ Faroese: ske
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skje; (dialectal) ski
→ Old Swedish: ske
Swedish: ske
Old Dutch: *skian
Middle Dutch: schien
Limburgish: sjeeje, sji-jje
Old High German: skehan, scehan
Middle High German: schëhen
German: geschehen

From Proto-Indo-European *skek- (“to move quickly, jump”). The derived sense of "to happen" appears to have developed at an early stage. Cognate with Old Irish scuichid (“to move, start, go”), Welsh ysgogi (“to move, stir, tremble”), Proto-Slavic *skočìti (“to jump, leap”).

cog

(West Germanic) to emerge; come up; happen


fadōną

fadō (active first-person indicative singular)
fadǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fadōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
fadōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fadōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fadō (active imperative second-person singular)
fadōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fadōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fadōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fadō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fadōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fadōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fadōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fadōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fadōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fadōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fadōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fadōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fadōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fadōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fadōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fadōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fadōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fadōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fadōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fadōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fadōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fadōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fadōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fadōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fadōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fadōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fadōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fadōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fadōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fadōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fadōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
fadōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fadōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fadōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fadōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fadōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fadōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fadōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fadōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fadōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fadōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fadōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fadōndz (active participle present)
fadōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fadōn

desc

>? Old English: fadian (“to guide, direct, order”)

Middle English: faden

>? English: fad

Old High German: fatōn (in past part kavatōt)

Middle High German: vetten (partially)

German: fetten

Luxembourgish: fetten

⇒ Old High German: fatunga

⇒ Old High German: giunfatōn

/ˈɸɑ.ðɔː.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“protect, guard, graze, feed”).


brukiz

brukiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
brukī (feminine nominative singular strong)
brukį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
brukjai (masculine nominative plural strong)
brukjôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
brukjō (neuter nominative plural strong)
brukjanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
brukjǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
brukį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
brukjanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
brukjōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
brukjō (accusative neuter plural strong)
brukjas (genitive masculine singular strong)
brukis (genitive masculine singular strong)
brukjaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
brukjas (genitive neuter singular strong)
brukis (genitive neuter singular strong)
brukjaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
brukjaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
brukjaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
brukjammai (dative masculine singular strong)
brukjaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
brukjammai (dative neuter singular strong)
brukjaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
brukjaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
brukjaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
brukjanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
brukjaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
brukjanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
brukjaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
brukjaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
brukjaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
brukjô (masculine nominative singular weak)
brukjǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
brukjô (neuter nominative singular weak)
brukjaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
brukjōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
brukjōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
brukjanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
brukjōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
brukjô (accusative neuter singular weak)
brukjanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
brukjōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
brukjōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
brukiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
brukjōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
brukiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
brukjanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
brukjōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
brukjanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
brukini (dative masculine singular weak)
brukjōni (dative feminine singular weak)
brukini (dative neuter singular weak)
brukjammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
brukjōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
brukjammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
brukinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
brukjōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
brukinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
brukjammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
brukjōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
brukjammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: bryċe

Middle English: briche

A secondary formation to the more primary *brēkiz, probably under influence of the noun. Derived from *brekaną (“to break”).


brukiz

brukiz (nominative singular)
brukīz (nominative plural)
bruki (singular vocative)
brukīz (plural vocative)
brukį (accusative singular)
brukinz (accusative plural)
brukīz (genitive singular)
brukjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brukī (dative singular)
brukimaz (dative plural)
brukī (instrumental singular)
brukimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bruki
Old English: bryċe, briċe
Middle English: breche
English: breach
Scots: breach, breiche, bretch, breack
Old Frisian: breke, bretse, breze
Saterland Frisian: Breek
Old Saxon: bruki
Middle Low German: bröke, broke
German Low German: Bröök, Brook
→ Swedish: bråk
→ Danish: brøk
Old Dutch: *bruki
Middle Dutch: brueke, brōke
Dutch: breuk
Afrikaans: breuk
Negerhollands: breek
→ Indonesian: patahan (“fault”) (semantic loan)
→ Indonesian: pecahan (“fraction”) (semantic loan)
→ Papiamentu: breuk
Old High German: bruh
Middle High German: bruch
German: Bruch
→ Saterland Frisian: Bruch
Hunsrik: Bruch
Luxembourgish: Broch
Vilamovian: brüch
Yiddish: בראָך (brokh)

Derived from *brekaną (“to break”) + *-iz.


brēkiz

brēkiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
brēkī (feminine nominative singular strong)
brēkį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
brēkijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
brēkijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
brēkijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
brēkijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
brēkijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
brēkį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
brēkijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
brēkijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
brēkijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
brēkijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
brēkīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
brēkijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
brēkijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
brēkīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
brēkijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
brēkijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
brēkijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
brēkijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
brēkijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
brēkijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
brēkijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
brēkijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
brēkijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
brēkijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
brēkijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
brēkijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
brēkijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
brēkijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
brēkijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
brēkijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
brēkijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
brēkijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
brēkijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
brēkijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
brēkijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
brēkijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
brēkijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
brēkijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
brēkijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
brēkijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
brēkijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
brēkīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
brēkijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
brēkīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
brēkijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
brēkijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
brēkijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
brēkīni (dative masculine singular weak)
brēkijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
brēkīni (dative neuter singular weak)
brēkijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
brēkijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
brēkijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
brēkīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
brēkijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
brēkīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
brēkijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
brēkijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
brēkijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: *brǣċe, ǣbrǣċe

