犬

Bai: *qʰuaŋ²

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕʰyɵn²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰy̯e̞⁴¹/

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕʰyɵn²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰy̯e̞⁴¹/

Characters in the same phonetic series (犬) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – the side view of a dog.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-kʷəj-n (“dog”); cognate with Tibetan ཁྱི (khyi, “dog”), Burmese ခွေး (hkwe:, “dog”).
This common Sino-Tibetan word has been replaced by 狗 (OC *koːʔ) in most topolects except Eastern Min, such as Fuzhou kēng. In other topolects, this word is mainly found in compounds and not used alone.

Han etyl

警犬

效馬效羊者右牽之；效犬者左牽之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
效马效羊者右牵之；效犬者左牵之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE

He who is presenting a horse or a sheep should lead it with his right hand. He who is presenting a dog should lead it with his left hand.

Xiào mǎ xiào yáng zhě yòu qiān zhī; xiào quǎn zhě zuǒ qiān zhī. [Pinyin]

(formal or in compounds or Eastern Min, Waxiang, dialectal Wu) dog


亓

For pronunciation and definitions of 亓 – see 其 (“his; her; its; their; he; she; it; they; one; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 其).
Clipping of 亓官 (Qíguān), which is a corrupted form of 笄官 (“an ancient official position”)


佣

commission (amount of money paid to a middleman)


倦

In the Chu form, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡrons) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 龹 (). In the Small Seal Script form, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡrons) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 卷 (OC *ɡron, *kronʔ, *krons, *ɡonʔ).
Compare Tibetan ཀྱོར་ཀྱོར (kyor kyor, “weak; feeble”), Tibetan ཁྱོར་བ (khyor ba, “to stumble; to move totteringly”), Tibetan འཁྱོར་བ ('khyor ba, “to stagger, to reel”) (Bodman, 1980). Cognate with 痯 (OC *koːnʔ, *koːns, “exhausted”) (Schuessler, 2007).

cog

疲倦

厭倦／厌倦

子曰：「默而識之，學而不厭，誨人不倦，何有於我哉？」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
子曰：「默而识之，学而不厌，诲人不倦，何有于我哉？」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

The Master said, "The silent treasuring up of knowledge; learning without satiety; and instructing others without being wearied - which one of these things belongs to me?"

Zǐ yuē: “Mò ér shí zhī, xué ér bù yàn, huì rén bù juàn, hé yǒu yú wǒ zāi?” [Pinyin]


偉

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷɯlʔ) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 韋 (OC *ɢʷɯl).

Han compound

extraordinary; magnificent; great; robust


凰

Originally 皇. A spurious 𠘨 was added by the assimilation with 鳳.

(Chinese mythology) female fenghuang (a mythological bird)


剃

Possibly a post-Han variant of 剔 (OC *l̥ʰeːɡ) (Schuessler, 2007).

剃鬚／剃须 [Cantonese] ― tai³ sou¹ [Jyutping] ― to shave off facial hair


剪

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

Originally 𣦃 or 前, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔslenʔ) : phonetic 歬 (OC *zleːn) + semantic 刀 (“knife”). Since 前 has replaced 歬, an additional 刀 has been added.

Han compound

剪草機／剪草机

剪刀

剪指甲


叽

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɒu̯⁴⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɒu̯⁴⁵/


助

→ Thai: ช่วย (chûai)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zras) : phonetic 且 (OC *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa) + semantic 力 (“strong arm”) – to help with one’s strength.


吠

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 口 (“mouth”) + 犬 (“dog”) – to bark.
Onomatopoeic and from Proto-Sino-Tibetan, perhaps *baus: cognate to Mizo bauh (“to bark”), from earlier *baus (Schuessler 2007).

鷄鳴狗吠相聞，而達乎四境。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
鸡鸣狗吠相闻，而达乎四境。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

Cocks crow and dogs bark to one another, all the way to the four borders of the State.

Jī míng gǒu fèi xiàng wén, ér dá hū sìjìng. [Pinyin]


哎

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 艾 (OC *ŋaːds, *ŋads).


嘣

(onomatopoeia) a beating, throbbing or popping sound


噬

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djads) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 筮 (OC *djads).
Sagart (2021c) revises the Old Chinese reconstruction as *m-tet-s, from volitional prefix *m- + a root *tet-s (“to bite”), from which 瘈 (OC *k(ə)-tet-s, “mad; rabid (dog)”) also derives.


哭

→ Vietnamese: khóc (哭, 泣)

In oracle bone inscriptions, ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 吅 (“loudly”) + person with long hair (Similar to 老 without the cane) – "cry; weep". The pictogram of the person with long hair corrupted into 犬. Evidence suggests 吅 could be an abbreviation of the sound component 咢 (OC *ŋaːɡ), making the character phono-semantic (形聲／形声) .
Shuowen Jiezi interprets it as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋ̊ʰoːɡ) : semantic 吅 (“to speak loudly”) + abbreviated phonetic 獄 (OC *ŋoɡ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kuːk (“to weep; to wail”); cognate with Mizo kûk (“to shriek”) (STEDT).
This seems to be an area word; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *kuk ~ kuuk ~ kuək ~ kək (“to call”), Proto-Austronesian *-kuk (“sound of a sob”) (Schuessler, 2007).


嚨

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *roːŋ) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ).


啥

Probably a fusion of 什麼／什么 (shénme) (Lü, 1985).

煞
𠍽
什
甚
省
薩
撒

這是啥物件？ [Hokkien, trad.]
这是啥物件？ [Hokkien, simp.]

儂辣做啥？ [Shanghainese, trad.]
侬辣做啥？ [Shanghainese, simp.]

吃啥飯？ [Suzhounese, trad.]
吃啥饭？ [Suzhounese, simp.]
Eating what food?

你說啥來著？ [dialectal Mandarin, trad.]
你说啥来着？ [dialectal Mandarin, simp.]

(colloquial, dialectal Mandarin, Southern Min, Wu) what


嗽

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sloːɡs, *sroːɡ, *sloːɡ) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 欶 (OC *sloːɡs, *sroːɡ).


妤

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *la) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 予 (OC *la, *laʔ).


塒

雞棲于塒、日之夕矣、羊牛下來。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
鸡栖于埘、日之夕矣、羊牛下来。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

The fowls roost in their holes in the walls; and in the evening of the day, the goats and cows come down [from the hill].

Jī qī yú shí, rì zhī xī yǐ, yáng niú xiàlái. [Pinyin]

roost, especially those made by piercing the wall


娟

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʷen) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 肙 (OC *qʷeːns).


塚

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *toŋʔ) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 冢 (OC *toŋʔ) – an earthen mound, a tomb of earth.


嫦

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djaŋ) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 常 (OC *djaŋ)


媳

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *slɯɡ) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 息 (OC *slɯɡ).


娶

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰloʔ, *sʰlos, *slo) : phonetic 取 (OC *sʰloːʔ, *sʰloʔ) + semantic 女.
Exoactive of 取 (OC *sʰloːʔ, *sʰloʔ, “to take; to obtain; to collect; to fetch”) (Schuessler, 2007). Compare the etymology of 嫁.
In Min Nan, the vernacular reading is instead from 𤆬 (chhōa, “to lead; to guide”).

och-l

娶老婆

1983, “神鵰大俠”, performed by 劉德華:
「你娶咗佢就一定要愛佢。你唔愛佢又何必娶佢呢？你娶咗佢而唔愛佢；此事誓難允許！」 [Cantonese, trad.]
「你娶咗佢就一定要爱佢。你唔爱佢又何必娶佢呢？你娶咗佢而唔爱佢；此事誓难允许！」 [Cantonese, simp.]

"If you marry her, you must love her. If you do not love her, why marry her? Marrying her and not loving her—this is something I cannot permit!"

“nei⁵ cou² zo² keoi⁵ zau⁶ jat¹ ding⁶ jiu³ oi³ keoi⁵. nei⁵ m⁴ oi³ keoi⁵ jau⁶ ho⁴ bit¹ cou² keoi⁵ ne¹? nei⁵ cou² zo² keoi⁵ ji⁴ m⁴ oi³ keoi⁵; ci² si⁶ sai⁶ naan⁴ wan⁵ heoi²!” [Jyutping]


孵

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰuw) : semantic 卵 (“egg”) + phonetic 孚 (OC *pʰuw).


