TA

(Mainland China, Internet slang) An alternative spelling of the third-person pronoun 他 (tā)/她 (tā) that is explicitly gender-neutral: they; them


貴方

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

(formal) generic second person pronoun, often used in letters


人

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (人):
* → Japanese: 人(にん) (nin); 人(じん) (jin)
* → Korean: 인(人) (in)
* → Vietnamese: nhân (人)

Austroasiatic languages
Shang dynasty
Yueshi culture

Characters in the same phonetic series (人) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – side view of a standing man, highlighting an arm and a leg. Compare 大, 立 (lì), 卩, 夭, and 氏 according to one interpretation. See also the original version of 年.
亼 is similar but unrelated; it represents an open mouth flipped upside down and appears on top of characters such as 食, 金, 令, 龠, and 今.
It represents a roof in the characters 余, 茶, 舍, and 倉. It represents a flag on a flagpole in 㫃. Eventually, it represents two parallel mountain walls in 谷.
The stylized version to the left of the characters is 亻 (see also 千). Similar but unrelated to 彳.
Sagart (1999) relates it to Tibetan ཉེན (nyen, “relative”), from ཉེ (nye, “near”) + nominalizing suffix -n; if so, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nəj(ʔ) (“near”).
Schuessler (2007) proposes two etymologies:
* Same etymon as 仁 (OC *njin, “to be kind; to be good”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/k-niŋ (“heart; brain; mind”). The semantic association of 仁 with 人 was somewhat late, dated to Mencius's time; later on, 仁 would be usually interpreted as "humane, acting like a human being".
** If so, semantically parallel with Tibetan སེམས་ཅན (sems can, “living being, human, animal”, literally “possessor of mind”); and Latin animalis (“living, having soul”) from anima (“soul”).
* Related to Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɲaʔ ~ *ɲah (“person”) with a nominalizing suffix -n, from the auto-ethnonym of a hostile, possibly Austroasiatic-speaking, eastern people, whom the Sinitic-speaking Shang referred to as 人方 (OC *njin paŋ).

ncog

亻
𠆢
儿
𠂉
几
𠔽
𤯔
𦉫
寧
儂/侬
𠆧

吃得苦中苦，方為人上人 / 吃得苦中苦，方为人上人

chī de kǔ zhōng kǔ, fāng wéi rén shàng rén

(Cantonese) used as a dummy pronoun; someone; others


僕

In the oracle bone script and the early Western Zhou bronze script, it was a pictogram (象形) of a slave or prisoner, with hands holding a basket (其) to pick up garbage, an instrument of punishment (辛) above the head, and a tail (尾) to represent the slave's low status, akin to animals.
其 later corrupts into 甾, the hands (廾) move below 辛, and the slave's body (人) moves to become the left component. Later, 辛 corrupts into 丵 (probably by fusing with 甾) and combines with 廾 to give 菐 (OC *boːɡ, *puɡ), which functions as a phonetic component.
In the current form, it is essentially a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *boːɡ, *buːɡ): semantic 人 (“man”) + phonetic 菐 (OC *boːɡ, *puɡ).
Probably related to Tibetan བུ (bu, “son; boy”) (Coblin, 1986).
Alternatively, Peiros and Starostin (1996) compare it to Tibetan ཕྲུག (phrug, “child”).

Han compound

僕人

仆人

(literary, humble, men's speech) I; me; your humble servant


君

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (君):
* → Japanese: 君(くん) (kun)
* → Korean: 군(君) (gun)
* → Vietnamese: quân (君)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *klun) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): phonetic 尹 (OC *ɢʷlinʔ, “(hand holding a rod) to administer”) + semantic 口 (“mouth”). In the oracle bones and early Zhou bronze inscriptions, 君 (jūn) was often interchanged with 尹. Shuowen suggests that 口 represents commands, but it may simply be decorative.
Unknown. Here are several possibilities:
* Related to Old Mon kmin, kmun (“to exercise royal power; to be king; to reign”) (Schuessler, 2007);
* Related to 尹 (OC *ɢʷlinʔ, “director; governor”) and 元 (OC *ŋon, “head”) and cognate with Tibetan མགོན (mgon, “protector; master; lord”) (Mei Tsu-lin, 1985);
* The *k- prefixed derivative of 尹 (OC *ɢʷlinʔ, “to straighten; to administer”) (Baxter and Sagart, 1998); however, this is phonologically problematic (Schuessler, 2007).
The ACG sense is an orthographic borrowing from Japanese 君 (-kun), which is in turn from Chinese.

och-l

A polite form of address used among couples.


底

From 等 (MC tojX), probably a clipping or influenced by 何等 (OC *ɡaːl tɯːʔ/tɯːŋʔ).

何等 (OC *ɡaːl tɯːʔ/tɯːŋʔ)

Táoyě xìnglíng cún dǐ wù? Xīn shī gǎi bà zì cháng yín.