Old High German: *brāhhi (appears once in ungibrahhi)

desc

Middle High German: *breche, *bræche, vridebreche, vridebræche

Vṛddhi gerundive of *brekaną (“to break”).

vrd

pertaining to breaking, shattering, fracturing


wikkōną

wikkō (active first-person indicative singular)
wikkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wikkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wikkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wikkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wikkō (active imperative second-person singular)
wikkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wikkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wikkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wikkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wikkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wikkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wikkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wikkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wikkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wikkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wikkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wikkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wikkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wikkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wikkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wikkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wikkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wikkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wikkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wikkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wikkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wikkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wikkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wikkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wikkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wikkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wikkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wikkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wikkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wikkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wikkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wikkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wikkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wikkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wikkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wikkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wikkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wikkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wikkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wikkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wikkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wikkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wikkōndz (active participle present)
wikkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wikkōn, *wikkijōn
Old English: wiċċian (< *wikkijōn)
Middle English: wicchen
English: witch
Scots: wich, wech, witch
Old Frisian: *wikkia, *wikia
Saterland Frisian: wikje
West Frisian: wikje
Old Saxon: *wikkōn; *wikkiōn
Middle Low German: wicken
German Low German: wicken
Old Dutch: *wikkon
Middle Dutch: wicken
Dutch: wikken
→ West Frisian: wikke
Old High German: *wikkōn, *wihhōn
Middle High German: wicken
German: wicken (obsolete)

From earlier paradigm *wikkōþi ~ *wigunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *wik-nā́-ti ~ *wik-un-ánti, from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to separate (out as holy)”).


lingwaną

lingwō (active first-person indicative singular)
lingwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lingwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lingwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
lingwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lingw (active imperative second-person singular)
lingwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lingwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lingwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
lingwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lingwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
lingwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lingwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lingwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
lingwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lingwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lingwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lingwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lingwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lingwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lingwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lingwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lingwid (active indicative plural second-person)
lingwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lingwid (active imperative plural second-person)
lingwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lingwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lingwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
lingwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lingwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
lingwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lingwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
langw (active first-person indicative singular)
lungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lanht (active indicative second-person singular)
lungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
langw (active indicative singular third-person)
lungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lungū (active dual first-person indicative)
lungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lungum (active first-person indicative plural)
lungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lungud (active indicative plural second-person)
lungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lungun (active indicative plural third-person)
lungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lingwandz (active participle present)
lunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lingwan
Old Saxon: *lingan
Middle Low German: lingen
German Low German: lingen
Old High German: lingan
Middle High German: lingen
German: lingen
⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *galingwan
Old Saxon: *gilingan
Middle Low German: gelingen
Old Dutch: *gilingan
Middle Dutch: gelingen
Dutch: gelingen
Old High German: gilingan
Middle High German: gelingen
German: gelingen
Luxembourgish: geléngen
Yiddish: געלינגען (gelingen)

/ˈliŋʷ.ɡʷɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʷʰ- (“lightweight; swift”).

der

(West Germanic) to make progress, succeed


erpaz

erpaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
erpō (feminine nominative singular strong)
erpą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
erpai (masculine nominative plural strong)
erpôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
erpō (neuter nominative plural strong)
erpanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
erpǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
erpą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
erpanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
erpōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
erpō (accusative neuter plural strong)
erpas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
erpaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
erpas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
erpaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
erpaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
erpaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
erpammai (dative masculine singular strong)
erpaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
erpammai (dative neuter singular strong)
erpaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
erpaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
erpaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
erpanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
erpaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
erpanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
erpaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
erpaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
erpaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
erpô (masculine nominative singular weak)
erpǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
erpô (neuter nominative singular weak)
erpaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
erpōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
erpōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
erpanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
erpōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
erpô (accusative neuter singular weak)
erpanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
erpōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
erpōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
erpiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
erpōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
erpiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
erpanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
erpōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
erpanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
erpini (dative masculine singular weak)
erpōni (dative feminine singular weak)
erpini (dative neuter singular weak)
erpammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
erpōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
erpammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
erpinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
erpōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
erpinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
erpammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
erpōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
erpammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *erp

Old English: eorp, earp

Old Saxon: *erp

gl

⇒? Middle Low German: erpel (alternatively borrowed from Middle Dutch)

→ German: Erpel

Old Dutch: *erpa; no direct attestations, but found in the toponym: Erpapa

Middle Dutch: only indirect descendants, e.g., erpel, the toponym Erpe (<Old Dutch Erpapa) and the patronym Erpe (<Old Dutch *Erpo)

Dutch: only indirect descendants, e.g., erpel, raaphoen, Erps-Kwerps

Old High German: erpf

Old Norse: jarpr, definite jarpi m (“the brown one; the hazel grouse”)

Icelandic: jarpur

Faroese: jarpur

Swedish: järpe c (“hazel grouse”)

desc

Norwegian: jerpe m or f (“hazel grouse”)

→ Danish: hjerpe, jærpe c (“hazel grouse”)

From Pre-Germanic *erppaz, earlier *h₁erbʰnós, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁erbʰ- (“brown”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὀρφνός (orphnós, “dark brown”) (< o-grade *h₁orbʰnós), as well as Proto-Slavic *rębъ (“speckled, spotted”).


