anna

Nuzi (Babylonian Standard)
El-Amarna (Babylonian Standard)

𒅗𒋗 𒀭𒈾 𒊮𒋗 𒌌𒆷
[pīšu anna, libbašu ulla]
KA-šu an-na ŠA₃-šu ul-la
There is a yes in his mouth, but a no in his heart.


ula

𒈪𒅎𒈠 𒌑𒆷 𒀀𒂵𒀊𒁉 [mimma ula aqabbi]

𒀜𒋫 𒌑𒆷 𒋾𒁲 [atta ula tīde]

Old Akkadian, Old Assyrian, and Old Babylonian form of ul (“not”)


gardumu

A West Semitic loan, related to Hebrew גַּרְדּוֹם (gardōm, “executioner’s spot, scaffold”), Jewish Babylonian Aramaic גַּרְדּוּמָא (gardōmā, “stump”), Jewish Palestinian Aramaic גרדום (*gardōm, “court tribunal”), and the axes Hebrew גַּרְזֶן (garzén), Hebrew קַרְדֹּם (qardōm), Eblaite 𒄥𒁺𒈬𒌝 (gur-du-mu-um /gurdumum/), Emar Akkadian 𒄥𒁲𒈬 (gur-di-mu /gurdimu/), Arabic كَرْزَن (karzan, “axe; crown”) against Persian گرزن (garzan, “crown”) and گهزن (gahzan), گزن (gazan, “shoe-knife”).

cog

גַּרְדּוּמָא

(hapax) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

a kind of cognitor, tribune, criminal judge or prosecutor


elum

Compare the preposition 𒂊𒇷 (eli, “on, over”).

(Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, rare) top, upper side


asum

desctree

→ Aramaic: ܐܵܣܵܐ / אָסָא (ʾāsā)
→ Arabic: آس (ʔās)
⇒ Cypriot Arabic: ximplás
→ Ge'ez: እልኣስ (ʾəlʾas, “myrtle”)
→ Middle Armenian: հապալաս (hapalas) (√ حَبّ الْآس (ḥabb al-ʔās))
→ Armenian: հապալաս (hapalas) (learned)

→⇒ Hebrew: הֲדַס (hăḏás)
→ Arabic: هَدَس (hadas)
→ Amharic: ኣደስ (ʾadäs), አደስ (ʾädäs)
→ Ge'ez: አደስ (ʾädäs)
→ Swahili: mhadasi
→ Tigrinya: ኣደስ (ʾadäs)
→ Aramaic: הֲדַסַא (hăḏasā)
→ German: Addas f (used once by Heinrich Heine)
→ Yiddish:


kanīkum

akk-noun

kanīkum m or f (plural kanīkū m or kanīkātum f)

kanīkū (masculine plural)
kanīkātum (feminine plural)

(Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian) purchase document, receipt

Old Babylonian; Middle Assyrian; Old Babylonian; Middle Assyrian


qanûm

akk-verb

qanûm (G, i, durative iqanni, perfect iqtani, preterite iqni, imperative qini)

iqanni (durative)
iqtani (perfect)
iqni (preterite)
qini (imperative)
Neo-Assyrian (Babylonian Middle)


-iš

𒉡𒊌𒆪𒊏𒀜 𒀀𒈠𒊑𒅖 𒉺𒀠𒄩𒀜
[nukkurat amāriš palḫat]
nu-uk-ku-ra-at a-ma-ri-iš pa-al-ḫa-at
She is strange to look at, she's fearsome.

(Old Babylonian) Combined with an infinitive, it denotes purpose, and corresponds to the preposition 𒀀𒈾 (ana) plus infinitive. It only occurs in Old Babylonian literary texts.


būrum

From Proto-Semitic *bVʕVr- (“bull, calf”). Compare with Arabic بَعِير (baʕīr, “camel”) and Biblical Hebrew בְּעִיר (bəʕír, “cattle, beasts”) and Ugaritic 𐎛𐎁𐎗 (ỉbr, “bull”).


warad ēkallim

→ Aramaic:

desc

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: ארדיכלא (ʾardēḵlāʾ)

→ Hebrew: אַדְרִיכָל (ʾaḏriḵɔl)

→ Hebrew: אַדְרִיכָל (ʾaḏriḵɔl)

Classical Syriac: ܐܪܕܝܟܠܐ (ʾardēḵlāʾ)

𒋳𒈠 𒀀𒉿𒈝 𒇻𒀵𒂍𒃲 𒇻𒊩𒆳𒂍𒃲 𒇻𒀵𒈦𒂗𒆕 𒇻𒊩𒆳𒈦𒂗𒆕 𒆍𒃲𒍑𒋼𒍣 𒀉𒁕𒀝

1755–1750 BCE, King Hammurabi of Babylon, translated by OMNIKA Foundation, Hammurabi Code, The Louvre, Law 15:

If a man let a male or female slave whether of the palace or of a muškēnum escape through the city gate, he will be executed.

