throne

From Middle English trone, from Old French trone, from Latin thronus, from Ancient Greek θρόνος (thrónos, “chair, throne”). Superseded earlier seld (“seat, throne”).

der

He approached the throne reverently.

9 After this I beheld, and lo, a great multitude, which no man could nūber, of all nations, and kindreds, and people, & tongues, stood before the throne, & before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, and palmes in their hands:
10 And cryed with a loude voice, saying, Saluation to our God, which sitteth vpon the Throne, and vnto the Lambe.
11 And all the Angels stood round about the Throne, and about the Elders, and the foure beasts, and fell before the throne on their faces, and worshipped God,
12 Saying, Amen: Blessing, and glorie, and wisedome, and thankesgiuing, and honour, & power, and might be vnto our God for euer & euer, Amen.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Revelation 7:9–12:

An impressive seat used by a monarch, often on a raised dais in a throne room and reserved for formal occasions.

Queen Victoria sat upon the throne of England for 63 years.

The prince's newborn baby is fifth in line to the throne.

Thou shalt be ouer my house, and according vnto thy word shall all my people be ruled: only in the throne will I be greater then thou.

Stephen reigned from 1135-1154, that nasty period of our history dubbed 'The Anarchy', when forces loyal to Stephen contested the throne with those of Henry I's daughter Matilda, who by rights should have been queen. Stephen, her cousin, plonked his own posterior on the throne.

2023 December 27, Stephen Roberts, “Bradshaw's Britain: the way to Weymouth”, in RAIL, number 999, page 52:

(figuratively) Leadership, particularly the position of a monarch.


throne room

The economy of space is a marvel; the studio may seem cluttered, a kind of Middle-earthian junkyard ringed by the stalks of lighting rigs, but one glance into the monitor and there is Théoden’s massive throne room, carved straight out of the pages of Tolkien’s vast antiquity.

2005, Andrew O’Hehir, “The Fellowship of the Ring”, in Peter Jackson: From Gore to Mordor, Plexus, →ISBN, page 138:

A room used for formal public audiences by a monarch.


king

kings (plural)
kyng (alternative archaic)
kynge (alternative archaic)
kinge (alternative obsolete)

Tok Pisin: king

desc

⇒ American Sign Language: K@Shoulder K@Abdomen

→ Burmese: ကင် (kang)

→ Isubu: kinge

→ Japanese: キング (kingu)

→ Korean: 킹 (king)

→ Maori: kīngi

→ Marshallese: kiin̄

→ Thai: คิง (king)

From Middle English king, kyng, from Old English cyng, cyning (“king”), from Proto-West Germanic *kuning, from Proto-Germanic *kuningaz, *kunungaz (“king”), equivalent to kin + -ing. Doublet of cyning and knez.
Cognate with Scots keeng (“king”), North Frisian köning (“king”), West Frisian kening (“king”), Dutch koning (“king”), Low German Koning, Köning (“king”), German König (“king”), Danish konge (“king”), Norwegian konge, Swedish konung, kung (“king”), Icelandic konungur, kóngur (“king”), Polish ksiądz (“priest”), Russian князь (knjazʹ, “prince”), Old Church Slavonic кънѧѕь (kŭnędzĭ), Romanian chinez, Finnish kuningas (“king”), Estonian kuningas, Ingrian kunigas, Karelian kuninkas, Livvi kuńingas, Ludian kuńingas, Veps kuningaz, Võro kuning and Votic kunikaz. Eclipsed non-native Middle English roy (“king”) (Early Modern English roy), borrowed from Old French roi, rei, rai (“king”).
The verb is inherited from Middle English kyngen, *kingen (“To perform the duties of a king”), itself from the noun king, kyng.

Audio — the king

акрал

a male of a royal family who is the supreme ruler of his nation

in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king

Henry VIII was the king of England from 1509 to 1547.

A male monarch; a man who heads a monarchy; in an absolute monarchy, the supreme ruler of his nation.


king

head

king (nominative plural kinges, also the early forms kingas or kingæs)

kinges (nominative plural)
the early forms kingas (also)
kingæs (also)
kenin (alternative in-compounds toponymic)
kening (alternative in-compounds toponymic)
kinig (alternative in-compounds toponymic)
gug (alternative)
kug (alternative)
knyng (alternative)
chinge (alternative)
chinȝ (alternative)
cing (alternative)
cining (alternative)
cinȝ (alternative)
ging (alternative)
keing (alternative)
keng (alternative)
kingk (alternative)
kingue (alternative)
kining (alternative)
kink (alternative)
kyng (alternative)
kynge (alternative)

English: king (see there for further descendants)

Scots: keeng, king

Yola: kinge, king

Inherited from the Old English cyning, from Proto-West Germanic *kuning, from Proto-Germanic *kuningaz. The forms kug (attested in the compounds kugdom, kuglond, and kugriche) and gug (attested in the compound guglond) show the influence of the Old Norse konungr, whence they borrow their root vowel. The early forms featuring syncope (chinge, chinȝ, cing, and cinȝ) may have long ī.


queen

queens (plural)
queene (alternative obsolete)
quene (alternative obsolete)
queyne (alternative obsolete)

Tok Pisin: kwin

desc

⇒ American Sign Language: G@Shoulder-PalmDown G@Abdomen-PalmDown

→ Burmese: ကွင်း (kwang:)

→ German: Queen

→ Japanese: クイーン (kuīn), クィーン (kwīn)

→ Korean: 퀸 (kwin)

→ Marshallese: kwiin

→ Maori: kuīni

→ Sikaiana: kuini

→ Spanish: cuina

→ Thai: ควีน (kwiin)

From Middle English quene, queen, cwen, from Old English cwēn (“queen”), from Proto-West Germanic *kwāni, from Proto-Germanic *kwēniz (“woman”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷénh₂s (“woman”).
Cognate with Scots queen, wheen (“queen”), Old Saxon quān ("wife"; > Middle Low German quene (“elderly woman”)), Dutch kween (“woman past child-bearing age”), Swedish kvinna (“woman”), Norwegian kvinne (“woman”), Danish kvinde (“woman”), Icelandic kvon (“wife”), Gothic 𐌵𐌴𐌽𐍃 (qēns, “wife”), Norwegian dialectal kvån (“wife”). Related to and possibly merged with and/or absorbed some senses of English quean, from Middle English quene, from Old English cwene (“woman; female serf, quean”), see quean. Generally eclipsed non-native Middle English regina (“queen”), borrowed from Latin rēgīna (“queen”) (see Modern English Regina). Doublet of quean and gyne.

gloss

"wife"; > Middle Low German <i class="Latn mention" lang="gml">quene</i> (“elderly woman”)

cog

αδερφή f (aderfí, literally “Sister, From the same uterus”)

But our mercifull Queene Elizabeth hath not burned the popiſh prieſtes on the alters where they committed idolatrie in ſaying of Maſſe, and worſhipped a piece of breade for the bodie of Chriſte (which ſhee might haue done if ſhee would) and yet you count not her for a godly and mercifull Queene.

1582, Thomas Lupton, The Christian Against the Jesuite, London, retrieved 2022-01-14, page 50v:

In 1952, at the last accession, there were only eight members of the new entity taking shape in the outline of the British Empire. The Queen was the head of state in seven of them, and she was proclaimed Head of the Commonwealth to accommodate India’s lone status as a republic.

2017 March 17, Sam Knight, “‘London Bridge Is Down’: The Secret Plan for the Days After the Queen’s Death”, in The Guardian, London, retrieved 2022-01-16:


mikado

en-noun

mikado (countable and uncountable, plural mikados or mikado)

Borrowed from Japanese 御門 (mikado), from 御 (mi, “honorable”) + 門 (kado, “gate, portal”).

com

The mikados of Japan are its emperors.

An interval of eighty years, occupied by two mikado of whose doings nothing is recorded, brings us to the celebrated female sovereign who invaded and conquered Korea.

1878 July 1, “The Mythology and Religious Worship of the Ancient Japanese”, in The Westminster Review, volume CX, number CCXVII; New Series, volume LIV, number I, London: Trübner & Co., […], →OCLC, page 30:

Our great Mikado, virtuous man,
When he to rule our land began,
Resolved to try a plan whereby
Young men might best be steadied.

(literary, countable) Any emperor of Japan.


brother

enm-noun

brother (plural brether or brethren or brotheren or (rare) brothers, genitive brother or brothers)

brether (plural)
brethren (plural)
brotheren (plural)
brothers (plural rare)
brother (genitive)
brothers (genitive)
broþer (alternative)
broþir (alternative)
broþur (alternative)
broder (alternative)
broðer (alternative)
brothir (alternative)
brothur (alternative)
broiþer (alternative)
bruther (alternative)
brodir (alternative)
broder (alternative)
brothre (alternative)
broþre (alternative)
brodyr (alternative)
broþerr (alternative)

English: brother (see there for further descendants)

Scots: brither, bruther, broder, bruder

Yola: brover, brower

From Old English brōþor, from Proto-West Germanic *brōþer, from Proto-Germanic *brōþēr, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Doublet of frere.

A blood brother; one in a mutual pact of loyalty between two.


car

car (nominative singular)
carové (nominative plural)
cara (genitive singular)
carů (genitive plural)
carovi (dative singular)
caru (dative singular)
carům (dative plural)
cara (accusative singular)
cary (accusative plural)
care (singular vocative)
carové (plural vocative)
carovi (locative singular)
caru (locative singular)
carech (locative plural)
carem (instrumental singular)
cary (instrumental plural)

From Old Church Slavonic цѣсарь (cěsarĭ), from Proto-Slavic *cěsařь, from a Germanic language, from Proto-Germanic *kaisaraz, from Latin Caesar.


car

car (nominative singular)
carowie (nominative plural)
cary (derogatory nominative plural)
cara (genitive singular)
carów (genitive plural)
carowi (dative singular)
carom (dative plural)
cara (accusative singular)
carów (accusative plural)
carem (instrumental singular)
carami (instrumental plural)
carze (locative singular)
carach (locative plural)
carze (singular vocative)
carowie (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Russian царь (carʹ). Doublet of cesarz, cezar, and kajzer.

(historical) czar, tsar, tzar (title of the former emperors of Russia)


car

cȁr (canonical masculine)
ца̏р (Cyrillic)
cȁr (nominative singular)
cȁrevi (nominative plural)
cȁra (genitive singular)
cȁrēvā (genitive plural)
cȁru (dative singular)
cȁrevima (dative plural)
cȁra (accusative singular)
cȁreve (accusative plural)
cȁre (singular vocative)
cȁru (rare singular vocative)
cȁrevi (plural vocative)
cȁru (locative singular)
cȁrevima (locative plural)
cȁrem (instrumental singular)
cȁrevima (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Slavic *cěsařь, *cьsarь, from a Germanic language, from Proto-Germanic *kaisaraz, from Latin Caesar.

Podajte caru carevo, a Bogu Božje.

Give the Emperor what belongs to the Emperor and God what belongs to God.

Bijaše jedan car, i imađaše tri sina i tri ćerke.

1971, Branko B. Radičević, Baš-Čelik, Belgrade, page 1:

There once was a tsar and he had three daughters and three sons.


car

sl-noun

cār m anim (female equivalent caríca or cārinja)

cār (animate canonical masculine)
caríca (feminine)
cārinja (feminine)
please help by adding the tonal marks.
cár (nominative singular)
cárja (dual nominative)
cárji (nominative plural)
cárja (genitive singular)
cárjev (dual genitive)
cárjev (genitive plural)
cárju (dative singular)
cárjema (dative dual)
cárjem (dative plural)
cár (accusative singular)
cárja (accusative dual)
cárje (accusative plural)
cárju (locative singular)
cárjih (dual locative)
cárjih (locative plural)
cárjem (instrumental singular)
cárjema (dual instrumental)
cárji (instrumental plural)

From Serbo-Croatian cȁr, from Proto-Slavic *cěsařь, from a Germanic language, from Proto-Germanic *kaisaraz, from Latin Caesar.


kingdom

kingdoms (plural)
kingdome (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English kingdom, kyngdom, from Old English cyningdōm from Proto-Germanic *kuningadōmaz, equivalent to king + -dom. Cognate with Scots kingdom, West Frisian keuningdom, Dutch koningdom, German Königtum, Danish kongedømme, Swedish kungadöme, and Icelandic konungdómur.
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-yós
Proto-Germanic *kunją
Proto-Germanic *-ingaz
Proto-Germanic *kuningaz
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-mos
Proto-Indo-European *dʰóh₁mos
Proto-Germanic *dōmaz
Proto-Germanic *-dōmaz
Proto-Germanic *kuningadōmaz
Proto-West Germanic *kuningadōm
Old English cyningdōm
Middle English kingdom
English kingdom

etymon

it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

In 1924 the Hashemite King Hussein was driven out of the Hedjaz by Ibn Saud, and a state of war sprang up between the new kingdoms of Saudi Arabia and Trans-Jordan.