kumbraz

kumbraz (nominative singular)
kumbrōz (nominative plural)
kumbrōs (nominative plural)
kumbr (singular vocative)
kumbrōz (plural vocative)
kumbrōs (plural vocative)
kumbrą (accusative singular)
kumbranz (accusative plural)
kumbras (genitive singular)
kumbris (genitive singular)
kumbrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kumbrai (dative singular)
kumbramaz (dative plural)
kumbrō (instrumental singular)
kumbramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: kummer

Middle Dutch: commer, comber

Dutch: kommer

Afrikaans: kommer

Middle High German: kumber, kummer

German: Kummer

Luxembourgish: Kommer

From Pre-Germanic *gm̥ros, from Proto-Indo-European *gem- (“to press together, grasp”). Cognate with Ancient Greek γέμω (gémō, “to be full”). An uncertain reconstruction; note that many etymologists view the given descendants as being derived from Latin or a Celtic language (see the etymology at German Kummer).


ailą

ailą (nominative singular)
ailō (nominative plural)
ailą (singular vocative)
ailō (plural vocative)
ailą (accusative singular)
ailō (accusative plural)
ailas (genitive singular)
ailis (genitive singular)
ailǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ailai (dative singular)
ailamaz (dative plural)
ailō (instrumental singular)
ailamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ail
Old English: āl

→ Proto-Finnic: *ailas (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *aidlą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éydʰ-lom, from *h₂eydʰ- (“to burn”).


medumô

medumô (masculine nominative singular)
medumį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
medumô (neuter nominative singular)
medumaniz (masculine nominative plural)
medumīniz (feminine nominative plural)
medumōnō (neuter nominative plural)
medumanų (accusative masculine singular)
medumīnų (accusative feminine singular)
medumô (accusative neuter singular)
medumanunz (accusative masculine plural)
medumīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
medumōnō (accusative neuter plural)
meduminiz (genitive masculine singular)
medumīniz (feminine genitive singular)
meduminiz (genitive neuter singular)
medumanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
medumīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
medumanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
medumini (dative masculine singular)
medumīni (dative feminine singular)
medumini (dative neuter singular)
medumammaz (dative masculine plural)
medumīmaz (dative feminine plural)
medumammaz (dative neuter plural)
meduminē (instrumental masculine singular)
medumīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
meduminē (instrumental neuter singular)
medumammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
medumīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
medumammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *medumō
Old English: medume, medeme, meodume
Middle English: medeme
⇒ English: midmost (from the superlative)
Old High German: metemo

From the root of *midjaz (“middle”) + *-umô. Compare Sanskrit मध्यम (madhyama, “middlemost”).


twigimaz

twigimaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
twigimō (feminine nominative singular strong)
twigimą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
twigimai (masculine nominative plural strong)
twigimôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
twigimō (neuter nominative plural strong)
twigimanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
twigimǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
twigimą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
twigimanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
twigimōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
twigimō (accusative neuter plural strong)
twigimas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
twigimaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
twigimas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
twigimaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
twigimaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
twigimaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
twigimammai (dative masculine singular strong)
twigimaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
twigimammai (dative neuter singular strong)
twigimaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
twigimaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
twigimaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
twigimanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
twigimaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
twigimanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
twigimaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
twigimaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
twigimaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
twigimô (masculine nominative singular weak)
twigimǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
twigimô (neuter nominative singular weak)
twigimaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
twigimōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
twigimōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
twigimanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
twigimōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
twigimô (accusative neuter singular weak)
twigimanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
twigimōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
twigimōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
twigiminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
twigimōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
twigiminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
twigimanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
twigimōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
twigimanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
twigimini (dative masculine singular weak)
twigimōni (dative feminine singular weak)
twigimini (dative neuter singular weak)
twigimammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
twigimōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
twigimammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
twigiminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
twigimōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
twigiminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
twigimammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
twigimōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
twigimammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Frankish: *twigim (Latinized as tuigimus)

From Proto-Indo-European *dwiǵʰimos (“two winters (old)”), from *dwi- (“two”) + a form of *ǵʰéyōm (“winter”). Cognate with Latin bīmus (“two years old”).


klumpô

klumpô (nominative singular)
klumpaniz (nominative plural)
klumpô (singular vocative)
klumpaniz (plural vocative)
klumpanų (accusative singular)
klumpanunz (accusative plural)
klumpiniz (genitive singular)
klumpanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klumpini (dative singular)
klumpammaz (dative plural)
klumpinē (instrumental singular)
klumpammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *clympe; clympre, clymppe

Middle English: clompe, clymppan (pl.)

English: clump

Scots: clump

Old Frisian: klumpa

Saterland Frisian: Klump

West Frisian: klomp

Old Saxon: *klumpo

Middle Low German: klumpe

German Low German: Klumpe, Klump

Low German: Klump

→ Old Swedish: klumper

Swedish: klump

Old Dutch: *klumpo

Middle Dutch: clompe, klompe

desctree

Dutch: klomp
Afrikaans: klomp
Berbice Creole Dutch: klumpu
Negerhollands: klomp, klump
→ English: klomp, clomp
→ Papiamentu: klòmpi, klompi, klòmp
→ Sranan Tongo: klompu

Old High German: *klumpo (Central German)

Middle High German: *klumpe (attested 15th c.)