孀

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sraŋ) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 霜 (OC *sraŋ).
Zhang (2000) relates it to 喪 (OC *smaːŋ, “mourning; funeral”), 喪 (OC *smaːŋs, “to lose”) and 霜 (OC *sraŋ, “frost (which causes loss)”). However, Schuessler (2007) considers these three words etymologically unrelated.


她

她去了。

我認識她。／我认识她。

教我如何不想她！ [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad. and simp.]

How can I stop missing her! (lit., "how can one make me not think of her!")

那人說：「你所賜給我、與我同居的女人，她把那樹上的果子給我，我就吃了。」 [MSC, trad.]
那人说：「你所赐给我、与我同居的女人，她把那树上的果子给我，我就吃了。」 [MSC, simp.]

From: 新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation), 創世記 (Genesis) 3:12

And the man said, The woman whom thou gavest to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I did eat.

Nà rén shuō: “Nǐ suǒ cì gěi wǒ, yǔ wǒ tóngjū de nǚrén, tā bǎ nà shù shàng de guǒzi gěi wǒ, wǒ jiù chī le.” [Pinyin]


嬸

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljɯmʔ) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 審 (OC *hljɯmʔ).
Monosyllabic fusion of 叔母 (MC syuwk muwX, “father's younger brother + wife”).

ltc-l

paternal aunt (wife of father's younger brother)


屺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰɯʔ) : semantic 山 (“mountain; hill”) + phonetic 己 (OC *kɯʔ).

Han compound

陟彼屺兮，瞻望母兮。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]

I ascend that bare hill,And look towards [the residence of] my mother.


岃

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 山 (“mountain”) + phonetic 刃 (OC *njɯns). Compare 屻 (rèn).


屢

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ros) : semantic 尸 + phonetic 婁 (OC *ɡ·roː, *ɡ·ro).


屐

→ Thai: เกี๊ยะ (gía)

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡreɡ) : abbreviated semantic 履 (“shoe”) + phonetic 支 (OC *kje).

Han compound

𡰸
𡰵
跂
𰍸
⿸尸𢪊
𭕞
𡲆

(Classical, Cantonese, Hakka or Min) clogs; wooden shoes


崙

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ruːn) : semantic 山 (“mountain”) + phonetic 侖 (OC *run).


峽

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡreːb) : semantic 山 (“mountain”) + phonetic 夾 (OC *kreːb).


夕

Characters in the same phonetic series (夕) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) — moon crescent. Compare 月.
Related to 汐 (OC *ljaːɡ, “evening tide”).
Schuessler (2007) suggests it is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-r(j)ak (“day; full day; to spend the night”); cognate with Tibetan ཞག (zhag, “day (24 hours)”), Mizo riak (“to pass the night”), Jingpho [script needed] (jaʔ⁵⁵, “day (24 hours)”), Burmese ရက် (rak, “day (24 hours)”), Lahu há (“night; to pass the night”); may also be cognate with 宿 (OC *suɡs, *suɡ, “to spend the night”) and 昔 (OC *sjaːɡ, “former times”). It is noted that in the oracle bone script, the 24 hour day started and ended some time in the evening or night. Since 日 (rì, “sun”) has acquired the meaning of "day (24 hours)", 夕 was then restricted to the time of the day's end.
On the other hand, STEDT suggests 夕 (OC *ljaːɡ, “evening; night”) was derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ja-n (“night”), from which 夜 (OC *laːɡs, “night”) was also derived. However, 夕 was also compared to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-r(j)ak (“day; full day; to spend the night”). Schuessler (2007) assigns Chinese 夜 (yè) to *ja (“night”) instead, and notes *ja (“night”) and *ryak (“day (24 hours)”) were kept strictly separate in Tibeto-Burman.

och-l

哀我征夫、朝夕不暇。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]

Woe to us soldiers on these expeditions! Morning and evening we have no rest.

今夕何夕兮，搴舟中流。今日何日兮，得與王子同舟。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
今夕何夕兮，搴舟中流。今日何日兮，得与王子同舟。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

What night is tonight, that I take a boat into the stream? What day is today, that I get to share a boat with a prince?

Jīnxī hé xī xī, qiān zhōu zhōngliú. Jīnrì hérì xī, dé yǔ wángzǐ tóng zhōu. [Pinyin]

GT - General Taiwanese (no particular region identified)


廴

Pictogram (象形) – a man with one leg behind him, implying a stride.


嶼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljaʔ) : semantic 山 + phonetic 與 (OC *la, *laʔ, *las).
This character was affected by misreadings, or Youbian dubian.

Han compound

基隆嶼／基隆屿

Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian
Youbian dubian


徇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sɢʷins) : semantic 彳 + phonetic 旬 (OC *sɢʷin).


巷

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡroːŋs) : phonetic 共 (OC *kloŋ, *ɡloŋs) + semantic 己 (“oneself”)
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grwaŋ (“village; crossroads”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan གྲོང (grong, “house; village; town”). Old Khmer កុរុង (kuruṅ, “to rule; ruler; king”) (whence Khmer ក្រុង (krong) and Thai กรุง (grung)) is probably unrelated (Schuessler, 2007).
Wu 弄 (lon, “alley”) and Jin 黑浪 (heh4 lon2, “hutong”) are dialectal variants which support the Old Chinese *gr- initial cluster of 巷 (OC *ɡroːŋs) (Schuessler, 2007). Compare also 衚衕／胡同 (hútòng, “hutong”).


廟

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廟):
* → Japanese: 廟(びょう) (byō)
* → Korean: 묘(廟) (myo)
* → Vietnamese: miếu (廟)

→ Proto-Be: *miːwᴮꟲ²

Lingao: miu⁴

desc

→ Lü: ᦶᦖᧁᧈ (ṁaew¹)

→ Lü: ᦶᦖᧁᧈ (ṁaew¹)

/miːu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ᵐbiau³²⁻³²⁵/

/miːu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/ᵐbiau³²⁻³²⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mrews) : semantic 广 + phonetic 朝 (OC *ʔr'ew, *r'ew).
Possibly related to Proto-Hmong-Mien *prəuX (“house”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

(architecture, religion) temple (Classifier: 座; 間／间)

廟小妖風大，池淺王八多／庙小妖风大，池浅王八多

miào xiǎo yāofēng dà, chí qiǎn wángbā duō


循

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljun) : semantic 彳 (“movement”) + phonetic 盾 (OC *l'uːnʔ, *ɦljunʔ) – to follow (movement).

Han compound

循著老師的指示 [MSC, trad.]
循着老师的指示 [MSC, simp.]


懈

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreːs) : semantic 忄 + phonetic 解 (OC *kreːʔ, *kreːs, *ɡreːʔ, *ɡreːs).

Han compound

(literary, or in compounds) lazy; slack; idle


慷

Originally written as 忼. Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰlaːŋʔ) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 康 (OC *kʰlaːŋ).


慎

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djins) : semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 真 (OC *ʔljin) – a behavior trait (heart), care, caution. Note that 真 means “truth, genuine, sincerity”, hence connotations of “acting sincerely, with care”.

Han compound

愼
㥲
昚
眘
𡴜
𦚉
𡸱


慾

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *loɡ) : phonetic 欲 (OC *loɡ) + semantic 心 – to lust with one’s heart.


憤

→ Thai: ฟุน (fun)

→ Isan: ฟุน

→ Lao: ຟຸນ (fun)


悔

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hmɯːʔ, *hmɯːs) : semantic 忄 + phonetic 每 (OC *mɯːʔ).

Han compound

(literary, or in compounds) to repent; to show remorse; to regret


憎

→ Thai: ชัง (chang)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsɯːŋ) : semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 曾 (OC *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯːŋ).
Possibly the same word as 增 (OC *ʔsɯːŋ, “to increase”), as in emotional accumulation (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

(literary or Cantonese) to hate; to detest; to abhor

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)


挷

For pronunciation and definitions of 挷 – see 搒 (“to conceal; to flog with bamboo poles; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 搒).


挳

For pronunciation and definitions of 挳 – see 摼 (“to strike; to hit with a hard object; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 摼).

