the

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

da (alternative)
d' (alternative)
teh (alternative)
de (alternative)
t' (alternative)
th' (alternative)
ye (alternative)
yᵉ (alternative)
yͤ (alternative)
ẏe (alternative)
ẏᵉ (alternative)

From Middle English þe, from Old English þē m (“the, that”, demonstrative pronoun), a late variant of sē, the s- (which occurred in the masculine and feminine nominative singular only) having been replaced by the þ- from the oblique stem.
replaced words, cognates
Originally neutral nominative, in Middle English it superseded all previous Old English nominative forms (sē m, sēo f, þæt n, þā pl); sē is from Proto-West Germanic *siz, from Proto-Germanic *sa, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *só.
Cognate with Saterland Frisian die (“the”), West Frisian de (“the”), Dutch de (“the”), German Low German de (“the”), German der (“the”), Danish de (“the”), Swedish de (“the”), Icelandic sá (“that”) within Germanic and with Sanskrit स (sá, “the, that”), Ancient Greek ὁ (ho, “the”), Tocharian B se (“this”) among other Indo-European languages.

inh

(-u, -w) (masculine) (-wa, -itwa, -ätwa) (feminine) (final enclitic suffixes)

الـ

written together with the following words, "l" assimilates with sun letters

(attached suffixes are used, -ът, -та, -то, etc.)

ets

before a word beginning with a vowel sound

-en c or -et n (singular, no adjective or genitive)

den c or det n (singular, before adjective or genitive)

-ene or -ne pl (plural, no adjective or genitive)

de pl (plural, before adjective or genitive)

Archaic Egyptian, Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian

isdin

non-focus marker, past referential common noun

issan

non-focus marker, recent referential common noun

is

non-focus marker, unspecific common noun

not used in Kazakh (use demonstrative adjectives with subjects or the accusative with objects instead)

itu

if replaceable by that, rarely necessary

ini

if replaceable by this, rarely necessary

not used in Tamil (demonstratives serve a similar purpose)

not used in Tatar (use demonstrative adjectives with subjects or the accusative with objects instead)

not used in Turkish (use demonstrative adjectives with subjects or the accusative with objects instead)

(♂♀, animate or inanimate, usually used with non-Volapük words) el

Feed the hungry, clothe the naked, comfort the afflicted, and afflict the comfortable.

One doesn't choose the color of one's chess pieces; the white are assigned to the player who moves first.

Used before an adjective, indicating all things (especially persons) described by that adjective.

die

used with the name of a member of a class to refer to all things in that class

the Irish are...; the Chinese are...; the French are...

Used before a demonym ending in -ish, -ese or -ch (when pronounced /tʃ/) to refer to people of a given country collectively.


en

Such a strappen fine gentleman as he was, too. Yes, I rather like en sometimes.

1895, Thomas Hardy, A Pair of Blue Eyes, page 236:

(dialectal, Newfoundland) It (when the thing being referred to is masculine).


dat

Pronuctiation spelling of that,
representing dialects with th-stopping. Compare Dutch dat, Low German dat, and German das.

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling

(dialectal, nonstandard, African-American Vernacular, MLE, Ireland, foreign accents, or humorous) Pronunciation spelling of that.

African-American Vernacular; foreign accents; African-American Vernacular; foreign accents


dat

Dey vanished...but it wasn't too long ago dat dey did. Dey oughta still be nearby.

2004, Intelligent Systems, translated by Nintendo of America, Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door, Nintendo, GameCube, level/area: Rogueport:


whatever

From Middle English whatever. By surface analysis, what + ever.

Near-synonyms: meh, so what

So you broke it? Whatever! Get a grip.

Go brush your teeth. – Whatever!

"... between you and Irene." "Iris." "Whatever."

1983 December 19, “The Looks of Love”, in Newhart, season 2, episode 9:

"... now it's Violet." "Iris." "Whatever."

"It's not silk, it's muslin." "Whatever."

1991 January 10, Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine, page 66:

Yeah, whatever you old dried up fat hog.

1998 June 3, “Conjoined Fetus Lady”, in South Park, season 2, episode 5:

whatever you say
whatever you say#English

(colloquial) A holophrastic expression used to dismiss something that the speaker doesn't care about, doesn't think important, or doesn't want to consider or discuss any further. Sometimes conceived as an ellipsis of whatever you say, implying feigned deference: whatever you say [apparently must be true].

طُز

indicating the speaker does not care what someone says


one

PIE word
 *h₁óynos
From Middle English oon, on, oan, an, from Old English ān (“one”), from Proto-West Germanic *ain, from Proto-Germanic *ainaz (“one”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos (“single, one”).
Cognate with Scots ae, ane, wan, yin (“one”); North Frisian ån (“one”); Saterland Frisian aan (“one”); West Frisian ien (“one”); Dutch een, één (“one”); German Low German een; German ein, eins (“one”); Danish en (“one”); Swedish en (“one”); Norwegian Nynorsk ein (“one”), Icelandic einn (“one”); Latin ūnus (“one”) (Old Latin oinos); Russian оди́н (odín), Spanish uno. Doublet of a, an, and Uno.
The use as an indefinite personal pronoun may have been influenced by unrelated French on, although the Germanic languages widely use cognates for the same sense (usually in non-subject function, but also in subject function, e.g. Luxembourgish een).
Verb form from Middle English onen.

wone (alternative obsolete)
I (alternative)

One day the prince set forth to kill the dragon that had brought terror to his father’s kingdom for centuries.

One morning I had been driven to the precarious refuge afforded by the steps of the inn, after rejecting offers from the Celebrity to join him in a variety of amusements. But even here I was not free from interruption, for he was seated on a horse-block below me, playing with a fox terrier.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:


i

Here follow ſome few lines in the original, which not underſtanding i have omitted. […] Laſtly that amidſt ſo many viciſſitudes of fortune, to which I have been expoſed, amongſt all the goods, i ſay, and evils, the joyfull and gloomy, the pleaſing, and diſagreeable circumſtances of life, thou endowedſt me with an equal, conſtant, manly, and ſuperior ſpirit on every occaſion.

1762, Benj[amin] Stillingfleet, Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Natural History, Husbandry, and Physick. To Which Is Added the Calendar of Flora., 2nd edition, London: […] R. and J. Dodsley, […]; S. Baker, […]; and T. Payne, […], pages 30 and 32:

(nonstandard) Alternative letter-case form of I.


few

head

few (comparative fewer or less, superlative fewest or least)

fewer (comparative)
less (comparative)
fewest (superlative)
least (superlative)

From Middle English fewe, from Old English fēaw (“few”), from Proto-West Germanic *fau, from Proto-Germanic *fawaz (“few”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂w- (“few, small”).
Cognate with Old Saxon fā (“few”), Old High German fao, fō (“few, little”), Old Norse fár (“few”), Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍃 (faus, “few”). Also related with Latin paucus (“little, few”) and pauper (“poor”), from which latter English poor and pauper; see these.

der

you've got to crack a few eggs to make an omelette

Very few did she have not to go there, did she?

I was expecting a big crowd at the party, but very few people (=almost none) turned up.

Your men are valiant but their number few,
And cannot terrifie his mightie hoſt, […]

c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act III, scene iii:

Already we're seeing fewer cache misses by avoiding creating cache entries for the idle task and expect to see even fewer with changes to the TLB reload code to uncache the page tables.

1999, Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Operating Systems:

However, the above passage could have been written more efficiently — if Strunkian concision, using the fewest words possible, is understood as the measure of verbal efficiency.

2020, Victoria Rosner, Machines for Living: Modernism and Domestic Life, page 62:

(used alone) Not many; a small (in comparison with another number stated or implied) but somewhat indefinite number of.


man

From Middle English man, from Old English mann m (“human being, person, man”), from Proto-West Germanic *mann, from Proto-Germanic *mann- m, from Proto-Indo-European *mon- (“human being, man”). Doublet of Manu.
See also Saterland Frisian Mon, West Frisian man, Dutch man, Low German Mann, German Mann, Swedish man, Norwegian Nynorsk mann, Danish mand.

inh

mang (alternative)
mane (alternative)
mans (alternative)
mon (alternative)
mxn (alternative)
mans (alternative)
mens (alternative)
mandem (alternative)
mens (alternative)
mxn (alternative)
myn (alternative)


is

(Geordie) Alternative spelling of us (“me”).


everybody

unstressed form, US, African-American Vernacular

arrybody (alternative)
e'rybody (alternative)
everbody (alternative)
ever'body (alternative)
everybuddy (alternative)
every body (alternative)

Does everybody have their ticket(s) at hand?

Selwyn, sitting up rumpled and cross-legged on the floor, after having boloed Drina to everybody's exquisite satisfaction, looked around at the sudden rustle of skirts to catch a glimpse of a vanishing figure—a glimmer of ruddy hair and the white curve of a youthful face, half-buried in a muff.

1907 August, Robert W[illiam] Chambers, chapter I, in The Younger Set, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC:


most

en-noun

most (usually uncountable, plural mosts)

mosts (plural)
moste (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English most, moste, from Old English mǣst, māst, from Proto-Germanic *maistaz, *maist. Cognate with Scots mast, maist (“most”), Saterland Frisian maast (“most”), West Frisian meast (“most”), Dutch meest (“most”), German meist (“most”), Danish and Swedish mest (“most”), Icelandic mestur (“most”).

The most I can offer for the house is $150,000.


it

head

it (subjective and objective it, reflexive and intensive itself, possessive determiner and pronoun its, plural subjective they, plural objective case them)

it (objective subjective)
itself (emphatic reflexive)
its (determiner possessive pronoun without-noun)
they (plural subjective)
them (objective plural)
hit (alternative)
i' (alternative)
itt (alternative)

From Middle English it, hit ( > dialectal English hit (“it”)), from Old English hit (“it”), from Proto-West Germanic *hit, from Proto-Germanic *hit (“this, this one”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-, *ḱey- (“this, here”). Cognate with West Frisian it (“it”), Saterland Frisian et, 't (“it”), Dutch het (“it”), Low German it (“it”), German es (“it”). Compare also Gothic 𐌹𐍄𐌰 (ita, “it”), Latin cis (“on this”), hic (“this”). More at he.

not used in Dyirbal (Dyirbal has no third-person pronoun)

(subject pronouns are usually omitted, or a demonstrative is used: medial, proximal, and distal demonstratives:) τοῦτο (toûto)

αὐτό

when referring to inanimate thing or neuter noun

It is nearly 10 o’clock.

It’s 10:45.

It’s very cold today.

It’s lonely without you.

It seems so.

The impersonal pronoun, used without referent as the subject of an impersonal verb or statement (known as the dummy pronoun, dummy it or weather it).

It is easy to see how she would think that.

"I know now!" said I. "I have seen this in your face a long while."
"No; have you really, my dear?" said he. "What a Dame Durden it is to read a face!"

1852 March – 1853 September, Charles Dickens, Bleak House, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1853, →OCLC:

It was felt that I'd be the right man for the job.

I find it odd that you would say that.

It is hard seeing you so sick.

He saw to it that everyone would vote for him.

It is not clear if the report was true.