šum-ma a-wi-lum lu ARAD₂ E₂.GAL lu GEME₂ E₂.GAL lu ARAD₂ MAŠ.EN.GAG lu GEME₂ MAŠ.EN.GAG ABUL uš-te-ṣi₂ id-da-ak

(Old Assyrian, Old Babylonian) slave of the palace, a designation of the palace personnel

Old Assyrian; Old Babylonian; Old Assyrian; Old Babylonian


inūma

Possibly from 𒄿𒈾 (ina, “in”) + 𒌓 (ūmum, “day”) + 𒈠 (ma, coordinating conjunction), literally “and in the day”.


kabsum

kabsū (plural)
Neo-Babylonian (Babylonian Standard)
Neo-Assyrian (Babylonian Standard)

Borrowed from an Aramaic term cognate to Arabic كَبْش (kabš, “tup, wether”), Hebrew כֶּבֶשׂ (kɛ́ḇɛś, “sheep”), and Phoenician 𐤊𐤁𐤔 (kbš, “sheep”).


menûm

akk-verb

menûm (G, i, durative imenne, perfect imtene, preterite imne, imperative mene)

imenne (durative)
imtene (perfect)
imne (preterite)
mene (imperative)
menûm (infinitive)
mēnûm (participle)
menûm (adjective)
emenne (durative first-person singular)
emtene (first-person perfect singular)
emne (first-person preterite singular)
lumne (first-person imperative singular)
temenne (durative masculine second-person singular)
temtene (masculine perfect second-person singular)
temne (masculine preterite second-person singular)
mene (imperative masculine second-person singular)
temennî (durative feminine second-person singular)
temtenî (feminine perfect second-person singular)
temnî (feminine preterite second-person singular)
menî (feminine imperative second-person singular)
imenne (durative singular third-person)
imtene (perfect singular third-person)
imne (preterite singular third-person)
limne (imperative singular third-person)
nimenne (durative first-person plural)
nimtene (first-person perfect plural)
nimne (first-person plural preterite)
i nimne (first-person imperative plural)
temenneā (durative plural second-person)
temteneā (perfect plural second-person)
temneā (plural preterite second-person)
meneā (imperative plural second-person)
imennû (durative masculine plural third-person)
imtenû (masculine perfect plural third-person)
imnû (masculine plural preterite third-person)
limnû (imperative masculine plural third-person)
imenneā (durative feminine plural third-person)
imteneā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
imneā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
limneā (feminine imperative plural third-person)

From Proto-Semitic *mny-. Cognate with Arabic مَنِيّ (maniyy, “ejaculation, sperm”).


bīt ṭuppim

bīt ṭuppātim (plural)
Neo-Assyrian (Babylonian Standard)
Neo-Babylonian (Babylonian Standard)

From 𒂍 (bīt, “house”) + 𒁾𒁀 (ṭuppim, “of the tablet”), literally “tablet house”. Compare Biblical Hebrew בַּיִת (báyiṯ, “house; school”) and Mishnaic Hebrew בֵּית סֵפֶר (beṯ séfɛr, “school”, literally “book house”). Compare the formation Persian دبستان (dabestân).


darārum

akk-verb

darārum (G, a-u, durative idarrar, perfect iddarar, preterite idrur, imperative durur)

idarrar (durative)
iddarar (perfect)
idrur (preterite)
durur (imperative)
darārum (infinitive)
dārirum (participle)
darrum (adjective)
adarrar (durative first-person singular)
addarar (first-person perfect singular)
adrur (first-person preterite singular)
ludrur (first-person imperative singular)
tadarrar (durative masculine second-person singular)
taddarar (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tadrur (masculine preterite second-person singular)
durur (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tadarrarī (durative feminine second-person singular)
taddarrī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tadrurī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
durrī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
idarrar (durative singular third-person)
iddarar (perfect singular third-person)
idrur (preterite singular third-person)
lidrur (imperative singular third-person)
nidarrar (durative first-person plural)
niddarar (first-person perfect plural)
nidrur (first-person plural preterite)
i nidrur (first-person imperative plural)
tadarrarā (durative plural second-person)
taddarrā (perfect plural second-person)
tadrurā (plural preterite second-person)
durrā (imperative plural second-person)
idarrarū (durative masculine plural third-person)
iddarrū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
idrurū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
lidrurū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
idarrarā (durative feminine plural third-person)
iddarrā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
idrurā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
lidrurā (feminine imperative plural third-person)

to be free (of a task), move about freely, run off


andurārum

Neo-Assyrian (Babylonian Standard)
Neo-Babylonian (Babylonian Standard)