German: Klumpen (reinforced by Low German)

Hunsrik: Klumpe

Perhaps leveled from an earlier n-stem *kl(e/a)mbô ~ *klumppaz, from Proto-Indo-European *glembʰ- (“clasp; mass”), apparently a nasal-infixed form of *glebʰ- (“to clasp”) (compare Lithuanian glė́bti (“to clasp, clench, seize; to embrace; to take care of”), Latvian glēbt (“to guard, protect”); Lithuanian glóbti (“to hug, embrace; to wrap up; to care for”), Latvian glābt (“to guard, protect, help”); Slovene glábiti (“to rake together, gather”)), itself possibly extended from *gel- (“to form into a ball; ball”). Most cognates however are uncertain and affected by sound-symbolism; see e.g. Latin glaeba, globus, glomus and Proto-West Germanic *klott (“clod”).
On the other hand, Derksen considers the root in Germanic and Balto-Slavic to be an isogloss of substrate origin, due to variation in both the initial consonant (*g⁽ʰ⁾ ~ *k; cf. Lithuanian klė́bti (“to embrace”)) and final consonant (*bʰ ~ *(m)b)—the latter further evidenced by varying vowel length and accent in Baltic—as well as the intervening vowel (cf. Lithuanian glaũbti). Additionally there are similar words in both branches from initial *gr-: compare Proto-Germanic *krampô (“clamp”), Lithuanian grė́bti (“to rake; to seize, rob”).

sound-symbolic

sound-symbolism


klautaz

klautaz (nominative singular)
klautōz (nominative plural)
klautōs (nominative plural)
klaut (singular vocative)
klautōz (plural vocative)
klautōs (plural vocative)
klautą (accusative singular)
klautanz (accusative plural)
klautas (genitive singular)
klautis (genitive singular)
klautǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klautai (dative singular)
klautamaz (dative plural)
klautō (instrumental singular)
klautamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *clēat, clēot

Middle English: clete, clyte, clote

Scots: clat, clete, clett, claitt; cloot, clute, cluit, clitt

English: cleat; clate

Old Frisian: klāt

(Saterland Frisian: Klüüte?)

West Frisian: kleat

Old Saxon: *klōt

Middle Low German: klôt m

German Low German: Kloot

→ German: Klöten

→ Old Norse: klót n

Icelandic: klót n

Norwegian Nynorsk: klote

Swedish: klot n

Danish: klode n

→ Norwegian Bokmål: klode

Old Dutch: *klout, *klōt

Middle Dutch: cloet, cloot

Dutch: kloot

→ West Frisian: kloat

Old High German: klōz, chlōz

Middle High German: klōz

German: Kloß

→ Polish: kluska

Hunsrik: Klos

From Proto-Indo-European *glowdos (“clump, clod”), from *gel- (“to ball up; amass”).


tremaną

tremō (active first-person indicative singular)
tremaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tremai (first-person indicative passive singular)
trimizi (active indicative second-person singular)
tremaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
trem (active imperative second-person singular)
tremazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tremaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
trimidi (active indicative singular third-person)
tremai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tremadau (active imperative singular third-person)
tremadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tremaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tremōz (active dual first-person indicative)
tremaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tremadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tremaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tremadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tremamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tremaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tremandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tremaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
trimid (active indicative plural second-person)
tremaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
trimid (active imperative plural second-person)
tremandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tremaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tremandi (active indicative plural third-person)
tremain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tremandau (active imperative plural third-person)
tremandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tremaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tram (active first-person indicative singular)
trēmį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tramt (active indicative second-person singular)
trēmīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tram (active indicative singular third-person)
trēmī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
trēmū (active dual first-person indicative)
trēmīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
trēmudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
trēmīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
trēmum (active first-person indicative plural)
trēmīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
trēmud (active indicative plural second-person)
trēmīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
trēmun (active indicative plural third-person)
trēmīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tremandz (active participle present)
trumanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *treman
Old High German: *treman
Middle High German: tremen

From Proto-Indo-European *drem- (“to run”). A direct cognate with Sanskrit द्रमति (drámati, “to run (about)”).


kringaną

kringō (active first-person indicative singular)
kringaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kringai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kringizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kringaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kring (active imperative second-person singular)
kringazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kringaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kringidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kringai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kringadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kringadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kringaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kringōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kringaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kringadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kringaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kringadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kringamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kringaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kringandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kringaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kringid (active indicative plural second-person)
kringaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kringid (active imperative plural second-person)
kringandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kringaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kringandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kringain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kringandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kringandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kringaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
krang (active first-person indicative singular)
krungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kranht (active indicative second-person singular)
krungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krang (active indicative singular third-person)
krungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krungū (active dual first-person indicative)
krungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krungum (active first-person indicative plural)
krungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krungud (active indicative plural second-person)
krungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krungun (active indicative plural third-person)
krungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kringandz (active participle present)
krunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*krinkaną (alternative)

Old English: cringan, crincan (< *krinkaną)

Low German: kringen

Old Dutch: *kringan

Middle Dutch: cringen

Dutch: kringen

Afrikaans: krink

From Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”). Related to Lithuanian gręžti (“to bore, drill”).


kīþą

kīþą (nominative singular)
kīþō (nominative plural)
kīþą (singular vocative)
kīþō (plural vocative)
kīþą (accusative singular)
kīþō (accusative plural)
kīþas (genitive singular)
kīþis (genitive singular)
kīþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kīþai (dative singular)
kīþamaz (dative plural)
kīþō (instrumental singular)
kīþamiz (instrumental plural)
*kīþiz (alternative)
*kīþaz (alternative)
*kīþô (alternative)
*kittaz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *kīþ; *kīþī; *kīþō

desctree

Old English: ċīþ, ċȳþ
Middle English: chithe, chide, chive, chis, chire, *chitte, *chit
English: chit, chive
⇒ English: chism
Scots: chit