陶冶性靈存底物？新詩改罷自長吟。

陶冶性灵存底物？新诗改罢自长吟。

How could Mount Pillar suddenly fall down? And Yellow River flow throughout the town?

circa 1142, 張元幹,《賀新郎·送胡邦衡待制赴新州》, translated by Xu Yuanchong

Dǐ shì Kūnlún qīng Dǐzhù, jiǔ dì Huáng liú luàn zhù?

底事昆侖傾砥柱，九地黃流亂注？

底事昆仑倾砥柱，九地黄流乱注？


千

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (千):
* → Japanese: 千(せん) (sen)
* → Korean: 천(千) (cheon)
* → Vietnamese: thiên (千)

→ Old Uyghur: 𐽻𐽶𐽺 (sén)

→ Zhuang: cien (“thousand”)

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiẽ̞³³⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiẽ̞³³⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sn̥ʰiːn): semantic 一 (“one, signifying a number”) + phonetic 人 (OC *njin). The Old Chinese pronunciations of 千 (OC *sn̥ʰiːn) and 人 (OC *njin) were similar. For the component 人, compare its combining form 亻.
The traditional explanation holds that the extra line indicates an extension (see the etymologies of 年 and 延). 千 has the meaning one thousand because one thousand is a number that is reached by extending one's counting.
Unclear. Schuessler (2007) notes similar forms in Mon-Khmer, though their initials and finals do not match Old Chinese; compare Vietnamese nghìn and Old Mon lṅim (whence Mon လ္ၚီ (ŋìm)), all meaning "thousand". Also compare Proto-Hlai *C-ŋin.

cog

Mon လ္ၚီ (ŋìm)

2019, “荷里活有個大老千 [I Bet Your Pardon]”performed by 尹光 [Wan Kwong]:

She quit swindling and went to be a film producer

keoi⁵ sau¹ sau² bat¹ zoi³ cin¹, zau² heoi³ lou¹ zai³ pin³⁻²

佢收手不再千 走去撈製片

佢收手不再千 走去捞制片

(Hokkien) fortuitous; coincidental; opportune


㑢

; Etymology 1
; Etymology 2
From 佢 (“he; she; it”), with -k (plural marker) and tone change (Gan, 1997). This may be a contraction of 佢個 /佢个 (Zhang, 1997) or 佢屋 (Zhang, 2005; Kwok, 2006).
Compare 偌 (“you (plural)”), from 你 (“you (singular)”).

㑢個

㑢个

2019, 李敏敏 (Li Minmin), 《台山方言助词研究》 [A Study on Auxiliary Word in Taishan Dialect] (thesis), Guangdong: Jinan University, page 7

㑢去誒囉。

㑢去诶啰。

(dialectal Cantonese, including Siyi Yue, Yangjiang) they; them


且

Pictogram (象形). Multiple interpretations:
* A stone altar – original form of 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ).
* A sacrificial vessel used for chopping and holding meat, as viewed from above (Wang, 1923) – original form of 俎 (OC *ʔsraʔ).
* An erect penis, the symbol of the male ancestor (Guo, 1931) – original form of 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ).
In the oracle bones and bronze inscriptions, this character was commonly used as 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ); usage as 俎 (OC *ʔsraʔ) is not attested until the Warring States period in the bamboo script. See also the original version of 查.
; “and; also; almost; be going to”


丫

Appeared c. 1000, much later than the alternative forms.
Pictogram (象形). A fork in a branch or path.

(Beijing Mandarin, colloquial) A derogatory appositive attached to second- and third-person pronouns.


主

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (主):
* → Japanese: 主(しゅ) (shu)
* → Korean: 주(主) (ju)
* → Vietnamese: chủ (主)

→ Proto-Tai: *ɕɤwꟲ (“master”)

desc

Lao: ເຈົ້າ (chao, “lord, master, owner”)

Thai: เจ้า (jâao, “lord, master, owner”)

→ Vietnamese: chúa (主, “retired father of a king”), Chúa (主, “Lord”)

Pictogram (象形). Three distinct forms can be observed in ancient scripts, all of which have merged into the same character in modern script:
A lamp or torch with a flame at the top. Original form of 炷.
Wood (木, now 王) on fire.
A spirit tablet. Same character as 示.
Unrelated to the right component of 往 (< 𢓸).
Unclear. Compare Tibetan ཇོ་བོ (jo bo, “elder brother, nobleman, lord”), Tibetan ཇོ་མོ (jo mo, “mistress, lady, goddess”), Tibetan ཐུ། (thu, “chief”), Proto-Monic *(d)ndooʔ (“to teach, to instruct; headman”), and Thai โจก (jòok, “leader, chief”) (Schuessler, 2007)
Also compare Burmese အတို့ (a.tui., “honorific personal pronoun”).

cog

Ji Kangzi (Fei) consulted the mother of Gongfu Wenbo: "Would you, madame, have something to instruct me?" "I am only good at growing old. What else can I tell you?" came her reply. "Nevertheless, I, Fei, do want to hear something from you," said Kangzi.