(Hakka) to dig out; to pick out with one's finger or fingernails


戊

→ Zhuang: fouh


揪

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

揪著草，攀著亂石，小心探身下去，又鞠躬過了一個石穹門，便到了汪汪一碧的潭邊了 [MSC, trad.]
揪着草，攀着乱石，小心探身下去，又鞠躬过了一个石穹门，便到了汪汪一碧的潭边了 [MSC, simp.]

Jiūzhe cǎo, pānzhe luànshí, xiǎoxīn tànshēn xiàqù, yòu jūgōng guòle yī ge shíqióngmén, biàn dàole wāngwāng yī bì de tán biān le [Pinyin]


捕

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːs) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 甫 (OC *paʔ).

Han compound

捕魚／捕鱼


搽

From 塗 (OC *rlaː, “to daub”) (Liu, 1984).

搽藥膏／搽药膏 [Cantonese] ― caa⁴ joek⁶ gou¹ [Jyutping] ― to apply topical medication


擀

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːnʔ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 幹 (OC *kaːns).

Han compound

to roll (dough, nuts, etc. in order to flatten or crush)


攴

Originally a pictogram (象形) or ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : a hand (又) holding a tool of some sort (possibly a weapon or whip), meaning “to hit”. Also
phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰoːɡ, *pʰroːɡ) : phonetic 卜 (OC *poːɡ) + semantic 又 (“hand”).


擴

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷlaːŋs, *kʰʷaːɡ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 廣 (OC *kʷaːŋʔ) – to stretch or enlarge with hands.

Han compound

擴充／扩充


晟

For pronunciation and definitions of 晟 – see 盛 (“to put in container; to hold; to contain; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 盛).

For pronunciation and definitions of 晟 – see 晶 (“brilliant; glittering; crystal; quartz; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 晶).


斧

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paʔ) : phonetic 父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ) + semantic 斤 (“axe”)
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-pʷa (“axe”) (STEDT). Cognate with Garo rua (“axe”), Jingpho nwa, ningwa (“axe”), Tangut 𘟬 (*wjị¹, “axe”), Japhug tɯrpa (“axe”).


曆

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːɡ) : phonetic 厤 (OC *reːɡ) + semantic 日 (“sun; day”).
Derivative, meaning "calendar" < "calendrical calculations" (Shu), of 歷 (OC *rêk) "to calculate". See there for more.


杏

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 木 (“wood”) + 口 (“mouth”) – perhaps referring to the tastiness of its fruit.
Shuowen considers it to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡraːŋʔ) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + abbreviated phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ), but this is unlikely.


榖

Broussonetia papyrifera
Broussonetia papyrifera#Translingual

paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera)


槳

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴/

《讓我們蕩起雙槳》 [MSC, trad.]
《让我们荡起双桨》 [MSC, simp.]

“Ràng wǒmen dàng qǐ shuāng jiǎng” [Pinyin]


楝

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·reːns) : 木 + 柬.

Han compound

Melia azedarach
Melia azedarach#Translingual

bead tree (Melia azedarach, formerly known as Melia japonica), a tree in the mahogany family


檎

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡrɯm) : semantic 木 + phonetic 禽 (OC *ɡrɯm).


橄

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klaːmʔ) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 敢 (OC *klaːmʔ).


櫥

→ Thai: ตู้ (dtûu)


檨

→ Tsou: suai

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 羨.
An Austroasiatic substrate loanword; compare Khmer ស្វាយ (svaay, “mango”), Vietnamese xoài (“mango”).


欖

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raːmʔ) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 覽 (OC *ɡ·raːmʔ).
See 橄欖／橄榄 (gǎnlǎn).


柿

→ Proto-Mien: *djəiᴮ

/t͡sʰiː¹³⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː¹³⁻³⁵/

Originally written as 柹: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zrɯʔ) : semantic 木 + phonetic 𠂔 ().
The current form is phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zrɯʔ) : semantic 木 + phonetic 市 (OC *djɯʔ).


櫻

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qreːŋ) : semantic 木 + phonetic 嬰 (OC *qeŋ).


氦

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 气 (“gas”) + phonetic 亥 (hài).
Borrowed from New Latin helium.


殖

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djɯɡ) : semantic 歹 + phonetic 直 (OC *dɯɡ).

Han compound

to breed; to reproduce; to spawn; to increase


毯

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰaːmʔ) : semantic 毛 + phonetic 炎 (OC *ɦlam).


楓

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *plum) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 風 (OC *plum, *plums)


橘

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (橘):
* → Japanese: 橘(きつ) (kitsu)
* → Korean: 귤(橘) (gyul)
* → Vietnamese: quất (橘)

→ Vietnamese: quít

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷid) : semantic 木 + phonetic 矞 (OC *ɢʷid).
Unknown. Schuessler (2007) connected 橘 (OC kwit) to Khmer ឃ្វិច (khvɨc, “tangerine”) and also deemed as "less likely" connections to ក្រូច (krouc, “citrus”) and Proto-Hre-Sedang *kruč (Bodman, 1980). However, Alves (2018) considered this Old Chinese word's Austroasiatic origin likely, and compared it to Proto-Mon-Khmer *kruuc ~ kruəc.

Han compound

Citrus reticulata
Citrus reticulata#Translingual

mandarin orange, Citrus reticulata, tangerine, orange


沼

王立於沼上，顧鴻雁麋鹿，曰：「賢者亦樂此乎？」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
王立于沼上，顾鸿雁麋鹿，曰：「贤者亦乐此乎？」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

The king went and stood with him by a pond, and, looking round at the large geese and deer, said, 'Do wise and good princes also find pleasure in these things?'

Wáng lì yú zhǎo shàng, gù hóngyàn mílù, yuē: “Xián zhě yì yuè cǐ hū?” [Pinyin]


濾

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ras) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 慮 (OC *ras).


炆

佛跳牆，炆得咁鬼香，見到佛跳牆，鬼都要裝香 [Cantonese, trad.]
佛跳墙，炆得咁鬼香，见到佛跳墙，鬼都要装香 [Cantonese, simp.]
fat⁶ tiu³ coeng⁴, man¹ dak¹ gam³ gwai² hoeng¹, gin³ dou³⁻² fat⁶ tiu³ coeng⁴, gwai² dou¹ jiu³ zong¹ hoeng¹ [Jyutping]

From: 許冠傑, 佛跳牆

Fat tiu cheung, what a wonderful smell; at the sight of fat tiu cheung, even the spirits want to burn incense

(Cantonese cuisine) to simmer; to cook over a slow fire


煑

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjaʔ) : phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ) + semantic 火 (“fire”) – to cook over a fire.

Han compound

Original form of 煮 (zhǔ, “to boil; to cook”).


煌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷaːŋ) : semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 皇 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ).
Probably Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese လွင် (lwang, “vivid”) (Schuessler, 2007).
皇 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ, “royal”) may be the same word (ibid.).
It may be related to 光 (OC *kʷaːŋ, *kʷaːŋs, “light; bright”) (Wang, 1982; Schuessler, 2007). Wang (1982) additionally relates it to 景 (OC *kraŋʔ, “bright; sunlight”), 鏡 (OC *kraŋs, “mirror”), 晃 (OC *ɡʷaːŋʔ, “bright”), 曠 (OC *kʰʷaːŋs, “bright”).


熵

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 商 (shāng, “quotient”)
Coined by Chinese physical scientist Hu Gangfu in 1923 to translate the concept of entropy in thermodynamics, where 商 (shāng, “quotient”) represents the quotient of heat and temperature, and 火 (huǒ, “fire”) represents its relation to thermodynamics.

coinage

(physics, information theory, etc.) entropy


焚

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 火 (“fire”) + 林 (“trees”).

Han compound

凡殺其親者，焚之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
凡杀其亲者，焚之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: Rites of Zhou, circa 3ʳᵈ century BCE

Whoever kills his parents, have him burnt [to death].


爇

(literary) to ignite; to set on fire; to light; to kindle


熔

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *loŋ) : semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 容 (OC *loŋ)

Han compound

to melt by heat; to turn solid into liquid by heat


爐

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raː) : semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 盧 (OC *b·raː). Originally written 盧, see there for more.