Compare Biblical Hebrew דְּרוֹר (dərór, “freedom”).

cog

freedom, exemption
remission of commercial debts


Šabāṭum

desc

→ Hebrew: שְׁבָט (šə̆ḇɔ́ṭ, “Shevat”)

→ Hebrew: שְׁבָט (šə̆ḇɔ́ṭ, “Shevat”)

→ Aramaic: שְׁבָט (šəḇāṭ)

→ Aramaic: שְׁבָט (šəḇāṭ)

Classical Syriac: ܫܒܛ

→ Arabic: شُبَاط (šubāṭ)

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܫܒ݂ܵܛ (šḇāṭ)

Unknown. Spelt with 𒌚 (ITI, “month”) and 𒀾 (ZIZ₂, “emmer”).

𒌚𒀾 𒌚 𒁕𒀀𒁍𒌝 𒋗𒌑
ITI.ZIZ₂ ITI ṭa-a-bu-um šu-u₂
/Šabāṭum warḫum ṭābum šū/
Šabāṭum is a favorable month

Šabāṭu Šabāṭu

Šabāṭu, the eleventh month of the Babylonian calendar


amūtum

Considered from a Proto-Semitic form *miʕay- (“intestine, tharm”) or closely similar to it.

(extispicy) liver (of a sacrificial sheep, examined by the haruspex)


kašdum

akk-adj

kašdum (feminine kašittum, masculine plural kašdūtum, feminine plural kašdātum, predicative kašid)

kašittum (feminine)
kašdūtum (masculine plural)
kašdātum (feminine plural)
kašid (predicative)
Neo-Babylonian (Babylonian Standard)

successful, achieved, accomplished, attained, conquered


ḫarrānum

→ Sumerian: 𒄯𒊏𒀭 (ḫar-ra-an /ḫarran/)

Unknown. Compare Biblical Hebrew הָרָן (ḥɔrɔ́n, “Haran, a Biblical place name”).

cog

(Old Assyrian, Old Babylonian) journey-money


rēštum

akk-noun

rēštum f (construct state rēšti or rēšet, plural rēšētum)

rēšti (construct)
rēšet (construct)
rēšētum (plural)

From 𒊕 (rēšum, “head”). Compare Biblical Hebrew רֵאשִׁית (reʔšíṯ, “beginning”).

cog

(Old Babylonian) first instalment of a rent


inūmīšu

From 𒄿𒈾 (ina, “in”) + 𒌓𒈪 (ūmī, “days”) + 𒋗 (šu, “its”), literally “in those days”.


maḫrûm

akk-adjective

maḫrûm (feminine maḫrītum, masculine plural maḫrûtum, feminine plural maḫriātum, predicative maḫrī)

maḫrītum (feminine)
maḫrûtum (masculine plural)
maḫriātum (feminine plural)
maḫrī (predicative)
Assyrian (Middle)

From 𒅆 (maḫrum, “front”) + 𒄿 (-ī, nisba suffix).


šaplûm

akk-adjective

šaplûm (feminine šaplītum, masculine plural šaplûtum, feminine plural šapliātum, predicative šaplī)

šaplītum (feminine)
šaplûtum (masculine plural)
šapliātum (feminine plural)
šaplī (predicative)

From 𒆠𒋫 (šaplum, “bottom”) + 𒄿 (-ī, nisba suffix). Compare Arabic سُفْلِيّ (sufliyy, “lower”).


kīrum

kīrātum (plural)
Neo-Babylonian (Babylonian Standard)

From Sumerian 𒌋𒀜 (gir₄ /gir/, “oven”). Cognate with Arabic جِير (jīr, “chalk, lime”) and Hebrew גִּיר (gir, “chalk, lime”).

oven, kiln (especially for lime and bitumen)


Igigū

(plural only, Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian) Igigi, a collective name for the "great gods"


šūrum

From Proto-Semitic *ṯawr- (“bull, ox”). Cognate with Arabic ثَوْر (ṯawr) and Biblical Hebrew שׁוֹר (šor).