Old Saxon: *kīth (attested in genitive plural kītho and dative plural kīthun)

Old Dutch: *kīthi

Middle Dutch: *kijde, kiede

or directly from earlier Frankish <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*kīþō</i>

→⇒ Old French: cion, ciun, sion (or directly from earlier Frankish *kīþō)
Middle French: sion
French: scion
Picard: chion
→ Middle English: sioun, cioun, ciun, cyun, scion, scioun, sion, siun, syon, syoun
English: scion

Old High German: *chīdi, *kīdi; *kīd

Middle High German: kīde, kīt

German: Keid (dialectal)

⇒ Alemannic German: chiide

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵéyH-ti- or similar, from the root *ǵey(H)- (“to split open, sprout”), with some variation on the suffix. Related to Proto-Germanic *kīnaną (“to split open, germinate, sprout”).

m+

(West Germanic) seed, germ; seedling, shoot, sprout


mēþiz

mēþiz (nominative singular)
mēþīz (nominative plural)
mēþi (singular vocative)
mēþīz (plural vocative)
mēþį (accusative singular)
mēþinz (accusative plural)
mēþīz (genitive singular)
mēþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēþī (dative singular)
mēþimaz (dative plural)
mēþī (instrumental singular)
mēþimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *māþi

Old English: mǣþ

Middle English: mæþ, methe, meth

From Proto-Indo-European *méh₁-ti-s ~ *m̥h₁-téy-s, from *meh₁- (“to measure”) + *-tis.


rētiz

rētiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
rētī (feminine nominative singular strong)
rētį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
rētijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
rētijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
rētijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
rētijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
rētijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
rētį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
rētijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
rētijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
rētijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
rētijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
rētīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
rētijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
rētijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
rētīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
rētijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
rētijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
rētijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
rētijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
rētijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
rētijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
rētijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
rētijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
rētijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
rētijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
rētijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
rētijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
rētijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
rētijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
rētijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
rētijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
rētijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
rētijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
rētijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
rētijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
rētijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
rētijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
rētijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
rētijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
rētijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
rētijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
rētijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
rētīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
rētijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
rētīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
rētijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
rētijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
rētijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
rētīni (dative masculine singular weak)
rētijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
rētīni (dative neuter singular weak)
rētijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
rētijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
rētijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
rētīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
rētijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
rētīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
rētijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
rētijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
rētijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old High German: rāzi

Middle High German: ræze

From Pre-Germanic *Hrēh₃dis, a long-grade verbal adjective derived to a lost strong verb *rōtaną, from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₃d-. Related to Latin rōdō (“to gnaw”) and Sanskrit रदति (radati, “to dig”).


īdalaz

īdalaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
īdalō (feminine nominative singular strong)
īdalą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
īdalai (masculine nominative plural strong)
īdalôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
īdalō (neuter nominative plural strong)
īdalanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
īdalǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
īdalą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
īdalanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
īdalōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
īdalō (accusative neuter plural strong)
īdalas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
īdalaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
īdalas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
īdalaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
īdalaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
īdalaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
īdalammai (dative masculine singular strong)
īdalaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
īdalammai (dative neuter singular strong)
īdalaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
īdalaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
īdalaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
īdalanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
īdalaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
īdalanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
īdalaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
īdalaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
īdalaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
īdalô (masculine nominative singular weak)
īdalǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
īdalô (neuter nominative singular weak)
īdalaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
īdalōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
īdalōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
īdalanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
īdalōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
īdalô (accusative neuter singular weak)
īdalanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
īdalōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
īdalōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
īdaliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
īdalōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
īdaliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
īdalanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
īdalōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
īdalanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
īdalini (dative masculine singular weak)
īdalōni (dative feminine singular weak)
īdalini (dative neuter singular weak)
īdalammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
īdalōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
īdalammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
īdalinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
īdalōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
īdalinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
īdalammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
īdalōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
īdalammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Old English: īdel
Middle English: ydel, idel, idil, idill, idul, idyl, idyll, ydell, ydil, ydill, ydul, ydull
English: idle
Scots: idle

Old Frisian: īdel

Old Saxon: īdal

Middle Low German: îdel

German Low German: iedel

Old Dutch: īdil
Middle Dutch: idel
Dutch: ijdel
Afrikaans: ydel, yl
Negerhollands: iedel

Old High German: ītal

Middle High German: ītel

German: eitel

A denominative adjective, from pre-Germanic *ih₁-tlo- or *ih₁tolos, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁-. Related to Russian я́ловый (jálovyj, “barren”), Latvian jēls (“raw, uncooked”), Welsh iâl (“clearing, glade”).