犟

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : phonetic 強 (OC *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) + semantic 牛 (“cattle”).


犒

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰaːws) : semantic 牛 (“cow”) + phonetic 高 (OC *kaːw).

Han compound

to reward troops with food and drink; to feast


珓

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreːws) : semantic 𤣩 (“jade”) + phonetic 交 (OC *kreːw).

Han compound

(divination) moon blocks (divination device)


獅

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (獅):
* → Japanese: 獅(し) (shi)
* → Korean: 사(獅) (sa)
* → Vietnamese: sư (獅)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sri) : semantic 犭 (“dog; beast”) + phonetic 師 (OC *sri).
Originally written as 師. Earliest written attestations in the Eastern Han era include the Book of Han [before 111], the surviving portion of the Dongguan Hanji [c. 150], and Lokakṣema's translation of the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā [179]. The term is possibly of Iranian origin. In the Book of Han, the lion was described as indigenous to the historical 烏弋山離 (OC *qaː lɯɡ sreːn rel, “Alexandria”), possibly Alexandria Prophthasia (Yu, 1998), which was part of the Parthian Empire at the time. The Dongguan mentions a lion as a gift from the Shule Kingdom in the year 133, where a Saka language was spoken then. Earlier definite dates associated with the lion mentioned in the Book of the Later Han include the year 87, when a gift lion from the Yuezhi was recorded.
Compare Proto-Iranian *cárguš (“lion”). Possibly related to 狻猊 (OC *sloːn ŋeː).
Meanwhile, Adams (2013) postulates possible Tocharian connections; cf. Tocharian B ṣecake and etymologies.

och-l

Alexandria Prophthasia
Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā
Book of Han
Book of the Later Han
Eastern Han
Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)
Parthian Empire
Saka language
Shule Kingdom
zh:東觀漢記


瑕

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡraː) : semantic 𤣩 + phonetic 叚 (OC *kraːʔ).


痠

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sloːn) : semantic 疒 (“illness; disease”) + phonetic 夋 (OC *sʰlun).


甦

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : from 更生 (“to be reborn”).
From *s- (“causative prefix”) + a root **ŋˤa, the latter found in 寤 (OC *ŋˤa-s, “to awake”), 悟 (OC *ŋˤa-s, “to awake; to realize”) (Baxter and Sagart, 2014; Schuessler, 2007).
Alternatively, Zhang, Jacques, and Lai (2019) compare it to Japhug sŋa (“to come to oneself”), Cogtse Situ [Term?] (kə-mə-sŋâr, “to feel cold”), Brag-bar Situ [Term?] (kə-mə-sŋiɛ̂r, “to come to oneself”).

cog

(literary) to revive; to resuscitate; to regain consciousness


疫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷeɡ) : semantic 疒 (“sickness”) + abbreviated phonetic 役 (OC *ɢʷeɡ).


瘸

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷal) : semantic 疒 (“sickness”) + phonetic 加 (OC *kraːl) + semantic 肉 (“flesh”).

Han compound

瘸著走／瘸着走


癱

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *n̥ʰaːn) : semantic 疒 + phonetic 難 (OC *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns).


癧

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːɡ) : semantic 疒 (“illness”) + phonetic 歷 (OC *reːɡ).


猿

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷan) : semantic 犭 + phonetic 袁 (OC *ɢʷan).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b/g-woj-n (“monkey”).
Alternatively, the root may be Austroasiatic; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *swaaʔ (“monkey”) (Schuessler, 2007); compare also Proto-Mon-Khmer *kwaɲ ~ kwaaɲʔ.


痧

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 疒 (“illness; disease”) + phonetic 沙 (OC *sraːl, *sraːls).

traditional Chinese medicine
traditional Chinese medicine

(traditional Chinese medicine or dialectal) acute illness, such as heatstroke, cholera, and measles


癬

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *senʔ) : semantic 疒 + phonetic 鮮 (OC *sen, *senʔ, *sens).

Han compound

(dermatology, pathology) ringworm; tinea


痰

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aːm) : semantic 疒 (“illness”) + phonetic 炎 (OC *ɦlam).

Han compound

phlegm; sputum (Classifier: 口 m; 篤／笃 c; 啖 c)


璽

From 壐／𱖚. Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *smlelʔ) : phonetic 爾 (OC *njelʔ) + semantic 玉 (“jade”).


爸

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *praːs, *baʔ) : semantic 父 (“father”) + phonetic 巴 (OC *praː).
Colloquial form of 父 (OC *baʔ, “father”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *p/ba (“male; father”).

inh

我爸是李剛！／我爸是李刚！


睦

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mluɡ) : semantic 目 (“eyes”) + phonetic 坴 (OC *m·ruɡ).


砰

(onomatopoeia) sound of something striking against something or bursting; bang; thump


矛

Characters in the same phonetic series (矛) (Zhengzhang, 2003)


硫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ru) : semantic 石 (“stone”) + abbreviated phonetic 流 (OC *ru).
Derivative: 鋶／锍 (liǔ, “sulfonium”).


睞

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯːs) : semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 來 (OC *m·rɯːɡ).

Han compound

(literary or Hakka) to glance at; to look sideways at; to squint at


碑

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pre) : semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 卑 (OC *pe).

Han compound

墓碑

界碑

紀念碑／纪念碑


癌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 疒 + phonetic 嵒 (OC *ŋrɯːm, *ŋjab); 嵒／岩 (yán) is a variant of 岩 (yán).
From 岩 (yán, “cliff; rock, stone”), since some cancers present as lumps or outgrowths on the body.
In Mandarin, this character used to be pronounced identically as 岩 (yán). Its pronunciation was changed to ái in December 1962 to avoid the homophony between 癌 (yán, “cancer”) and 炎 (yán, “inflammation”) (compare 肺炎 (fèiyán, “pneumonia”) and 肺癌 (fèi'ái, “lung cancer”)). The new pronunciation ái stems from dialectal pronunciations of 岩 (“rock; cliff”) /ŋai/, influenced by 崖 (yá, yái, “cliff”).

癌症

致癌

肺癌

直男癌

male chauvinism (literally, “straight men's cancer”)


禧

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰlɯ, *qʰlɯʔ) : semantic 示 + phonetic 喜 (OC *qʰlɯʔ).

Han compound

favourable luck; good fortune; auspiciousness; blessings


祢

For pronunciation and definitions of 祢 – see 禰 (“one's deceased father; ancestral temple for one's deceased father; etc.”).
(This character is the simplified form of 禰).
 Notes:
Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.
Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

zh-see

當我們同心敬拜，祢榮耀充滿這地。 [MSC, trad.]
当我们同心敬拜，祢荣耀充满这地。 [MSC, simp.]

From: 天匙敬拜赞美团 (Keys Of Worship), 合一宣教 (Oneness in Mission)

As we worship You, O Lord, may Your glory fill this place!

Dāng wǒmen tóngxīn jìngbài, Nǐ róngyào chōngmǎn zhè dì. [Pinyin]

願我一生全然歸祢，獻在壇上，來為祢發亮。 [Literary Cantonese, trad.]
愿我一生全然归祢，献在坛上，来为祢发亮。 [Literary Cantonese, simp.]

May my whole life be given back to You, offered on the altar, to shine for You.

jyun⁶ ngo⁵ jat¹ sang¹ cyun⁴ jin⁴ gwai¹ nei⁵, hin³ zoi⁶ taan⁴ soeng⁶, loi⁴ wai⁶ nei⁵ faat³ loeng⁶. [Jyutping]

主祢的疼引導我的路，保護我。 [Hokkien, trad.]
主祢的疼引导我的路，保护我。 [Hokkien, simp.]

From: 讚美之泉 (Stream of Praise), 主祢的疼 (Lord, It's Your Love)

Lord, it's Your love, guides me on my way with Your light.

Chú Lí ê thiàⁿ ín-chhōa góa ê lō͘, pó-hō͘ góa. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

祢个能力大到連仇敵也降服祢。 [Sixian Hakka, trad.]
祢个能力大到连仇敌也降服祢。 [Sixian Hakka, simp.]

From: 客家聖樂團, 全世界大家愛敬拜祢

Your power is so big that the enemies surrender to You.