She made it clear what she expected by the weekend, which made it a problem to juggle her and other customers' jobs at the same time.

syntactic expletive
syntactic expletive#English

The impersonal pronoun, used as a placeholder for a delayed subject, or less commonly, object; known as the dummy pronoun (according to some definitions), anticipatory it or, more formally in linguistics, a syntactic expletive. The delayed subject is commonly a to-infinitive, a gerund, or a noun clause introduced by a subordinating conjunction.


it

its (plural)
hit (alternative)
i' (alternative)
itt (alternative)

Let's play it at breaktime.


it

hit (alternative)
i' (alternative)
itt (alternative)

Going away for the weekend and feel the need to profile en route? This is the "it" bag.

2007 September, Vibe, volume 15, number 9, page 202:

With Hit Girl, Moretz is this year's It Girl, alternately sweet, savage and scary.

2010, David Germain, Hilarious ‘Kick-Ass’ delivers bloody fun, Associated Press:

These Italian made sneakers quickly became an it shoe and the trend is not going anywhere any time soon!

2021 October 4, Robert P, “Are Golden Goose Sneakers Worth It? My Honest Review Of Golden Goose Sneakers”, in Gold Talk Club, archived from the original on 2024-07-15:

(Our culture's “it”-novelist, Sally Rooney, is instead tellingly God-obsessed.)

2025 May 31, Tanjil Rashid, “Finding their religion”, in FT Weekend, Life & Arts, page 9:

(colloquial) Most fashionable, popular, or in vogue.


dar

Besides these peculiarities, our river abounds with the usual fresh water fish, such as the roach, dar, flounders, carp, chub, trout, &c.

1829, A Concise History and Description of the City and Cathedral of Worcester, page 100:

(UK, dialect) A fish found in the Severn River; a dart or dace.


yourself

yourself (referring to the person being spoken to, previously mentioned, the reflexive case of you)

en-pron

you (reflexive-of)
yerself (alternative)
yo'self (alternative)
yoself (alternative)
Yourself (alternative)

From Middle English yourself, equivalent to your + -self.

check yourself before you wreck yourself

The following table shows a list of English personal pronoun

including archaic and dialectal forms. Dialectal and obsolete

archaic forms are in italics. 1 See Appendix:English third-person singular pronouns for attested neopronoun.

Be careful with that fire or you'll burn yourself.

(reflexive pronoun) Your own self (singular).

You yourself know that what you wrote was wrong.

After a good night's sleep you'll feel like yourself again.

You (singular); used emphatically, especially to indicate exclusiveness of the referent's participation in the predicate, i.e., that no one else is involved.

I spoke with yourself last in February.

(pseudo-formal, proscribed) You (singular); when "you" is not mentioned previously, a hypercorrection sometimes perceived as being more polite in formal and professional conversation.


yours

From Middle English youres, ȝoures, attested since the 1300s. Equivalent to your + -s (compare -'s); formed by analogy to his. Displaced yourn in standard speech.

yourn

obsolete outside Britain and US dialects

you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours

Yours sincerely,  Yours faithfully,  Yours,  Sincerely yours,

Written at the end of a letter, before the signature.


you

head

you (second person, singular or plural, nominative or objective, possessive determiner your, possessive pronoun yours, singular reflexive yourself, plural reflexive yourselves)

en-pron

your (determiner possessive)
yours (possessive pronoun without-noun)
yourself (reflexive singular)
yourselves (plural reflexive)
ye (alternative archaic dialectal nominative plural)
ya (alternative informal pronunciation-spelling)
yah (alternative informal pronunciation-spelling)
yer (alternative informal pronunciation-spelling)
yeh (alternative informal pronunciation-spelling)
y' (alternative informal pronunciation-spelling)
yo (alternative informal pronunciation-spelling)
yu (alternative informal pronunciation-spelling)
yuh (alternative informal pronunciation-spelling)
yoo (alternative pronunciation-spelling)
yew (alternative obsolete pronunciation-spelling)
-cha (alternative informal)
-ja (alternative informal)
u (alternative Internet informal)
yuo (alternative Internet ironic)
youe (alternative obsolete)
yow (alternative obsolete)
yowe (alternative obsolete)

Belizean Creole: yu

Bislama: yu

Cameroon Pidgin: you

Jamaican Creole: yuh

Nigerian Pidgin: yu

Sranan Tongo: yu

Tok Pisin: yu

Torres Strait Creole: yu

From Middle English you, yow, ȝow (object case of ye), from Old English ēow (“you”, dative case of ġē), from Proto-West Germanic *iwwi (“you”, dative case of *jiʀ), from Proto-Germanic *iwwiz (“you”, dative case of *jīz), the Western form of Proto-Germanic *izwiz (“you”, dative case of *jūz), from Proto-Indo-European *yúHs (“you”, plural).
Cognate with Scots you (“you”), Saterland Frisian jou (“you”), West Frisian jo (“you”), Low German jo, joe and oe (“you”), Dutch jou and u (“you”), German euch (“you”), Middle High German eu, iu (“you”, object pronoun), Latin vōs (“you”), Avestan 𐬬𐬋 (vō, “you”), Ashkun yë̃ (“you”), Kamkata-viri šo (“you”), Sanskrit यूयम् (yūyám, “you”).
See usage notes. Ye, you and your are cognate with Dutch jij/je, jou, jouw; Low German ji, jo/ju, jug and German ihr, euch and euer respectively. Ye is also cognate with Danish I and archaic Swedish I.

inh

dative case of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">ġē</i>

dative case of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*jiʀ</i>

dative case of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*jīz</i>

dative case of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*jūz</i>

mo

object pronoun: the person being addressed

contigo (familiar, attached to the preposition "com")

(polite in Portugal, general in most of Brazil) você (polite in Portugal, general in most of Brazil, with or without prepositions)

a f (without prepositions) consigo (attached to the preposition "com"; only used with this meaning in Portugal)

y'all

subject pronoun: persons spoken/written to; plural

thee

object pronoun: person spoken/written to

you kiss your grandfather with that mouth

:Category:English second person pronouns

You get a lot of rude people in London.

It was one of those small-town dive bars you often read about.

You find a lot of 'life' in the city but much of it is an act people are putting on.

You get some terrible bullies in Spanish villages too , and they'll doubtless grow up to be complete oafs.

2018 October 4, Javier Marías, Berta Isla, Penguin UK, →ISBN:

You often hear about athletes having the jitters before a game, or having butterflies in their stomach.

2018 January 16, Rick Wolff, Secrets of Sports Psychology Revealed: Proven Techniques to Elevate Your Performance, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN:

(indefinite personal pronoun) A dummy pronoun used in certain constructions, usually with verbs of receiving (such as get or find) or sensing (such as see or hear), typically stating the existence or typicality of something.

julle

object pronoun: the group being addressed

(familiar in Portugal, archaic in Brazil) vos (without prepositions) convosco (attached to the preposition "com")

(after preposition "a":) (familiar in Spain, archaic in Latin America) vosotros m

шәара

subject pronoun: the group being addressed

(usually indicated by the suffix only) (informal) -tok

貴方達

(generic) (discourteous if used for a superior)

너희

generic, discourteous if used for a superior

vós

archaic or poetic outside rural northern Portugal

with the widespread use of kinship terms as pronouns

ye

object pronoun: persons spoken/written to


thee

head

thee (second-person singular, objective case, nominative thou, reflexive thyself)

thou (nominative)
thyself (reflexive)
Thee (alternative)
the (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English þe, from Old English þē (“thee”, originally dative, but later also accusative, supplanting accusative þec), from Proto-Germanic *þiz (“thee”), from Proto-Indo-European *te (“second-person singular pronoun”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian die (“thee”), West Frisian dy (“thee”), German Low German di (“thee”), German dir (“thee”, dative pron.), Icelandic þér (“thee”). More at thou.

inh

originally dative, but later also accusative, supplanting accusative <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">þec</i>

[H]e immediately perceived when I was taken ill, and, after seeing Mama, said to me "I am afraid Thee art not well thyself?"

1773, Frances Burney, Journals & Letters, Penguin 2001, page 23:

"He says he's our man, Bildad," said Peleg, "he wants to ship."
"Dost thee?" said Bildad, in a hollow tone

1851 November 14, Herman Melville, “The Ship”, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, page 84:

"What does thee want, father?" said Rachel.

1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin:


some

From Middle English som, sum, from Old English sum (“some, a certain one”), from Proto-West Germanic *sum, from Proto-Germanic *sumaz (“some, a certain one”), from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one, whole”).
Cognate Scots sum, some (“some”), North Frisian som, sam, säm (“some”), West Frisian sommige, somlike (“some”), dialectal Dutch som, saom (“some”), standard Dutch sommige (“some”), Low German somige (“some”), German dialectal summige (“some”), Danish somme (“some”), Swedish somlig (“some”), Norwegian sum, som (“some”), Icelandic sumur (“some”), Gothic 𐍃𐌿𐌼𐍃 (sums, “one, someone”). More at same.

der

som (alternative)
som' (alternative)
sum (alternative)

Please give me some of the cake.

Everyone is wrong some of the time.

An indefinite amount; a part. Used mostly with abstract and nonliving objects.


some

Near-synonym: any

Some people like camping.

Many people, especially some evangelical Christians, have been less than optimistic about the Potter influence.

2006, Charles H Lippy, Faith in America [Three Volumes] [3 Volumes]: Changes, Challenges, New Directions, Greenwood Publishing Group, →ISBN, page 73:

Since the launch early last year of […] two Silicon Valley start-ups offering free education through MOOCs, massive open online courses, the ivory towers of academia have been shaken to their foundations. University brands built in some cases over centuries have been forced to contemplate the possibility that information technology will rapidly make their existing business model obsolete.

2013 July 20, “The attack of the MOOCs”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:

Some poems, echoing the purpose of early poetic treatises on scientific principles, attempt to elucidate the mathematical concepts that underlie prime numbers. Others play with primes’ cultural associations. Still others derive their structure from mathematical patterns involving primes.

2013 July-August, Sarah Glaz, “Ode to Prime Numbers”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 4:

(stressed form) A nonzero, unspecified proportion of (a bounded set of countable things): at least two.

I've just met some guy who said he knew you.

The sequence S converges to zero for some initial value v.

By some paradoxical evolution rancour and intolerance have been established in the vanguard of primitive Christianity. Mrs. Spoker, in common with many of the stricter disciples of righteousness, was as inclement in demeanour as she was cadaverous in aspect.

1921, Ben Travers, chapter 4, in A Cuckoo in the Nest, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 1925, →OCLC:

Where we once sent love letters in a sealed envelope, or stuck photographs of our children in a family album, now such private material is despatched to servers and clouds operated by people we don't know and will never meet. Perhaps we assume that our name, address and search preferences will be viewed by some unseen pair of corporate eyes, probably not human, and don't mind that much.

2013 June 14, Jonathan Freedland, “Obama's once hip brand is now tainted”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 1, page 18:

(stressed form) A certain, an unspecified or unknown.

She has worked at the company for some five years now! How remarkable!


some

I guess he must have weighed some 90 kilos.

Some 30,000 spectators witnessed the feat.

Some 4,000 acres of land were flooded.

Of a measurement: approximately, roughly.