Jì Kāngzǐ wèn yú Gōngfǔ Wénbó zhī mǔ yuē: “Zhǔ yì yǒu yǐ yù Féi yě.” Duìyuē: “Wú néng lǎo éryǐ, héyǐ yù zǐ.” Kāngzǐ yuē: “Suīrán, Féi yuàn yǒu wén yú zhǔ.”

季康子問于共父文伯之母曰：「主亦有以語肥也。」對曰：「吾能老而已，何以語子。」康子曰：「雖然，肥愿有聞于主。」

季康子问于共父文伯之母曰：「主亦有以语肥也。」对曰：「吾能老而已，何以语子。」康子曰：「虽然，肥愿有闻于主。」

(archaic, honorific) you (honorific second-person pronoun addressing a "senior official" [大夫] or his spouse)


主

alternative form of 注 (zhù, “to pour into”)


乃

Its original form is 𠄎 and its origin is uncertain. Various theories exists:
* Chen Duxiu, Guo Moruo: Pictogram (象形) – sideway view of a person with protruding breasts. Original form of 奶 (OC *rneːlʔ)
* Zhu Fangpu: Pictogram (象形) – a rope. Original form of 繩 (OC *ɦbljɯŋ)
* Wang Yunzhi, Shihong: Pictogram (象形) – a rope in midair being thrown. Used as a component in 扔 (OC *njɯŋ, *njɯŋs).
* Lin Yiguang: Ideogram (指事) – the shape of dragging or pulling.
Unrelated to 廴.
; “you; your”
; "then; now"

迺
廼
𠄕
𠄎
𠧤
𢏩
𢎧

The King of Zhao fasted for five days before sending the jade off. Now Your Majesty should also fast for five days, and receive me with the Ceremony of Jiubin at the court. Only then will I dare to present the jade.

The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

Zhào wáng sòng bì shí zhāijiè wǔ rì. Jīn dàwáng yì yí zhāijiè wǔrì, shè jiǔbīn yú tíng, chén nǎi gǎn shàng bì.

趙王送璧時齋戒五日。今大王亦宜齋戒五日，設九賓於廷，臣乃敢上璧。

赵王送璧时斋戒五日。今大王亦宜斋戒五日，设九宾于廷，臣乃敢上璧。

Liu Bang said to Zhang Liang, "It is only twenty lis from here to our camp. Only after you estimate that I have arrived at our camp should you enter."

Pèi Gōng wèi Zhāng Liáng yuē: “Cóng cǐ dào zhì wú jūn, bùguò èrshí lǐ ěr. Duò wǒ zhì jūn zhōng, gōng nǎi rù.”

沛公謂張良曰：「從此道至吾軍，不過二十里耳。度我至軍中，公乃入。」

沛公谓张良曰：「从此道至吾军，不过二十里耳。度我至军中，公乃入。」


之

Characters in the same phonetic series (之) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 止 (“foot”) + 一 (“the beginning place”); compound meaning “to go”. It doesn't represent a sprout or a plant, as folk etymology claims.
The footprint pointing upwards became a point, as in the right component of 往 (which, in this case, is unrelated to 主).
; demonstrative pronoun "this; he; she; it"
; "to go; to proceed"

Han compound

† - may use corresponding classifier in certain contexts

while 渠 is more common in other varieties

Chinese varieties in general do not distinguish gender

distinctions are only sometimes made in writing.佢 is commonly used in Yue

As though you have said something to your parents but their reply has not yet come.

The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE

如語焉而未之然。

如语焉而未之然。

(literary) to go
(obsolete) to sprout; to come about

生命之道

北部灣之星——欽州

北部湾之星——钦州

Heaven will perpetuate its decree in our favour in this new city; the great inheritance of the former kings will be continued and renewed, and tranquillity will be secured to the four quarters (of the kingdom)

The Book of Documents, circa 4ᵗʰ – 3ʳᵈ century BCE

Tiān qí yǒng wǒ mìng yú zī xīn yì, shàofù xiānwáng zhī dàyè, dǐsuí sìfāng.

天其永我命于茲新邑，紹復先王之大業，厎綏四方。

天其永我命于兹新邑，绍复先王之大业，厎绥四方。

shēng zhī kuàiyuè jiāng dàitì le sǐ zhī bēi'āi

生之快樂將代替了死之悲哀

生之快乐将代替了死之悲哀

2019 May 17, 《司法院釋字第七四八號解釋施行法》

Dì-èr tiáo guānxì shuāngfāng dāngshìrén zhī zhùsuǒ, yóu shuāngfāng gòngtóng xiéyì; wèi wéi xiéyì huò xiéyì bùchéng shí, dé shēngqǐng fǎyuàn dìng zhī.