1956 March, R. C. Blaker, “The Hedjaz Railway”, in Railway Magazine, page 167:

A few other key remappings occur when you use the United Kingdom country...

1993, Allen Wyatt, W Edward Tiley, Jon Paisley, Using MS-DOS 6.2:

‘Lucknow is not a village. It is a city with a thousand years of civilization. It was the capital of the Awadh kingdom.ʼ

2023, Santanu Bhattacharya, One Small Voice, Fig Tree, page 11:

A realm having a king or queen as its actual or nominal sovereign.

keurajeuën

realm having as supreme ruler a king or queen


kingdom

kingdoms (plural)
kyngdom (alternative)
kyngdoom (alternative)
kengdam (alternative)
kyngdam (alternative)
kyngedome (alternative)
küngdom (alternative)
kyngdome (alternative)
kyngdan (alternative)

English: kingdom

Scots: kingdom

From Old English cyningdōm, from Proto-Germanic *kuningadōmaz. Equivalent to king + -dom.
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-yós
Proto-Germanic *kunją
Proto-Germanic *-ingaz
Proto-Germanic *kuningaz
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-mos
Proto-Indo-European *dʰóh₁mos
Proto-Germanic *dōmaz
Proto-Germanic *-dōmaz
Proto-Germanic *kuningadōmaz
Proto-West Germanic *kuningadōm
Old English cyningdōm
Middle English kingdom


RI

(monarchy) rex imperator (“king-emperor”) or regina imperatrix (“queen-empress”); the initials by which a British monarch signed documents after his or her name from 1877 until 1947.


re

→ Maltese: re

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs
Proto-Italic *rēks
Latin rēx
Italian re
Inherited from Latin rēx, via the nominative singular, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“ruler, king”). Doublet of rege, which was borrowed from Latin via the accusative rēgem.


regina

regine (plural)
re (masculine)
reina (alternative)

→ Maltese: reġina

Inherited from Latin rēgīna; cognate with Spanish reina.


regina

la-noun

rēgīna f (genitive rēgīnae, masculine rēx); first declension

rēgīna (canonical feminine)
rēgīnae (genitive)
rēx (masculine)
rēgīna (nominative singular)
rēgīnae (nominative plural)
rēgīnae (genitive singular)
rēgīnārum (genitive plural)
rēgīnae (dative singular)
rēgīnīs (dative plural)
rēgīnam (accusative singular)
rēgīnās (accusative plural)
rēgīnā (ablative singular)
rēgīnīs (ablative plural)
rēgīna (singular vocative)
rēgīnae (plural vocative)

Asturian: reina

Franco-Provençal: rêna

Friulian: reìne

desctree

Italian: regina, reina (archaic, poetic, Old Roman)
→ Maltese: reġina

Neapolitan: riggina

Old French: royne
French: reine
Norman: royne, ranne, reine
Walloon: royinne
→ Old East Slavic: ръ́ина (rŷ́ina)

Old Galician-Portuguese: reinha, reỹa, reynna, reýña, reyña, rreýña, rreyña, rainha, raynna, raỹa, rayña
Galician: raíña
Portuguese: rainha

Old Occitan: reina
Occitan: reina

Old Spanish: reyna
Spanish: reina (see there for further descendants)

Romansch: regina, rigegna, raïna

Sardinian: reina, arreina

desc

Sicilian: rijina (obsolete), riggina (influenced by Italian)

Venetan: rexina

Walloon: royinne

→ Basque: erregina

→ English: Regina, regina

→ Interlingua: regina

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: regina

→ Romanian: regină

→ Translingual: Regina

Inherited from Proto-Italic *rēgīnā, see there for more. A feminine counterpart to rēx, rēgis (“king”).

‘cūr igitur rēgīna vocor prīncepsque deārum?

“Therefore, why am I being called queen and foremost of the goddesses? Why have they given me a golden scepter for my right hand?”


sovereign

sovereigns (plural)
soveraign (alternative archaic)
soveraigne (alternative archaic)
sovran (alternative archaic)
sovring (alternative pronunciation-spelling)
sovrin (alternative pronunciation-spelling)

→ Irish: sabhran

→ Russian: соверен (soveren)

→ Scottish Gaelic: sòbharan

→ Welsh: sofren

From Middle English sovereyn, from Old French soverain (whence also modern French souverain), from Vulgar Latin *superānus (compare Italian sovrano, Spanish soberano) from Latin super (“above”). Spelling influenced by folk-etymology association with reign. Doublet of soprano, from the same Latin root via Italian. See also suzerain, foreign.

souverain

one who is not a subject to a ruler or nation

en:coin with nominal value of one pound sterling

A gold coin of the United Kingdom, with a nominal value of one pound sterling but in practice used as a bullion coin.


kral

From Ottoman Turkish قرال (kral), from a South Slavic language. Ultimately from Old High German Karl, name of the Frankish ruler Charlemagne.


kral

kral (nominative singular)
krala (dual nominative)
krale (nominative plural)
krala (genitive singular)
kralowu (dual genitive)
kralow (genitive plural)
kraloju (dative singular)
kraloma (dative dual)
kralam (dative plural)
krala (accusative singular)
kralowu (accusative dual)
krale (accusative plural)
kralow (accusative plural)
kralom (instrumental singular)
kraloma (dual instrumental)
kralami (instrumental plural)
kralu (locative singular)
kraloma (dual locative)
kralach (locative plural)

Borrowed from Czech král, from Proto-Slavic *korľь. Displaced native form krol.


kral

head

kral (definite accusative kralı, plural krallar)

kralı (accusative definite)
krallar (plural)
kral (nominative singular)
krallar (nominative plural)
kralı (accusative definite singular)
kralları (accusative definite plural)
krala (dative singular)
krallara (dative plural)
kralda (locative singular)
krallarda (locative plural)
kraldan (ablative singular)
krallardan (ablative plural)
kralın (genitive singular)
kralların (genitive plural)
kralım (first-person nominative singular)
krallarım (first-person nominative singular)
kralın (nominative second-person singular)
kralların (nominative second-person singular)
kralı (nominative singular third-person)
kralları (nominative singular third-person)
kralımız (first-person nominative plural)
krallarımız (first-person nominative plural)
kralınız (nominative plural second-person)
krallarınız (nominative plural second-person)
kralları (nominative plural third-person)
kralımı (accusative definite first-person singular)
krallarımı (accusative definite first-person singular)
kralını (accusative definite second-person singular)
krallarını (accusative definite second-person singular)
kralını (accusative definite singular third-person)
krallarını (accusative definite singular third-person)
kralımızı (accusative definite first-person plural)
krallarımızı (accusative definite first-person plural)
kralınızı (accusative definite plural second-person)
krallarınızı (accusative definite plural second-person)
krallarını (accusative definite plural third-person)
kralıma (dative first-person singular)
krallarıma (dative first-person singular)
kralına (dative second-person singular)
krallarına (dative second-person singular)
kralına (dative singular third-person)
krallarına (dative singular third-person)
kralımıza (dative first-person plural)
krallarımıza (dative first-person plural)
kralınıza (dative plural second-person)
krallarınıza (dative plural second-person)
krallarına (dative plural third-person)
kralımda (first-person locative singular)
krallarımda (first-person locative singular)
kralında (locative second-person singular)
krallarında (locative second-person singular)
kralında (locative singular third-person)
krallarında (locative singular third-person)
kralımızda (first-person locative plural)
krallarımızda (first-person locative plural)
kralınızda (locative plural second-person)
krallarınızda (locative plural second-person)
krallarında (locative plural third-person)
kralımdan (ablative first-person singular)
krallarımdan (ablative first-person singular)
kralından (ablative second-person singular)
krallarından (ablative second-person singular)
kralından (ablative singular third-person)
krallarından (ablative singular third-person)
kralımızdan (ablative first-person plural)
krallarımızdan (ablative first-person plural)
kralınızdan (ablative plural second-person)
krallarınızdan (ablative plural second-person)
krallarından (ablative plural third-person)
kralımın (first-person genitive singular)
krallarımın (first-person genitive singular)
kralının (genitive second-person singular)
krallarının (genitive second-person singular)
kralının (genitive singular third-person)
krallarının (genitive singular third-person)
kralımızın (first-person genitive plural)
krallarımızın (first-person genitive plural)
kralınızın (genitive plural second-person)
krallarınızın (genitive plural second-person)
krallarının (genitive plural third-person)

→ Northern Kurdish: kral, qral

From Ottoman Turkish قرال (kral), from a South Slavic language; compare Proto-Slavic *korľь (“king”) (Serbo-Croatian krȃlj/кра̑љ, Bulgarian крал (kral), Slovene králj). Ultimately from Old High German Karl, name of the Frankish ruler Charlemagne.


kral

hsb-noun

kral m pers (feminine kralowna, diminutive kralik, related adjective kralowy or kralowski)

kralowna (feminine)
kralik (diminutive)
kralowy (adjective)
kralowski (adjective)
kral (nominative singular)
kralej (dual nominative)
kralojo (nominative plural)
krala (genitive singular)
kralow (dual genitive)
kralow (genitive plural)
kralej (dative singular)
kralomaj (dative dual)
kralam (dative plural)
krala (accusative singular)
kralow (accusative dual)
kralow (accusative plural)
kralom (instrumental singular)
kralomaj (dual instrumental)
kralemi (instrumental plural)
kralu (locative singular)
kralomaj (dual locative)
kralach (locative plural)
kralo (singular vocative)
kralej (dual vocative)
kralojo (plural vocative)


kral

kralik (diminutive)
kral (nominative singular)
kralej (dual nominative)
krale (nominative plural)
krala (genitive singular)
kralow (dual genitive)
kralow (genitive plural)
kralej (dative singular)
kralomaj (dative dual)
kralam (dative plural)
krala (accusative singular)
kralej (accusative dual)
krale (accusative plural)
kralom (instrumental singular)
kralomaj (dual instrumental)
kralemi (instrumental plural)
kralu (locative singular)
kralomaj (dual locative)
kralach (locative plural)
kralo (singular vocative)
kralej (dual vocative)
krale (plural vocative)


crown

→ Japanese: クラウン (kuraun)

→ Korean: 크라운 (keuraun)

→ Maori: karauna

From Middle English coroune, from Anglo-Norman corone, from Latin corōna (“crown, wreath”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē). Doublet of corona, korona, koruna, krona, króna, and krone. Displaced native Old English corenbēag (“crown”); and Middle English kinehelm, kynehelm, from Old English cynehelm (“crown”).
* (paper size): So called because originally watermarked with a crown.

doublet

Before so many of Europe's crowns came tumbling off the heads of their royal owners, Continental Europe could show a rich variety in the matter of royal trains.

1945 September and October, C. Hamilton Ellis, “Royal Trains—V”, in Railway Magazine, page 250:

en:royal, imperial or princely headdress

(clothing, monarchy) A royal, imperial or princely headdress; a diadem.


prince

From Middle English prince, from Anglo-Norman prince, from Latin prīnceps (“first head”), from prīmus (“first”) + capiō (“seize, take”). Cognate with Old English fruma (“prince, ruler”). Doublet of princeps and principe.
Displaced native Middle English atheling, from Old English æþeling; Middle English kinebarn, from Old English cynebearn; Middle English alder, from Old English ealdor; and Middle English drighten, from Old English dryhten.

af

A male member of a royal family other than the ruler; especially (in the United Kingdom) the son or grandson of the monarch.


prince

→ Ottoman Turkish: پرَنْس (prens)

Turkish: prens

→ Persian: پرَنس (perans)

Inherited from Middle French prince, from Old French prince, a semi-learned borrowing from Latin prīnceps.


princess

From Middle English princesse, a borrowing from Anglo-Norman princesse, Old French princesse. By surface analysis, prince + -ess.

And running all with greedie ioyfulnesse / To faire Irena, at her feet did fall, / And her adored with due humblenesse, / As their true Liege and Princesse naturall […]

1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book V, Canto XII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

(now archaic) A female ruler or monarch; a queen.


emperor

emperors (plural)
emperour (alternative)

From Middle English emperour, from Anglo-Norman emperour, from Latin imperātorem, derived from imperō (“to command”). Doublet of imperator. Displaced earlier Old English casere, from Latin Caesar.

In imperial China, it was often a responsibility of the emperor to evaluate his predecessor after the latter's death.

They asked Julius Caesar, the valiant Roman emperor, what was the best death. He answered, that which is unexpected, which comes suddenly and unforeseen

1885, John Ormsby, transl., Don Quixote, Miguel de Cervantes, Volume 2 Chapter XXIV:

In 690 Wu usurped the throne and became Emperor herself, which proved a unique event in the history of China.

1994, Het Spinhuis, Transactions: Essays in Honor of Jeremy F. Boissevain:

After his death in 683 she ruled for seven years as regent and then, deposing her son, became emperor herself, the only woman in Chinese history to hold the title.