𒋗𒌨 𒊭𒈠𒄿


līlum

From Proto-Semitic *layl- (“night”). Cognate with Arabic لَيْل (layl, “nighttime”) and Biblical Hebrew לַיִל (láyil, “night”).


qabrum

Cognate with Arabic قَبْر (qabr, “grave”) and Biblical Hebrew קֶבֶר (qɛ́ḇɛr, “grave”).


Šumerum

Unknown. Compare Biblical Hebrew שִׁנְעָר (šinʕɔ́r) and its listed cognates.

𒅴𒂠 𒀀𒄩𒍪𒌝

𒇷𒊭𒀭 𒋗𒈨𒊑𒅎 𒋫𒄠𒅆𒅋 𒀝𒅗𒁲𒅎 𒂊𒁺𒌝
li-ša-an šu-me-ri-im ta-am-ši-il ak-ka-di-im e-du-um
/lišān Šumerim tamšīl Akkadîm edûm/
to know the Akkadian counterpart of the Sumerian


napāšum

akk-verb

napāšum (G, u, durative inappuš, perfect ittapuš, preterite ippuš, imperative upuš)

inappuš (durative)
ittapuš (perfect)
ippuš (preterite)
upuš (imperative)
napāšum (infinitive)
nāpišum (participle)
napšum (adjective)
anappuš (durative first-person singular)
attapuš (first-person perfect singular)
appuš (first-person preterite singular)
luppuš (first-person imperative singular)
tanappuš (durative masculine second-person singular)
tattapuš (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tappuš (masculine preterite second-person singular)
upuš (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tanappušī (durative feminine second-person singular)
tattapšī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tappušī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
upšī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
inappuš (durative singular third-person)
ittapuš (perfect singular third-person)
ippuš (preterite singular third-person)
lippuš (imperative singular third-person)
ninappuš (durative first-person plural)
nittapuš (first-person perfect plural)
nippuš (first-person plural preterite)
i nippuš (first-person imperative plural)
tanappušā (durative plural second-person)
tattapšā (perfect plural second-person)
tappušā (plural preterite second-person)
upšā (imperative plural second-person)
inappušū (durative masculine plural third-person)
ittapšū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
ippušū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
lippušū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
inappušā (durative feminine plural third-person)
ittapšā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
ippušā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
lippušā (feminine imperative plural third-person)

Cognate with Arabic تَنَفَّسَ (tanaffasa, “to breathe”) and Biblical Hebrew נָפַשׁ (nɔp̄áš, “to breathe”).


zarāqum

akk-verb

zarāqum (G, i, durative izarriq, perfect izzariq, preterite izriq, imperative ziriq)

izarriq (durative)
izzariq (perfect)
izriq (preterite)
ziriq (imperative)
Neo-Assyrian (Babylonian Standard)
zarāqum (infinitive)
zāriqum (participle)
zarqum (adjective)
azarriq (durative first-person singular)
azzariq (first-person perfect singular)
azriq (first-person preterite singular)
luzriq (first-person imperative singular)
tazarriq (durative masculine second-person singular)
tazzariq (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tazriq (masculine preterite second-person singular)
ziriq (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tazarriqī (durative feminine second-person singular)
tazzarqī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tazriqī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
zirqī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
izarriq (durative singular third-person)
izzariq (perfect singular third-person)
izriq (preterite singular third-person)
lizriq (imperative singular third-person)
nizarriq (durative first-person plural)
nizzariq (first-person perfect plural)
nizriq (first-person plural preterite)
i nizriq (first-person imperative plural)
tazarriqā (durative plural second-person)
tazzarqā (perfect plural second-person)
tazriqā (plural preterite second-person)
zirqā (imperative plural second-person)
izarriqū (durative masculine plural third-person)
izzarqū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
izriqū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
lizriqū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
izarriqā (durative feminine plural third-person)
izzarqā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
izriqā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
lizriqā (feminine imperative plural third-person)

Cognate with Biblical Hebrew זָרַק (zɔráq, “to throw, toss”). Compare also Arabic ذَرَقَ (ḏaraqa, “to dung”).