第二條關係雙方當事人之住所，由雙方共同協議；未為協議或協議不成時，得聲請法院定之。

2019 May 17, 《司法院釋字第七四八號解釋施行法》

第二条关系双方当事人之住所，由双方共同协议；未为协议或协议不成时，得声请法院定之。

(literary) Genitive or attributive marker

Indicates that the previous word has possession of the next one.

尺寸之功

In the kingdom of ten thousand chariots, the murderer of his sovereign shall be the chief of a family of a thousand chariots.

Wànshèng zhī guó shì qí jūn zhě, bì qiānshèng zhī jiā.

萬乘之國弒其君者，必千乘之家。

万乘之国弑其君者，必千乘之家。

2019 May 17, 《司法院釋字第七四八號解釋施行法》

Xiàngtóng xìngbié zhī èr rén, dé wèi jīngyíng gòngtóng shēnghuó zhī mùde, chénglì jùyǒu qīnmìxìng jí páitāxìng zhī yǒngjiǔ jiéhé guānxì.

相同性別之二人，得為經營共同生活之目的，成立具有親密性及排他性之永久結合關係。

2019 May 17, 《司法院釋字第七四八號解釋施行法》

相同性别之二人，得为经营共同生活之目的，成立具有亲密性及排他性之永久结合关系。

Indicates that the previous word modifies the next one.

Of all seeds, the best are the five kinds of grain.

Mencius, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

五穀者，種之美者也。

五谷者，种之美者也。

Things that are sweet leave a sour aftertaste.

c. 13th century, various editors, A Collection of Conversations of Master Zhu (《朱子語類》)

物之甘者，吃過必酸。

物之甘者，吃过必酸。

particle indicating that the preceding element is specialised or qualified by the next

to take the place of (the aforementioned subject)

取而代之

We cannot pass this matter by without protest.

我們不能對此事聽之任之。

我们不能对此事听之任之。

The Law on XX is hereby enacted and promulgated.
(Standard enacting formula on Taiwanese Presidential Orders)

茲制定××法，公布之。

兹制定××法，公布之。

He preferred to listen to them one-by-one.

好一一聽之。

好一一听之。

Dali City has sweet tangerines, but their flavour is sour.

Tang Dynasty, Fan Chuo, Manshu, chapter 7, part 7

甘橘，大厘城有之，其味酸。

The residence of both involved parties with the relationship described in the second article is to be jointly settled by both parties; when it has not been settled, or the settlement was unsuccessful, they may request the court to determine it.

2019 May 17, 《司法院釋字第七四八號解釋施行法》

2019 May 17, 《司法院釋字第七四八號解釋施行法》

(literary) The third-person pronoun: him, her, it, them, when it appears in a non-subject position in the sentence.


乜

From 物 (MC mjut) (Lien, 2013; Chor and Lam, 2023).
Also compare Zhuang maz (“what”).

乜都得


予

Traditionally considered a variant of 余 (OC *la), however Shijing and Chuci rhymes suggests that the expected tone reflex was rising tone, similar to Pronunciation 1 (Mattos, 1971; Pulleyblank, 1995), which corresponds to a glottal stop coda in Old Chinese. It could thus be reanalyzed an emphatic form of the *l- series of first-person pronouns, similar to 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ, “me, us”) compared to 吾 (OC *ŋaː, “I, we”) in the *ŋ- series.
Cognate with 余 (OC *la), 台 (OC *lɯ, “I”), 朕 (OC *l'ɯmʔ). Further etymology is obscure (Schuessler, 2007). Li F. (1976) reconstructs Old Chinese *rag, and compares it to Proto-Tai *rawᴬ (“first person plural pronoun”) > Thai เรา (rao, “we”). However, Schuessler considers this etymon belonging to 兩 (OC *raŋʔ, *raŋs, “both”).

cog

互
乎
與
護
付
給
呼
後
候
𢗝
厚
被
讓
使
俾
度

used without 的; GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

As I fear the Heaven, I dare not but punish him.

予畏上帝，不敢不正。

On which the Master swore, saying, "Wherein I have done improperly, may Heaven reject me! May Heaven reject me!"

The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Fūzǐ shǐ zhī yuē: “Yú suǒ pǐ zhě, tiān yàn zhī! Tiān yàn zhī!”

夫子矢之曰：「予所否者，天厭之！天厭之！」

夫子矢之曰：「予所否者，天厌之！天厌之！」

(obsolete) alternative form of 余 (“I, me”)


些

The southern twigs are just beginning to have a few flowers;
In the snow, I enjoy their scent and appreciate their colors.

Nán zhī cái fàng liǎng-sān huā, xuě lǐ yín xiāng nòng fěn suò.

南枝纔放兩三花，雪裏吟香弄粉些。

南枝才放两三花，雪里吟香弄粉些。

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) A modal particle.