2002, The Heritage of World Civilizations: To 1700, page 226:

Empress, imperial regent, and even emperor herself (r. 797–802), Irene was an important and powerful figure at the Byzantine court in the late eighth and early ninth century.

2008, Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation, page 211:

Originally the wife of the emperor, she engineered the imperial succession so that she could serve first as regent to a boy emperor and then as emperor herself.

2013, Voyages in World History, page 213:

Where is Sindbad? I have a summons for him direct from the galactic emperor herself. He is to be brought here immediately to give an explanation for his recent actions.

2016, Commander Pakydus, Sindbad & the 7 Galaxies:

Any monarch ruling an empire, irrespective of gender, with "empress" contrasting to mean the consort of an emperor.

The Investiture Controversy was a conflict between the Emperor and the Pope.

(political theory) Specifically, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire; the world-monarch.


empress

empresses (plural)
emperess (alternative obsolete)
empresse (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English emperice, emperesse, from Anglo-Norman and Old French empereriz, from Latin imperatrix, equivalent to emperor + -ess. Doublet of imperatrix. Compare modern French impératrice.

Sit downe by her: adorned with my Crowne,
As if thou wert the Empreſſe of the world.

c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act III, scene iii:

The female monarch (ruler) of an empire.


principality

en-noun

principality (countable and uncountable, plural principalities)

From Middle English principalte, principalite, from Anglo-Norman principalté, Middle French principalté, from Late Latin prīncipālitās, from Latin prīncipālis (“principal”) + -tās. Equivalent to principal + -ity.

At this time Russia consisted of a dozen or so principalities, which were frequently at war with one another.

1990, Peter Hopkirk, The Great Game, Folio Society, published 2010, page 14:

(countable) A region or sovereign nation headed by a prince or princess.


empire

/ˈɛm.paɪ̯ə̯/

From Middle English empire, from Old French empire, empere, from Latin imperium, inperium (“command, control, dominion, sovereignty, a dominion, empire”), from imperare, inperare (“to command, order”), from in (“in, on”) + parare (“to make ready, order”). Doublet of empery and imperium.

the Russian empire

States and empires fail when they are no longer the solution, they are the problem.

2022 February 7, Charles Hugh Smith, How Empires Die:

A political state, often a monarchy, that has achieved a much greater current size than its initial size by conquering surrounding territories, cities or nations.


empire

Russian: ампи́р (ampír)

Inherited from Old French empire, from Latin imperium.

Quelle injustice aux Dieux, d'abandonner au femmes / Un empire si grand sur les plus belles âmes

1640, Pierre Corneille, Horace, act 4, scene 7:

What injustice from the gods, to give up for women / Such great dominion over the most beautiful souls


empire

English: empire

Scots: empire

Borrowed from Old French empire, empere, from Latin imperium, inperium (“command, control, dominion, sovereignty, a dominion, empire”), from imperare, inperare (“to command, order”), from in (“in, on”) + parare (“to make ready, order”). Doublet of emperie.

empyre (alternative)
enpyre (alternative)
empyere (alternative)
empere (alternative)
empeyr (alternative)
empir (alternative)
enpir (alternative)
ampyre (alternative)

(rare, Christianity) God's kingdom in the heavens.


duchy

From Middle English duche, from Anglo-Norman duché, from Old French duc, or from Medieval Latin ducātus, from Latin dux. Doublet of ducat.

A dominion or region ruled by a duke or duchess.


monarch

From Middle French monarque, from Late Latin monarcha, from Ancient Greek μονάρχης (monárkhēs), variant of μόναρχος (mónarkhos, “sole ruler”), from μόνος (mónos, “only”) + ἀρχός (arkhós, “leader”), equivalent to mono- + -arch.
* (butterfly): See monarch butterfly.

Never was monarch better fear'd and lov'd / Than is your Majesty.

1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii], page 25:

constitutional monarchy
constitutional monarchy

The ruler of an absolute monarchy or the head of state of a constitutional monarchy.


monarch

nl-noun

monarch m (plural monarchen, diminutive monarchje n)

monarchen (plural)
monarchje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: monarg

From Middle Dutch monarcha, from Latin monarcha, from Ancient Greek μονάρχης (monárkhēs), variant of μόναρχος (mónarkhos, “sole ruler”), from 'μόνος (mónos, “only”) + ἀρχός (arkhós, “leader”).


tenno

tennos (plural)
Tenno (alternative)
Tennou (alternative)

Borrowed from Japanese 天皇(てんのう) (tennō), from Middle Chinese 天皇 (then hwang) with the original sense of “heavenly sovereign”.

The emperor of Japan as head of state and the head of the Japanese imperial family.


喳

Misinterpreted from Manchu ᠵᡝ (je). Compare Mongolian ᠵᠠ (ǰa) (Cyrillic spelling за (za)).

(chiefly in historical novels, movies or dramas, proscribed) yes (when responding to the emperor or a Manchu official in the Qing dynasty)


han

head

han (definite accusative hany, plural hanlar)

hany (accusative definite)
hanlar (plural)


宮

Daijirin
Daijisen
Kyōsuke Kindaichi
ja:松村明

/mi₁ya/ → /miya/
From Old Japanese. A compound of 神 or 御 (mi, “spiritual honorific”) + 屋 (ya, “house”).

compound

an old name for a region in the Atsuta area of Nagoya, Aichi prefecture, where the Atsuta Shrine is located


宮

宮 (canonical)
kyū (romanization)
kyuu (romanization)
きゆう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 宮 (MC kjuwng, “dwelling; palace; note on a scale”). Compare literary reading of Hokkien 宮 /宫 (kiong).

ltc-l

(traditional music of China and Japan) the keynote or tonic of a musical scale, such as do in the do re mi scale notation of solfège

short for 宮刑: literally “palace punishment”, this consisted of castration for men and sequestration in the palace for women


尊

From Old Japanese.
Derived from 御 (mi-, honorific prefix) + 事 (koto, “thing, matter”).

prefix

(archaic, derogatory) second person personal pronoun: you


尊

Nominalization of classical adjective 高し (takashi), modern 高い (takai, “high”).


尊

Various theories exist, possibly a nominalization of verb 長ける (takeru, “to excel at”).


朕

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (朕):
* → Japanese: 朕(ちん) (chin)
* → Korean: 짐(朕) (jim)
* → Vietnamese: trẫm (朕)

Characters in the same phonetic series (朕) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Simplified from 𦩎 (舟 → 月 and 灷 → 关), corruption of an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 舟 (“boat”) + 丨 (“item”) + 廾 (“two hands”), seen in the oracle bone script and bronze inscriptions, originally meaning “to mend a boat”. It was later borrowed phonetically to be used as an honorific first-person pronoun.

Han compound

used without 的; GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

On no account disbelieve me - I will not go back on my word.

The Book of Documents, circa 4ᵗʰ – 3ʳᵈ century BCE

爾無不信，朕不食言。

尔无不信，朕不食言。

We ourselves shall be called First Emperor, and successive generations shall be numbered consecutively: Second, Third, and so on until for 1,000 or 10,000 generations, the succession passing down without end.

The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

Zhèn wèi Shǐhuángdì. Hòushì yǐ jìshù, èrshì sānshì zhìyú wànshì, chuán zhī wúqióng.

朕為始皇帝。後世以計數，二世三世至于萬世，傳之無窮。

朕为始皇帝。后世以计数，二世三世至于万世，传之无穷。

Qin Er Shi discussed with Zhao Gao, "I am young and just ascended the throne. The mass has not submitted to my rule."

Èrshì yǔ Zhào Gāo móu yuē: “Zhèn niánshào, chū jíwèi, qiánshǒu wèi jífù.”

二世與趙高謀曰：「朕年少，初即位，黔首未集附。」

二世与赵高谋曰：「朕年少，初即位，黔首未集附。」

King Wen of Wei asked,"I conform to the wish of Heaven and become the emperor. Why are you unhappy?"

Liu Yiqing (editor), A New Account of the Tales of the World, 5ᵗʰ century CE

Dì wèn yuē: “Zhèn yìngtiānshòumìng, qīng héyǐ bù yuè?”

帝問曰：「朕應天受命，卿何以不樂？」

帝问曰：「朕应天受命，卿何以不乐？」

(imperial) I; my (similar to the royal we; reserved for use by the emperor since the Qin Dynasty)


王

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (王):
* → Japanese: 王(おう) (ō)
* → Okinawan: 王(をー) (wō)
* → Korean: 왕(王) (wang)
* → Vietnamese: vương (王)

desc

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠸᠠᠩ (wang) (via Mandarin)

Mongolian:

Mongolian script: ᠸᠠᠩ (wang)

Cyrillic script: ван (van)

→ Buryat: ван (van)

→ English: Wang (via Mandarin), Wong (via Cantonese), Ong (via Hokkien), Heng (via Teochew)

→ Iu Mien: hungh

→ Manchu: ᠸᠠᠩ (wang) (via Mandarin)

→ Middle Mongol: (via Early Mandarin)

Uigurjin script: ᠣᠩ (ʾwnk /oŋ/)

→ Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽺𐽷 (oŋ) (via Early Mandarin), 𐽳𐽰𐽺𐽷 (wʾnk /waŋ/) (via Early Mandarin)

→ Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽺𐽷 (öŋ)

→ Tagalog: Ong (via Hokkien), Wong (via Cantonese), Wang (via Mandarin)

→ Thai: อ๋อง (ɔ̌ng) (via Hokkien)

→ Zhuang: vuengz

Chinese bronze inscriptions
Konyak languages
Zhou dynasty

Characters in the same phonetic series (王) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) of a ritual axe made perhaps of jade, symbols of the king's power. A ceremonial axe was kept near the throne, and was used for performing rituals in ancient China.
The traditional interpretation (most likely a folk etymology given the original appearance of the character) is that the character metaphorically indicates the king or emperor according to the ancient Chinese thought: three horizontal strokes represent Heaven, Man and Earth, and the vertical stroke is the king or emperor, the one who connects them together. However, compare 天 (tiān) (a man with a horizontal stroke above his head to indicate the sky).
Unrelated to 玉 (yù, “a string with three pieces of jade”) and 主 (“master”); partly related to 士 (a war axe and, perhaps, sometimes a variant of 王), to 戉 (an axe drawn vertically), to the inner component of 匡 (kuāng, “square‑shaped bamboo basket”), and to the right component of 往 (< 𢓸).
Uncertain. There are many proposed etymologies:
* Sagart and Baxter (2009) compare it to Tibetan གོང་མ (gong ma, “superior one”).
* Schuessler (2007) compares it to Tibetan དབང (dbang, “strength, power”) and Burmese အန် (an, “strength, power”), which derive from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-baŋ (“strength, power”). However, reconstructing the Old Chinese as *waŋ, he notes the mismatch between Old Chinese *w- vs. Tibetan *b- (unless *dw- can become db-; for possible *b- ~ * w- variation, see 花). He also compares it to Proto-Northern Naga *waŋ (“chief”).
* Schuessler (2007) alternatively proposes a connection to Old Khmer vāṅ, vaṅ (modern Khmer វាំង (veăng), “royal palace”), which he considers to be cognate with Khmer ហ្លួង (hluŏng, “king”). This is perhaps supported by a bronze inscription where 王 refers to a place, not the Zhou king (Shaughnessy, 1991). The semantic shift from "palace" to "king" parallels Egyptian pr-ꜥꜣ (“pharaoh”, literally “palace”), from pr (“house”) + ꜥꜣ (“great, big”). The connection to the Old Khmer word would thus relate it to Proto-Mon-Khmer *waŋ ~ *waaŋ (“enclosure; to go round”), which is part of a larger Austroasiatic word family, including 營 (OC *ɢʷeŋ) and 環 (OC *ɡʷraːn). Bodman (1980) connects 王 with 皇 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ, “sovereign”), which Schuessler (2007) connects to this word family.
* Speculations exist about its connection to 尪 (OC *qʷaːŋ, “lame, crippled”) and 狂 (OC *ɡʷaŋ, “mad”), based on theories about the connection between ancient Chinese kingship and shamanism (Keightley, 1995).

cog

國王

国王

周成王

這位男孩被擁立為王。

这位男孩被拥立为王。


王

王 (canonical)
ō (romanization)
wau (romanization)
わう (hiragana historical)

/wau/ → /wɔː/ → */woː/ → /oː/
From Middle Chinese 王 (MC hjwang).