ūsum

→ Aramaic:

lect

Jewish Literary Aramaic, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אַוָוזָּא (ʾawazzā), אַוְוזָּא (ʾawəzzā), אֲוַוזָּא (ʾăwazzā), אֲוַזָּא (ʾăwazzā), אֲוׇוזָּא (ʾăwazzā)

Classical Syriac: ܘܰܙܳܐ (wazzā)

desc

אווז<alt:אַוָּז>

אווז<alt:אֲוָז>

→ Biblical Hebrew: אַוָּז (ʾawwɔz), אֲוָז (ʾăwɔz)

→ Ugaritic: 𐎜𐎇 (ủz)


mušḫuššum

akk-noun

mušḫuššum m (construct state mušḫuš, pronominal state mušḫušša, plural mušḫuššū)

mušḫuš (construct)
mušḫušša (pronominal-state)
mušḫuššū (plural)
Neo-Assyrian (Babylonian Standard)
Neo-Babylonian (Babylonian Standard)

From Sumerian 𒈲𒍽 (muš-ḫuš /mušḫuš/, “a mythical serpent”).

bor

(Old Babylonian, astronomy) the name of a constellation


attina

From Proto-Semitic *ʔantin f (“ye”). Cognate with Arabic أَنْتُنَّ (ʔantunna) and Biblical Hebrew אַתֶּן (ʔattɛ́n).

𒌝𒈠𒁺𒀀 𒀀𒄷𒀀𒁺𒀀 𒀀𒎗𒈾

um-ma-tu₃-a a-ḫu-a-tu₃-a a-ti₂-na /ummatūya aḫuātūya attina/

ye, you (second-person plural feminine personal pronoun, nominative case)

1. This table gives Old Babylonian inflection.

2. Used to express the Accusative and Genitive case.

3. Used exclusively on adjectives to form the predicative construction.

5. Used on verbs. Always follows the Ventive.


šandanakkum

akk-noun

šandanakkum m (construct state šandanak, pronominal state šandanakka, plural šandanakkātum f)

šandanak (construct)
šandanakka (pronominal-state)
šandanakkātum (feminine plural)

From Sumerian 𒃲𒉌 (santana /santanak/, “chief gardener”).


ūṣum

ūṣū (plural)
Neo-Assyrian (Babylonian Standard)

From Proto-Semitic *ḥVṯ̣ṯ̣- (“arrow”). Cognate with Arabic حُظْوَة (ḥuẓwa, “small arrow”) and Biblical Hebrew חֵץ (ḥeṣ, “arrow”).


nasāḫum

akk-verb

nasāḫum (G, a-u, durative inassaḫ, perfect ittasaḫ, preterite issuḫ, imperative usuḫ)

inassaḫ (durative)
ittasaḫ (perfect)
issuḫ (preterite)
usuḫ (imperative)
nasāḫum (infinitive)
nāsiḫum (participle)
nasḫum (adjective)
anassaḫ (durative first-person singular)
attasaḫ (first-person perfect singular)
assuḫ (first-person preterite singular)
lussuḫ (first-person imperative singular)
tanassaḫ (durative masculine second-person singular)
tattasaḫ (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tassuḫ (masculine preterite second-person singular)
usuḫ (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tanassaḫī (durative feminine second-person singular)
tattasḫī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tassuḫī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
usḫī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
inassaḫ (durative singular third-person)
ittasaḫ (perfect singular third-person)
issuḫ (preterite singular third-person)
lissuḫ (imperative singular third-person)
ninassaḫ (durative first-person plural)
nittasaḫ (first-person perfect plural)
nissuḫ (first-person plural preterite)
i nissuḫ (first-person imperative plural)
tanassaḫā (durative plural second-person)
tattasḫā (perfect plural second-person)
tassuḫā (plural preterite second-person)
usḫā (imperative plural second-person)
inassaḫū (durative masculine plural third-person)
ittasḫū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
issuḫū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
lissuḫū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
inassaḫā (durative feminine plural third-person)
ittasḫā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
issuḫā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
lissuḫā (feminine imperative plural third-person)

Cognate with Arabic نَسَخَ (nasaḵa, “to abolish, delete”) and Biblical Hebrew נָסַח (nɔsáḥ, “to pull, tear away”).

cog

(Old Babylonian, mathematics) to subtract


ḫalbum

Possibly a West Semitic loanword. Compare Ugaritic 𐎃𐎍𐎁 (ḫlb /ḫalbu/, “massif, promontory”).


nigûtum

From 𒈾𒄖𒌝 (nagûm, “to sing joyfully”). Possibly related to Biblical Hebrew נִגֵּן (niggén, “to play an instrument”).

𒉌𒄖𒋫𒄠 𒂊𒁉𒋳/𒊭𒅗𒉡𒌝
[nigûtam epēšum/šakānum]
ni-gu-ta-am e-pe₂-šum/ša-ka-nu-um
to hold a festival, to make music

joyful music, merry-making, musical celebration


šuršum

akk-noun

šuršum m (construct state šuruš, plural šuršū)

From Proto-Semitic *šurš- (“root”). Cognate with Arabic شِرْش (širš) and Biblical Hebrew שֹׁרֶשׁ (šórɛš).