什

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, census) ten families

obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese; census; obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese; census


他

Wutunhua: ta (“he; she; it”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l̥ʰaːl): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 也 (OC *laːlʔ).
Corrupted form of 佗 (OC *l̥ʰaːl, *l'aːl), which is found in Zuozhuan.
Etymology not clear (Schuessler, 2007). Perhaps cognate with 誃 (OC *l'al, *l̥ʰjalʔ, “to separate”).
The modern sense of "he, she, it" only emerged after the Han period in colloquial passages, and displaced classical 其 (OC *ɡɯ) and 之 (OC *tjɯ) in mandarin dialects. (Pulleyblank, 1995)
The phonological development from Middle Chinese was irregular. The expected reflex is tuō, which is sometimes used in literary contexts for the classical "other" sense, but in most Mandarin dialects it is read like tā.

Han compound

睡他個昏天黑地

睡他个昏天黑地

A dummy pronoun. Compare object pronoun 之 (zhī)


伊

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qlil): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 尹 (OC *ɢʷlinʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(h)i ~ *(h)aj (“this; here”). Cognate with Burmese ဤ (i, “this”).

inh-lite

𠁼
𰁢
𠈽
𦯴
𠜧
𠜰
佢
渠
夷

(～水, ～河) Yi River (a tributary of the Luo River in Henan, China)


佗

Probably from 底 (Yang, 2002):
* tai → ta (→ taʔ);
* tue → to (→ toʔ).
For Zhangzhou Hokkien, from an ellipsis of 佗落 (tah-lo).

倒
叨
叼
搭
哪
底
兌
叨
迤

2011, 巫宇軒, “你置佗 [Where Are You?]”, in 思念會驚 [I Miss U So Much], performed by 蕭煌奇 [Ricky Hsiao]:

chham-tio̍h ka-pi kòe âu sio, m̄ chai lí tàu-té tī toh

參着咖啡過喉燒 不知你到底置佗

参着咖啡过喉烧 不知你到底置佗

2016, “雙生花”, in 十方 (lyrics), 方文良 [Neil Fang] (music), 雙生花, performed by 黃妃 [Huang Fei]:

夢對佗飛 未來佗位找

梦对佗飞 未来佗位找


余

→ English: Yu, Yue, Yee, Eu, Ee, Er

Pictogram (象形) – thatched cottage; house. Original form of 舍 (OC *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs, “house”).
; “I; me”
: In contrast, Old Chinese also had the *ŋ- series of first-person pronouns, represented by 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ, “I”) and 吾 (OC *ŋraː, *ŋaː, “I”), which became more widely used over time.
: Further etymology is considered obscure by Schuessler (2007), but Sagart (2007) relates these pronouns to Karbi la (“this”). Accepting Sagart's observation, a Proto-Sino-Tibetan *la (“this”) can be reconstructed.

(obsolete) the fourth month of the Chinese calendar


你

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *nɯʔ): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 尔 (OC *njelʔ). Alternatively, Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 人 (“person”) + 尔 (“you”)
Colloquial form of 爾 (OC *njelʔ, “you”) attested since the Tang dynasty. Ultimately from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-ŋ (“you”).

Han compound

妳
伱
儞
伲
𤙌
汝
㚢

你好

你今天晚上有空嗎？

你今天晚上有空吗？

我喜歡你。

我喜欢你。

you (the person spoken to or written to)

閻王叫你三更死，誰敢留人到五更 / 阎王叫你三更死，谁敢留人到五更

Yánwáng jiào nǐ sāngēng sǐ, shéi gǎn liú rén dào wǔgēng


佢

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 亻 + phonetic 巨 (OC *ɡaʔ).
From the initial *k-series of Old Chinese third-person pronouns, cognate with 其 (OC *ɡɯ). Also compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *ge(e)ʔ, whence Khmer គេ (kei, “they; he; she”) (Schuessler, 2007).
In standard Cantonese, the tone has assimilated with the other personal pronouns: 我 (ngo⁵), 你 (nei⁵) (Chan, 1998).
Before the use of 佢, 渠 was also used in some novels and newspapers, such as 老婆奴續編／老婆奴续编 (1926). The character 渠 is still preferred in lects such as Wu and sometimes Gan.

佢有三個大佬。

佢有三个大佬。

唔好搞佢啦。

佢個鼻好大。

佢个鼻好大。

(Cantonese, Hakka, Gan, Northern Min, Central Min, Southern Wu, vernacular) he; she; they; it (third person singular pronoun)


俚

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rɯʔ): semantic 亻 + phonetic 里 (OC *rɯʔ).
; folk, popular
; ethnic groups living in southern China

Han compound

Kāihuáng mò, Guìzhōu lǐ Lǐ Guāngshì jùzhòng wéi luàn.