حَوَالِي ، بَعض الشَّيء ، إلَى حَدٍ مَا


at

Tak us t’ foxes, t’ little foxes at spoils t’ veynes: fer our veynes hev tender grapes.

1860, Robert Gordon Latham, Song of Solomon, as spoken in Durham [by Thomas Moore], in A hand-book of the English language

(Northern England, rare, possibly obsolete) Alternative form of 'at (relative pronoun; reduced form of “that” and/or “what”).


its

Equivalent to it + -s (possessive marker). From the earlier form it's (it + -'s), which is now considered nonstandard. Began to displace his as the possessive of the neuter pronoun in the Middle English period; had fully displaced it by the 1700s.

… both Houses have resolved to rob the North of a good friend of its and yours.

1645, Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton, Letter to Ferdinando Fairfax, 6 February 1645

EBay Canada argued in court that the data sought by tax collectors was not its to give.

2007 October 1, Ian Austen, “Canadian Court Opens Up eBay Data to Tax Agency”, in New York Times:

...the Board of Trade of Chicago can at least feel that it has played its part manfully and patriotically, and that no act of its has stood in the way of National victory.

1917, Charles Henry Taylor, History of the Board of Trade of the City of Chicago, volume 2, page 1259:

свой

when referring to the subject of the sentence


this

From Middle English this, from Old English þis (neuter demonstrative), from North Sea Germanic base *þa- "that", from Proto-Germanic *þat, from Proto-Indo-European *tód, extended form of demonstrative base *to-; + North-West Germanic definitive suffix -s, from Proto-Indo-European *só (“this, that”).
Cognate with Scots this (“this”), Saterland Frisian dusse (“this”), West Frisian dizze (“this”), German dies, dieses (“this”), Old Gutnish þissi (“this”).

èç-n

followed by adverb "ci" or "cial" or "vola" after noun

forget to take one's medication this morning

Hey, you know what's got two thumbs and really likes brownies? This guy!

1999, “Garage Sale”, in That '70s Show, season 2, episode 1, spoken by Michael Kelso (Ashton Kutcher):

I am no longer your little naïve toy. I am a woman. All woman. And this woman is tired of your crap.

2005, Anita Foster Lovely, Betrayals, Philadelphia, P.A.: Xlibris, →ISBN, page 165:

"You'll find another way. This girl is done." Hayden let his gun fall to the ground. "You can shoot me if you want. It's your call."

2010, Stephen Jay Schwartz, Beat, New York, N.Y.: Forge Books, →ISBN, page 333:

The (thing) here (used in indicating something or someone nearby).

(colloquial, with stress on this) Referring to oneself.


his

From Middle English his, from Old English his (“his; its”), from Proto-Germanic *hes (“of this”), genitive of Proto-Germanic *hiz (“this, this one”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-, *ḱey- (“this”). Cognate with Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic hans (“his”). More at he; see also its.

Ahab his mark

Sejanus his Fall

(archaic) Used as a genitive marker in place of ’s after a noun, especially a masculine noun ending in -s, to express the possessive case.


her

From Middle English here, hir, hire, from Old English hire (“her”), from Proto-Germanic *hezōi (dative and genitive singular of *hijō).
Cognate with North Frisian hör, Saterland Frisian hier, hiere (“her”), West Frisian har (“her”), Dutch haar (“her”), German Low German hör (“her”), German ihr (“her”).

inh

dative and genitive singular of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*hijō</i>

possessive concord + -khe class 1 (most common)

This is her book

Prodigal in everything, summer spreads her blessings with lavish unconcern, and waving her magic wand across the landscape of the world, she bids the sons of men to enter in [...]

1928, The Journal of the American Dental Association, page 765:

Her crew knew that deep in her heart beat engines fit and able to push her blunt old nose ahead at a sweet fourteen knots, come Hell or high water.

1932, Delos W. Lovelace, King Kong, published 1965, page 1:

On top of the circle she wrote her name, Louise, just above where the 12 on a clock would be.

2001, Betsy Gould Hearne, Wishes, Kisses, and Pigs, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN, page 78:

On 24 April Nelson rejoined his ship, her battle damage repaired […]

2010, Andrew Lambert, Nelson: Britannia's God of War, Faber & Faber, →ISBN:

Belonging to her (belonging to that female person or animal, or in poetic or old-fashioned language that ship, city, season, etc).


all

From Middle English all, from Old English eall, from Proto-West Germanic *all, from Proto-Germanic *allaz, of uncertain origin but perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“beyond, other”). Cognate with West Frisian al (“all”), Dutch al (“all”), Scots a' (“all”), German all (“all”), Swedish all (“all”), Norwegian all (“all”), Icelandic allur (“all”), Welsh holl (“all”), Irish uile (“all”), Lithuanian aliái (“all, each, every”).
The dialectal sense “all gone” is a calque of German alle. The use in who all, where all etc. also has equivalents in German (see alles).

der

The store is open all day and all night.

I’ve been working on this all year.

Throughout the whole of (a stated period of time; generally used with units of a day or longer).

ամբողջ

throughout the whole of (a stated period of time)


any

From Middle English any, eny, ony, ani, aniȝ, eniȝ, æniȝ, from Old English ǣniġ (“any”), from Proto-West Germanic *ainīg, *ainag, from Proto-Germanic *ainagaz, from Proto-Germanic *ainaz (“one”), equivalent to one + -y.
Cognate to Saterland Frisian eenich (“some”), West Frisian iennich (“only”), Dutch enig (“any, some”), Afrikaans enig (“any”), German Low German enig (“some”), German einig (“some”), Italian unico (“unique”), French unique (“unique”). Piecewise doublet of unique.

Near-synonym: some

Do you have any biscuits?

Do you have any food?

Do you think there's any point to/in trying to explain?

It won't do you any good.

"Give me your pen." — "I don't have any pen."

No man knoweth the Son, but the Father; neither knoweth any man the Father, save the Son.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew xi:27:

In the old days, to my commonplace and unobserving mind, he gave no evidences of genius whatsoever. He never read me any of his manuscripts,[…], and therefore my lack of detection of his promise may in some degree be pardoned.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter I, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

Meanwhile Nanny Broome was recovering from her initial panic and seemed anxious to make up for any kudos she might have lost, by exerting her personality to the utmost. She took the policeman's helmet and placed it on a chair, and unfolded his tunic to shake it and fold it up again for him.

1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 19, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

(chiefly in the negative or interrogative, chiefly with plural or uncountable nouns) One at all; at least one; at least one kind of; some; a positive quantity of.

Choose any item you want.

Any person may apply.

Press any key to continue.

The character '#' matches any digit 0–9.

Please bring some plates — any plates will do.

I'll drink any whiskey you've got.

This new-comer was a man who in any company would have seemed striking. In complexion fair, and with blue or gray eyes, he was tall as any Viking, as broad in the shoulder.

1910, Emerson Hough, chapter I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

[a-z]: A range of characters that matches any character in the specified range. For example, [a-z] matches any lowercase alphabetic character in the range a through z.

2006 February, Chuck White, Developing Killer Web Apps with Dreamweaver MX and C#, Wiley, page 269:

Plastics are energy-rich substances, which is why many of them burn so readily. Any organism that could unlock and use that energy would do well in the Anthropocene. Terrestrial bacteria and fungi which can manage this trick are already familiar to experts in the field.

2013 July 20, “Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:

A/an, each or some, no matter its/their identity or nature.

They'll be arriving any day.

I expect the phone to ring at any moment.

(with time designations) An unspecified but imminent (second, minute, day etc.).


any

Any may apply.


what

From Middle English what, from Old English hwæt (“what”), from Proto-West Germanic *hwat, from Proto-Germanic *hwat (“what”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷód (“what”), neuter form of *kʷós (“who”).
Cognate with Scots what, whit (“what”), North Frisian wat (“what”), Saterland Frisian wat (“what”), West Frisian wat (“what”), Dutch wat (“what”), Low German wat (“what”), German was (“what”), Danish hvad (“what”), Norwegian Bokmål hva (“what”), Swedish vad (“what”), Norwegian Nynorsk kva (“what”), Icelandic hvað (“what”), Latin quod (“what, which”).

This shows what beauty there is in nature.

You know what nonsense she talks.

I found out what a liar he is.

Emphasises that something is noteworthy or remarkable in quality or degree, in either a good or bad way; may be used in combination with certain other determiners, especially 'a', less often 'some'.

What nonsense!

Wow! What a speech.

What beautiful children you have.

With what passion she sings!

Little Red Riding Hood, traditional folk tale
“Oh Granny, what big eyes you have,” said Little Red Riding Hood.

(exclamative) Used to form exclamations indicating that something is remarkable, in either a good or bad way.


what

In short; what by the indiscretion of people here, what by the rebound which came often back from London, what by the private interests and ambitious views of persons in the French court, and what by other causes unnecessary to be examined now, the most private transactions came to light [...]

1787, Henry St. John, Lord Viscount Bolingbroke, Letters on the Study and Use of History: A Letter to Sir William Windham, page 83:

The Chinese of all ranks, and in every place, received my books gladly, and listened with patience to what I had to say about the true God.—So that what from opportunities of attending to the object of my Mission among the Chinese—what from seasons of religious instruction to Dutch and English—what from intercourse with gentlemen of education and knowledge of the world—what from occasions of stating clearly the object of Missions, and of endeavouring to remove prejudices against them—and what from the view of a highly cultivated country, happy under an enlightened and liberal government, I have much reason to be satisfied with this journey …

1815, Rev. Mr. Milne, letter reprinted in The Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle, Volume 23, page 82. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EPE6AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA82&dq=%22what+from%22

Used before a prepositional phrase to emphasise that something is taken into consideration as a cause or reason; usually used in combination with 'with' (see what with), and much less commonly with other prepositions.


that

those (plural)
'at (alternative)
't (alternative contraction pronunciation-spelling)
dat (alternative)
thet (alternative)
yt (alternative abbreviation obsolete)
yᵗ (alternative abbreviation obsolete)
yͭ (alternative abbreviation obsolete)
yt. (alternative abbreviation obsolete)

From Middle English that, from Old English þæt (“the, that”, neuter definite article and relative pronoun), from Proto-West Germanic *þat, from Proto-Germanic *þat. Cognate to Scots that, Saterland Frisian dät, West Frisian dat, Dutch dat, Low German dat and datt, German dass and das, Danish det, Swedish det, Icelandic það, Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 (þata). Further from Proto-Indo-European *tód; compare Ancient Greek τό (tó), Sanskrit तद् (tád), Waigali ta, Lithuanian tai̇̃, Polish to.

tuo

when pointed to or indicated by the speaker

se (when not pointed to or indicated by the speaker, for closer objects, in relative clauses or referring to what was said before)

is that what the kids are calling it these days

that accounts for the milk in the coconut

that and a dollar will get you a cup of coffee

that's for me to know and you to find out

that which doesn't kill you makes you stronger

that which has been seen cannot be unseen

the place that [= where or to which] I went last year

the last time that [= when] I went to Europe

(relative, colloquial) Used in place of relative adverbs such as where or when; often omitted.


that

thats (plural)
'at (alternative)
't (alternative contraction pronunciation-spelling)
dat (alternative)
thet (alternative)
yt (alternative abbreviation obsolete)
yᵗ (alternative abbreviation obsolete)
yͭ (alternative abbreviation obsolete)
yt. (alternative abbreviation obsolete)

As such, they do not have the ontological weight of "Being" and "Not-being," but serve simply as an explanatory vocabulary necessary to describe our world of thises and thats.