親魏倭王 ― Shingi Waō ― the pro-Wei Queen of Wa

徴(女)王 ― Chō (Jo)ō ― the Trưng Queen

善徳(女)王 ― Zentoku (Jo)ō ― Queen Seondeok


王

Japanese: 王 (konikishi, kokishi), in modern Japanese dictionaries


詔

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (詔):
* → Japanese: 詔(しょう) (shō)
* → Korean: 조(詔) (jo)
* → Vietnamese: chiếu (詔)

→ Manchu: ᠵᠣᠣ (joo)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tjews): semantic 言 (“word; speech”) + phonetic 召 (OC *dews, *djews)
Perhaps related to 召 (OC *dews, *djews, “to call; to summon”) (Schuessler, 2007).


krona

krọ̑na (canonical feminine)
please help by adding the tonal marks.
króna (nominative singular)
króni (dual nominative)
króne (nominative plural)
króne (genitive singular)
krón (dual genitive)
krón (genitive plural)
króni (dative singular)
krónama (dative dual)
krónam (dative plural)
króno (accusative singular)
króni (accusative dual)
króne (accusative plural)
króni (locative singular)
krónah (dual locative)
krónah (locative plural)
króno (instrumental singular)
krónama (dual instrumental)
krónami (instrumental plural)


krona

krona (indefinite nominative singular)
kronas (genitive indefinite singular)
kronan (definite nominative singular)
kronans (definite genitive singular)
kronor (indefinite nominative plural)
kronors (genitive indefinite plural)
kronorna (definite nominative plural)
kronornas (definite genitive plural)

→ Estonian: kroonu

→ Finnish: kruunu

From Latin corōna, from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē). Doublet of korona and corona.

Det tillhör kronan

kronofogde

(often definite) crown, state, government


龍

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (龍):
* → Japanese: 竜(りゅう) (ryū)
* → Korean: 룡>용(龍) (ryong>yong)
* → Vietnamese: long (龍)

→ Indonesian: liong

desctree

→ Proto-Vietic: *-roːŋ
Tho:
Cuoi Cham: ʐoŋ²
Lang Lo: ʐoŋ²
Viet-Muong:
Muong: rồng
Middle Vietnamese: 蠬 (ròu᷄), 𧏵 (ròu᷄)
Vietnamese: rồng

→ Old Turkic: 𐰠𐰇 (lü)

→ Middle Mongol: ᠯᠤᠤ (luu)

Classical Mongolian: ᠯᠤᠤ (luu)

Mongolian: ᠯᠤᠤ /луу (luu)

→ Zhuang: lungz

Old Turkic language
Proto-Hmong-Mien language
Proto-Vietic language
Turkish language
Vietnamese language
White Hmong language

Characters in the same phonetic series (龍) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – originally a serpent with prominent whiskered mouth and eyes.
Current form developed in large seal script, with serpent’s body on right (tail at upper right, legs on right), whiskered/fanged mouth at lower left, and eyes/crown at upper left. Left side was subsequently simplified and abstracted, with some influence of 立 and ⺼/月. Note that 竜 existed as a traditional variant dating back to large seal script, and figures a dragon seen face-on, rather than curled around.
Compare 𦝠 (luó), which represents a particular kind of dragon.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-bru(ŋ/k) (“dragon; thunder”). Cognate with Tibetan འབྲུག ('brug, “dragon; thunder”). The STEDT database also lists 隆 (OC *ɡ·ruːŋ, “thunder; sound of thunder”) and 雹 (OC *bruːɡ, “hail”) as cognates. Also compare 靐 (OC *brɯŋs, “sound of thunder”) and 霹靂 (OC *pʰeːɡ reːɡ, “thunder”).
This word is found in many languages of the region. Compare Proto-Hmong-Mien *-roŋ (“dragon”) (White Hmong zaj), Proto-Vietic *-roːŋ (“dragon”) (Vietnamese rồng), Vietnamese thuồng luồng (“serpent-like monster”), Khmer រោង (roong, “year of the dragon”), Thai มะโรง (má-roong, “dragon; year of the dragon”), Lao ມະໂລງ (ma lōng, “year of the dragon”), perhaps also Old Turkic [script needed]|[Term?] (*-lan, suffix denoting a wild, predatory animal) (Turkish aslan (“lion”), kaplan (“tiger”), yılan (“snake”)).

cog-lite

龙
㡣
䮾
䰱
竜
龒
𠉒
𠊋
𢀀
𢄫
𢅛
𥪐
𥪑
𥪖
𥪢
𥫆
𥫈
𦱉
𦱸

排長龍

排长龙

(figurative) queue; line (Classifier: 條／条 c)


real

From Latin rēgālis (“royal”), from rēx (“king”) + -ālis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“ruler, king”).


real

Borrowed from Late Latin reālis (“actual”), from Latin rēs (“matter, thing”).


real

es-adj

real m or f (masculine and feminine plural reales)

Inherited from Latin rēgālis (“regal, royal”), from rēx. Cognate with English regal and royal.


real

(Spain, historical, colloquial) a quarter of a peseta


czar

See tsar. The spelling czar, the older spelling in English, comes from Sigismund von Herberstein's Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii ("Notes on Muscovite Affairs") of 1549. The alternative tsar began to replace it in the 19th century.

drug czar

cyberczar

The federal mental health czar is calling for more money to expand services to help people suffering amid the social isolation imposed by the coronavirus pandemic […]

2020 May 8, Jayne O'Donnell, “'Deaths of despair': Coronavirus pandemic could push suicide, drug deaths as high as 150k, study says”, in USA Today, archived from the original on 2020-05-09:

(informal, US politics, Philippine politics) An appointed official tasked to regulate or oversee a specific area.


czar

pt-noun

czar m (plural czares, feminine czarina, feminine plural czarinas)

czares (plural)
czarina (feminine)
czarinas (feminine plural)
tsar (alternative)
tzar (alternative)

From Russian царь (carʹ), from Old East Slavic цьсарь (cĭsarĭ), from Old Church Slavonic цѣсарь (cěsarĭ), from Proto-Slavic *cěsařь, from a Germanic language, from Proto-Germanic *kaisaraz, from Latin Caesar. Doublet of César and kaiser.


tsar

tsars (plural)
tsari (plural rare)
czar (alternative)
tzar (alternative)
csar (alternative)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: ज़ार (zār), त्सार (tsār)

Urdu: زار (zār), تسار (tsār)

→ Irish: sár

→ Japanese: ツァー (tsā)

Borrowed from Russian царь (carʹ), from Old East Slavic цьсарь (cĭsarĭ), from Proto-Slavic *cěsařь, from a Germanic language, from Proto-Germanic *kaisaraz, from Latin Caesar. Doublet of Caesar and Kaiser. The spelling tsar began to replace the older czar in the nineteenth century. Compare Byzantine Greek Τζαῖσαρ (Tzaîsar).

[W]hy, in the name of common sense, should the English call the Czar (tsar) of Russia razc?

1832 August 1, W. Barnes, “On the Origin of Language”, in Gentleman's Magazine, London, page 129:

I vuz never beink too krazy about any of dose tsari.

1996 May 19, Jim Collier, “King Arthur Discoveries”, in soc.history.medieval (Usenet), archived from the original on 2025-06-07:

>There IS a difference between the Russians as a group of people and Soviet communism!
Ha ha ha! Know any other good ones? First their^([sic]) were the plain old tsari, then the red tsari (Stalin, etc) and know Putin is the 'new look' tsar. But the same beastly imperialist bullying goes on.

2004 April 5, «Pas de deux», “Yes Virginia (Erin), there are bad people in the world, and formewr KGB head Valdimir Putin is one of them....”, in soc.culture.baltics (Usenet), archived from the original on 2025-06-07:

At that time Mongol princes faced the challenge of choosing from three options: either combine all their forces and fight against the Manchus, which were stronger and had taken over all of China at that time, or approach the Russian Tsari as did the Buryat and Khalmig Mongol princedoms or to follow the way of Inner Mongolia and accept relative autonomy given by the Manchu.

2013, Kherlen Badarch, “Post-imperial Mongolia (1368–1691)”, in Integrating New Values into Mongolian Public Management (KWI-Gutachten; 8), Universitätsverlag Potsdam [Potsdam University Press], →ISBN, →ISSN, chapter 4 (Mongolian traditional legacy), section 4 (Mongolian statehood historic tradition), page 84:

(historical) An emperor of Russia (1547 to 1917) and of some South Slavic states.


tsar

Borrowed from Russian царь (carʹ), from Old East Slavic цьсарь (cĭsarĭ), from Proto-Slavic *cěsařь, from a Germanic language, from Proto-Germanic *kaisaraz, from Latin Caesar. Doublet of Cèsar.


tsar

tsars (plural)
czar (alternative)
tzar (alternative)

desc

→ Persian: تزار (tezâr), تسار (tesâr) (rare)

From Russian царь (carʹ), from Old East Slavic цьсарь (cĭsarĭ), from Proto-Slavic *cěsařь, from a Germanic language, from Proto-Germanic *kaisaraz, from Latin Caesar. Doublet of César.


tsar

tsar m (definite singular tsaren, indefinite plural tsarer, definite plural tsarene)

tsaren (definite singular)
tsarer (indefinite plural)
tsarene (definite plural)

From Russian царь (carʹ), from Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂 (kaisar), from Latin Caesar.


tsar

tsar m (definite singular tsaren, indefinite plural tsarar, definite plural tsarane)

tsaren (definite singular)
tsarar (indefinite plural)
tsarane (definite plural)


tsar

tsar (indefinite nominative singular)
tsars (genitive indefinite singular)
tsaren (definite nominative singular)
tsarens (definite genitive singular)
tsarer (indefinite nominative plural)
tsarers (genitive indefinite plural)
tsarerna (definite nominative plural)
tsarernas (definite genitive plural)

From Russian царь (carʹ), from Old East Slavic цьсарь (cĭsarĭ), from Proto-Slavic *cěsařь, from a Germanic language, from Proto-Germanic *kaisaraz, from Latin Caesar.


rex

la-noun

rēx m (genitive rēgis, feminine rēgīna); third declension

rēx (canonical masculine)
rēgis (genitive)
rēgīna (feminine)
rēx (nominative singular)
rēgēs (nominative plural)
rēgis (genitive singular)
rēgum (genitive plural)
rēgī (dative singular)
rēgibus (dative plural)
rēgem (accusative singular)
rēgēs (accusative plural)
rēge (ablative singular)
rēgibus (ablative plural)
rēx (singular vocative)
rēgēs (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

ra

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: rè

Italian: re
→ Maltese: re

Neapolitan: rré

Sicilian: re, reji

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: rà

Old Lombard: rex

Lombard: rè, re

Piedmontese: rèj

Friulian: re

Ladin: re

Ligurian: re

Romansch: retg, raig, rai

Venetan: re

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: rê

desctree

Old French: roi, rex, rei, rai, roy
Middle French: roy
French: roi, roy (obsolete) (pre-1800)
Antillean Creole: wa
Guianese Creole: rwè
Haitian Creole: wa
(perhaps) ⇒ Haitian Creole: lwa
→ English: loa
Karipúna Creole French: hué
Louisiana Creole: rwa
Seychellois Creole: lerwa
Norman:
Continental Normandy: rei
Guernsey: ré, roué
Jersey: rouai
Sark: rwe
Walloon: roy, rwè
→ Middle English: roy, roye
English: roy

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: rei, rey

Catalan: rei

Old Occitan: rei
Occitan: rei, rèi

Ibero-Romance:

Old Navarro-Aragonese: rei, rey

Aragonese: rei

Old Leonese: rei, rey, re

Asturian: rei, reye

Leonese: rei

Mirandese: rei

Old Galician-Portuguese: rei
Fala: rei
Galician: rei
Portuguese: rei (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: rey
Ladino: rey
Spanish: rey
Chavacano: rey
Papiamentu: rey
→ San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo: rey

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: re, rei

→ Albanian: regj

→ Basque: errege

→ English: rex, Rex

→ Esperanto: reĝo

→ Koine Greek: ῥήξ (rhḗx)

→ Greek: ρήγας (rígas)

→ Albanian: rig

→ Romanian: rigă

→ Ido: rejo

→ Interlingua: rege

→ Italian: rege

→ Romanian: rege

→? Sicilian: reghi

desc

→⇒ Translingual: Balaeniceps rex, Tyrannosaurus rex

→ Volapük: reg

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs
Proto-Italic *rēks
Latin rēx
From Proto-Italic *rēks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“king, ruler”). Cognates include Sanskrit राजन् (rā́jan, “king”) and Old Irish rí (“king”).

etymon

rēx

inh

(derogatory) despot, tyrant (during the time of the Republic when there were no kings and executive power was usually divided)


tsarina

head

tsarina (plural tsarinas, masculine tsar)

tsarinas (plural)
tsar (masculine)
czarina (alternative)
tzarina (alternative)

Via Italian czarina or Spanish czarina, from German Czarin, Zarin, feminine form of Czar, Zar. By surface analysis, tsar + -ina.

The biggest Russian czarina was Catherine the Great, a German, who incidentally made Crimea part of Russia.