ṭīdum

From Proto-Semitic *ṭīn- (“clay”). Cognate with Arabic طِين (ṭīn, “mud”) and Biblical Hebrew טִיט (ṭiṭ, “mud, clay”).


šalgum

From Proto-Semitic *ṯalg- (“snow”). Cognate with Arabic ثَلْج (ṯalj) and Biblical Hebrew שֶׁלֶג (šɛ́lɛḡ).


pītum

pītum m (construct state pīt or pīti, plural pītū)

pīt (construct)
pīti (construct)
pītū (plural)
Neo-Assyrian (Babylonian)

Cognate with Arabic فَتْح (fatḥ) and Biblical Hebrew פֶּתַח (pɛ́ṯaḥ). See 𒉿𒌅𒌑𒌝 (petûm, “to open”).


gulgullum

gulgullum m (construct state gulgul, plural gulgullū or gulgullātum f)

gulgul (construct)
gulgullū (plural)
gulgullātum (feminine plural)

Cognate with Arabic جُمْجُمَة (jumjuma) and Biblical Hebrew גֻּלְגֹּ֫לֶת (gulgólɛṯ). Compare also Egyptian DA-DA-D1:Z1 (ḏꜣḏꜣ, “head”).

cog

גֻּלְגֹּ֫לֶת

(Neo-Babylonian) container shaped like a human skull


zumrum

akk-noun

zumrum m (construct state zumur, plural zumrū)

𒊭𒊏𒀜 𒍪𒌝𒊑𒅎 [šārat zumrim]

body (of humans, animals, objects, etc.)


ūmam

Adverbial accusative of 𒌓 (ūmum, “day”).

𒌓𒈠𒈠


šaddaqdam

→ Aramaic:

desctree

Classical Syriac: ܐܫܬܩܕ, ܐܫܬܩܕܝ (ʾeštǝqaḏ[y])
→ Mishnaic Hebrew: אֶשְׁתָּקַד (ʾɛštɔqaḏ)
Israeli Hebrew: אֶשְׁתָּקַד (eshtakád)

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܫܸܬܩܲܕ݇ܝ (šitqay)

From 𒈬 (šattum, “year”) + 𒂵𒀜𒈬𒌝 (qadmum, “early, before”).

com

šaddaqdi

Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Nuzi


mūšam

Adverbial accusative of 𒈪 (mūšum, “night”).


ezzum

akk-adjective

ezzum (feminine ezzetum, masculine plural ezzūtum, feminine plural ezzētum, predicative ez)

ezzetum (feminine)
ezzūtum (masculine plural)
ezzētum (feminine plural)
ez (predicative)


aššum

From 𒀀𒈾 (ana, “for”) + 𒈬 (šumum, “because of”).

com

Old Babylonian; reported speach; Old Babylonian; reported speach


gitmālum

akk-adj

gitmālum (feminine gitmāltum, masculine plural gitmālūtum, feminine plural gitmālātum)

gitmāltum (feminine)
gitmālūtum (masculine plural)
gitmālātum (feminine plural)

From 𒂵𒈠𒈝 (gamālum, “to do a favour, be kind; to spare”).

𒈗 𒄀𒀉𒈠𒈝 𒀀𒈾𒆪
LUGAL gi-it-ma-lum a-na-ku
/šarrum gitmālum anāku/
I am the perfect king

𒀭𒍝𒆍 𒀭𒌋𒁯 𒂗𒎌 𒄀𒀉𒈠𒇻𒌈
ᵈZA.KA₂ ᵈištar EN.MEŠ gi-it-ma-lu-tum
/Zabāba Ištar bēlū gitmālūtum/
Zabāba and Ištar, the perfect lords


zanānum

akk-verb

zanānum (G, u, durative izannun, perfect izzanun, preterite iznun, imperative zunun)

izannun (durative)
izzanun (perfect)
iznun (preterite)
zunun (imperative)
zanānum (infinitive)
zāninum (participle)
zannum (adjective)
azannun (durative first-person singular)
azzanun (first-person perfect singular)
aznun (first-person preterite singular)
luznun (first-person imperative singular)
tazannun (durative masculine second-person singular)
tazzanun (masculine perfect second-person singular)
taznun (masculine preterite second-person singular)
zunun (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tazannunī (durative feminine second-person singular)
tazzannī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
taznunī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
zunnī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
izannun (durative singular third-person)
izzanun (perfect singular third-person)
iznun (preterite singular third-person)
liznun (imperative singular third-person)
nizannun (durative first-person plural)
nizzanun (first-person perfect plural)
niznun (first-person plural preterite)
i niznun (first-person imperative plural)
tazannunā (durative plural second-person)
tazzannā (perfect plural second-person)
taznunā (plural preterite second-person)
zunnā (imperative plural second-person)
izannunū (durative masculine plural third-person)
izzannū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
iznunū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
liznunū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
izannunā (durative feminine plural third-person)
izzannā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
iznunā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
liznunā (feminine imperative plural third-person)