stinkwaną

stinkwō (active first-person indicative singular)
stinkwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stinkwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stinkwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
stinkwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stinkw (active imperative second-person singular)
stinkwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stinkwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stinkwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
stinkwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stinkwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
stinkwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stinkwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stinkwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
stinkwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stinkwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stinkwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stinkwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stinkwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stinkwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stinkwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stinkwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stinkwid (active indicative plural second-person)
stinkwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stinkwid (active imperative plural second-person)
stinkwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stinkwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stinkwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
stinkwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stinkwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
stinkwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stinkwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stankw (active first-person indicative singular)
stunkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stanht (active indicative second-person singular)
stunkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stankw (active indicative singular third-person)
stunkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stunkū (active dual first-person indicative)
stunkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stunkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stunkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stunkum (active first-person indicative plural)
stunkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stunkud (active indicative plural second-person)
stunkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stunkun (active indicative plural third-person)
stunkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stinkwandz (active participle present)
stunkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *stinkwan
Old English: stincan
Middle English: stynken, stynkkyn, stenke, styngke, stynke, stinken
Scots: stink
English: stink
Old Frisian: *stiunka
Saterland Frisian: stjunke
West Frisian: stjonke
Old Saxon: stinkan
Middle Low German: stinken
Low German: stinken
→ Danish: stinke
→ Swedish: stinka
→ Norwegian: stinke
Old Dutch: stincan
Middle Dutch: stinken
Dutch: stinken
Afrikaans: stink
Negerhollands: stink
→ Sranan Tongo: tingi
→ Saramaccan: tíngi
Limburgish: stinke
Old High German: stinkan, stinchan
Middle High German: stinken
German: stinken
Yiddish: שטינקען (shtinken)

Old Norse: støkkva, stynka, *stinkva

Icelandic: stökkva

Faroese: støkka

Norwegian: stokka

Old Swedish: stiunka, stinkva

Old Danish: stynkæ

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌵𐌰𐌽 (stigqan)

From Proto-Indo-European *stengʷ- (“to push, thrust”), *stegʷ- (“to thrust, strike”). Related to Latin stinguō (“to extinguish”).


skutiz

skutiz (nominative singular)
skutīz (nominative plural)
skuti (singular vocative)
skutīz (plural vocative)
skutį (accusative singular)
skutinz (accusative plural)
skutīz (genitive singular)
skutjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skutī (dative singular)
skutimaz (dative plural)
skutī (instrumental singular)
skutimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skuti
Old English: sċyte
Middle English: schute
Old Frisian: skete, skette
Saterland Frisian: Sköät
Old Dutch: *skuti
Middle Dutch: schote
Dutch: scheut
Afrikaans: skeut
Old High German: scuz, skuz
Middle High German: schuz
German: Schuss, Schuß (superseded spelling)
→ English: schuss
→ French: schuss
→ Kashubian: sus
→ Serbo-Croatian: šȕs
Luxembourgish: Schoss

Old Norse: skutr

Icelandic: skutur

Norwegian: skott, skutt, skot

Swedish: skótt

A zero-grade i-stem from the same root as *skeutaną (“to shoot”).


waigaz

waigaz (nominative singular)
waigōz (nominative plural)
waigōs (nominative plural)
waig (singular vocative)
waigōz (plural vocative)
waigōs (plural vocative)
waigą (accusative singular)
waiganz (accusative plural)
waigas (genitive singular)
waigis (genitive singular)
waigǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waigai (dative singular)
waigamaz (dative plural)
waigō (instrumental singular)
waigamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wāg, wāh

desc

Middle English: waȝ, wah, woȝ, wawe, wowe, wouh, wough

Scots: wauch

English: waw

Old Frisian: wāch, wāg

qualifier

Saterland Frisian: Wooge (other Eastern Frisian varieties used wāge)

Old Saxon: wēg; wēglūs

Old Dutch: *weig, *wēg

Middle Dutch: weech, weegh; weechluus, weechluys

Dutch: weeg, and weech (dialectal); weeluis

From Proto-Indo-European *uh₁ikós, from *weh₁y- (“to twist, plait; to wrap, enclose”).


sprīþaną

sprīþō (active first-person indicative singular)
sprīþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sprīþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sprīþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sprīþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprīþ (active imperative second-person singular)
sprīþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sprīþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sprīþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sprīþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprīþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sprīþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sprīþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sprīþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sprīþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprīþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprīþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprīþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sprīþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sprīþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprīþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sprīþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sprīþid (active indicative plural second-person)
sprīþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprīþid (active imperative plural second-person)
sprīþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sprīþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sprīþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sprīþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprīþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sprīþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sprīþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
spraiþ (active first-person indicative singular)
spridį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spraist (active indicative second-person singular)
spridīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spraiþ (active indicative singular third-person)
spridī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spridū (active dual first-person indicative)
spridīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spridudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spridīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spridum (active first-person indicative plural)
spridīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spridud (active indicative plural second-person)
spridīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spridun (active indicative plural third-person)
spridīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprīþandz (active participle present)
spridanaz (active participle past subjunctive)
*sprītaną (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sprīþan
Old High German: *sprīdan, sprīzan (influenced by *sprittōn)
Middle High German: sprīden, sprīten

From pre-Germanic *spreyt-, of uncertain origin, with no certain cognates outside of Germanic; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)perh₁- (“to kick”) + *-ey- + *-t-. Variant stem *sprīt- influenced by iterative *spritt-.

der

(West Germanic) to break up, become scattered


laisō

laisō (nominative singular)
laisôz (nominative plural)
laisō (singular vocative)
laisôz (plural vocative)
laisǭ (accusative singular)
laisōz (accusative plural)
laisōz (genitive singular)
laisǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laisōi (dative singular)
laisōmaz (dative plural)
laisō (instrumental singular)
laisōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laisu
Old Dutch: *lēs
Middle Dutch: lêes
Old High German: leisa
Middle High German: leise
German: Leise
⇒ German: Geleise, Gleise