2022 January 25, Katrin Bennhold, quoting Matthias Platzeck, “Where Is Germany in the Ukraine Standoff? Its Allies Wonder.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(historical) An empress of several Eastern European countries, especially Russia, or the wife of a tsar.


tsarina

nl-noun

tsarina f (plural tsarina's, masculine tsaar)

Probably from Italian or Spanish, cf. the English etymology.

tsarina (female tsar/empress, wife of a tsar)


tsarina

tsarina m (definite singular tsarinaen, indefinite plural tsarinaer, definite plural tsarinaene)

tsarinaen (definite singular)
tsarinaer (indefinite plural)
tsarinaene (definite plural)

From German Zarin, a feminine form of Zar (“Tsar”).


tsarina

tsarina f (definite singular tsarinaa, indefinite plural tsarinaer, definite plural tsarinaene)

tsarinaa (definite singular)
tsarinaer (indefinite plural)
tsarinaene (definite plural)


царь

ru-noun+

царь • (carʹ) m anim (genitive царя́, nominative plural цари́, genitive plural царе́й, feminine цари́ца, relational adjective царёв or ца́рский, diminutive царёк)

carʹ (romanization)
царя́ (genitive)
цари́ (nominative plural)
царе́й (genitive plural)
цари́ца (feminine)
царёв (adjective relational)
ца́рский (adjective relational)
царёк (diminutive)
ца́рь (nominative singular)
цари́ (nominative plural)
царя́ (genitive singular)
царе́й (genitive plural)
царю́ (dative singular)
царя́м (dative plural)
царя́ (accusative singular)
царе́й (accusative plural)
царём (instrumental singular)
царя́ми (instrumental plural)
царе́ (prepositional singular)
царя́х (plural prepositional)
царю́ (singular vocative)
ца́рь (dated nominative singular)
цари́ (dated nominative plural)
царя́ (dated genitive singular)
царе́й (dated genitive plural)
царю́ (dated dative singular)
царя́мъ (dated dative plural)
царя́ (accusative dated singular)
царе́й (accusative dated plural)
царёмъ (dated instrumental singular)
царя́ми (dated instrumental plural)
царѣ́ (dated prepositional singular)
царя́хъ (dated plural prepositional)
царю́ (dated singular vocative)

→ Arabic: تْسَار (tsār)

→ Armenian: ցար (cʻar)

→ Catalan: tsar

small

→ Chinese: 沙皇 (shāhuáng) (phonetic 沙 (shā) + semantic 皇 (huáng, “emperor”))

→ Vietnamese: sa hoàng

→ Danish: zar

desctree

→ Dutch: tsaar
Afrikaans: tsaar
→ West Frisian: tsaar

→ English: tsar, czar, tzar, csar
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: ज़ार (zār), त्सार (tsār)
Urdu: زار (zār), تسار (tsār)
→ Irish: sár
→ Japanese: ツァー (tsā)

→ Esperanto: caro

→ Estonian: tsaar

→ Faroese: sarur

→ Finnish: tsaari

→ French: tsar, czar, tzar
→ Persian: تزار (tezâr), تسار (tesâr) (rare)

→ Galician: tsar

→ German: Zar

→ Greek: τσάρος (tsáros)

→ Hungarian: cár

→ Ingrian: tsaari

→ Italian: zar

→ Japanese: ツァーリ (tsāri)

→ Khmer: ត្សារ (tsaa)

→ Korean: 차르 (chareu)

→ Latvian: cars

→ Lithuanian: caras

→ Norwegian: tsar

→ Polish: car

→ Portuguese: czar

→ Romanian: țar

→ Slovak: cár

Samic:

→ Skolt Sami: caarr

→ Kildin Sami: цоа̄рр (cåårr)

→ Ter Sami: ца̄рр (câ̄rr)

→ Spanish: zar

→ Swedish: tsar

→ Thai: ซาร์ (saa)

→ Turkish: çar

→ Yiddish: צאַר (tsar)

→ Uzbek: чор (chor)

Inherited from Old East Slavic цьсарь (cĭsarĭ), from цѣсарь (cěsarĭ), from Proto-Slavic *cěsařь, from a Germanic language, from Proto-Germanic *kaisaraz, from Latin Caesar.

inh+

царь звере́й

царь и бог

царь небе́сный

царь царе́й

при царе́ Горо́хе

in the year dot; a very long time ago; since the beginning

Он без царя́ в голове́!

king (figuratively, or referring to ancient or non-European monarchs)


царица

цари́ца (canonical)
caríca (romanization)
цар (masculine)
цари́ца (indefinite singular)
цари́ци (indefinite plural)
цари́цата (definite singular)
цари́ците (definite plural)
цари́це (singular vocative)
цари́ци (plural vocative)

bg-ndecl

цари́ца<(v)>


царица

ru-noun+

цари́ца • (caríca) f anim (genitive цари́цы, nominative plural цари́цы, genitive plural цари́ц, masculine царь)

цари́ца (canonical)
caríca (romanization)
цари́цы (genitive)
цари́цы (nominative plural)
цари́ц (genitive plural)
царь (masculine)
цари́ца (nominative singular)
цари́цы (nominative plural)
цари́цы (genitive singular)
цари́ц (genitive plural)
цари́це (dative singular)
цари́цам (dative plural)
цари́цу (accusative singular)
цари́ц (accusative plural)
цари́цей (instrumental singular)
цари́цею (instrumental singular)
цари́цами (instrumental plural)
цари́це (prepositional singular)
цари́цах (plural prepositional)
цари́ца (dated nominative singular)
цари́цы (dated nominative plural)
цари́цы (dated genitive singular)
цари́цъ (dated genitive plural)
цари́цѣ (dated dative singular)
цари́цамъ (dated dative plural)
цари́цу (accusative dated singular)
цари́цъ (accusative dated plural)
цари́цей (dated instrumental singular)
цари́цею (dated instrumental singular)
цари́цами (dated instrumental plural)
цари́цѣ (dated prepositional singular)
цари́цахъ (dated plural prepositional)

цари́ца Са́вская

empress, queen (in ancient or non-European monarchies)


царица

ца̏рица (canonical feminine)
cȁrica (romanization)
царица (nominative singular)
царице (nominative plural)
царице (genitive singular)
царица (genitive plural)
царици (dative singular)
царицама (dative plural)
царицу (accusative singular)
царице (accusative plural)
царице (singular vocative)
царице (plural vocative)
царици (locative singular)
царицама (locative plural)
царицом (instrumental singular)
царицама (instrumental plural)


Pharao

Borrowed from Latin Pharao, from Ancient Greek Φαραώ (Pharaṓ), from Biblical Hebrew פַּרְעֹה (par‘ōh), from Egyptian pr:aA (pr-ꜥꜣ, “palace”, “pharaoh”).

der

<i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">pr-ꜥꜣ</i>

Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church
Þā æt nēxtan forlēt Pharao Israhela folc of his earde siðian mid miċċlum ǣhtum, and God ġesette ðone foresǣdan Moysen his folce tō heretogan, and his broðer Aaron tō sacerde; and hī lǣddon þæt folce tō ðǣre Rēadan sǣ mid miċelre fyrdinge, þæt wǣron six hund þūsenda wīgendra manna, buton wīfum and ċildum.

Then at last Pharaoh allowed the people of Israel to leave his land with much livestock, and God appointed the aforementioned Moses as the leader of his people, and his brother Aaron as priest; and they led the people to the Red Sea with a great host, which numbered six hundred thousand warriors, not counting women and children.


interregnum

en-noun

interregnum (plural interregnums or interregna)

interregnums (plural)
interregna (plural)

/ˌɪntəɹˈɹɛɡnəm/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-interregnum.wav

فترة

period of time between the end of a sovereign's reign and the accession of another sovereign

(politics) A period of time during which normal executive leadership is suspended or interrupted.


interregnum

interregnum (nominative singular)
interregna (nominative plural)
interregnum (genitive singular)
interregnów (genitive plural)
interregnum (dative singular)
interregnom (dative plural)
interregnum (accusative singular)
interregna (accusative plural)
interregnum (instrumental singular)
interregnami (instrumental plural)
interregnum (locative singular)
interregnach (locative plural)
interregnum (singular vocative)
interregna (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin interrēgnum.

lbor

interregnum (period of time between the end of a sovereign's reign and the accession of another sovereign)

interregnum (period of time during which normal executive leadership is suspended or interrupted)

(Ancient Rome, historical) interregnum (period of time between consuls' terms of office)


infant

cs-noun

infant m anim (female equivalent infantka)

infantka (feminine)
infant (nominative singular)
infanti (nominative plural)
infanta (genitive singular)
infantů (genitive plural)
infantovi (dative singular)
infantu (dative singular)
infantům (dative plural)
infanta (accusative singular)
infanty (accusative plural)
infante (singular vocative)
infanti (plural vocative)
infantovi (locative singular)
infantu (locative singular)
infantech (locative plural)
infantem (instrumental singular)
infanty (instrumental plural)

Borrowed from Spanish infante, from Latin īnfāns.

(historical) infante (son of the king of Spain or Portugal)


infant

pl-noun

infant m pers (female equivalent infantka)

infantka (feminine)
infant (nominative singular)
infanci (nominative plural)
infanty (derogatory nominative plural)
infanta (genitive singular)
infantów (genitive plural)
infantowi (dative singular)
infantom (dative plural)
infanta (accusative singular)
infantów (accusative plural)
infantem (instrumental singular)
infantami (instrumental plural)
infancie (locative singular)
infantach (locative plural)
infancie (singular vocative)
infanci (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Spanish infante and Portuguese infante, from Latin īnfāns.


farao

farao m anim or (canonical neuter)
farao (nominative singular)
faraoni (nominative plural)
faraonové (nominative plural)
faraona (genitive singular)
faraonů (genitive plural)
faraonovi (dative singular)
faraonu (dative singular)
faraonům (dative plural)
faraona (accusative singular)
faraony (accusative plural)
faraone (singular vocative)
faraoni (plural vocative)
faraonové (plural vocative)
faraonovi (locative singular)
faraonu (locative singular)
faraonech (locative plural)
faraonem (instrumental singular)
faraony (instrumental plural)
farao (nominative singular)
faraa (nominative plural)
faraa (genitive singular)
faraí (genitive plural)
farau (dative singular)
faraům (dative plural)
farao (accusative singular)
faraa (accusative plural)
farao (singular vocative)
faraa (plural vocative)
farau (locative singular)
faraech (locative plural)
faraem (instrumental singular)
faray (instrumental plural)


farao

head

farao c (singular definite faraoen, plural indefinite faraoer or faraoner)

faraoen (definite singular)
faraoer (indefinite plural)
faraoner (indefinite plural)
farao (indefinite nominative singular)
faraoen (definite nominative singular)
faraoer (indefinite nominative plural)
faraoner (indefinite nominative plural)
faraoerne (definite nominative plural)
faraonerne (definite nominative plural)
faraos (genitive indefinite singular)
faraoens (definite genitive singular)
faraoers (genitive indefinite plural)
faraoners (genitive indefinite plural)
faraoernes (definite genitive plural)
faraonernes (definite genitive plural)

From Late Latin pharaō, from Ancient Greek φαραώ (pharaṓ), from Hebrew פַּרְעֹה (par‘ōh), from Egyptian pr-ꜥꜣ (“palace, pharaoh”), literally pr (“house”) + ꜥꜣ (“great, big”).


farao

nl-noun

farao m (plural farao's, diminutive faraootje n)

farao's (plural)
faraootje (diminutive neuter)


farao

farao m (definite singular faraoen, indefinite plural faraoer, definite plural faraoene)

faraoen (definite singular)
faraoer (indefinite plural)
faraoene (definite plural)

a pharaoh (supreme ruler of ancient Egypt)


farao

farao m (definite singular faraoen, indefinite plural faraoar, definite plural faraoane)

faraoen (definite singular)
faraoar (indefinite plural)
faraoane (definite plural)


farao

farao (indefinite nominative singular)
faraos (genitive indefinite singular)
faraon (definite nominative singular)
faraons (definite genitive singular)
faraoner (indefinite nominative plural)
faraoners (genitive indefinite plural)
faraonerna (definite nominative plural)
faraonernas (definite genitive plural)

Inherited from Old Swedish pharao, from Late Latin Pharaō, from Ancient Greek Φαραώ (Pharaṓ), from Hebrew פַּרְעֹה (par‘ōh).


imperial

en-noun

imperial (countable and uncountable, plural imperials)

From Middle English imperial, from Old French imperial, from Latin imperiālis (“of the empire or emperor, imperial”), from imperium (“empire, imperial government”) + -ālis, from imperō (“command, order”), from im- (“form of in”) + parō (“prepare, arrange; intend”). Displaced Old English cāserlīċ.

der

There are who say the sonnet's meted maze
Is all too fettered for the poet's powers,
Compelled to crowd his flush and airy flowers
Like pots of tall imperials, ill at ease.

1816, John Freeman Milward Dovaston, The Sonnet:


imperial

ca-adj

imperial m or f (masculine and feminine plural imperials)


imperial

head

imperial (plural and weak singular imperiale)

imperiale (plural)
imperiale (singular weak)
inperial (alternative)
imperyal (alternative)
inperyal (alternative)
imperyall (alternative)
imperiall (alternative)
emperiall (alternative)
empirial (alternative)

English: imperial

Scots: imperial

Borrowed from Old French imperial, emperial, from Latin imperiālis; equivalent to emperie + -al.