1998, David L. Hall, Roger T. Ames, Thinking from the Han, page 247:

(philosophy) Something being indicated that is there; one of those.


mine

mine (plural)
myne (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English min, myn, from Old English mīn, from Proto-West Germanic *mīn, from Proto-Germanic *mīnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *méynos.
Cognate with Saterland Frisian mien, West Frisian myn, Dutch mijn, Low German mien, German mein, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian min, Icelandic mín.

The house itself is mine, but the land is not.

These books are mine.

Ah, but how beautiful (my baby boy) is! And he is mine, mine for ever. Even if he hates me he will be mine. He cannot help it, he is made out of me; I am his father.

1905, E. M. Forster, Where Angels Fear to Tread, chapter 7

That or those belonging to me.
Used predicatively.

(Attic Greek, possessive adjective with article in appropriate gender and number) ὁ ἐμός (ho emós)


ours

head

ours (plural ours, the possessive case of we, used without a following noun)

ours (plural)
our's (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English oures, attested since the 1300s. Equivalent to our + -s (compare -'s); formed by analogy to his. Displaced ourn (from Middle English ouren) in standard speech.

(article and possessive adjective in appropriate gender and number) ὁ ἡμέτερος (ho hēméteros)

French food is better than ours.

That or those belonging to any entity that the speaker is a part of or identifies with, such as place of employment or education, nation, region, language, etc.


theirs

theirs (plural)
their's (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English theires, attested since the 1300s. Equivalent to their + -s (compare -'s); formed by analogy to his. Displaced theirn (from Middle English theiren, formed by analogy to mine, thine) in standard speech.

This luggage is theirs. These passports are also theirs.

Theirs cost a lot more than ours.

That cat of theirs got into our garden again.

The letter had been given to the two Englishmen by a good friend of theirs in London, who had been in America two years previously, and had singled out Mr. J. L. Westgate from the many friends he had left there as the consignee, as it were, of his compatriots.

1878, Henry James, An International Episode:

That or those belonging to them; the possessive case of they, used without a following noun.


both

From Middle English bothe, boþe, from Old English bā þā (“both the; both those”) and possibly reinforced by Old Norse báðir, from Proto-Germanic *bai. Cognate with Saterland Frisian bee (“both”), West Frisian beide (“both”), Dutch beide (“both”), German beide (“both”), Swedish både, båda, Danish både, Norwegian både, Icelandic báðir. Replaced Middle English bō, from Old English bā, a form of Old English bēġen. Is a remnant of the Indo-European dual grammatical number.

inh

Both (the/my) children are such dolls.

Which one do you need? ―I need both of them.

Abraham took sheep and oxen, and gave them unto Abimelech; and both of them made a covenant.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 21:27:

He will not bear the loss of his rank, because he can bear the loss of his estate; but he will bear both, because he is prepared for both.

1717, Viscount Bolingbroke, Reflexions upon Exile:

Each of the two; one and the other; referring to two individuals or items.

find one's ass with both hands and a flashlight


enough

Sranan Tongo: nofo

From Middle English ynogh, from Old English ġenōg (“enough”), from Proto-Germanic *ganōgaz (“enough”) (compare Scots eneuch, West Frisian genôch, Dutch genoeg, German genug, Low German (ge)noog, Danish nok, Swedish nog, Icelandic nógur), from *ganuganą 'to suffice' (compare Old English ġeneah), or from *ga- + an unattested *nōgaz, probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₂nó(n)ḱe (“he has reached, attained”), perfective of *h₂neḱ- (“to reach”) (compare Old Irish tánaic (“he arrived”), Latin nancisci (“to get”), Albanian kënaq (“to please, satisfy”).).

der

enow (alternative)
anough (alternative)
aneuch (alternative)
eneuch (alternative)
eneugh (alternative)
'nough (alternative)
enuff (alternative)

(no equivalent determiner—in this sense, an adjective or verb phrase is used instead) Adjectives: འདང་ངེས་ཀྱི ('dang nges kyi)

Adjectives (in the negative only—i.e. "not enough"): ཉུང་དྲགས (nyung drags) (the positive མང་དྲགས (mang drags) means "too much", rather than "enough")

I've already had enough coffee today.

Sufficient; all that is required, needed, or appropriate.

Used before a noun in the manner of words like some, a bit of, and so on.


so

From Middle English so, swo, zuo, swa, swe, from Old English swā, swǣ, swē (“so, as, the same, such, that”), from Proto-West Germanic *swā, from Proto-Germanic *swa, *swē (“so”), from Proto-Indo-European *swē, *swō (reflexive pronomial stem). Cognate with Scots sae (“so”), Saterland Frisian so (“so”), West Frisian sa (“so”), Dutch zo (“so”), German Low German so (“so”), German so (“so”), Danish så (“so”), Norwegian Nynorsk so (“so”), Swedish så (“so, such that”), Faroese so (“so”), Icelandic svo (“so”), Old Latin suad (“so”), Albanian sa (“how much, so, as”), Ancient Greek ὡς (hōs, “as”), Urdu سو (sō, “hence”).

Speed. ‘Item: She doth talk in her sleep.’
Launce. It’s no matter for that, so she sleep not in her talk.

c. 1590–1591 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Two Gentlemen of Verona”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i]:

As we cal money not onely that which is true and good, but also the false; so it be currant.

1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 18, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:

[…] though all the windes of doctrin were let loose play upon the earth, so Truth be in the field, we do injuriously by licencing and prohibiting to misdoubt her strength.

1644, John Milton, Areopagitica; a Speech of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicenc’d Printing, to the Parlament of England, London: [s.n.], →OCLC, page 35:

I went away very well satisfy’d, not caring where I was sent, so it was but out of his Sight; for he now became more my Aversion than ever.

1743, Robert Drury, The Pleasant, and Surprizing Adventures of Mr. Robert Drury, during his Fifteen Years Captivity on the Island of Madagascar, London, page 111:

(archaic) Provided that; on condition that; as long as.


so

en-adj

so (comparative more so, superlative most so)

more so (comparative)
most so (superlative)

"You're definitely not right about that." "I am so!" (→I am right about that).

If this separation was painful to all parties, it was most so to Martha.

But if I had been more fit to be married, I might have made you more so too.

1872, Charles Dickens, “The Personal History of David Copperfield”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name):

It must be understood that while the nelumbiums are hardy, they are so only as long as the tubers are out of the reach of frost.

1947, Liberty Hyde Bailey, The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture:

adjective phrase
adjective phrase#English

In that state or manner; with that attribute. A proadjective that replaces the aforementioned adjective phrase.


us

head

us (personal pronoun; the objective case of we)

en-pron

-'s (alternative)
uz (alternative Northumbria)
is (alternative Northumbria)
iz (alternative Northumbria)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *n̥smé
Proto-Germanic *uns
Old English ūs
Middle English us
English us
From Middle English us, from Old English ūs (“us”, dative personal pronoun), from Proto-Germanic *uns (“us”), from Proto-Indo-European *ne-, *nō-, *n-ge-, *n̥smé (“us”). The compensatory lengthening was lost in Middle English due to the word being unstressed when used. Cognate with Saterland Frisian uus (“us”), West Frisian us, ús (“us”), Low German uns, us (“us”), Dutch ons (“us”), German uns (“us”), Danish os (“us”), Latin nōs (“we, us”).

inh

my very educated mother just served us nachos

my very educated mother just served us nine pizzas

my very educated mother just served us nine pumpkins

my very educated mother just served us noodles

my very excellent mother just served us nine pizzas

The following table shows a list of English personal pronoun

including archaic and dialectal forms. Dialectal and obsolete

archaic forms are in italics. 1 See Appendix:English third-person singular pronouns for attested neopronoun.

Give us a look at your paper.

Fetch us a cold beer from the fridge, would you.

She's turned the weans against us!

(talking to oneself) Now then ... let me see ... I hope I'm doing this right ... if we just connect these two wires together ... if it gives us a shock then ... Ow!

(Commonwealth, colloquial, chiefly with certain verbs such as give, get, fetch, etc.) Me.


we

head

we (first-person plural personal pronoun nominative case, objective case us, possessive determiner our, possessive pronoun ours, reflexive ourselves, reflexive singular ourself)

en-pron

us (objective)
our (determiner possessive)
ours (possessive pronoun without-noun)
ourselves (reflexive)
ourself (reflexive singular)

Jamaican Creole: wi

Sranan Tongo: wi

From Middle English we, from Old English wē (“we”), from Proto-West Germanic *wiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *wīz, *wiz (“we”), from Proto-Indo-European *wéy (“we (plural)”). Cognate with Scots wee, we (“we”), North Frisian we (“we”), West Frisian wy (“we”), Low German wi (“we”), Dutch we, wij (“we”), German wir (“we”), Danish, Swedish and Norwegian vi (“we”), Icelandic vér, við (“we”), Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬨 (vaēm), Sanskrit वयम् (vayám).

awp

generic we (the speaker and at least one other person, regardless of whether it's the person being addressed)

我們 /我们

generic in most dialects, but exclusive in some

(usually indicated by the suffix only) -unk

kita

inclusive we (the speaker and the person(s) being addressed, and possibly others)

the devil we know is better than the devil we don't know

the real treasure is the friends we made along the way

we have always been at war with Eastasia

what a tangled web we weave when first we practice to deceive

what tangled webs we weave when first we practice to deceive

We are here to arrest you.

It’s time to overcome queasiness and restraint. We, the liberal and progressive people of the world, are at war with the far right to save the earth.

2017 February 20, Paul Mason, “Climate scepticism is a far-right badge of honour – even in sweltering Australia”, in the Guardian:

Two or more people including or consisting of the speaker(s)/writer(s).

Excluding the person(s) being addressed. (This is the exclusive we.)

kami

exclusive we (the speaker and at least one other person, but excluding the person(s) being addressed)

We need to have a talk, you and me.

Including the person(s) being addressed. (This is the inclusive we.)

Hey guys, in this video I'll show you how I make my upside-down sponge cake. First we take 200 g of butter and we whisk in 200 g of sugar. Next, we ...

All Vice President [Mike] Pence has to do is send it back to the states to recertify and we become president and you are the happiest people.

2021 January 6, 3:38:03 from the start, in Rally on Electoral College Vote Certification (television broadcast), spoken by Donald Trump, Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network (C-SPAN):

[Today is] not a day to think about fishing so we will get back to working on the shelter. [cut in video] Cool, so I guess the best analogy for this, then, is that we've basically framed the house, and now we get to shingle.

2021 June 24, “Far from Home” (3:07 from the start), in Alone, season 9, episode 4 (televison production), spoken by Theresa Emmerich Kamper, via HISTORY Channel:

The elephant in the room, you know, we had a stroke back in May.