Compare Biblical Hebrew זֶרֶם (zɛ́rɛm, “rain-storm”).

cog

𒅆𒉌𒋗 𒊭𒈬𒌝 𒄑𒉡𒌦 [šinīšu šamûm iznun]

𒌓𒈬𒌝 𒋙𒈠 𒊭𒈬𒌑𒌝 𒌑𒌌 𒄿𒍝𒉡𒌦
[ūmum irrupma šamûm ul izannun]
UD-mu-um ŠU₂-ma ša-mu-u₂-um u₂-ul i-za-nu-un
It will be cloudy, but it won't rain.


šamûm

šamiātum (plural)
šamâtum (plural)
Mari (Babylonian Standard)
Boghazkeui (Babylonian Standard)

𒊭𒈬𒌝 𒄿𒍝𒀭𒉡𒌦

𒌓𒎙𒐉𒄰 𒊭𒈬𒌝 𒆠𒁉𒀉𒌈 𒄿𒈾 𒈠𒌷𒆠 𒄿𒄑𒉡𒌦
UD.24.KAM ša-mu-um ki-bi-it-tum i-na ma-ri₂ᵏⁱ i-iz-nu-un
/24 (ešrā erbet?) ūmum šamûm kibittum ina Mari iznun/
On the 24th there fell a heavy rain in Mari.


tamḫārum

tamḫārū (plural)
El-Amarna (Babylonian Standard)

𒀭𒍝𒂷𒂷 𒀀𒊬 𒁮𒄩𒊑𒅎 𒄑𒆪𒋗 𒇷𒅖𒁉𒅕
ᵈza-ba₄-ba₄ a-šar tam₂-ha-ri-im GIŠ.TUKUL-šu li-iš-bi-ir
/Zabāba ašar tamḫārim kakkašu lišbir/
may Zabāba break his weapon in battle


sapḫum

akk-adj

sapḫum (feminine sapiḫtum, masculine plural sapḫūtum, feminine plural sapḫātum, predicative sapiḫ)

sapiḫtum (feminine)
sapḫūtum (masculine plural)
sapḫātum (feminine plural)
sapiḫ (predicative)

𒍝𒀊𒄷𒌓 𒀀𒉿𒅆 𒄿𒉺𒄴𒄷𒊒
[sapḫūt awīlim ipaḫḫurū]
sa₃-ap-ḫu-ut a-wi-lim i-pa-aḫ-ḫu-ru
the man's scattered (relatives?) will come together again

verbal adjective of sapāḫum: scattered, dispersed


pašāqum

akk-verb

pašāqum (G, u, durative ipaššuq, perfect iptašuq, preterite ipšuq, imperative pušuq)

ipaššuq (durative)
iptašuq (perfect)
ipšuq (preterite)
pušuq (imperative)
Assyrian (Babylonian Middle)
pašāqum (infinitive)
pāšiqum (participle)
pašqum (adjective)
apaššuq (durative first-person singular)
aptašuq (first-person perfect singular)
apšuq (first-person preterite singular)
lupšuq (first-person imperative singular)
tapaššuq (durative masculine second-person singular)
taptašuq (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tapšuq (masculine preterite second-person singular)
pušuq (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tapaššuqī (durative feminine second-person singular)
taptašqī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tapšuqī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
pušqī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
ipaššuq (durative singular third-person)
iptašuq (perfect singular third-person)
ipšuq (preterite singular third-person)
lipšuq (imperative singular third-person)
nipaššuq (durative first-person plural)
niptašuq (first-person perfect plural)
nipšuq (first-person plural preterite)
i nipšuq (first-person imperative plural)
tapaššuqā (durative plural second-person)
taptašqā (perfect plural second-person)
tapšuqā (plural preterite second-person)
pušqā (imperative plural second-person)
ipaššuqū (durative masculine plural third-person)
iptašqū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
ipšuqū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
lipšuqū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
ipaššuqā (durative feminine plural third-person)
iptašqā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
ipšuqā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
lipšuqā (feminine imperative plural third-person)

Compare perhaps Arabic فَشَق (fašaq, “distance between two horns or two teats”).


simtum

akk-noun

simtum f (construct state simat, plural simātum)

𒄞𒄭𒀀 𒋛𒈠𒀜 𒂍𒃲 𒌑𒌌 𒄿𒁀𒀸𒅆
[alpū simat ēkallim ul ibašši]
GUD.ḪI.A si-ma-at E₂.GAL u₂-ul i-ba-aš-ši
There are no oxen suitable for the palace.