Ngì ke nèn-li̍t thai to lièn sù-thi̍t ya hòng-fu̍k Ngì. [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]


粄

one of several types of Hakka sticky rice cakes or dumplings made from glutinous rice


籽

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔslɯʔ) : semantic 米 (“rice; grain”) + phonetic 子 (OC *ʔslɯʔ).


籮

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raːl) : semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 羅 (OC *raːl).
Compare Mizo hrai (“basket for measuring rice”) (Schuessler, 2007).


笙

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (笙):
* → Japanese: 笙(しょう) (shō); 笙(そう) (sō)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sreŋ) : semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mriŋ (“sound; noise; animal cry”); cognate with 鳴 (OC *mreŋ, “to make a sound”), 鈴 (OC *reːŋ, “bell”), Burmese မြည် (mrany, “to make a sound”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).

inh

(music) sheng (a Chinese mouth-blown free reed instrument consisting of vertical pipes)


簾

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·rem) : semantic 竹 + phonetic 廉 (OC *ɡ·rem).


糰

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 米 (“rice”) + phonetic 團 (OC *doːn, “ball”).
From 團 (OC *doːn, “ball; lump”).


窗

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (窗):
* → Korean: 창(窓) (chang)
* → Vietnamese: song (窗)

→ Zhuang: cueng

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰɔŋ³³⁻³³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰy̯æn³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰɔŋ³³⁻³³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰy̯æn³³/

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 穴 (“hole”) + 囱 (“window”).
From circumstantial noun prefix *s- + 通 (OC l̥ˤoŋ, “to penetrate”), literally "where light penetrates" (Baxter and Sagart, 2014).

Han compound

窻
䆫
窓
牕
*囪
囱
牎
𤗄
𪺠
𤗉
𮈾
𡆧

窗簾／窗帘

打開個窗／打开个窗 [Cantonese] ― daa² hoi¹ go³ coeng¹ [Jyutping] ― to open the window


箏

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (箏):
* → Japanese: 箏(そう) (sō)
* → Korean: 쟁(箏) (jaeng)
* → Vietnamese: tranh (箏)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsreːŋ) : semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 爭 (OC *ʔsreːŋ).

Han compound

古箏／古筝 ― gǔzhēng ― guzheng


綁

綁鞋帶／绑鞋带 [Cantonese] ― bong² haai⁴ daai³⁻² [Jyutping] ― to tie up shoelaces


緋

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pɯl) : semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 非 (OC *pɯl).


縝

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰin, *ʔljinʔ, *tʰjin) : semantic 糸 + phonetic 真 (OC *ʔljin).


縋

/ʈ͡ʂu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *dols) : semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 追 (OC *tul).

Han compound

夜縋而出 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
夜缒而出 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE

That night, being sent down with a rope, he got out.


縊

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qleːɡs, *qleɡs) : semantic 糸 + phonetic 益 (OC *qleɡ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan. Compare Tibetan འཁྱིག་ ('khyig, “tie, fasten”), Burmese အစ် (ac, “throttle”) (Hill, 2017).


粽

→ Thai: จ้าง (jâang)

/t͡sʊŋ³³⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ³³⁻³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsoːŋs) : semantic 米 (“rice”) + phonetic 宗 (OC *ʔsuːŋ).
First attested in Fengsu Tongyi (195). Bencao Gangmu claimed it was derived from 棕 (zōng, “palm tree”) due to similar shapes of zongzi and palm tree leaves.

Han compound

zongzi (dumpling made of glutinous rice, wrapped in leaves) (Classifier: 隻／只 c)


耘

Related to Tibetan ཡུར་མ (yur ma, “weeding”), Kurtöp [script needed] (wer, “to weed”) (Schuessler, 2007, 2024).


肢

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kje) : semantic 肉 (“flesh”) + phonetic 支 (OC *kje).


聾

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *roːŋ) : phonetic 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ) + semantic 耳 (“ear”) – deaf.
Perhaps related to 聳 (OC *sloŋʔ, “deaf”) (Schuessler, 2007).


腫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjoŋʔ) : semantic 肉 (“meat, flesh”) + phonetic 重 (OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs).


舀

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 爪 (“hand”) + 臼 (“mortar, vessel”).
Related to 揄 (OC *l'oː, *l'oːʔ, *lu, *lo, “to scoop out”) (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Mizo lâwk, lawh (“to scoop up; to shovel up”), Mon ဂၠံက် (“to scoop up; to scoop out”) (Schuessler, 2007).

och-l

𦥝
𤔘
抌
抭
㧒
𦥟
𦥞
𦥨
𥦶
𦥵
𦦌


腺

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 腺(せん) (sen).
Spelling pronunciation, as 線／线 (xiàn).


芎

/t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵/


芷

Angelica dahurica
Angelica dahurica#Translingual


膿

→ Proto-Katuic: *pnuŋ (“pus”)

→ Proto-Tai: *ʰnoːŋᴬ (“pus”)

Thai: หนอง (nɔ̌ɔng)

留意感染的徵兆，比如發燒、發紅、腫脹、灼熱、疼痛加劇、流膿或割傷部位周圍有紅色條紋等。 [MSC, trad.]
留意感染的征兆，比如发烧、发红、肿胀、灼热、疼痛加剧、流脓或割伤部位周围有红色条纹等。 [MSC, simp.]

From: 急救基本知识, Qingdao United Family Hospital (青岛和睦家医院)

Watch for signs of infection, which are fever, redness, swelling, warmth, increasing pain, pus, or red streaks around the cut area etc.

Liúyì gǎnrǎn de zhēngzhào, bǐrú fāshāo, fāhóng, zhǒngzhàng, zhuórè, téngtòng jiājù, liú nóng huò gēshāng bùwèi zhōuwéi yǒu hóngsè tiáowén děng. [Pinyin]


艦

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (艦):
* → Japanese: 艦(かん) (kan)
* → Korean: 함(艦) (ham)
* → Vietnamese: hạm (艦)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡraːmʔ) : semantic 舟 + phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms).
"Warship (with boards installed on its four sides to defend against arrow attacks)" (Shiming) > "warship" > "ship" (Guangya). A specialised character derived from 檻 (OC *ɡraːmʔ, *ɡraːms, “fence, railing, board”); see there for more on the external etymology.
This character is a classic example of historical misreadings of unfamiliar characters. The l- initial in southern dialects is probably due to confusion with 濫 (MC lamH, “to overflow”), not due to divergent evolutions of the Old Chinese cluster initial *gr- as this character is often cited as an example of. Likewise, the readings in other Chinese are misreadings, although this is more subtle. Expected Mandarin reflex is xiàn, and jiàn is due to confusion with 鑑 (MC kaemH, “mirror; to reflect”). Wu and Eastern Min readings are results of confusion with 檻 (MC haemX, “doorsill”). Despite these irregularities, all the Sinoxenic readings are regular.


菇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 艸 + phonetic 姑 (OC *kaː).


萣

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 艹 (“grass”) + phonetic 定 (OC *teːŋs, *deːŋs).

Only used in 茄萣 (Jiādìng, “a district in Kaohsiung, Taiwan”).


臀

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *duːn) : phonetic 殿 (OC *tɯːns, *dɯːns) + semantic 肉 (“flesh”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-t(u/i)l (“buttocks; heel; dull; blunt; rounded part”). Compare Manipuri ꯊꯨꯟ (thoon, “buttocks”).


莧

Amaranthus tricolor
Amaranthus tricolor#Translingual


膝

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *siɡ) : semantic ⺼ (“meat, body”) + phonetic 桼 (OC *sʰiɡ) – the knee.
Originally 厀, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *siɡ) : phonetic 桼 (OC *sʰiɡ) + semantic 卩 (“kneeling person”).

Han compound

膝蓋／膝盖


蓖

Only used in 蓖麻 (bìmá, “castor oil plant”).


菱

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯŋ) : semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 夌 (OC *rɯŋ).

Han compound

water caltrop; water chestnut (Trapa natans)


蓆

/t͡sʰioʔ¹²¹/

/t͡sʰioʔ¹²¹/

woven mat made of bamboo strips or grass


臍

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zliːl) : semantic 肉 (“meat; flesh”) + phonetic 齊 (OC *zliːl, *zliːls).
Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-taj (“navel; abdomen; centre; self”) (Weidert, 1987; Schuessler, 2007), with metathesis of *s-t- > *dz- (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan ལྟེ (lte, “navel”), Chepang तोय् (“navel”), and more distantly, Burmese လယ် (lai, “center, middle”).