開皇末，桂州俚李光仕聚眾為亂。

开皇末，桂州俚李光仕聚众为乱。

(historical) general name for non-Han ethnic groups living in southern China


俺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qromʔ, *qoms): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 奄 (OC *qromʔ).
Fusion of 我們／我们 (wǒmen) (Lü, 1984; Norman, 1988).

zh-l

我們／我们 (wǒmen)

Shi Nai'an, Water Margin, circa 14ᵗʰ century CE

Wáng Jìn xièzuì bà, qǐlái táitóu kàn le, rènde shì Gāo Qiú. Chū de yámén, tàn kǒu qì dào: “Ǎn de xìngmìng, jīnfān nánbǎo le! Ǎn dào shì shénme Gāo diànshuài, què yuánlái zhèng shì Dōngjīng bāngxián de yuánshè Gāo Èr!”

王進謝罪罷，起來抬頭看了，認得是高俅。出得衙門，歎口氣道：「俺的性命，今番難保了！俺道是甚麼高殿帥，卻原來正是東京幫閒的圓社高二！」

王进谢罪罢，起来抬头看了，认得是高俅。出得衙门，叹口气道：「俺的性命，今番难保了！俺道是什么高殿帅，却原来正是东京帮闲的圆社高二！」

Ǎn lǎoshēn yī kǒur lù páng mài xiē tiánguā zīshēng. Nǐmen Gāolì rén sān wǔ shí ékè guòqù shí, zàn tíng cǐzhōng, chū zé chū jià mài chī, lín qǐ yī gègè gè shǒu zhí luǒ, hǒngtáng dōu zǒu le.

俺老身一口兒路傍賣些甛瓜資生。你們高麗人三五十俄刻過去時，暫停此中，初則出價賣喫，臨起一個個各手執蓏，鬨堂都走了。

俺老身一口儿路傍卖些甛瓜资生。你们高丽人三五十俄刻过去时，暂停此中，初则出价卖吃，临起一个个各手执蓏，哄堂都走了。

俺是耕田的。

(dialectal Mandarin, Northern Min) I; me; my

(dialectal Mandarin, exclusive) we; us; our


俺

Possibly from weakening of 阮 (goán) (Tan and Wu, 2011).

俺公

(Hokkien, honorific) Prefix for kinship terms.


俺

Late Qing/Early Republic, 《古板三合奇巧奇緣全歌》, volume 1, 潮州 [Chaozhou]: 李萬利, page 1v:

the sons and daughters of our family have already grown up to adulthood

nang² gê¹ lam⁵ ri⁵ gang⁷ neng² ze² / gu⁶ in² ziang² dai⁶ dig⁴ sêng⁵ nang⁵

俺家男兒共女子/俱已長大得成人

俺家男儿共女子/俱已长大得成人

(Hokkien, Teochew) alternative form of 咱 (“(inclusive) we; us”)


倪

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋeː): semantic 亻 + phonetic 兒 (OC *ŋeː, *ŋje).

Han compound

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) origin; beginning

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) bound; limit; extremity

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to differentiate

alt. forms: 伲 (nǐ)

倪可敏


倪

alternative form of 睨 (nì, “to look sideways; to squint”)


倷

; Suzhounese Wu “you”
: However, Chen and Pan (1999) argue that it is a contraction of 汝儂. They suggest that 儂 may have undergone a change: /*neŋ/ > /*nẽ/ > /ne/. Thus, 汝 /n̩/ + 儂 /ne/ > /ne/. Compare Shanghainese 儂 /nʊŋ/, which also derives from 汝儂 /n̩ nʊŋ/.


偌

From 你 (“you (singular)”), with -k (plural marker) and tone change (Gan, 1997). Possibly a contraction of 你個 /你个 (cf. Zhang, 1997, suggesting it to be a contraction of 若個 /若个) or 你屋 (Zhang, 2005; Kwok, 2006).
Compare 㑢 (“they”), from 佢 (“he; she; it”).

偌做乜唔來幫手啊？

偌做乜唔来帮手啊？

(dialectal Cantonese, including Siyi Yue, Yangjiang) you (plural)


偔

From 我 (“I; me”), with -k (plural marker) and tone change (Gan, 1997). This may be a contraction of 我個 /我个 (Zhang, 1997) or 我屋 (Zhang, 2005; Kwok, 2006).
Compare 㑢 (“they”), from 佢 (“he; she; it”).