2022 October 25, 32:11 from the start, Vote 2022, in Joseph Camp, director, PBS NewsHour (television production), spoken by John Fetterman, via Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), archived from the original on 2022-10-25:

Used to connect to or include readers or listeners.

(colloquial) Used to imply connection between the speaker's experiences or activities and a group of listeners. (Compare the plural of modesty.)

Now then ... let me see ... I hope I'm doing this right ... if we just connect these two wires together ...

(colloquial) Used when talking to oneself to refer to oneself.


he

head

he (third-person singular, masculine, nominative case, oblique him, reflexive himself, possessive his)

en-pron

him (oblique)
himself (reflexive)
his (possessive)
hee (alternative obsolete)
hée (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English he, from Old English hē, from Proto-West Germanic *hiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *hiz (“this, this one”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱís (“this”).
Cognate with Scots he (“he”), North Frisian he, hi (“he”), Saterland Frisian hie (“he”), West Frisian hy (“he”), Dutch hij, ie (“he”), German Low German he (“he”), Middle High German her (“he”) Central Franconian hä (“he”), Gothic *𐌷𐌹𐍃 (*his, “this”).

That friend of your cousin's, he's on the phone.

[…]purſued his vnneighbourly purpoſe in ſuch ſort: that hee being the ſtronger perſwader, and ſhe (belike) too credulous in beleeuing or elſe ouer-feeble in reſiſting, from priuate imparlance, they fell to action; and continued their cloſe fight a long while together, vnſeene and vvithout ſuſpition, no doubt to their equall ioy and contentment.

1620, Giovanni Bocaccio, translated by John Florio, The Decameron, Containing an Hundred Pleaſant Nouels: Wittily Diſcourſed, Betweene Seuen Honourable Ladies, and Three Noble Gentlemen, Isaac Iaggard, →ISBN, Nouell 8, The Eighth Day:

"It was he we saw the tracks of down by Rausand hill."

1886, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, translated by H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales, page 77:

July 18 2012, Scott Tobias, AV Club The Dark Knight Riseshttp://www.avclub.com/articles/the-dark-knight-rises-review-batman,82624/
Though Bane’s sing-song voice gives his pronouncements a funny lilt, he doesn’t have any of the Joker’s deranged wit, and Nolan isn’t interested in undercutting his seriousness for the sake of a breezier entertainment.

(personal) A person who identifies as male, or animal already known or implied.

JUPITER is the largest of all the Planets, his Orbit lies between the Orbits of the Earth and Mars, and at the cast Distance of 426 Millions of Miles from the Sun, he goes round him in 11 Years, 314 Days and 12 Hours; […]

1770, A Mathematical Miscellany in Four Parts, 3rd edition, page 125:

He [= the ship Bismarck] was made to rule the waves across the seven seas […]

A genderless object regarded as masculine, such as certain stars or planets (e.g. Sun, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter) or certain ships.

not used in Dyirbal (Dyirbal has no third-person pronoun)

(subject pronouns are often omitted, or a demonstrative is used: medial, proximal, distal) οὗτος (hoûtos)

(usually indicated by the zero suffix only) -∅

ó

regular pronoun, gender-neutral, non-honorific


he

hee (alternative obsolete)
hée (alternative obsolete)

(African-American Vernacular) Synonym of his.


he

en-noun

he (countable and uncountable, plural hes)

hes (plural)
hee (alternative obsolete)
hée (alternative obsolete)

(uncountable) The game of tag, or it, in which the player attempting to catch the others is called "he".

The player who chases and attempts to catch the others in this game.


she

head

she (third-person singular, feminine, nominative case, oblique and possessive her, possessive hers, reflexive herself)

en-pron

her (oblique possessive)
hers (possessive)
herself (reflexive)
shoo (alternative)
hoo (alternative)
shee (alternative)

Inherited from Middle English sche, scho, hyo, ȝho (“she”), whence also Yorkshire dialectal shoo (“she”), Scots she, sho (“she”).
Probably from Old English hēo (whence dialectal English hoo), with an irregular change in stress from hēo to heō /hjoː/, then a development from /hj-/ to /ç/ to /ʃ-/, similar to the derivation of Shetland from Old Norse Hjaltland. In this case, she is from Proto-West Germanic *hiju, from Proto-Germanic *hijō f (“this, this one”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-, *ḱey- (“this, here”), and is cognate with Saterland Frisian jo, ju, West Frisian hja, North Frisian jü, Danish hun, Swedish hon; more at he.
A derivation from Old English sēo (“the or that", occasionally "she”) is also possible, though less likely. In that case, sēo would have undergone a change in stress from sēo to seō /sjoː/, then a change from /sj-/ to /ʃ-/, similar to the derivation of sure from Old French seur. It would then be cognate to Dutch zij and German sie.
Neither etymology would be expected to yield the modern vocalism in /iː/ (the expected form would be shoo, which is in fact found dialectally). It may be due to influence from he, but both hēo and sēo also have rare variants (hīe and sīe) that may give modern English /iː/.

cog

es (in reference to some neuter common nouns like Mädchen)

(subject pronouns usually omitted, or a demonstrative is used: medial, proximal, and distal:) αὕτη f (haútē)

Optimal experience is thus something that we make happen. For a child, it could be placing with trembling fingers the last block on a tower she has built, higher than any she has built so far; for a swimmer, it could be trying to beat his own record; for a violinist, mastering an intricate musical passage.

(personal, nonstandard) A person whose gender is unknown or irrelevant (used in a work, along with or in place of he, as an indefinite pronoun).


they

head

they (third-person, nominative case, usually plural, sometimes singular, objective case them, possessive their, possessive noun theirs, reflexive themselves, or reflexive singular themself)

en-pron

them (objective)
their (possessive)
theirs (noun possessive)
themselves (reflexive)
themself (reflexive singular)
They (alternative honorific)
dey (alternative)
thay (alternative archaic)
theye (alternative archaic)
thaay (alternative)
theye (alternative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *tóy
Proto-Germanic *þai
Proto-Norse *ᚦᚨᛁᛉ (*þaiʀ)
Old Norse þeirbor.
Middle English þei
English they From Middle English þei, borrowed in the 1200s from Old Norse þeir, plural of the demonstrative sá which acted as a plural pronoun. Displaced native Middle English he from Old English hīe — which vowel changes had left indistinct from he (“he”) — by the 1400s, being readily incorporated alongside native words beginning with the same sound (the, that, this). Used as a singular pronoun since 1300, e.g. in the 1325 Cursor Mundi.
The Norse term (whence also Icelandic þeir (“they”), Faroese teir (“they”), Danish de (“they”), Swedish de (“they”), Norwegian Nynorsk dei (“they”)) is from Proto-Germanic *þai (“those”) (from Proto-Indo-European *to- (“that”)), whence also Old English þā (“those”) (whence obsolete English tho), Scots thae, thai, thay (“they; those”).
(American linguist John McWhorter rejects this and suggests that they, them, and their are native English instead, from Old English þā, þām, þāra.)
The origin of the determiner they (“the, those”) is unclear. The OED, English Dialect Dictionary and Middle English Dictionary define it and its Middle English predecessor thei as a demonstrative determiner or adjective meaning "those" or "the". This could be a continuation of the use of the English pronoun they's Old Norse etymon þeir as a demonstrative meaning "those", but the OED and EDD say it is limited to southern, especially southwestern, England, specifically outside the region of Norse contact.

etymon

it doesn't matter what they say about you as long as they spell your name right

other attested third-person singular pronouns

They say it’s a good place to live.

They didn’t have computers in the old days.

They don't make 'em like they used to.

Always get a second source, they tell us in investigative lexicography;[…]

1986 February 16, William Safire, “On Language; Moon Of My Delight”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-24, Section 6 / Magazine, page 10:

I am beautiful, no matter what they say

2002, Linda Perry, “Beautiful”, in Stripped, performed by Christina Aguilera:

Hurtling through the air that evening in seat 10C, I read the US House committee’s Max investigation, a disruptor of illusions. Like many fliers, I’d long ago made my bargain with risk. I’d taken comfort in statistics, summoned faith in the engineers and assembly workers, the pilots, the system. I’d shunted away the knowledge—paralyzing, if you let it in—that stepping on an airplane is an extraordinary act of trust. Deep in the report, I reached the part about a senior manager at Boeing’s factory in Renton, a guy named Ed Pierson, who seemingly knew what we all know when we soothe ourselves by thinking, They wouldn’t let it fly if it weren’t safe. We’re all relying on someone to be the “they.”

2025 March 11, Lauren Smiley, “The Worst 7 Years in Boeing’s History—and the Man Who Won’t Stop Fighting for Answers. Fatal crashes. A door blowout. Grounded planes. Inside the citizen-led, obsessive campaign to hold Boeing accountable and prevent the next disaster”, in Wired:

(indefinite pronoun, vague meaning) People; some people; people in general; someone, excluding the speaker.


me

head

me (first-person singular pronoun, referring to the speaker)

en-pron

Bislama: mi

Jamaican Creole: mi

Nigerian Pidgin: mi

Pijin: mi

Sranan Tongo: mi

Ancient Greek language
Dutch language
German language
Icelandic language
Low German language
Me
Middle English language
North Frisian language
Sanskrit language
Saterland Frisian language
Scots language

From Middle English me, from Old English mē (“me”, originally dative, but later also accusative, supplanting accusative mec), from Proto-West Germanic *miʀ, from Proto-Germanic *miz (“me”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁me- (“me”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots me (“me”), North Frisian me (“me”), Saterland Frisian mie (“me”), Dutch me, mij (“me”), Low German mi (“me”), German mir (“me”, dative), Icelandic mér (“me”, dative), Latin mē (“me”), Ancient Greek μέ (mé), ἐμέ (emé, “me”), Sanskrit मा (mā, “me”).

inh

originally dative, but later also accusative, supplanting accusative <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">mec</i>

dip me in chocolate and throw me to the lesbians

don't pee on my leg and tell me it's raining

don't piss on my leg and tell me it's raining

“I should stick to Tarzan,” he [Johnny Weissmuller] explains. “You see, I’m no actor. Well, I didn’t have to act in ‘Tarzan, the Ape Man’—just said, ‘Me Tarzan, you Jane.’ I'll never be able to act.”

1932 June, Katherine Albert, “Hey! Hey! Here Comes Johnny”, in James R. Quirk, editor, Photoplay, volume XLII, number 1, Chicago, Ill.: Photoplay Publishing Company, page 119, column 2:

May opened the door, and a huge Indian walked into the room. “Me Bear Tracks,” he said. “Me hungry.”

1954 February 3, Mrs. John F. Underhill, “The Last Leaf” (Chapter Three: Bear Tracks), in Lawrence Maxwell, editor, Junior Guide, volume 2, number 5, Washington, D.C., page 7, column 2:

(nonstandard or proscribed) I, the first-person singular, as the subject.

(nonstandard, in apposition) Would be the subject of a copula in standard English, though the copula is omitted; used to indicate or imitate limited English fluency.


him

Jamaican Creole: im

Pijin: hem

Pijin: -im

'em for unstressed in some pronunciations.