From Proto-Indo-European *lóyseh₂. Cognate with Latin līra (“furrow”). Piecewise doublet of *laizō.


glītaną

glītō (active first-person indicative singular)
glītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
glītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
glītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glīt (active imperative second-person singular)
glītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
glītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
glītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
glītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
glītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
glītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
glītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
glītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
glītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
glītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
glītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
glītid (active indicative plural second-person)
glītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glītid (active imperative plural second-person)
glītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
glītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
glītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
glītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
glītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
glītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
glait (active first-person indicative singular)
glitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glaist (active indicative second-person singular)
glitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glait (active indicative singular third-person)
glitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glitū (active dual first-person indicative)
glitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glitum (active first-person indicative plural)
glitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glitud (active indicative plural second-person)
glitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glitun (active indicative plural third-person)
glitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glītandz (active participle present)
glitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *glītan
Old Saxon: glītan
Old High German: glīzan
German: gleißen

From Pre-Germanic *ǵʰleyd-, possibly an extension of *ǵʰley- as seen in *glīwą (“joy”). Kroonen considers it likely the strong verb was back-formed from the iterative *glittōną (“to shine”).


skakkōną

skakkō (active first-person indicative singular)
skakkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skakkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skakkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skakkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skakkō (active imperative second-person singular)
skakkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skakkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skakkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skakkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skakkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skakkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skakkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skakkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skakkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skakkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skakkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skakkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skakkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skakkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skakkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skakkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skakkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skakkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skakkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skakkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skakkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skakkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skakkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skakkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skakkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skakkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skakkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skakkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skakkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skakkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skakkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skakkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skakkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skakkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skakkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skakkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skakkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skakkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skakkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skakkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skakkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skakkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skakkōndz (active participle present)
skakkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Middle English: schaggen

English: shag

Middle High German: schacken

From pre-Germanic *skoknéh₂-, an iterative to *skehaną (“to move quickly”), *skakaną (“to shake”).


skukkōną

skukkō (active first-person indicative singular)
skukkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skukkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skukkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skukkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skukkō (active imperative second-person singular)
skukkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skukkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skukkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skukkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skukkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skukkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skukkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skukkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skukkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skukkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skukkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skukkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skukkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skukkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skukkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skukkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skukkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skukkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skukkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skukkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skukkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skukkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skukkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skukkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skukkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skukkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skukkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skukkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skukkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skukkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skukkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skukkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skukkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skukkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skukkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skukkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skukkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skukkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skukkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skukkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skukkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skukkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skukkōndz (active participle present)
skukkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skukkōn

Old English: *sċoccian

Middle English: schoggen, shoggen

English: shog, shock (obsolete), jog

Old Saxon: *skokkōn, *skoggōn

desc

Middle Low German: scokken, schocken, schoggen, schucken

Old Dutch: *skokkon

Middle Dutch: schocken

Dutch: schokken

Afrikaans: skok

→ Middle French: chocquer

French: choquer

→ English: shock

Old High German: *skohhōn

Middle High German: schocken

German: schocken

An unetymological zero-grade iterative to *skakaną (“to shake”). Due to the frequency of iteratives appearing with zero-grade *-u- and o-grade *-a-, these vowels began to be used to create iteratives to roots where they were unwarranted.


flukkōną

flukkō (active first-person indicative singular)
flukkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flukkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
flukkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
flukkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flukkō (active imperative second-person singular)
flukkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
flukkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
flukkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
flukkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flukkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
flukkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
flukkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
flukkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
flukkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flukkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flukkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flukkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flukkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flukkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flukkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
flukkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
flukkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
flukkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flukkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
flukkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
flukkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
flukkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
flukkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flukkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
flukkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
flukkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flukkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
flukkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flukkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
flukkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flukkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
flukkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flukkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
flukkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flukkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flukkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flukkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
flukkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flukkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
flukkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flukkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
flukkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flukkōndz (active participle present)
flukkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *flukkōn, *flokkōn

Middle Dutch: flogen

Old High German: *flockōn

Middle High German: vlocken

German: flocken (obsolete?)

From earlier paradigm *flukkōþi ~ *flugunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *pluk-nā́-ti ~ *pluk-un-ánti, iterative to *fleuganą (“to fly”).


sukkōną

sukkō (active first-person indicative singular)
sukkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sukkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sukkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sukkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sukkō (active imperative second-person singular)
sukkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sukkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sukkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sukkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sukkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sukkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sukkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sukkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sukkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sukkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sukkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sukkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sukkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sukkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sukkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sukkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sukkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sukkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sukkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sukkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sukkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sukkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sukkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sukkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sukkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sukkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sukkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sukkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sukkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sukkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sukkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sukkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sukkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sukkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sukkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sukkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sukkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sukkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sukkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sukkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sukkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sukkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sukkōndz (active participle present)
sukkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: socian

English: soak

German: sucken (dialectal)

Most likely from pre-Germanic *suḱnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to Proto-Indo-European *sewḱ- (“to suck”). The verb(s) *sūkaną/*sūganą (“to suck”) very likely represent a back-formation from the iterative, as the expected outcome from inheritance would be *seuhaną. Cognates include Latin sūcus (“juice”), Latvian sùkt (“to suck”), Proto-Slavic *sъsàti (idem). On the other hand, Latin sūgō (“to suck”) and Old Irish súigid (idem) seem to point to a voiced stop, for Proto-Indo-European *sewg- or *sewgʰ-, which could just as well have given the Germanic iterative *sukk-. Contamination by onomatopoeia in at least some of these words is probable; compare the developments of Italian succhiare, ciucciare and Sicilian sucari.