儂

Cantonese: 冷 (laang⁵⁻¹) (via Teochew)

Baiyue
Changshu
Fenghua
Fuding
Lanxi
Longyan
Ningbo
Nong Zhigao
Nùng
Shanghai
Shanghainese
Shengze
Six Dynasties
Suzhou
Tangxi
Xiamen
Xianyou
Yuyao

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *nuːŋ): semantic 亻 + phonetic 農 (OC *nuːŋ).
; “Person; I; me > suffix for pronouns” in southeastern varieties
Its senses of “person; human being” and “pronoun suffix” are well-attested in the classical literature, dating back to the Six Dynasties. At the present time, traces of this word are found in various Southern regions such as Fujian, Jiangxi and Zhejiang, in Wu, Min, Hui and Gan.
; “Person; human”
; “I”
; “Pronoun suffix”
:
: A similar chain of changes happened in the Wu varieties to arrive at the modern divergent dialectal forms for “you (singular)”.
:
: Some lects, such as Shanghainese, have merged the two syllables into one, leaving 儂／侬 to mean “you (singular)”.
With regard to the etymology of this word, Huang (1980), Norman (1983) and Zhou (1986) hypothesised that this is the same as 農 (OC *nuːŋ, “farmer; peasant”). The use of this word as a pronoun may have originated as a form of personal deprecation and then come to be used as a full-fledged pronoun. Pan and Chen (1995) disagree, proposing that nong was originally a Baiyue substrate word possibly of Kra-Dai origin, and possibly an original clan name later developing to mean “person; I”. Compare Zhuang Nungz (surname) and name of the 11ᵗʰ century Zhuang leader Nong Zhigao, as well as the name of the Nùng people in Vietnam.

Han compound

Wánglǎo xiǎo'ér chuī dí kàn, wǒnóng shì wǔ ěrnóng kàn.

王老小兒吹笛看，我儂試舞爾儂看。

王老小儿吹笛看，我侬试舞尔侬看。

(Min, Wu) Suffix for pronouns, functioning as a meaningless particle or a pluralising particle.


儜

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 您 (nín, “(polite) you”)


兀

Borrowed from Turkic, ultimately from Proto-Turkic *ol (Zhang and Zhang, 2007). Compare Old Turkic 𐰆𐰞 (ul¹), Turkish o (“he, she, it; that”), Uyghur ئۇ (u, “he, she, it; that”), Chuvash вӑл (văl, “he, she, it”) and Karakhanid اُلْ (ol, “he, she, it; that”). First recorded in the Song Dynasty

cog

Qiánshì wèi “ādǔ”, yóu jīn yàn yún “wùde”; “níngxīn”, yóu “nèndì” yě; jiē bù zhǐ yī wù yī shì zhī cí.

前世謂「阿睹」，猶今諺云「兀底」；「寧馨」，猶「恁地」也；皆不指一物一事之詞。

前世谓「阿睹」，犹今谚云「兀底」；「宁馨」，犹「恁地」也；皆不指一物一事之词。

兀那

兀誰

兀谁

(archaic) Used before pronouns to form bisyllabic pronouns.


其

Vietnamese: cơ

In the oracle bone script, it was originally 𠀠, a pictogram (象形) of a basket.
In the bronze inscriptions, 丌 was added under the basket to represent a stand. It may also have acted as a phonetic component. Hence, the modified version was 𠔝. See also the bottom component of 眞.
Later borrowed for an Old Chinese pronoun. The derivative 箕 (OC *kɯ) refers to the original word.
; third-person possessive pronoun
; modal particle "should; probably"

酈食其

郦食其


務

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (務):
* → Japanese: 務(む) (mu)
* → Korean: 무(務) (mu)
* → Vietnamese: vụ (務)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *moɡs): phonetic 敄 (OC *moʔ, *mos) + semantic 力 (“strength”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mow (“to work; to move”) (STEDT). Cognate with 懋 (OC *mus, “to strive”), Garo mo (“to move”), Jingpho mu ⪤ ə mu (“work; labor”), Burmese မူ (mu, “to pursue some course of action; to act”), အမှု (a.hmu., “lawsuit”).

cog

26th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "endeavor" (𝌟)


匪

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pɯlʔ): semantic 匚 (“box”) + phonetic 非 (OC *pɯl)

Han compound

匪諜

匪谍

毛匪澤東

毛匪泽东

(derogatory) establishment of foreign relation between USA and CCP regime

美匪建交

(derogatory) Resolution on Admitting CCP regime

排我納匪案

排我纳匪案

1994, 岳渭仁、冬卉、向東華、曉晴, 外國人眼中的蔣介石和宋美齡, →ISBN, page 14:

In general, we call them "Chiang Kai-shek clique". On newspapers we often call them bandits, conversely they also call us [communist] bandits.

Yībān dì shuō, wǒmen jiào tāmen “Jiǎngjièshí jítuán”. Zài bàozhǐ shàng wǒmen yǒushí jiào tā fěi; fǎnguòlái tā yě jiào wǒmen fěi.