From Middle English him, from Old English him, from Proto-Germanic *himmai (“to this, to this one”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian him (“him”), West Frisian him (“him”), Sylt North Frisian ham, höm (“him”), Dutch hem (“him”), German Low German hum, hüm, em (“him”), German ihm (“him”, dative).

[…]therfoꝛ Chꝛiſt wold not call him abominable / But the verye abomination it ſilf.

1529, John Frith, A piſtle to the Chriſten reader […] :

‘I promise,’ he said as I gave him the papers.

1897, Bram Stoker, Dracula, New York, N.Y.: Modern Library, →OCLC:

A masculine pronoun; he as a grammatical object.

With dative effect or as an indirect object.

She was in no humour for conversation with anyone but himself; and to him she had hardly courage to speak.

1813 January 27, [Jane Austen], Pride and Prejudice: […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: […] [George Sidney] for T[homas] Egerton, […], →OCLC:

(after preposition that governs accusative) αὐτόν (autón)

(after preposition that governs dative) αὐτῷ (autôi)

(after preposition that governs genitive) αὐτοῦ (autoû)

(after preposition that governs the accusative) eum

(after preposition that governs the dative) eī

(after preposition that governs ablative) eō

niemu (only after ku, przeciw, przeciwko and dzięki)

‘He's got it buttoned in his breast. I saw him put it there.’

1852 March – 1853 September, Charles Dickens, Bleak House, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1853, →OCLC:

With accusative effect or as a direct object.

l'

before or after vowel; the 3 placed before verb

Now him and Bernie are best friends.

Released a [statement] warning that him and 25,000 troops were going to stage a coup.

(colloquial) As a grammatical subject or object when joined with a conjunction.

Before my body, I throw my warlike Shield: Lay on Macduffe, And damn'd be him, that first cries hold, enough.

c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene x]:

Lowe quit the West Wing last year amid rumours that he was unhappy that his co-stars earned more than him.

2003 June 11, Claire Cozens, The Guardian:

With nominative effect: he, especially as a predicate after be, or following a preposition.

Stop trying that, you're not him bro.

Bro thinks he's him.

They must have amnesia, they forgot that I'm him.

2023, PLUMMCORP RECORDS, 0:33 from the start, in dracula flow 3:

Watched this one live, he randomly got it less than an hour into the stream while derusting for PACE. He's just him.

2023 October 25, u/baggypantsman, “Super Mario 64 - 0 Star in 6:16 by Suigi”, in Reddit, r/speedrun, archived from the original on 2023-12-23:

(slang) A person of elevated skill at a sport, game, or other activity.


them

head

them (third-person, personal pronoun, objective case of they)

of they (objective)
dem (alternative nonstandard)

From Middle English þem, from Old Norse þeim.

ata

third personal plural pronoun used after a preposition or as the object of a verb

nich (genitive, locative after preposition)

jimi (instrumental) nimi (instrumental after preposition)

(indirect object, colloquial; enclitic, becomes glie when used with a direct object) gli

wọ́n

following a complex verb or monosyllabic verb ending in a low- or mid-tone

wọn

following a monosyllabic verb ending in a high tone

hänet

third-person singular pronoun of indeterminate gender

häneltä

she", of which the ones listed are the most frequently used

She treated them for a cold.

(in the plural) Those ones.
Used as the direct object of a verb.

She wrote them a letter.

(in the plural) Those ones.
Used as the indirect object of a verb.

Give it to them.

(in the plural) Those ones.
Used as the object of a preposition.


who

who (singular or plural, nominative case, objective whom, who, possessive whose)

whom (objective)
who (objective)
whose (possessive)

From Middle English who, hwo, huo, wha, hwoa, hwa, from Old English hwā (dative hwām, genitive hwæs), from Proto-West Germanic *hwaʀ, from Proto-Germanic *hwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷos, *kʷís.
The sound change /hw/ > /h/ (without a corresponding change in spelling) was due to wh-cluster reduction after an irregular change of /ɑː/ to /oː/ in Middle English (instead of the expected /ɔː/) and further to /uː/ regularly in Early Modern English. A similar change occurred in two. Compare how, which underwent wh-reduction earlier (in Old English), and thus is spelt with h.
Compare Scots wha, West Frisian wa, Dutch wie, Low German we, German wer, Swedish vem, Danish hvem, Norwegian Bokmål hvem, Norwegian Nynorsk kven, Icelandic hver.

誰 /谁

sûi, chûi, chūi, cho̍ah, chiâ, chôa, tiâng, siáng, siâng

啥物人

siáⁿ-mih-lâng, siáⁿ-mí-lâng, sáng-n̂g, siàng-n̂g

You're getting married‽ Who to? (direct question)

I don't know who it is. (indirect question)

Ia[go]. Hee’s married. Caſ[ſio]. To who? […] Ia[go]. Marry to. ---- Come Captaine, will you goe? Oth[ello]. Ha, with who?

c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, The Tragœdy of Othello, the Moore of Venice. […] (First Quarto), London: […] N[icholas] O[kes] for Thomas Walkley, […], published 1622, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii], page 8:

(interrogative) What person or people; which person or people; asks for the identity of someone; used in a direct or indirect question.

That's the man who works at the newsagent. (defining)

My sister, who works in the accounts department, just got promoted to manager. (non-defining)

Chorban: I don't really think my scanning disturbs them, but the authorities might disagree.
Chorban: I'd like to do it more openly, but it's not really worth getting arrested over.
Shepard: I could help you out. I'm not worried about the authorities.
Chorban: I don't even know who you are.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Citadel:

Despite personal schisms and differences in spiritual experience, there is a very coherent theology of Snape shared between the wives. To examine this manifestation of religious fandom, I will first discuss the canon scepticism and anti-Rowling sentiment that helps to contextualise the wider belief in Snape as a character who extends beyond book and film.

2014 March 3, Zoe Alderton, “‘Snapewives’ and ‘Snapeism’: A Fiction-Based Religion within the Harry Potter Fandom”, in Religions, volume 5, number 1, MDPI, →DOI, pages 219–257:

(relative) Introduces a relative clause having a human antecedent.

That's the man who I saw earlier.

My brother, who you met the other day, is coming to stay for the weekend.

(non-formal) With antecedent as object: whom.

Who are the Miami Heat?

(informal, especially non-US) Also used with names of collective nouns that are groups of people, especially singularly-named musical groups or sports teams.


who

Who phone just rang?

(interrogative, dialect, African-American Vernacular) whose

he who digs a pit for others falls in himself

he who sups with the devil should have a long spoon

let he who is without sin cast the first stone

let him who is without sin cast the first stone

people who live in glass houses should not throw stones

people who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones

send it up the flagpole and see who salutes

the Lord helps those who help themselves

there are none so blind as those who will not see

there's none so blind as those who will not see

those who live in glass houses should not throw stones

those who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones

those who say it cannot be done should not interrupt those doing it

who are you and what have you done with someone

who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl

with friends like these who needs enemies

with friends like those who needs enemies


whose

From Middle English whos, from Old English hwæs, from Proto-Germanic *hwes, genitive case of *hwaz (“who”) *hwat (“what”).


whom

whom (singular and plural objective case of who)

of who (objective plural singular)
whome (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English whom, wham, from Old English hwām, hwǣm, from Proto-Germanic *hwammai, dative case of *hwaz (“who, what”). Cognate with Scots wham (“whom”), German wem (“whom, to whom”), Danish hvem (“who, whom”), Swedish vem (“who, whom”).

wie

what person; object of a verb (accusative)

مَنْ

what person or people, object of a preposition (dative)

keiden pl (inflected for some prepositions)

Whom was Lemmy bassist for? Motörhead!


which

From Middle English which, hwic, wilche, hwilch, whilk, hwilc, from Old English hwelċ (“which”), from Proto-Germanic *hwilīkaz (“what kind”, literally “like what”), derived from *hwaz, equivalent to who + like. Cognates include Scots whilk (“which”), West Frisian hokker (“which”), Dutch welk (“which”), Low German welk (“which”), German welcher (“which”), Danish hvilken (“which”), Swedish vilken (“which”), Norwegian hvilken (“which”), Icelandic hvílíkur (“which”).

inh

whiche (alternative obsolete)
wich (alternative Jamaica)

I dropped a saucepan, which knocked over the eggs, which went all over the kitchen floor.

I found my camera, which I thought I'd lost, under the bed.

I entered the room, at the far end of which was a small table.

Sunning himself on the board steps, I saw for the first time Mr. Farquhar Fenelon Cooke.[…]A silver snaffle on a heavy leather watch guard which connected the pockets of his corduroy waistcoat, together with a huge gold stirrup in his Ascot tie, sufficiently proclaimed his tastes.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter II, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

There was a neat hat-and-umbrella stand, and the stranger's weary feet fell soft on a good, serviceable dark-red drugget, which matched in colour the flock-paper on the walls.

1913, Mrs. [Marie] Belloc Lowndes, chapter II, in The Lodger, London: Methuen, →OCLC; republished in Novels of Mystery: The Lodger; The Story of Ivy; What Really Happened, New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co., […], [1933], →OCLC, page 0091:

Many genes with reproductive roles also have antibacterial and immune functions, which indicate that the threat of microbial attack on the sperm or egg may be a major influence on rapid evolution during reproduction.

2013 May-June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:

non-restrictive relative clause
non-restrictive relative clause#English

(relative) In a non-restrictive relative clause, referring to something previously mentioned.

She had a young child, which cried incessantly.

(chiefly archaic) Used of people (now generally who, whom, that; which remains possible with words also referred to by it such as baby, child).

The front door was open, which concerned me.

He had to leave, which was very difficult.

She saved my life, for which I am eternally grateful.

Plastics are energy-rich substances, which is why many of them burn so readily. Any organism that could unlock and use that energy would do well in the Anthropocene. Terrestrial bacteria and fungi which can manage this trick are already familiar to experts in the field.

2013 July 20, “Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:

This is the letter which I received.

This is the letter in which he explains his decision.

Forasmuch as many have taken in hand to set forth in order a declaration of those things which are most surely believed among us...

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Luke 1:1:

restrictive relative clause
restrictive relative clause#English

(relative, sometimes proscribed, see usage notes) In a restrictive relative clause, referring to a noun previously mentioned.

The men which acompanyed him on his waye stode amased, for they herde a voyce, butt sawe no man.

1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, Acts:


whether

From Middle English whether, whather, from Old English hweþer, hwæþer, from Proto-West Germanic *hwaþar, from Proto-Germanic *hwaþeraz, comparative form of *hwaz (“who”). Cognate with German weder (“neither”), Swedish var, Icelandic hvor (“each of two, which of two”).

cog

He chose the correct answer, but whether by luck or by skill I don't know.

I can't decide whether to get divorced now or wait.

As a political system democracy seems to me extraordinarily foolish,[…]. My servant is, so far as I am concerned, welcome to as many votes as he can get.[…]I do not suppose that it matters much in reality whether laws are made by dukes or cornerboys, but I like, as far as possible, to associate with gentlemen in private life.

1915, G[eorge] A. Birmingham [pseudonym; James Owen Hannay], chapter I, in Gossamer, New York, N.Y.: George H. Doran Company, →OCLC:

The incident immediately revived the debate about goal-line technology, with a final decision on whether it is introduced expected to be taken in Zurich on 5 July.