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeia


happōną

happō (active first-person indicative singular)
happǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
happōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
happōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
happōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
happō (active imperative second-person singular)
happōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
happōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
happōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
happō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
happōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
happōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
happōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
happōs (active dual first-person indicative)
happōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
happōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
happōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
happōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
happōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
happōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
happōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
happōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
happōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
happōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
happōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
happōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
happōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
happōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
happōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
happōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
happōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
happōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
happōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
happōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
happōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
happōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
happōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
happōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
happōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
happōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
happōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
happōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
happōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
happōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
happōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
happōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
happōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
happōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
happōndz (active participle present)
happōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *happōn, *habbōn

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: happen, habben (early modern)

From pre-Germanic *kh₂pnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to *habjaną (“to have”).


fēriz

fēriz (masculine nominative singular strong)
fērī (feminine nominative singular strong)
fērį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
fērijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
fērijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
fērijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
fērijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
fērijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
fērį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
fērijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
fērijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
fērijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
fērijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
fērīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
fērijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
fērijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
fērīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
fērijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
fērijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
fērijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
fērijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
fērijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
fērijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
fērijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
fērijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
fērijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
fērijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
fērijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
fērijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
fērijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
fērijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
fērijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
fērijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
fērijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
fērijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
fērijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
fērijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
fērijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
fērijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
fērijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
fērijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
fērijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
fērijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
fērijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
fērīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
fērijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
fērīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
fērijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
fērijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
fērijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
fērīni (dative masculine singular weak)
fērijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
fērīni (dative neuter singular weak)
fērijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
fērijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
fērijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
fērīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
fērijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
fērīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
fērijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
fērijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
fērijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: fēre, *fǣre; langfǣre, langfēre

Middle English: fēre

desc

English: fere, fear (“able”) (dialectal)

Old Frisian: fēre

Old High German: *fāri; langfāri, lancfāri

Vṛddhi gerundive of otherwise unattested *feraną, from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to go forth”).


buttaz

buttaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
buttō (feminine nominative singular strong)
buttą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
buttai (masculine nominative plural strong)
buttôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
buttō (neuter nominative plural strong)
buttanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
buttǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
buttą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
buttanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
buttōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
buttō (accusative neuter plural strong)
buttas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
buttaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
buttas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
buttaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
buttaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
buttaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
buttammai (dative masculine singular strong)
buttaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
buttammai (dative neuter singular strong)
buttaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
buttaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
buttaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
buttanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
buttaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
buttanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
buttaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
buttaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
buttaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
buttô (masculine nominative singular weak)
buttǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
buttô (neuter nominative singular weak)
buttaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
buttōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
buttōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
buttanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
buttōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
buttô (accusative neuter singular weak)
buttanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
buttōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
buttōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
buttiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
buttōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
buttiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
buttanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
buttōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
buttanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
buttini (dative masculine singular weak)
buttōni (dative feminine singular weak)
buttini (dative neuter singular weak)
buttammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
buttōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
buttammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
buttinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
buttōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
buttinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
buttammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
buttōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
buttammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)
*butaz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *butt

Old Frisian: *butt, *but

Saterland Frisian: but

West Frisian: bot

Old Saxon: *butt

Middle Low German: but, butt

German Low German: butt

desctree

Old Dutch: *but, *butt
Middle Dutch: butte, but, bot
Dutch: bot

→ Old French: bot

⇒? Old French: bote

Middle French: botte

French: botte

→ Middle English: bote

English: boot

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰudnós, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewd- (“to beat, push”), an extension of *bʰew- (“to blow, swell”).

der

(West Germanic) cut off; chopped; stumpy


þegō

þegō (nominative singular)
þegôz (nominative plural)
þegō (singular vocative)
þegôz (plural vocative)
þegǭ (accusative singular)
þegōz (accusative plural)
þegōz (genitive singular)
þegǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þegōi (dative singular)
þegōmaz (dative plural)
þegō (instrumental singular)
þegōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þegu

Old English: *þegu, (found in compounds, bēahþegu, bēorþegu)

Derived from *þigjaną (“to accept, receive”).

(West Germanic) a taking, receiving, acceptance


hleumundaz

hleumundaz (nominative singular)
hleumundōz (nominative plural)
hleumundōs (nominative plural)
hleumund (singular vocative)
hleumundōz (plural vocative)
hleumundōs (plural vocative)
hleumundą (accusative singular)
hleumundanz (accusative plural)
hleumundas (genitive singular)
hleumundis (genitive singular)
hleumundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hleumundai (dative singular)
hleumundamaz (dative plural)
hleumundō (instrumental singular)
hleumundamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hleumund
Old Saxon: *hliumand
Middle Low German: lǖmunt, lîmunt
⇒ Old Saxon: *hliumandig
⇒ Old Saxon: mishliumandig
Old Dutch: *liumund
Middle Dutch: lumont
Old High German: hliumunt, liumunt
Middle High German: liumunt
German: Leumund

Likely originally neuter, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱléwmn̥tom, extension and thematicization of *ḱléwmn̥, from *ḱlew- (“to hear”). Cognate to Sanskrit श्रोमत (śromata, “fame”).