蔔

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bɯːɡ) : semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 匐 (OC *bɯːɡ, *bɯɡ).


虍

Pictogram (象形) – tiger's head.
Compare 虎 which includes the body.


藠

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 皛 (OC *pʰraːɡ, *ɡeːwʔ).

Allium chinense
Allium chinense#Translingual


蔗

/t͡siɛ²¹⁻²¹⁵/

/t͡siɛ²¹⁻²¹⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjaːɡs) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 庶 (OC *hljaɡs).
See 藷蔗／薯蔗 (zhūzhè).

zh-l

藷蔗／薯蔗 (zhūzhè)


蛞

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰoːd) : semantic 虫 + phonetic 𠯑 (OC *ɡroːd).


蜢

Only used in 蚱蜢 (zhàměng), 草蜢 (cǎoměng) etc.


蘿

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raːl) : semantic 艸 + phonetic 羅 (OC *raːl).


薸

Possibly related to 漂 (OC *pʰew, “to float; to drift”) (Liu, 1999).
Norman and Mei (1976) suggest instead that this word is of Austroasiatic origin, comparing it to Vietnamese bèo (“duckweed”), which they further relate to Mon ဗေဝ် (“to ride low in the water”) (< Proto-Mon-Khmer *ber (“to float”)). However, Sagart (2008) counts it among "either East Asian areal words if not Chinese words in disguise".


蒜

→ Lisu: ꓢꓪꓮꓠꓸ (swɑ́n)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sloːns) : semantic 艸 + phonetic 祘 (OC *sloːns).
Matisoff considers this to be derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *swa-n (“garlic”), but more likely this may be a plant imported from the Western Regions in the Qin–Han era. The relatively late attestation and the earlier form of 卵蒜 (luǎnsuàn) attest to the latter theory.
Compare Sanskrit लशुन (laśuna), Pali lasuṇa, lasuna. The Old Chinese reconstruction was revised to a *-or rhyme in the Baxter–Sagart system, akin to its homophone 算 (“to calculate”). Hence compare Persian سیر (sir, “garlic”), Khotanese sārmā- (“the plant Basella cordifolia or B. lucida or B. rubra”), Hungarian sárma (“Ornithogalum sp.”), as well as Turkish sarımsak, Mongolian саримс (sarims).
Either way this word is cognate with the second syllable of Burmese ကြက်သွန် (krakswan, “onion”), ကြက်သွန်ဖြူ (krakswanhpru, “garlic”).


薑

desc

→ Lisu: ꓚꓬꓺ (tʃɑ̱), ꓚꓬꓮꓥꓺ (tʃɑ̱ŋ)

→ Lisu: ꓚꓬꓺ (tʃɑ̱), ꓚꓬꓮꓥꓺ (tʃɑ̱ŋ)

→ Spanish: kion, kión

→ Zhuang: gieng

/kiaŋ³³⁻³³⁵/

/kiaŋ³³⁻³³⁵/

Originally 䕬, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaŋ) : semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 彊 (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ).
Note that the simplified form 姜 (OC *klaŋ) is also a traditional character on its own.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kjaŋ (“ginger”). Compare Burmese ချင်း (hkyang:).

Han compound

蒙舍蠻以椒、薑、桂和烹而飲之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
蒙舍蛮以椒、姜、桂和烹而饮之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

The Mengshe Barbarians use pepper, ginger, and cinnamon to boil as a drink.

Méngshè Mán yǐ jiāo, jiāng, guì hé pēng ér yǐn zhī. [Pinyin]


蝴

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaː) : semantic 虫 (“insect”) + phonetic 胡 (OC *ɡaː).


螳

螳螂


螢

From 虫 "worm", 熒 "fluorescent" sound, indicating fireflies.

och-l

熒 (OC *ɡʷeːŋ, “luminous, fluorescent; to shine, to shimmer, to dazzle”)


蠔

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 虫 + phonetic 豪 (OC *ɡaːw).


蠣

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *m·rads) : semantic 虫 (“insect; bug; creature”) + phonetic 厲 (OC *m·rads).


蠍

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰad) : semantic 虫 + phonetic 歇 (OC *qʰad).

Han compound

蠍子／蝎子 ― xiēzi ― scorpion


褂

/kʷʰaː³³⁻³⁵/

/kʷʰaː³³⁻³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 衣 (“clothes”) + phonetic 卦.


袍

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *buː) : semantic 衣 (“clothing”) + phonetic 包 (OC *pruː).

Han compound

(Chinese-style) long gown, robe, or cloak


襾

Characters in the same phonetic series (襾) (Zhengzhang, 2003)


襖

→? Proto-Bahnaric: *ʔaːw (“shirt”)

Bahnar: ao (“shirt”)

→? Khmer: អាវ (ʼaaw)

desc

→? Proto-Vietic: *ʔaːwʔ (“upper garment”)

Vietnamese: áo

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *quːʔ, *quːʔ) : semantic 衣 (“clothing”) + phonetic 奧 (OC *quːɡs).


診

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯns, *kljɯnʔ) : semantic 言 + phonetic 㐱 ().

Han compound

(medicine) to examine (a patient); to diagnose


諉

推諉／推诿

to pass the buck; to avoid responsibilities by finding excuses

諉過／诿过


裙

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (裙):
* → Vietnamese: quần (裙)

/t͡ɕʰynə̯ɻ³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰynə̯ɻ³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡlun) : semantic 衤 (“clothing”) + phonetic 君 (OC *klun).

Han compound

skirt; apron; dress; petticoat (Classifier: 條／条 c)


褲

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰʷaːs) : semantic 衣 (“clothing”) + phonetic 庫 (OC *kʰaːs).

Han compound

pants; trousers (Classifier: 條／条 c; 領／领 mn)


襪

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mad) : semantic 衣 (“clothing”) + phonetic 蔑 (OC *meːd, *meːd).

Han compound

袜
韤
韈
𥀯
韎
𤿗
𥿉
帓
𤿖
靺

sock; stocking (Classifier: 隻／只 c; 對／对 c)


詈

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 网 (“net”) + 言 (“speech; word”).

(literary or Northern Min, Hokkien) to curse; to scold; to abuse verbally


蠅

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *b·lɯŋ) : semantic 虫 (“insect”) + phonetic 黽 (OC *mlenʔ, *mliŋʔ, *mreːŋʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-b-(r/j)aŋ (“fly; bee”). Compare 虻 (OC mˁraŋ, “"horsefly"”), Tibetan སྦྲང་བུ (sbrang bu, “bee”), Burmese ယင် (yang, “fly”), Chepang याङ् (“insect; fly”), Japhug ɣʑo (“bee”) (STEDT; Coblin, 1986; Benedict, 1972; Schuessler, 2007; Zhang, Jacques, and Lai, 2019).


蠶

Bodman (1980) relates this to Tibetan སྡོམ (sdom, “spider”). Perhaps cognate to 蔪 (OC *zamʔ, “to entwine”) (Schuessler, 2007), as well as 縶 (OC *tib, “to rope, tether, bind”), with these terms deriving from a Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tip ~ *tu(p/m) (“to wrap up”), whence Burmese ထုပ် (htup, “to wrap, bundle”) (STEDT). The silkworm would thus be seen as a "wrapping (bug)", which is particularly apt when considering the process of sericulture.

der

蚕
𧉏
蝅
𧑯
𧌩
䗝
䗞
䘉
𧕽
𧖟
蠺


詏

(Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew) to argue; to contend; to dispute; to debate


豺

/t͡sʰaːi̯²¹/

/t͡sʰaːi̯²¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zrɯː) : semantic 豸 (“creature”) + phonetic 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs).

Han compound

豺祭獸，然後田獵。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
豺祭兽，然后田猎。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

When the dhole sacrificed its prey, the hunting commenced.

豺狼

豺狗 ― cháigǒu ― dhole


豕

Pictogram (象形) – a pig. Compare 亥.
Possibly from Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *liik ~ *lik (“pig”) and Mon ကၠိက် (kloik, “pig”). Also occurs in the Cai-Long languages, from which Hölzl (2021) derives the name Ta-Li for the aforementioned language subgroup.