Imperial; related to or being of an empire or its ruler.


imperial

Learned borrowing from Latin imperiālis.

«Traga-me mais uma imperial», disse eu ao empregado. Tinha uma praticamente cheia, mas não gosto de ser apanhado desprevenido. O Juvenal julgou que era para ele e agradeceu, eu disse-lhe «nada», e peguei na imperial, passei as ...

2013, Afonso Cruz, Alice Vieira, André Gago, Catarina Fonseca, David Machado, Isabel Stidwell, José Fanha, A misteriosa mulher da ópera, Leya, →ISBN, page 155:


imperial

ro-adj

imperial m or n (feminine singular imperială, masculine plural imperiali, feminine and neuter plural imperiale)

imperială (feminine singular)
imperiali (masculine plural)
imperiale (feminine neuter plural)
imperial (indefinite masculine neuter singular)
imperială (feminine indefinite singular)
imperiali (indefinite masculine plural)
imperiale (feminine indefinite neuter plural)
imperialul (definite masculine neuter singular)
imperiala (definite feminine singular)
imperialii (definite masculine plural)
imperialele (definite feminine neuter plural)
imperiale (feminine indefinite singular)
imperialului (definite masculine neuter singular)
imperialei (definite feminine singular)
imperialilor (definite masculine plural)
imperialelor (definite feminine neuter plural)

Borrowed from French impérial and Latin imperiālis. By surface analysis, imperiu + -al.


imperial

es-adj

imperial m or f (masculine and feminine plural imperiales)

Borrowed from Latin imperiālis (“of the empire or emperor, imperial”), from imperium (“empire, imperial government”) + -ālis, from imperō (“command, order”), from im- (“form of in”) + parō (“prepare, arrange; intend”).


orb

From Middle English orbe, from Old French orbe, from Latin orbis (“circle, orb”). Compare orbit.

(military) A body of soldiers drawn up in a circle, as for defence, especially infantry to repel cavalry.


shah

shahs (plural)
schah (alternative archaic)
šâh (alternative)
šāh (alternative)
shāh (alternative)
s̲h̲āh (alternative)

From Persian شاه (šâh), from Middle Persian 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (šāh), from Old Persian 𐏋 (XŠ /xšāyaθiya/). Doublet of check. More at chess.

A supreme ruler in some West Asian, Central Asian or South Asian nations.


shah

shah (indefinite nominative singular)
shahs (genitive indefinite singular)
shahen (definite nominative singular)
shahens (definite genitive singular)
shaher (indefinite nominative plural)
shahers (genitive indefinite plural)
shaherna (definite nominative plural)
shahernas (definite genitive plural)

From Persian شاه (šâh), from Middle Persian 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (šāh), from Old Persian 𐏋 (xšāyaθiya). Doublet of schack (“chess; check”).


crown prince

crown princes (plural)
Crown Prince (alternative)

A person designated and raised to become the next emperor.


cár

cárovná (feminine)
cár (nominative singular)
cári (nominative plural)
cárovia (nominative plural)
cára (genitive singular)
cárov (genitive plural)
cárovi (dative singular)
cárom (dative plural)
cára (accusative singular)
cárov (accusative plural)
cárovi (locative singular)
cároch (locative plural)
cárom (instrumental singular)
cármi (instrumental plural)

Derived from Russian царь (carʹ), from Proto-Slavic *cěsařь, from a Germanic language, from Proto-Germanic *kaisaraz, from Latin Caesar.


cisár

sk-noun

cisár m pers (female equivalent cisárovná, relational adjective cisársky)

cisárovná (feminine)
cisársky (adjective relational)
singular
plural
nominative
cisár
cisári
genitive
cisára
cisárov
dative
cisárovi
cisárom
accusative
locative
cisároch
instrumental
cisármi

Borrowed from Czech císař, from Proto-Slavic *cěsařь.


emperador

ca-noun

emperador m (plural emperadors, feminine emperadriu)

emperadors (plural)
emperadriu (feminine)

From Latin imperātōrem. Documented since ca. 1280.


emperador

es-noun

emperador m (plural emperadores, feminine emperatriz or emperadora, feminine plural emperatrices or emperadoras)

emperadores (plural)
emperatriz (feminine)
emperadora (feminine)
emperatrices (feminine plural)
emperadoras (feminine plural)

→ Tagalog: emperador

From Old Spanish emperador, from Latin imperātōrem.


emperador

tl-noun

emperadór (Baybayin spelling ᜁᜋ᜔ᜉᜒᜇᜇᜓᜇ᜔)

emperadór (canonical)
ᜁᜋ᜔ᜉᜒᜇᜇᜓᜇ᜔ (Baybayin)

[ʔɛm.pɛ.ɾɐˈd̪oɾ]


royal

en-adj

royal (comparative royaler or royaller, superlative royalest or royallest)

royaler (comparative)
royaller (comparative)
royalest (superlative)
royallest (superlative)
r. (alternative abbreviation)
roial (alternative obsolete)
roiall (alternative obsolete)
royall (alternative obsolete)
royaler (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English royal, from Old French roial (Modern French royal), from Latin rēgālis, from rēx (“king”). Doublet of regal (“befitting a king”), real (“unit of currency”), ariary, and riyal. Cognate with Spanish real. Displaced native Old English cynelīċ.

doublet

How doth that royal Merchant good Anthonio;

c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii], page 175, column 2:

Having the air or demeanour of a monarch; illustrious; magnanimous; of more than common size or excellence.

(boxing, military) Free-for-all, especially involving multiple combatants.


royal

nl-noun

royal m or f (plural royals, diminutive [please provide])


royal

fr-adj

royal (feminine royale, masculine plural royaux, feminine plural royales)

royale (feminine)
royaux (masculine plural)
royales (feminine plural)

→ Belarusian: рая́ль (rajálʹ)

→ Bulgarian: роя́л (rojál)

→ Lithuanian: rojalis

→ Russian: роя́ль (rojálʹ)

→ Ukrainian: роя́ль (rojálʹ)

Inherited from Middle French roial, from Old French roial, from earlier reial, real, from very early Old French (c. 880) regiel, from Latin rēgālis, from rēx (“king”) + -ālis. Equivalent to roi + -al.


royal

English: royal

From Old French roial, from Latin rēgālis. Doublet of ryal.

roial (alternative)
roiall (alternative)
royall (alternative)
royalle (alternative)
roialle (alternative)
roall (alternative)


βασιλεύς

grc-noun

βᾰσῐλεύς • (băsĭleús) m (genitive βᾰσῐλέως); third declension

βᾰσῐλεύς (canonical)
băsĭleús (romanization)
βᾰσῐλέως (genitive)
ὁ βᾰσῐλεύς (nominative singular)
βᾰσῐλῆ (dual nominative)
οἱ βᾰσῐλῆς (nominative plural)
βᾰσῐλεῖς (nominative plural)
τοῦ βᾰσῐλέως (genitive singular)
βᾰσῐλέοιν (dual genitive)
βᾰσῐλέων (genitive plural)
τῷ βᾰσῐλεῖ (dative singular)
βᾰσῐλέοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς βᾰσῐλεῦσῐ (dative plural)
βᾰσῐλεῦσῐν (dative plural)
toîs băsĭleûsĭ (dative plural)
toîs băsĭleûsĭn (dative plural)
τὸν βᾰσῐλέᾱ (accusative singular)
βᾰσῐλῆ (accusative dual)
τοὺς βᾰσῐλέᾱς (accusative plural)
βᾰσῐλεῦ (singular vocative)
βᾰσῐλῆ (dual vocative)
βᾰσῐλῆς (plural vocative)
βᾰσῐλεῖς (plural vocative)
βᾰσῐλεύς (nominative singular)
βᾰσῐλῆε (dual nominative)
βᾰσῐλῆες (nominative plural)
βᾰσῐλῆος (genitive singular)
βᾰσῐλέος (genitive singular)
βᾰσῐλήοιῐν (dual genitive)
βᾰσῐλήων (genitive plural)
βᾰσῐλῆῐ̈ (dative singular)
βᾰσῐλέῐ̈ (dative singular)
βᾰσῐλήοιῐν (dative dual)
βᾰσῐλήεσσῐ (dative plural)
βᾰσῐλήεσσῐν (dative plural)
βᾰσῐλεῦσῐ (dative plural)
βᾰσῐλεῦσῐν (dative plural)
băsĭlḗessĭ (dative plural)
băsĭlḗessĭn (dative plural)
băsĭleûsĭ (dative plural)
băsĭleûsĭn (dative plural)
βᾰσῐλῆᾰ (accusative singular)
βᾰσῐλέᾰ (accusative singular)
βᾰσῐλῆε (accusative dual)
βᾰσῐλῆᾰς (accusative plural)
βᾰσῐλεῦ (singular vocative)
βᾰσῐλῆε (dual vocative)
βᾰσῐλῆες (plural vocative)
βᾰσῐλῆος (alternative)
βᾰσῐλῆϝος (alternative)
𐠞𐠪𐠐𐠵𐠩 (alternative)
βᾰσῐλῆϝς (alternative)
βαἱ̈λεύς (alternative Laconian)

grc-decl

βᾰσῐλῆς, βᾰσῐλεῖς

desc

Greek: βασιλεύς (vasiléfs), βασιλέας (vasiléas), βασιλιάς (vasiliás)

Mariupol Greek: васлэ́яс (vasléjas)

→ Arabic: بَاسِل (bāsil, proper name)

→ Coptic: ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲗⲉⲩⲥ (basileus)

→ English: basileus, basilean, basileolatry, basilolatry

→ Medieval Latin: basileus

→ Safaitic: 𐪈𐪊𐪁 (bs¹l /bāsil/, proper name)

From Proto-Hellenic *gʷatiléus, with σ (s) developing by assibilation. Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀣𐀯𐀩𐀄 (qa-si-re-u), that is, *gʷasileus. Further etymology uncertain. Multiple Indo-European etymologies have been advanced, while Beekes considers it Pre-Greek in origin. Possibly from an Anatolian language (see Lydian 𐤡𐤠𐤯𐤯𐤬𐤳 (pattoš, “king”)), although the Mycenaean (Linear B) evidence points to an original form with initial gʷ.
Case-forms show Attic shortening of the original stem βασιληϝ- (basilēw-); see quantitative metathesis.


imperator

pl-noun

imperator m pers (female equivalent imperatorowa)

imperatorowa (feminine)
imperator (nominative singular)
imperatorzy (nominative plural)
imperatorowie (nominative plural)
imperatora (genitive singular)
imperatorów (genitive plural)
imperatorowi (dative singular)
imperatorom (dative plural)
imperatora (accusative singular)
imperatorów (accusative plural)
imperatorem (instrumental singular)
imperatorami (instrumental plural)
imperatorze (locative singular)
imperatorach (locative plural)
imperatorze (singular vocative)
imperatorzy (plural vocative)
imperatorowie (plural vocative)


imperator

sh-noun

impèrātor m (Cyrillic spelling импѐра̄тор)

impèrātor (canonical masculine)
импѐра̄тор (Cyrillic)
imperator (nominative singular)
imperatori (nominative plural)
imperatora (genitive singular)
imperatora (genitive plural)
imperatoru (dative singular)
imperatorima (dative plural)
imperatora (accusative singular)
imperatore (accusative plural)
imperatore (singular vocative)
imperatori (plural vocative)
imperatoru (locative singular)
imperatorima (locative plural)
imperatorom (instrumental singular)
imperatorima (instrumental plural)


cyning

cyning (nominative singular)
cyningas (nominative plural)
cyning (accusative singular)
cyningas (accusative plural)
cyninges (genitive singular)
cyninga (genitive plural)
cyninge (dative singular)
cyningum (dative plural)
cining (alternative)
cyng (alternative)
cyneg (alternative)
cynig (alternative)
cuning (alternative)
kyning (alternative)
kining (alternative)
king (alternative)
kuning (alternative)
cyncg (alternative)
cyngc (alternative)
kyningc (alternative)
kung (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: king, kenin, kening, kinig (in compounds, toponymic), gug, kug (in compounds, influenced by Old Norse (see etymology)), knyng (transmission error), chinge, chinȝ, cing, cining, cinȝ, ging, keing, keng, kingk, kingue, kining, kink, kyng, kynge
English: king (see there for further descendants)
Scots: keeng, king
Yola: kinge, king

→ English: cyning (learned)

From Proto-West Germanic *kuning, from Proto-Germanic *kuningaz, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to procreate”). Equivalent to cynn + -ing.

der

late 10th century, Ælfric, Lives of Saints
þā wēop sē cyning and þancode gode his gōdan wyllan.