2012 June 19, Phil McNulty, “England 1–0 Ukraine”, in BBC Sport:

Whether modern, industrial man is less or more warlike than his hunter-gatherer ancestors is impossible to determine. The machine gun is so much more lethal than the bow and arrow that comparisons are meaningless. One thing that is true, though, is that murder rates have fallen over the centuries, as policing has spread and the routine carrying of weapons has diminished.

2013 July 20, “Old soldiers?”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:

Indicates doubt between possibilities (usually with correlative or).

Whether we'll be on time I'm unsure.

Do you know whether he's coming?

Without a correlative, introduces a simple indirect question.

ли

placed after the first word in the sentence or phrase

He's coming, whether you like it or not.

I'll enjoy playing with my friends again, whether we win or lose.

Whether or not you're successful, you can be sure you did your best.

The years have gone by and still we know not whether or no Mallory and Irvine reached the summit. But the will to climb Mount Everest is still alive.

1931 April, Francis Younghusband, “Preface”, in The Epic of Mount Everest, London: Edward Arnold & Co., →OCLC, →OL, page 5:

Introduces a disjunctive adverbial clause qualifying the main clause (with correlative or).

是否

introducing adverbial clause; no matter whether or not

whether ys it easyer to saye to the sicke of the palsey, thy synnes ar forgeven the: or to saye, aryse, take uppe thy beed and walke?

1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, Mark ij:[9]:

Whether hadst thou rather be a Faulconbridge, [...] Or the reputed sonne of Cordelion?

c. 1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life and Death of King Iohn”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:

(obsolete) Introduces a direct question between alternatives (often with correlative or).


nada

Borrowed from Spanish nada (“nothing”). Doublet of née.

Sketchers lookin' like Balenciaga / Thrift clothes lookin' like the Prada / Whole fit lit, it cost me nada

2019, “Balenciaga”, performed by Princess Nokia:

(informal, colloquial, chiefly US) Nothing.


there

From Middle English there, ther, thare, thar, thore, from Old English þēr, þǣr, þār (“there; at that place”), from Proto-West Germanic *þār, from Proto-Germanic *þar (“at that place; there”), from Proto-Indo-European *tó-r (“there”), from demonstrative pronominal base *to- (“the, that”) + adverbial suffix *-r.
Cognate with Scots thar, thair (“there”), North Frisian dear, deer, där (“there”), Saterland Frisian deer (“there”), West Frisian dêr (“there”), Dutch daar (“there”), Low German dar (“there”), German da, dar- (“there”), Danish der (“there”), Norwegian der (“there”), Swedish där (“there”), Icelandic þar (“in that place, there”).

inh

dar (alternative)
der (alternative)
dere (alternative)
thur (alternative)
thar (alternative)
dey (alternative)
thare (alternative)

duman

far from both the speaker and the listener

diyan

away from the speaker, but close to the listener

tuolla

the place, which is pointed at, which is more distant or less accurately confined

tuossa

the place, which is pointed at, which is less distant or more accurately confined

siellä

the place, which is not pointed at, which is more distant or less accurately confined

siinä

the place, which is not pointed at, which is less distant or more accurately confined

allí

further, more specific, somewhat like "in/right there"

allá

further, less specific, somewhat like "over there"

He started to talk about ... you know ... and I told him please don't go there.

(location) To or into a place or location; thither.

Into an undesirable topic or subject matter; see also go there.

You say that the president is a crook, and I certainly agree with you there.

(figuratively) In that matter, relation, etc..

atje

in that matter, relation, etc.; at that point, stage, etc.


there

behind every great man there stands a woman

behind every successful man there stands a woman

there ain't no such thing as a free lunch

there are more horses' asses than horses

there is a place and time for everything

there is a time and a place for everything

there is a time and place for everything

there is no replacement for displacement

there is nothing more permanent than a temporary solution

there is something rotten in the state of Denmark

there may be snow on the mountaintop but there's fire in the valley

there may be snow on the rooftop but there is fire in the furnace

If x is a positive number, then there exists [=there is] a positive number y less than x.

There remain several problems with this approach. [=Several problems remain with this approach.]

Once upon a time, in a now-forgotten kingdom, there lived a woodsman with his wife. [=There was a woodsman, who lived with his wife.]

There arose a great wind out of the east. [=There was now a great wind, arising in the east.]

1895, Sabine Baring-Gould, A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes: Nursery Songs, XXII: The Tree in the Wood,
All in a wood there grew a fine tree,

1897, James Baldwin, The Story of Abraham Lincoln: The Kentucky Home, in Four Great Americans,
Not far from Hodgensville, in Kentucky, there once lived a man whose name was Thomas Lincoln.

1904, Uriel Waldo Cutler, Stories of King Arthur and His Knights, Chapter XXXI: How Sir Launcelot Found the Holy Grail,
On a night, as he slept, there came a vision unto him, and a voice said, "Launcelot, arise up, and take thine armour, and enter into the first ship that thou shalt find."

Used with other intransitive verbs of existence, in the same sense, or with other intransitive verbs, adding a sense of existence.


feel

en-verb

feel (third-person singular simple present feels, present participle feeling, simple past and past participle felt)

feels (present singular third-person)
feeling (participle present)
felt (participle past)
felt (past)
feel (infinitive)
feel (first-person present singular)
felt (first-person past singular)
feel (present second-person singular)
feelest (archaic present second-person singular)
felt (past second-person singular)
feltst (archaic past second-person singular)
feltest (archaic past second-person singular)
feels (present singular third-person)
feeleth (archaic present singular third-person)
felt (past singular third-person)
feel (plural present)
felt (past plural)
feel (present subjunctive)
felt (past subjunctive)
feel (imperative present)
feeling (participle present)
felt (participle past)

→ Kashubian: filowac (United States)

From Middle English felen, from Old English fēlan, from Proto-West Germanic *fōlijan.

I felt my way through the darkened room.

I felt my way cautiously through the dangerous business maneuver.

(heading) To use or experience the sense of touch.

(transitive) To find one's way (literally or figuratively) by touching or using cautious movements.


hit

hit (third-person singular simple present hits, present participle hitting, simple past hit or (dialectal, obsolete) hat or (rare, dialectal) het, past participle hit or (archaic, rare, dialectal) hitten)

hits (present singular third-person)
hitting (participle present)
hit (past)
hat (dialectal obsolete past)
het (dialectal past rare)
hit (participle past)
hitten (archaic dialectal participle past rare)

miss

antonym(s) of “manage to touch in the right place”

From Middle English hitten (“to hit, strike, make contact with”), from Old English hittan (“to meet with, come upon, fall in with”), from Old Norse hitta (“to strike, meet”), from Proto-Germanic *hittijaną (“to come upon, find”), from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂eyd- (“to fall; fall upon; hit; cut; hew”).
Cognate with Icelandic hitta (“to meet”), Danish hitte (“to find”), Latin caedō (“to kill”), Albanian qit (“to hit, throw, pull out, release”).

cog

don't let the door hit you on the way out

let the door hit you where the good Lord split you

not be able to hit the broad side of a barn

Jones hit for the pitcher.

(intransitive, baseball) To come up to bat.

With that said, the group hitting their legs just once a week still made gains.


hit

→ Catalan: hit

→ Czech: hit

→ Danish: hit

→ French: hit

→ Dutch: hit

→ Japanese: ヒット (hitto)

→ Polish: hit

→ Portuguese: hit

→ Russian: хит (xit)

→ Spanish: hit

→ Swedish: hit

хіт

success, especially in the entertainment industry

папада́нне

collision of a projectile with the target

My site received twice as many hits after being listed in a search engine.

(Internet) A measured visit to a web site, a request for a single file from a web server.


ye

From Middle English ye, ȝe, from Old English ġē (“ye”), the nominative case of the second-person plural personal pronoun, from Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *jīz, a North-West variant of Proto-Germanic *jūz (“ye”), from Proto-Indo-European *yúHs (“ye”), plural of *túh₂. Cognate with Scots ye (“ye”), Saterland Frisian jie, Dutch gij, ge, jij, je (“ye”), Low German ji, jie (“ye”), German ihr (“ye”), Danish and Swedish I (“ye”), Icelandic ér (“ye”), Latvian jūs (“ye”). See also you.

My liefe (ſayd ſhe) ye know, that long ygo, / Whileſt ye in durance dwelt, ye to me gaue / A little mayde, the which ye chylded tho ; / The ſame againe if now ye liſt to haue, / The ſame is yonder Lady, whom high God did ſaue.

1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book VI, Canto XII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], part II (books IV–VI), London: […] [Richard Field] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, stanza 17, page 512:

Queſtion me then no more; whate'er ye want, / Ask in my Name, and God ſhall ſurely grant. / You've asked nothing yet for Jesus sake : / Ask and receive, and of my joyes partake.

1671, Elisha Coles, chapter 6, in ΧΡΙΣΤΟΛΟΓΙΑ: Or, a Metrical Paraphraſe on the Hiſtory of Our Lord and Saviour Jeſus Chriſt : Dedicated to His Univerſal Church:

Know Ye that We have declared and by these Presents do declare our Will and Pleasure as follows—[…]

1995, Elizabeth II, “Legal Notice 247 of 1996”, in Hong Kong Government Gazette, page B1096:

(archaic outside Northern England, Cornwall, Ireland, Newfoundland, Ottawa Valley) You (the people being addressed).

archaic outside Northern England; Ottawa Valley; archaic outside Northern England; Ottawa Valley


thine

From Middle English thyn, þyn, from Old English þīn, from Proto-West Germanic *þīn, from Proto-Germanic *þīnaz. Cognate to German dein, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian din, Faroese tín and Icelandic þinn.

Thine oxe shall be slaine before thine eyes, and thou shalt not eat thereof: thine asse shall be violently taken away from before thy face, and shal not be restored to thee: thy sheepe shall bee giuen vnto thine enemies, and thou shalt haue none to rescue them.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Deuteronomy 28:31:

Thine alabaster cities gleam / Undimmed by human tears!

1895, “America the Beautiful”, Katharine Lee Bates (lyrics), Samuel A. Ward (music):

(archaic, Early Modern) Second-person singular prevocalic possessive determiner (preconsonantal form: thy).


thine

But if I finish all of my chores and you finish thine / Then tonight we're gonna party like it's 1699

1996, Weird Al Yankovic, “Amish Paradise”, in Bad Hair Day:

(archaic, Early Modern) Second-person singular possessive pronoun; yours.


when

From Middle English when(ne), whan(ne), from Old English hwonne, from Proto-West Germanic *hwannē, from Proto-West Germanic *hwan, from Proto-Germanic *hwan (“at what time, when”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷís (interrogative base).
Cognate with Scots whan (“when”), Dutch wanneer (“when”), wan (“when”) and wen (“when, if”), Low German wannehr (“when”), wann (“when”) and wenn (“if, when”), German wann (“when”) and wenn (“when, if”), Gothic 𐍈𐌰𐌽 (ƕan, “when, how”), Latin quandō (“when”). More at who.
Interjection sense: a playful misunderstanding of "say when" (i.e. say something / speak up when you want me to stop) as "say [the word] when".

der

They dream when [i.e. during the time that] they sleep.