有豕白蹢、烝涉波矣。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]

There are many swine, with their trotters white, wading through the waves.

Yǒu shǐ báidí, zhēng shè bō yǐ. [Pinyin]


財

/t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zlɯː) : semantic 貝 (“shell”) + phonetic 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs).

Han compound

君子愛財，取之有道。 [MSC, trad.]
君子爱财，取之有道。 [MSC, simp.]

A nobleman makes fortune in a noble way.


蹤

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsloŋ) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 從 (OC *zloŋ, *zloŋ, *zloŋs, “follow”)


輛

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raŋs) : semantic 車 (“vehicle”) + phonetic 兩 (OC *raŋʔ, *raŋs).

Han compound

一輛車／一辆车

一輛跑車／一辆跑车

Classifier for wheeled vehicles. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier


辵

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 彳 (“walk”) + 止 (“foot” or “to stop”).

^‡ to walk for a while and be still for a while


郊

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreːw) : phonetic 交 (OC *kreːw) + semantic 阝.


釆

Pictogram (象形) . An animal paw feeling for something.
Exopassive of 辨 (OC *brenʔ, “to divide, distinguish, discriminate”); possibly in the same word-family as another exopassive 瓣 (OC *breːns, “what is divided”). These three thus may be related to either 班 (OC *praːn, “to distribute → to arrange, classify → class, group”) or Mizo pʰel (“to split, cut in halves”) (with medial *-r- dropped after labial initials according to Mizo phonotactics) (Schuessler, 2007).


鋰

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 里.
Borrowed from New Latin lithium.


釵

/t͡sʰaːi̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰaːi̯⁵⁵/


錨

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 苗 (OC *mrew).


阱

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sɡeŋʔ, *sɡeŋs) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 阝 (“mound”) + phonetic 井 (OC *skeŋʔ, “well”).


陛

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *biːʔ) : semantic 阝 + phonetic 坒 (OC *bis, *biɡ).

Han compound

陛下

(archaic) flight of steps; (specifically) steps leading to the throne in a palace


霖

(literary) long spell of rain; continuous rain


韆

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/


鞍

→ Proto-Tai: *ʔaːnᴬ

Thai: อาน (aan)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qaːn) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 革 (“leather”) + 安 (“secure”).


頦

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯːʔ, *ɡɯː) : phonetic 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ) + semantic 頁.

liushu

OC *kɯːʔ, *ɡɯː


鞦

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

(in compounds or dialectal) swing (hanging seat)


霰

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sjar (“hail; sleet”); compare Tibetan སེར (ser, “hail”), Western Tamang सेर (“hail”) (STEDT; Hill, 2014).

inh

䨘
䨷
𩄧
𩆥
𩅤
𩃝
𩃂
𩆵


靴

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hʷa) : semantic 革 (“leather”) + phonetic 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls).

Han compound

鞾
𩎁
韡
𩍇
𡲲
㞜
𩋖
𩋾
𩍍


韭

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯əu̯⁴¹/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯əu̯⁴¹/

Pictogram (象形) – leek in the ground (一).

Allium tuberosum
Allium tuberosum#Translingual

garlic chives; Chinese chives; Chinese leek (Allium tuberosum)


靨

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qeb) : phonetic 厭 (OC *qemʔ, *qems, *qeb) + semantic 面 (“face”).


雹

⇒ Zhuang: lwgbag

/tʰɔk̚³²⁻²¹/

/tʰɔk̚³²⁻²¹/

Characters in the same phonetic series (勹) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bruːɡ) : semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 包 (OC *pruː).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-bru(ŋ/k) (“dragon; thunder”), whence also 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ, “dragon”) (STEDT).


騾

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *roːl) : semantic 馬 (“horse”) + phonetic 累 (OC *ruːls, *rolʔ, *rols). Written as 驘 in Shuowen.

Han compound

骡
*驘
*臝
䯁
𩦻
𩧣

趙簡子有兩白騾而甚愛之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
赵简子有两白骡而甚爱之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 BCE

Viscount Jian of Zhao had two white mules which he liked very much.

Zhào Jiǎnzǐ yǒu liǎng bái luó ér shèn ài zhī. [Pinyin]

mule (offspring of a donkey and a horse, sometimes specifically the offspring of a male donkey and a female horse) (Classifier: 匹 m; 頭／头 m; 隻／只 mn)


魷

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 魚 (“fish”) + phonetic 尤 (OC *ɢʷɯ).

Only used in 魷魚／鱿鱼 (yóuyú, “squid”); also used as its short form.


髻

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kiːds) : semantic 髟 (“long hair”) + phonetic 吉 (OC *klid).
From 結 (OC *kiːd, “to tie”) + exopassive nominal suffix *-s, literally “something tied” (Baxter and Sagart, 1997, 2014; Schuessler, 2007).


鬍

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 髟 (“hair”) + phonetic 胡 (OC *ɡaː).
From 胡 (OC *ɡaː, “wattle; dewlap of an animal”), i.e. “that which hangs down from the chin” (Wang, 1980).
STEDT proposes that this word comes from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-wu (“beard”), but there are phonological problems with this reconstruction.


驢

→ Vietnamese: lừa

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *b·ra) : semantic 馬 (“horse”) + phonetic 盧 (OC *b·raː).

Han compound

donkey; ass (Classifier: 頭／头 m; 條／条 m; 匹 m; 隻／只 c mn)


鴣

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaː) : phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).


鴦

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qaːŋ, *qaŋ) : phonetic 央 (OC *qaŋ) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).

Han compound

鴛鴦／鸳鸯


鴕

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aːl) : semantic 鳥 (“bird”) + phonetic 它 (OC *l̥ʰaːl).


鱷

→? Proto-Tai: *ŋɯəkᴰ (“crocodile”)

Ahom: 𑜂𑜢𑜤𑜀𑜫 (ṅük, “crocodile; nāga”)

desc

Lao: ເງືອກ (ngư̄ak, “merperson; electric eel”)

Shan: ငိူၵ်ႈ (ngōek, “alligator; crocodile”)

Thai: เงือก (ngʉ̂ʉak, “snake; nāga; crocodilian; mythical water creature; merperson”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːɡ) : semantic 魚 (“fish”) + phonetic 噩 (OC *ŋaːɡ).
Within Chinese, Carr (1990) relates it to:
* 咢 (OC *ŋaːɡ, “to beat the drum”), either because drumming was associated with dragons or because some drums were made of crocodilian skins (Schuessler, 2007).
* Words for “fear”, e.g. 愕 (OC *ŋaːɡ, “startled; terrified”), 噩 (OC *ŋaːɡ, “frightening; startling”).
Outside of Chinese, Carr (1990) also relates it to:
* Proto-Tai *ŋwak (“mythical water creature”) (reconstruction from Chamberlain, 1977), which Pittayaporn (2009-2010), reconstructing the root as *ŋɯəkᴰ (“crocodile”), holds to be a loan from Chinese.
* Proto-Austro-Tai *(m)baŋiwak (“shark; crocodile”), posited by Paul K. Benedict and proposed by him to give rise to the Tai word, as well as Japanese 鰐(わに) (wani, “crocodilian; shark”), 魚(うお) (uo, “fish”).
Vovin (2021) notes that 鱷 (OC *ŋâk ~ *ŋɑk) "aquatic reptile, saltwater crocodile" was attested late, for the first time in Shuowen as 𧊜 (è); and that "it would be very weird if the word for a ‘saltwater crocodile’ from the middle of Huang-he (黃河) river basin that lies quite far away from both tropics and the sea would be borrowed by Tai languages in Southern China". Therefore, Vovin contends that, instead, 鱷 (OC *ŋâk ~ *ŋɑk) had been borrowed into Later Han Chinese from Tai.


鷥

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *slɯ) : phonetic 絲 (OC *slɯ) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”)


鵡

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maʔ) : phonetic 武 (OC *maʔ) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *măH (“a kind of bird (peacock, parrot)”); cognate with Tibetan རྨ་བྱ (rma bya, “peacock”); compare also Bodo (India) [script needed] (məyra, “peacock”) (Peiros & Starostin, 1996).