Then the king wept and thanked God for his good will.


regn

regnuri (plural)
regn (accusative indefinite nominative singular)
regnul (accusative definite nominative singular)
regnuri (accusative indefinite nominative plural)
regnurile (accusative definite nominative plural)
regn (indefinite singular)
regnului (definite singular)
regnuri (indefinite plural)
regnurilor (definite plural)
regnule (singular vocative)
regnurilor (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French règne, from Latin regnum.


rey

Ladino: rey

desctree

Spanish: rey
Chavacano: rey
Papiamentu: rey
→ San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo: rey

From Latin rēgem, singular accusative of rēx, from Proto-Italic *rēks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“ruler, king”).

der

embiol ael aſenachaerib toda la plata q̃ pudo trobar en la del criador. e el teſoro de los reẏſ. eſtoz cranto ezechias las puertas del temple e todo quanto pudo aũ embiolo al reẏ de ſiria esto peſo al criador

c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 53v:

He sent Sennacherib all the silver he could find in the [house] of the Creator and the treasury of the kings. Then Hezekiah broke the doors of the temple and all that there was he sent to the king of Assyria. This weighed upon the Creator.


rey

Chavacano: rey

Papiamentu: rey

→ San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo: rey

Inherited from Old Spanish rey, from Latin rēgem, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs.

en el reino de los ciegos, el tuerto es el rey


šach

šach (nominative singular)
šachy (nominative plural)
šachu (genitive singular)
šachů (genitive plural)
šachu (dative singular)
šachům (dative plural)
šach (accusative singular)
šachy (accusative plural)
šachu (singular vocative)
šachy (plural vocative)
šachu (locative singular)
šachách (locative plural)
šachem (instrumental singular)
šachy (instrumental plural)

Via Arabic, from Classical Persian شاه (šāh).


šach

šach (nominative singular)
šachové (nominative plural)
šacha (genitive singular)
šachů (genitive plural)
šachovi (dative singular)
šachu (dative singular)
šachům (dative plural)
šacha (accusative singular)
šachy (accusative plural)
šachu (singular vocative)
šachové (plural vocative)
šachovi (locative singular)
šachu (locative singular)
šaších (locative plural)
šachem (instrumental singular)
šachy (instrumental plural)


šach

singular
plural
nominative
šach
šachovia
genitive
šacha
šachov
dative
šachovi
šachom
accusative
locative
šachoch
instrumental
šachmi


šach

sk-noun

šach m inan (relational adjective šachový)

šachový (adjective relational)
singular
plural
nominative
šach
šachy
genitive
šachu
šachov
dative
šachom
accusative
locative
šachoch
instrumental
šachmi


absolut

absolut (nominative singular)
absoluci (nominative plural)
absoluty (derogatory nominative plural)
absoluta (genitive singular)
absolutów (genitive plural)
absolutowi (dative singular)
absolutom (dative plural)
absoluta (accusative singular)
absolutów (accusative plural)
absolutem (instrumental singular)
absolutami (instrumental plural)
absolucie (locative singular)
absolutach (locative plural)
absolucie (singular vocative)
absoluci (plural vocative)
absoluta (alternative Middle Polish)

Borrowed from German Absolutes or French absolut, from Latin absolūtus. First attested in 1701–1750.

ref

Wiesław Morawski (28.10.2021) “ABSOLUT”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

Kędy Tron, Abſolutom, moc ſtráſzliwą daie, Są nayslabſze, Bo wnich Krol, bierze, ruinuie, Sam wſzytko, gdy ſam ieden Páństwo obeymuie.

1736, Jan Jabłonowski, Historya Telemaka, syna Ulissesa, krola greckiego Itaku, page 175:

When the trone gives extreme power to absolute monarchs, they are the weakest, because in them, the king takes and ruins everything himself, when he rules the nation himself.

Abſolut w mowie, dyſkurs drugich gaśi, Albo z dyſguſtem ckliwym minę kwaśi.

1756, Józef Minasowicz, Zbior rytmow polskich Jozefa Epifaniusza Minasowicza … . Częsc pierwsza- [wtora], volume 3, page 335:

The word absolute in speech silences the other's discussion, or sours his face with a look of disgust.


מלך

he-noun

מֶלֶךְ • (mélekh) m (plural indefinite מְלָכִים, singular construct מֶלֶךְ־, plural construct מַלְכֵי־, feminine counterpart מַלְכָּה, Biblical Hebrew pausal form מָלֶךְ) [pattern: קֶטֶל]

מֶלֶךְ (canonical)
mélekh (romanization)
מְלָכִים (indefinite plural)
מֶלֶךְ־ (construct singular)
מַלְכֵי־ (construct plural)
מַלְכָּה (feminine)
form מָלֶךְ (Biblical-Hebrew pausal)
מֶלֶךְ (indefinite singular)
מַלְכִּי (feminine first-person masculine possessed-form singular)
מַלְכֵּנוּ (feminine first-person masculine plural possessed-form)
הַמֶּלֶךְ (definite singular)
מַלְכְּךָ (masculine possessed-form second-person singular)
מַלְכֵּךְ (feminine possessed-form second-person singular)
מַלְכְּכֶם (masculine plural possessed-form second-person)
מַלְכְּכֶן (feminine plural possessed-form second-person)
מֶלֶךְ־ (construct singular)
מַלְכּוֹ (masculine possessed-form singular third-person)
מַלְכָּהּ (feminine possessed-form singular third-person)
מַלְכָּם (masculine plural possessed-form third-person)
מַלְכָּן (feminine plural possessed-form third-person)
מְלָכִים (indefinite plural)
מלכיי (feminine first-person masculine possessed-form singular)
מְלָכַי (feminine first-person masculine possessed-form singular)
מְלָכֵינוּ (feminine first-person masculine plural possessed-form)
הַמְּלָכִים (definite plural)
מְלָכֶיךָ (masculine possessed-form second-person singular)
מלכייך (feminine possessed-form second-person singular)
מְלָכַיִךְ (feminine possessed-form second-person singular)
מַלְכֵיכֶם (masculine plural possessed-form second-person)
מַלְכֵיכֶן (feminine plural possessed-form second-person)
מַלְכֵי־ (construct plural)
מְלָכָיו (masculine possessed-form singular third-person)
מְלָכֶיהָ (feminine possessed-form singular third-person)
מַלְכֵיהֶם (masculine plural possessed-form third-person)
מַלְכֵיהֶן (feminine plural possessed-form third-person)

Inherited from Proto-Semitic *malk-. Cognate to Aramaic מַלְכָּא (malkā, “king”), Arabic مَلِك (malik, “king”) and Akkadian 𒂷𒆪 (malku, “prince”).

[…] וְלֹא עָשׂוּ כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר אֲלֵיהֶן מֶלֶךְ מִצְרָיִם […]

Tanach, [[s:he:T0201#א_יז|1:17]], with translation of the King James Version:

[…] and did not as the king of Egypt commanded them […]

[…] v'ló asú ka'ashér dibér aleihén mélekh mitsráyim […]

היי דוד סקאר, כשאהיה מלך, מה אתה תהיה?

1994, The Lion King, spoken by Simba (Doron Ben-Ami):

Hey Uncle Scar, when I'm King, what'll that make you?

Hey Dod Skar, kshe'éye mélech, ma atá tíye?


מלך

yi-noun

מלך • (meylekh) m, plural מלכים (melokhem)

meylekh (romanization)
melokhem (romanization)


מלכה

he-noun

מַלְכָּה • (malká) f (plural indefinite מְלָכוֹת, singular construct מַלְכַּת־, masculine counterpart מֶלֶךְ) [pattern: קַטְלָה]

מַלְכָּה (canonical)
malká (romanization)
מְלָכוֹת (indefinite plural)
מַלְכַּת־ (construct singular)
מֶלֶךְ (masculine)


corona

Inherited from Latin corōna, from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē, “garland, wreath”). Compare Occitan corona, French couronne.

der

crown (imperial or regal power, or those who wield it)


corona

→ Byzantine Greek: κορόνα (koróna)

desctree

Greek: κορώνα (koróna), κορόνα (koróna)
→? Bulgarian: корона (korona)
→? Romanian: coroană

From Latin corōna, from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē, “garland, wreath”). Compare also cruna, probably from a derivative of the same Latin word.


corona

→ Karao: korona

Inherited from Old Spanish corona, from Latin corōna (“crown”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē, “garland, wreath”).


hetman

From Polish hetman, probably from Middle High German houbetman, heuptman (“commander”), from Old High German houbitman, from Proto-West Germanic *haubidamann. Compare modern German Hauptmann (“captain”), Haupt, Mann. The Polish e in hetman attests to a borrowing from an East Central German dialect, in which Middle High German -öu- gives -ē-. Doublet of head man.

Title used by the second-highest military commander in Poland and Lithuania (15th to 18th century).

getman

a historical military commander in various Eastern European countries


coronation

/kɒɹəˈneɪʃn̩/

/ˌkɔɹəˈneɪʃ(ə)n/

Cecil Beaton
Coronation of the Virgin
Elizabeth II

From Late Middle English coronacion, coronacioun (“crowning of a sovereign or his consort; powers conferred by this ceremony; crowning of the Virgin Mary; (figuratively) placing of a crown of thorns on Jesus; act of rewarding a person with eternal life, happiness, honour, etc.”) [and other forms], borrowed from Anglo-Norman coronacion and Old French coronacion, coronation, from Late Latin *corōnātiōnem, from Latin corōnō (“to coronate, crown (with a crown, garland, etc.)”) + -ātiōnem (suffix forming nouns relating to actions or their results). Corōnō is derived from corōna (“garland, wreath; crown”).

ref

From the collection of the Gallerie dell’Accademia in Venice, Italy.

nb...

corenacioun, corenacyon, coronacyon, coronacyone, coronatyown

der

[A]nd if vvee be Spouſes of this Bridegroom [Jesus], vvee cannot but (as vvee are exhorted) rejoyce in that the marriage of the Lambe is come, and the day of our ovvn coronation vvith an incorruptible Crovvn of glory.

1612, Thomas Taylor, “A Commentary upon the Epistle of St. Paul Written to Titus. [Second Chapter.]”, in The Works of the Judicious and Learned Divine Thomas Taylor […], volume II, London: […] Tho[mas] Ratcliffe, for John Bartlet the Elder, […], published 1659, →OCLC, page 352:

(literally, also attributively) An act of investing with a crown; a crowning.

King Charles III’s coronation is to be much less elaborate compared to his mother’s.

Some reaſons of this double Corronation / I haue poſſeſſt you vvith, and thinke them ſtrong.

c. 1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life and Death of King Iohn”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene ii], page 15, column 1:

[John] Fal[staff]. VVhat diſeaſe haſt thou? / [Peter] Bul[lcalf]. A horſon cold ſir, a cough ſir, vvhich I cought vvith ringing in the Kings affaires vpon his coronation day ſir.

c. 1596–1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, The Second Part of Henrie the Fourth, […], quarto edition, London: […] V[alentine] S[immes] for Andrew Wise, and William Aspley, published 1600, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:

[T]he Lady Anne, / VVhom the King hath in ſecrecie long married, / This day vvas vievv'd in open, as his Queene, / Going to Chappell; and the voyce is novv / Onely about her Corronation.

1613 (date written), William Shakespeare, [John Fletcher], “The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eight”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii], page 223, column 1:

It is well known that at the coronation of kings and queens, even modern ones, a certain curious process of seasoning them for their functions is gone through. […] Certain I am, however, that a king's head is solemnly oiled at his coronation, even as a head of salad. […] But the only thing to be considered here, is this—what kind of oil is used at coronations? Certainly it cannot be olive oil, nor macassar oil, nor castor oil, nor bear's oil, nor train oil, nor cod-liver oil. What then can it possibly be, but sperm oil in its unmanufactured, unpolluted state, the sweetest of all oils? Think of that, ye loyal Britons! we whalemen supply your kings and queens with coronation stuff!

1851 November 14, Herman Melville, “Postscript”, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, page 124:

[George Friederic] Handel's coronation anthem, God save the King, was played by Dr. Camidge [i.e., John Camidge II] on the organ, with sublime effect. The minister and the music were made for each other.

1856, R[alph] W[aldo] Emerson, “Religion”, in English Traits, Boston, Mass.: Phillips, Sampson, and Company, →OCLC, pages 219–220:

Over the mantelpiece, which is high, with brass candlesticks and two ‘Coronation’ tumblers in enamel, hangs a picture of Venice, from one of [William Thomas] Stead’s Christmas Numbers – nevertheless, satisfactory enough.

c. 1909 (date written; published 1934), D[avid] H[erbert] Lawrence, “A Collier’s Friday Night”, in Three Plays: A Collier’s Friday Night, The Daughter-in-Law, The Widowing of Mrs Holroyd, Harmondsworth, Middlesex [London]: Penguin Books, published 1969, →OCLC, act I, page 19:

King Charles [III] and Queen Camilla have been crowned on a historic day of pageantry, capped by cheering by crowds in front of Buckingham Palace. Thousands packed the Mall despite the rain, after a deeply religious Coronation service at Westminster Abbey and a huge procession through London. […] The Coronation did not formally change the King's status. Charles became King of the United Kingdom and 14 other realms in September, when his mother Queen Elizabeth II died after 70 years on the throne. […] This time, the ceremony emphasised diversity and inclusion, with more multi-faith elements than any previous coronation, with contributions from Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist and Sikh representatives.