I'm happiest when [during the time that, or at any time that] I’m working.

It was raining when I came yesterday.

The game is over when the referee says it is.

Be careful when crossing the street.

When (you are) angry, count to ten before speaking or acting.

The Baggies had offered little threat until the 28th minute, but when their first chance came it was a clear one.

2012 April 22, Sam Sheringham, “Liverpool 0-1 West Brom”, in BBC Sport:

During the time that; at the time of the action of the following clause or participle phrase.


where

wheres (plural)
quhair (alternative obsolete)
quhar (alternative obsolete)
quher (alternative obsolete)
quhere (alternative obsolete)

Hawaiian Creole: wea

we're (both cheer–chair merger, wine–whine merger)

were (fair–fur merger, wine–whine merger)

From Middle English wher, from Old English hwǣr (“where”, literally “at what place”), from Proto-West Germanic *hwār, from Proto-Germanic *hwar (“where”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷo- (interrogative pronoun).

der

A good article will cover the who, the what, the when, the where, the why and the how.

Finding the nymph a sleepe in secret wheare

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto IV”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 19:

don't get your honey where you make your money

don't get your meat where you get your bread

fools rush in where angels fear to tread

where there's no sense there's no feeling

where you stand depends on where you sit

you don't get your nookie where you get your cookies


blud

Created in Multicultural London English, of Jamaican origin. Has since spread around England, and thence Anglosphere and online. Claimed to be, via eye dialect spelling, from Caribbean Creole blood (“family relation, close friend”) (compare blood brother). Possibly derived or reinforced from brother; compare bro, bruh, brudder etc.

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-blud.wav

–Yeh, blud, safe, goes Ravi.

2006, Gautam Malkani, Londonstani, HarperCollins, →ISBN, page 5:

Nowadays all of my shows sold out
 Headline tour, yeah blud, sold out

I heard your mixtape, blud it was garbage […] Blud, I don't know why you mentioned my name

2016, “Punk (Chipmunk Diss)”, performed by Yungen:

(UK, MLE, slang, Internet slang) Informal address to a man.


myself

case of I (reflexive)
meself (alternative)
myselfe (alternative)

From Middle English myself, meself, from Old English mē selfum and similar phrases, equivalent to me + self, later partly reinterpreted as my + self / -self. Cognate with Scots mysel, mysell (“myself”), West Frisian mysels (“myself”), Dutch mijzelf (“myself”), German mich selbst, mir selbst (“myself”), Norwegian Bokmål meg selv (“myself”).

The following table shows a list of English personal pronoun

including archaic and dialectal forms. Dialectal and obsolete

archaic forms are in italics. 1 See Appendix:English third-person singular pronouns for attested neopronoun.

Myself John.

(India, Pakistan, nonstandard) my name is...


ourself

head

ourself (first person, singular reflexive of we)

From Middle English oure-selfe; equivalent to our + -self.

(African-American Vernacular) The reflexive of we: ourselves.


ourselves

ourselves (first personal plural pronoun, reflexive case of we)

We did it ourselves.

(emphatic) Intensifies the subject as the group including the speaker, especially to indicate that no one else satisfies the predicate or needs to be included.


y'all

y'all (second-person plural nominative or objective, possessive determiner y'all's, possessive pronoun y'all's, reflexive y'allselves)

en-pron

y'all's (determiner possessive)
y'all's (possessive pronoun without-noun)
y'allselves (reflexive)
ya’ll (alternative)
yall (alternative)
yo'll (alternative)
yoll (alternative)
you-all (alternative)
you all (alternative)

Contraction of you all, and/or from Scots ye aw. Attested since at least 1631.
Compare Dutch jullie (originally jij lui (literally “you people”)) for a similar development of a new plural pronoun out of Proto-Germanic *jīz that originally was already plural.

[...] and this y'all know is true, [...]

1631, William Lisle, The Faire Æthiopian:

Much later, after dozens of the men had come up to me to shake my hand (with both of theirs) and say "Y'all come back soon, hear? ...

1987, Judson D. Hale, The education of a Yankee: an American memoir, page 3:

People in the South do indeed seem to be addressing a single person as "y'all." For instance, a restaurant patron might ask a waiter, "What y'all got for dessert tonight?" In that case, "y'all" refers collectively to the people who run the restaurant.

2007, Roy Blount, Long time leaving: dispatches from up South, page 117:

(informal, now chiefly Southern US, African-American Vernacular, New York Latino English, Appalachia, Caribbean, Indian South African English, Māori English, Singapore, Newfoundland and Labrador) You (plural).

African-American Vernacular; New York Latino English; Indian South African English; Newfoundland and Labrador; African-American Vernacular; New York Latino English; Indian South African English; Newfoundland and Labrador

Hey y'all!

(chiefly Southern US, African-American Vernacular, in greetings) Everyone; everybody.


y'all

en-verb

y'all (third-person singular simple present y'alls, present participle y'alling, simple past and past participle y'alled)

y'alls (present singular third-person)
y'alling (participle present)
y'alled (participle past)
y'alled (past)
ya’ll (alternative)
yall (alternative)
yo'll (alternative)
yoll (alternative)
you-all (alternative)
you all (alternative)

She blithely maintained that she could have smiled magnolias and "y'alled" her way out of any tight spots.

1971, Frank Deford, There she is: the life and times of Miss America:

With his swarthy complexion and jet black, straight hair, Louis was actually quite dashing. He wore his expensively cut clothes and heavy rings well, too. Besides his short stature, his most noticeable peculiarity was that he had a voice like Lytton Strachey's, which moved alarmingly, in the middle of a sentence, or sometimes halfway through a word, from a booming bass to the high-pitched, almost whistling soprano of a boy whose voice has not yet broken. As he y'alled and drawled ...

1990, Paul Levy, Finger lickin' good: a Kentucky childhood:

Indeed, non-Southerners may feel themselves "y'alled" to death down here, yet even the most stony- faced New Englander will be charmed by the warmth of the Cloister's staff. The tradition of service is simply better and more deeply entrenched in the South than in any other region of the United States.

1997, Terence Sieg, Golf travel's guide to the world's greatest golf destinations: the ultimate resource for the discriminating golfer:

(ambitransitive, informal) To use the pronoun "y'all" (to).


y'all

ya’ll (alternative)
yall (alternative)
yo'll (alternative)
yoll (alternative)
you-all (alternative)
you all (alternative)

I need y'all help for a minute.

(especially African-American Vernacular) Your pl; y'all's


yourselves

head

yourselves (second person, plural of yourself, plural reflexive of you)

yourself (plural-of)
of you (plural reflexive)
yerselves (alternative)
yoselves (alternative)

You yourselves won’t eat at that restaurant. Why are you recommending it to us?

(emphatic) You (plural), used to intensify the subject as the group addressed.


itself

itself (the third person singular, neuter, personal pronoun, the reflexive form of it, masculine himself, feminine herself, gender-neutral themself, plural themselves)

en-pron

it (reflexive-of)
himself (masculine)
herself (feminine)
themself (gender-neutral)
themselves (plural)
it self (alternative obsolete)
it selfe (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English hit-self, equivalent to it + -self.

a house divided against itself cannot stand

The door closed by itself

(reflexive pronoun) it; A thing as the object of a verb or preposition that also appears as the subject

Beautie alone is a ſoveraigne remedy againſt feare,griefe,and all melancholy fits; a charm,as Peter de la Seine and many other writers affirme,a banquet it ſelfe;he gives inſtance in diſcontented Menelaus that was ſo often freed by Helenas faire face: and ʰTully, 3 Tusc. cites Epicurus as a chiefe patron of this Tenent.

1638, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy. […], 5th edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] [Robert Young, Miles Flesher, and Leonard Lichfield and William Turner] for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 2, member 6, subsection iv, page 298:

The door itself is quite heavy.

(emphatic) it; used to intensify the subject, especially to emphasize that it is the only participant in the predicate

The oil by degrees gets covered with a curdy mass, which after some time settles to the bottom, while itself becomes limpid and colorless.

1842, Andrew Ure, A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures and Mines:

(emphatic, archaic) it; used to refer back to an earlier subject


self

selves (alternative)
selfe (alternative obsolete)
silf (alternative obsolete)
silfe (alternative obsolete)

Southern US, African-American Vernacular, dated

From Middle English self, silf, sulf, from Old English self, seolf, sylf, from Proto-Germanic *selbaz. Cognates include Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰 (silba), German selbst and Dutch zelf.

I made out a cheque, payable to self, which cheered me up somewhat.


one's self

One can teach one's self to do this.

(dated) Alternative spelling of oneself.


himself

head

himself (the third person singular, masculine, personal pronoun, the reflexive form of he, feminine herself, neuter itself, plural themselves, gender-neutral singular himself or themselves or themself)

en-pron

he (reflexive-of)
herself (feminine)
itself (neuter)
themselves (plural)
himself (gender-neutral singular)
themselves (gender-neutral singular)
themself (gender-neutral singular)
Himself (alternative honorific)
himselfe (alternative obsolete)
himselve (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English hymself, from Old English him selfum. Equivalent to him + -self.

give someone enough rope and they'll hang themself

he who digs a pit for others falls in himself

He injured himself.

Sunning himself on the board steps, I saw for the first time Mr. Farquhar Fenelon Cooke. He was dressed out in broad gaiters and bright tweeds, like an English tourist, and his face might have belonged to Dagon, idol of the Philistines.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter II, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

One Terrorgram user livestreamed himself stabbing five people outside of a mosque in Turkey, she said, and a 19-year-old Slovakian man praised the group in a manifesto before killing two people at an LGBTQ bar in Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia.

2024 September 9, Hannah Rabinowitz, “Alleged leaders of White supremacist group charged in effort to encourage terrorism and hate crimes”, in CNN:

(reflexive pronoun) Him; the male object of a verb or preposition that also appears as the subject

𐔼𐕖𐕒𐕡𐕎𐕖𐕒𐕡

(reflexive) male person as the previously mentioned object

себе́ (sebé) (dative case, prepositional case)

He was injured himself.

Therefore the Lord himſelfe ſhal giue you a ſigne:[…].

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Isaiah 7:14, column 2:

The [Isaac] Newton that emerges from the [unpublished] manuscripts is far from the popular image of a rational practitioner of cold and pure reason. The architect of modern science was himself not very modern. He was obsessed with alchemy.

2014 June 21, “Magician’s brain”, in The Economist, volume 411, number 8892:

(emphatic) He; used as an intensifier, often to emphasize that the referent is the exclusive participant in the predicate

Yet it is that himselfe had been liberally gratified by his Unkle with militarie rewards, before ever he went to warres.

1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 7, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:

With shame remembers, while himself was one / Of the same herd, himself the same had done.

Dennis: His glass is there and himself is in the toilet.

1998, Kirk Jones, Waking Ned, Tomboy films:

(Ireland, otherwise archaic) The subject or non-reflexive object of a predicate; he himself.

Has himself come down to breakfast yet?

Have you seen himself yet this morning?

(Ireland) The subject or non-reflexive object of a predicate; he (used of upper-class gentlemen, or sarcastically, of men who imagine themselves to be more important than others)