鷗

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qoː) : phonetic 區 (OC *qoː, *kʰo) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).


鸚

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qreːŋ) : phonetic 嬰 (OC *qeŋ) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ɣrēŋ (“a kind of parrot”); cognate with Jingpho [script needed] (ukhriŋ¹, “small parrot”) (Peiros & Starostin, 1996).


鼘

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qrin, *qʷiːn) : semantic 鼓 (“drum”) + phonetic 淵 (OC *qʷiːn).


鷹

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯŋ) : phonetic 䧹 (OC *qɯŋ, “eagle; hawk”) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).
This word is possibly related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-la(ŋ/k) (“bird of prey”), which is likely a loan from Proto-Mon-Khmer *laŋ ~ *laaŋ ~ *laiŋ (“large raptor”) > Proto-Bahnaric *klaːŋ (“hawk”), Proto-Palaungic *klaːŋ (“kite”), Mon လနေၚ် (“kite”), Khmer ខ្លែង (khlaeng, “kite”); within Tibeto-Burman, compare Tibetan གླག (glag, “eagle; vulture”), Burmese လင်းတ (lang:ta., “vulture”), Jingpho lang (“bird of the falcon family”) (Benedict, 1972; STEDT).
This word agrees better with Tibetan སྐྱིང་སེར (skying ser, “eagle; vulture”) if the Old Chinese is reconstructed as *s-ki̯əŋ (Benedict, 1990; Schuessler, 2007); Benedict (1976) reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-kiŋ for this, which Benedict (1990) suggests is the native Sino-Tibetan root.

cog

禿鷹／秃鹰

雀鷹／雀鹰 ― quèyīng ― sparrowhawk

貓頭鷹／猫头鹰

a bird of prey of Accipitriformes (eagles, hawks, kites, vultures), Falconiformes (falcons) or Strigiformes (owls)


鷺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raːɡs) : phonetic 路 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).
Compare Khmer ក្រក (krɑɑk, “species of heron”), Thai ร้า (ráa, “species of heron”) (Schuessler, 2007).


鰻

→ Indonesian: mua

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *moːn, *mons) : semantic 魚 (“fish”) + phonetic 曼 (OC *moːn, *mons) – a kind of fish.

Han compound

鳗
𩺴
𩻠
*⿰魚昘
*⿰魚𭦗
*⿰魚𭦟
*⿰鱼⿳⺜𠀃勹


鵲

⇒ Zhuang: roeggacak

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

鹑之奔奔，鹊之彊彊。人之无良，我以为兄。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
Chún zhī bēnbēn, què zhī jiāngjiāng. Rén zhī wú liáng, wǒ yǐ wéi xiōng. [Pinyin]

鶉之奔奔，鵲之彊彊。人之無良，我以為兄。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]

The quails run [in pairs]. The magpies fly [in pairs]. That man is not nice. I call him brother.


鱉

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ped) : phonetic 敝 (OC *beds, *bed) + semantic 魚.

Han compound

Pelodiscus sinensis
Wikispecies:Pelodiscus sinensis

soft-shell turtle (any turtle in the family Trionychidae, especially Pelodiscus sinensis)


鴉

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qraː) : phonetic 牙 (OC *ŋraː) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ka-n (“crow”). Doublet of 烏 (OC *qaː, “crow; raven”) . The Middle Chinese of 鴉 retains the earlier vowel.
Schuessler (2007) disputes Old Chinese reconstructions with medial *-r-, reasoning that 鴉's place among Division II syllables (often from Old Chinese syllables containing *-r-) results rather from archaism which preserves the original vowel's quality.

Han compound

民食芻豢，麋鹿食薦，蝍且甘帶，鴟鴉耆鼠，四者孰知正味？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
民食刍豢，麋鹿食荐，蝍且甘带，鸱鸦耆鼠，四者孰知正味？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: Zhuangzi, circa 3ʳᵈ – 2ⁿᵈ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Men eat animals that have been fed on grain and grass; elaphures feed on the thick-set grass; centipedes enjoy small snakes; owls and crows delight in mice; but does any one of the four know the right taste?

Mín shí chúhuàn, mílù shí jiàn, jíqiě gān dài, chīyā qí shǔ, sì zhě shú zhī zhèngwèi? [Pinyin]

枯藤老樹昏鴉，小橋流水人家。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: 13ᵗʰ century – 14ᵗʰ century, 馬致遠 (Ma Zhiyuan), 秋思 (Autumn Thoughts)

Withered vines, an old tree, evening crows; small bridges, flowing stream, family houses.

Kūténg lǎoshù hūnyā, xiǎoqiáo liúshuǐ rénjiā. [Pinyin]


鵝

→ Guiqiong: wo

/ᵑɡᵘɔ²²⁻²²⁵/

/ᵑɡᵘɔ²²⁻²²⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːl) : phonetic 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ) + semantic 鳥.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋa-n (“goose”); cognate with Tibetan ངང་པ (ngang pa), Burmese ငန်း (ngan:). However, the final consonants of the proposed cognates are possibly irreconcilable; they could instead be independently coined through onomatopoeia (Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2019).
Related to 雁 (OC *ŋraːns, “wild goose”); see there for more.

Han compound

domestic goose (as opposed to a wild goose – 雁 (yàn)) (Classifier: 隻／只 m c mn)


𠜱

(Cantonese, Hakka, Min) to pare; (dialectal) Alternative form of 批 (pī)


䌈

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 糸 + phonetic 𦐇 ().


䘆

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 虫 (“insect; worm”) + phonetic 憲 (OC *hŋans)


𫣆

𫣆係現代个客家人，世界个客家人。 [Sixian Hakka, trad.]
𫣆系现代个客家人，世界个客家人。 [Sixian Hakka, simp.]

From: 黃連煜, 客家世界

Ên he hien-thoi ke Hak-kâ-ngìn, sṳ-kie ke Hak-kâ-ngìn. [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]


𥘹

𠊎等係𥘹痛惜子 蒙受大愛深廣 愛大聲感謝歌頌𥘹 [Sixian Hakka, trad.]
𠊎等系𥘹痛惜子 蒙受大爱深广 爱大声感谢歌颂𥘹 [Sixian Hakka, simp.]
ngài-tén he Kì thung-siak chṳ́, mùng-su thai-oi chhṳ̂m-kóng, oi thai-sâng kám-chhia kô-siung Kì [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]

2008, 陳建中 (lyrics and music), “天地有位神”, in 不同凡響的頌讚, performed by 客家聖樂團

We are His beloved children, receiving great and profound love. We must loudly give thanks and sing praises to Him.

(Hakka) He; Him (third-person pronoun for God)


𧊅

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 虫 (“insect; creature”) + abbreviated phonetic 拐.
Compare Zhuang gvej, Bouyei gveec.


𠍲

(literary or dialectal) Alternative form of 渠 (qú, “third-person pronoun; he, she, it”)


𨂽

Probably a Kra-Dai substrate word. Compare Zhuang daemh (“to stamp (one's foot)”), Bouyei damh (“to stamp (one's foot)”), Sui tjam⁶ (“to stamp (one's foot)”), Hlai domx (“to stamp (one's foot)”).

(Cantonese, Hakka, Pinghua) to stamp (one's foot)


𫟧

𫟧去𫟧轉／𫟧去𫟧转 [Meixian Hakka]

din¹ hi⁴ din¹ zon³ [Hakka Transliteration Scheme]

(Hakka) to circle, to move around in circles


𡆇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 (“mouth; colloquial”) + phonetic 鑊.
From English watt.


𮰵

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/ta²¹³ t͡ɕi²¹/

/taːi̯²² kɐt̚⁵/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kit̚¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ kiɛt̚³²/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² kiɛt̚⁵/

/tai²²⁻²¹ kiɛt̚³²/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ kiɛt̚³²/

/tai³³⁻²¹ kiɛt̚³²/

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/ta²¹³ t͡ɕi²¹/

/taːi̯²² kɐt̚⁵/

/tʰaɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ kit̚¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ kiɛt̚³²/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² kiɛt̚⁵/

/tai²²⁻²¹ kiɛt̚³²/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ kiɛt̚³²/

/tai³³⁻²¹ kiɛt̚³²/