2023 May 6, Sean Coughlan, “Coronation: King Charles and Queen Camilla Crowned in Historic Ceremony”, in BBC News, archived from the original on 2023-05-06:

(specifically, also attributively) An act or the ceremony of formally investing a sovereign or the sovereign's consort with a crown and other insignia of royalty, on or shortly after their accession to the sovereignty.

bekroning

act or the ceremony of formally investing a sovereign or the sovereign’s consort with a crown and other insignia of royalty

A completion or culmination of something.

A success in the face of little or no opposition.


court

courtes (plural)
cort (alternative)
corte (alternative)
cortt (alternative)
courte (alternative)
curt (alternative)
curth (alternative)

English: court (see there for further descendants)

Scots: court, coort

Borrowed from Old French cort, curt, from Latin cōrs, contraction of cohors, cohortem.

A (royal) assembly; a deliberative body.


ree

head

ree m (genitive singular ree, plural reeghyn or reeaghyn)

ree (genitive singular)
reeghyn (plural)
reeaghyn (plural)

From Old Irish rí, from Proto-Celtic *rīxs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“ruler, king”).

Jean eh cooie da ree.

Keayrt dy row va ree ayn.

My vees yn ree hene eh, cha nel kiart echey ayns Mannin.

King or no king, he has no right to be in Mann.

T' eh jeh sluight reeghyn Vannin.

king (monarchy, chess, card games, draughts)


女帝

ja-noun

女(じょ)帝(てい) or 女(にょ)帝(たい) • (jotei or nyotai) ^(←ぢよてい (dyotei)?)

女帝 (canonical)
女帝 (canonical)
jotei (romanization)
nyotai (romanization)
dyotei (romanization)
ぢよてい (hiragana historical)

Jinnō Shōtōki
Kitabatake Chikafusa
ja:女帝


pretender

/pɹɪˈtɛndəɹ/

претенде́нт

one who puts forth a claim, or who aspires to or aims at something

Pretensor, a pretender, he that purposeth.

Pretendente, a pretendent, a pretender, an intender, a meaner.

(obsolete, rare) One who intends or purposes.

He, of the two pretenders, that best loves me.

1613–1614 (date written), John Fletcher, William Shak[e]speare, The Two Noble Kinsmen: […], London: […] Tho[mas] Cotes, for Iohn Waterson; […], published 1634, →OCLC, Act I, scene v, page 1:

An Earles daughter, […] whose mother not allowing him to come as a pretender shee made apointmentt with him and mett him att her cousin’s howse.

ante 1699, Lady Halkett, Autobiog. 17, (Camden)

It is not my design to dispose of Irene to the most noble, but most wealthy of the Pretenders to her Love.

1728 (1732), Eliza Heywood, Mme. de Gomez’s Belle A. 2.235

One who puts forth a claim, or who aspires to or aims at something; a claimant, candidate, or aspirant; now, one who makes baseless pretensions.

(obsolete) One who aspires to the hand of a woman in marriage; a suitor, a wooer.

If inteſtine Broils allarm the Hive, / (For two Pretenders oft for Empire ſtrive)

1697, Virgil, translated by John Dryden, The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 125:

I Think it necessary to acquaint you, that I have received Advices this Morning from Ostend, that the French Fleet sailed from Dunkirk, Tuesday at three in the Morning, Northward, with the Pretender on board; as also, that Sir George Byng had notice of it the same Day at ten: And he being very much superior to the Enemy both in Number and Strength, I make no question, but, by God’s Blessing, he will soon be able to give a good Account of them.

1708 March 11th, Anne Regina, The Queen’s Speech to both Houses, in The History and Proceedings of the House of Commons, volume IV: 1706–1713, London: Chandler (1742), § iv: “First Parliament of Great Britain”, page 92

She [Q. Anne] also fixed a new Designation on the Pretended Prince of Wales, and called him the Pretender; he was so called in a new Set of Addresses […] upon this occasion […] made to the Queen.

the provost’s enemies at the council-table of the burgh used to observe that he uttered there many a bold harangue against the Pretender, and in favour of King George and government, of which he dared not have pronounced a syllable in his own bedchamber

1824 June, [Walter Scott], chapter XI, in Redgauntlet, […], volume II, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co., →OCLC, page 238:

The pretender […] had friends in the tory government more sincere probably and zealous than [the earl of] Oxford.

Wullenweber […] turned to the nearest protestant pretender, Duke Christian, and offered him his assistance to obtain the crown.

1845, S. Austin, Ranke’s Hist. Ref. 3.633

Every province […] had its own Augustus. All these pretenders could not be rightful Emperors.

1849–1861, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter III, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, volume (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC, page 442:

A claimant to a throne or the office of a ruler; originally in a neutral sense, but now always applied to a claimant who is held to have no just title.

By how straight a Rule […] must that Pretender carry himselfe, who is to saile thorow the sea of this world, hoping for a fortune from another mans hand?

1622, Mabbe, Aleman’s Guzman d’Alf 1.214

[…]; to consider the direct purposes of God against his enemies, rather than the sinister supplantations of pretenders to places in court; […]

a. 1632 (date written), John Donne, “Sermon XXX”, in Henry Alford, editor, The Works of John Donne, D.D., […], volume II, London: John W[illiam] Parker, […], published 1839, →OCLC, page 8:

Every one is a pretender and a runner; but few carry the prize.

The issue of the eldest son excludes all other pretenders, as the son himself (if living) would have done.

1766, William Blackstone, chapter 14, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book II (Of the Rights of Things), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 218:

A candidate for a school at Brewood in Staffordshire; to which, I think, there are seventeen pretenders.

1780 May 25th, Johnson, Let. to Mrs. Thrale

I would sooner gain five thousand pounds by restoring you to your rights, than fifty thousand in establishing any of these pretenders in their base assumptions.

1845, B[enjamin] Disraeli, chapter VII, in Sybil; or The Two Nations. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, book IV, page 238:

A pretender / To the art, I truely honor, and ſubſcribe / To your maieſties opinion.

1631 (first performance), Philip Massinger, The Emperour of the East. A Tragæ-comœdie. […], London: […] Thomas Harper, for Iohn Waterson, published 1632, →OCLC, Act II, scene i:

Make it a feast, and perfit your great injustice / In the surrendringe up this false pretender / To the correction of the law, […]

1631 May 17 (first performance; Gregorian calendar), Philip Massinger, Believe as You List: A Tragedy (Early English Poetry, Ballads, and Popular Literature of the Middle Ages. […]; XXVII), London: […] [F]or the Percy Society, by Richards, […], published 1849, →OCLC, Act II, scene i:

But this pretence of Covenant with God, is so evident a lye, even in the pretenders own consciences, that it is not onely an act of an unjust, but also a vile, and unmanly disposition.

1651, Thomas Hobbes, chapter 18, in Leviathan, or The Matter, Forme, & Power of a Common-wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill, London: […] [William Wilson] for Andrew Crooke, […], →OCLC, 2nd part (Of Common-wealth), page 89:

[…]But, I answer; that it is not so easy an Acquirement as a few ignorant Pretenders may imagine.

1731 (date written), Simon Wagstaff [pseudonym; Jonathan Swift], “An Introduction to the Following Treatise”, in A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation, […], London: […] B[enjamin] Motte […], published 1738, →OCLC, page xlv:

That honour has been long The boast of mere pretenders to the name.

1782, William Cowper, “The Diverting History of John Gilpin, […]”, in The Task, a Poem, […], London: […] J[oseph] Johnson; […], published 1785, →OCLC, page 492:

I presume that there is no gentleman in Europe that has not heard of the house of Barry of Barryogue, of the kingdom of Ireland, than which a more famous name is not to be found in Gwillim or D’Hozier; and though, as a man of the world, I have learned to despise heartily the claims of some pretenders to high birth who have no more genealogy than the lacquey who cleans my boots, […]

1844 January–December, W[illiam] M[akepeace] Thackeray, “My Pedigree and Family.—Undergo the Influence of the Tender Passion.”, in “The Memoirs of Barry Lyndon, Esq. [The Luck of Barry Lyndon.]”, in Miscellanies: Prose and Verse, volume III, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1856, →OCLC, page 3:

Simon, a Samaritan, a pretender to divine authority and supernatural powers.

1848 (1850), Mrs. Jameson, Sacr. & Leg. Art 122

Neither will he be able to distinguish the pretender in medicine from the true physician, nor between any other true and false professor of knowledge.

1870, Benjamin Jowett, Charmides, or Temperance, translation of original by Plato:

One who pretends or lays claim to something; one who makes a profession, show, or assertion, especially without adequate grounds, falsely, or with intent to deceive; a dissembler, deceiver, charlatan, hypocrite.

A person who professes beliefs and opinions that they do not hold.


vương

Sino-Vietnamese word from 王 (“king; prince”), from Middle Chinese 王. After Qin Shi Huang unified China and became the "first emperor" (in a practical sense that he founded the first Chinese empire, as well as a linguistic sense that he coined the Chinese word for "emperor", 皇帝 (huángdì)), 王 had long been demoted from "king" to "prince" (the emperor's male relative that had land) in East Asia.

vi-etym-sino

phong vương

(historical) an East Asian prince who was granted land by the emperor


imperium

head

imperium n (singular definite imperiet, plural indefinite imperier)

imperiet (definite singular)
imperier (indefinite plural)
imperium (indefinite nominative singular)
imperiet (definite nominative singular)
imperier (indefinite nominative plural)
imperierne (definite nominative plural)
imperiums (genitive indefinite singular)
imperiets (definite genitive singular)
imperiers (genitive indefinite plural)
imperiernes (definite genitive plural)
imperie (alternative)


imperium

imperium n (definite singular imperiet, indefinite plural imperier, definite plural imperia or imperiene)

imperiet (definite singular)
imperier (indefinite plural)
imperia (definite plural)
imperiene (definite plural)


imperium

nn-noun-ium

imperium n (definite singular imperiet, indefinite plural imperium, definite plural imperia)

imperiet (definite singular)
imperium (indefinite plural)
imperia (definite plural)


imperium

imperium (nominative singular)
imperia (nominative plural)
imperium (genitive singular)
imperiów (genitive plural)
imperium (dative singular)
imperiom (dative plural)
imperium (accusative singular)
imperia (accusative plural)
imperium (instrumental singular)
imperiami (instrumental plural)
imperium (locative singular)
imperiach (locative plural)
imperium (singular vocative)
imperia (plural vocative)

(monarchy) empire (political unit, having numerous or extensive territories)


imperium

imperium (indefinite nominative singular)
imperiums (genitive indefinite singular)
imperiet (definite nominative singular)
imperiets (definite genitive singular)
imperier (indefinite nominative plural)
imperiers (genitive indefinite plural)
imperierna (definite nominative plural)
imperiernas (definite genitive plural)

Borrowed from Latin imperium, used in Swedish since 1845.

Den 6 juni började Italien minera sitt imperiums kuster.

On June 6 [1940], Italy started to place mines along the coasts of its empire. [including at the time Italy and Libya]

an empire (state ruled by an emperor or czar)


imperatore

it-noun

imperatore m (plural imperatori, feminine imperatrice)

imperatori (plural)
imperatrice (feminine)
imperadore (alternative archaic)

→ Franco-Provençal: emperator

→ Ligurian: imperatô

→ Romansch: imperatur, imperataur

From Latin imperātōrem. Documented since the twelfth century. Synchronically derivable from imperare + -tore.


imperatore

lv-noun

imperatore f (5th declension, masculine form: imperators)

imperators (masculine)
imperatore (nominative singular)
imperatores (nominative plural)
imperatores (genitive singular)
imperatoru (genitive plural)
imperatorei (dative singular)
imperatorēm (dative plural)
imperatori (accusative singular)
imperatores (accusative plural)
imperatori (instrumental singular)
imperatorēm (instrumental plural)
imperatorē (locative singular)
imperatorēs (locative plural)
imperatore (singular vocative)
imperatores (plural vocative)

From imperators (“emperor”) + -e (“fem.”).

imperatore Teodora

Elizabete I valdīja Krievijas impērijā kā imperatore laikā no 1741. līdz 1762. gadam

Elizabeth I ruled as empress in the Russian Empire from 1741 to 1762

empress (female ruler of an empire; her title)


reina

reines (plural)
reyna (alternative obsolete)

Inherited from Old Catalan reïna (with a shift in stress), from Latin rēgīna.


reina

→ Cebuano: rayna

→ Papiamentu: reina

→ Tagalog: reyna

Inherited from Old Spanish reyna (with a shift in stress), from Latin rēgīna. Compare Italian regina and Portuguese rainha.