𒁁𒈝 𒍣𒈠𒀜 𒄩𒀜𒁲𒅎 𒅇 𒀀𒄀𒅎

1755–1750 BCE, King Hammurabi of Babylon, translated by CDLI, Hammurabi Code, The Louvre, Prologue, lines III 25-27:

the lord (Hammurapi), worthy of the sceptre and crown

fitting, suitable, seemly, appropriate, necessary (said of people or things)


wašṭum

akk-adj

wašṭum (masculine plural wašṭūtum, feminine plural wašṭātum, predicative wašit)

wašṭūtum (masculine plural)
wašṭātum (feminine plural)
wašit (predicative)

𒉌𒊺𒅎𒈨 𒅕𒉌𒋫𒋗 𒉿𒀸𒁕𒀜
ni-še-em-me ir-ni-ta-šu wa-aš-ṭa-at
/nišemme irnittašu wašṭat/
We hear of his (Adad's) anger – it is fierce.

verbal adjective of wašāṭum:
strong, fierce

verbal adjective of wašāṭum:
hard, stiff


bīšum

akk-noun

bīšum m (construct state bīš or bīši, plural bīšū)

bīš (construct)
bīši (construct)
bīšū (plural)

possession, movable property, goods, valuables


sikkānum

sikkānātum (feminine plural)
Neo-Babylonian (Babylonian Standard)

desctree

→ Arabic: سُكَّان (sukkān)
→ Azerbaijani: sükan
→ Persian: سکان (sokân)
→ Swahili: usukani

Borrowed from Sumerian 𒄑𒍣𒃶 (^(g̃eš)zi-gan /zigan/, “rudder”).


nēmequm

experience, knowledge, wisdom, sagacity, skill


šubultum

šubullātum (plural)
Assyrian (Babylonian Middle Standard)

From Proto-Semitic *šu(n)bulat- (“spike”). Cognate with Arabic سُنْبُلَة (sunbula) and Biblical Hebrew שִׁבֹּלֶת (šibbólɛṯ).


kārum

(Old Babylonian) price of a unit of merchandise


šīnātum

From Proto-Semitic *ṯyn (to urinate). Cognate with Arabic مَثَانَة (maṯāna, “bladder”) and Biblical Hebrew שַׁיִן (šáyin, “urine”).


ramākum

akk-verb

ramākum (G, u, durative irammuk, perfect irtamuk, preterite irmuk, imperative rumuk)

irammuk (durative)
irtamuk (perfect)
irmuk (preterite)
rumuk (imperative)


šapāṭum

šapāṭum (G, i, durative išappiṭ, perfect ištapiṭ, preterite išpiṭ, imperative šipiṭ)

išappiṭ (durative)
ištapiṭ (perfect)
išpiṭ (preterite)
šipiṭ (imperative)

From Proto-Semitic *ṯapāṭ- (“to pass judgment”). Cognate with Biblical Hebrew שָׁפַט (šɔp̄áṭ, “to judge”).


suqtum

suqat (pronominal-state)
Neo-Assyrian (Babylonian Standard)


iškum

akk-noun

iškum f (construct state iški, plural iškū)

Cognate with Biblical Hebrew אֶשֶׁךְ (ʔɛ́šɛḵ) and Ugaritic 𐎜𐎌𐎋 (ủšk).


tumrum

tumrū (plural)
Assyrian (Babylonian Middle Standard)
Neo-Babylonian (Babylonian Standard)

cinder, ashes, ember, (glowing) charcoal


qerītum

qeriātum (plural)
Assyrian (Babylonian Middle Standard)
Neo-Assyrian (Babylonian Standard)


talmīdum

talmīdum m (plural talmīdū or talmīdānu, feminine talmīttu)

talmīdū (plural)
talmīdānu (plural)
talmīttu (feminine)
Assyrian (Babylonian Middle Standard)
Neo-Assyrian (Babylonian Standard)
Mari (Babylonian Standard)

→ Biblical Hebrew: תַּלְמִיד (talmíḏ)

desc

→ Aramaic: תַּלְמִידָא (talmīḏā)

→ Aramaic: תַּלְמִידָא (talmīḏā)

→ Arabic: تِلْمِيذ (tilmīḏ)