一般地説，我們叫他們「蔣介石集團」。在報紙上我們有時叫他匪；反過來他也叫我們匪。

一般地说，我们叫他们「蒋介石集团」。在报纸上我们有时叫他匪；反过来他也叫我们匪。

(Taiwan officialese, historical, derogatory) of or relating to the "Communist bandits" (共匪 (gòngfěi))


卬

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 匕 + 卩: a man standing and a man kneeling; compare 化 (huà), 比 (bǐ), 北 (běi) and 尼 (ní).
The sense “I” has been hypothesized to be from 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ, “I”) (ultimately from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋa) with an attached vocative suffix *-ŋ (Sagart, 1999: 134). However, evidence for the latter suffix is sparse; Sagart otherwise only adduces the pair of words 女 (OC *naʔ, *nas, “woman”) and 娘 (OC *naŋ, “mother (originally as a term of address)”).

och-l

𠨐
卭
𭅵
夘
𨙪
𠨐
卭
𭅵
夘
𨙪
愣

The boatman keeps beckoning, and others cross with him, but I do not.

The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

招招舟子，人涉卬否。

(Classical or dialectal Mandarin, Old Xiang) I; me

Ruò chuān rán, yǒu yuán yǐ áng pǔ, ér hòu dà.

若川然，有原以卬浦，而後大。

若川然，有原以卬浦，而后大。

Guàn lìlǎn qízhōng cāo xī, yì kāngkǎi ér zì áng.

貫歷覽其中操兮，意慷慨而自卬。

贯历览其中操兮，意慷慨而自卬。

obsolete form of 昂 (“to raise; to be stirred, be roused; high”)

昂

(historical) (～州) place to the south of 交州 (Jiāozhōu) and 廣州／广州 (Guǎngzhōu)


厥

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kod, *kud): semantic 厂 + phonetic 欮 (OC *kod).

Han compound

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to faint; to lose consciousness


厥

Bodman (1980) relates it to Tibetan ཁྱོད (khyod, “you”).

When she had fulfilled her months,
Her first-born son [came forth] like a lamb.

誕彌厥月，先生如達。

诞弥厥月，先生如达。


厥

厥爸


叨

alternative form of 饕 (tāo, “to be greedy for”)


向

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (向):
* → Vietnamese: hướng (向)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 宀 (“house”) + 口 (“mouth”), echos in a place. The original form of 響. It was borrowed to represent 𠨍 (嚮) later. The mouth doesn't represent an opening (e.g., a door or a window) as in 高 and 谷. Similar to 冋.
; “ACG: for (directed at, intended to belong to)”


吾

Characters in the same phonetic series (五) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋraː, *ŋaː): phonetic 五 (OC *ŋaːʔ) + semantic 口 (“mouth”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋa (“I”). Cognate with Burmese ငါ (nga, “I”), 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ, “I”), Hakka 𠊎 (ngài, “I”).


咋

zh-l

怎麼／怎么 (zěnme)


咩

羋
𠴟
哶
嗎
乜
麽
否
𱑿

Used as a dummy subject or object when it can be deduced from context.


咱

→ Vietnamese: ta

Fusion of 自家 (MC dzijH kae, “self”) [Song] > Modern Mandarin zá (Lü, 1984). Fusion with 們／们 (men) produces the form with a nasal coda [Yuan], e.g. Modern Mandarin zán (Norman, 1988).

喒
偺
𠴰
倃
俺
㑑
玌
赧

(literary) A particle used after personal pronouns.


哪

/ⁿdai²¹⁻²¹⁵/

/ⁿdai²¹⁻²¹⁵/

Written as 那 before the 20th century.
It is generally considered to be the fusion of 奈何 (OC *naːls ɡaːl, “how”) (Wang, 1990; Sun, 1992; Shimura, 1995), usually citing Gu Yanwu's (顧炎武) commentary on Zuozhuan. Lü (1985) distinguishes between “which” (choosing among several choices), which he derives from 若 (OC *njaɡ), and “how” (asking for something), which he considers to be a fusion of 若何 (OC *njaɡ ɡaːl, “how”).

Chú xīngqīsān yǐwài, wǒ nǎ yī tiān dōu kěyǐ lái.

除星期三以外，我哪一天都可以來。

除星期三以外，我哪一天都可以来。

你去哪？

神祢在哪？

去哪都行。

2015, “能不能 [Let Me Stay]”, 鄭懋柔 [Tiffany M. Cheng] (lyrics):

(official translation) There is no other place I would rather be than here, Lord. With all my heart, with all I am, I worship.
(literal translation) I don't want to go anywhere, but I just want to be in Your house day and night, offering worship, loving You wholeheartedly.

Wǒ nǎ dōu bùxiǎng qù, zhǐ xiǎng rìyè zài Nǐ diàn zhōng, xiànshàng jìngbài, quánxīnquányì lái ài Nǐ.

我哪都不想去，只想日夜在祢殿中，獻上敬拜，全心全意來愛祢。

我哪都不想去，只想日夜在祢殿中，献上敬拜，全心全意来爱祢。

他哪像個學生。

他哪像个学生。

我哪知道。

哪會按呢？

哪会按呢？

(rhetorical question) how (used in rhetorical questions)


啥

Probably a fusion of 什麼／什么 (shénme) (Lü, 1985).

煞
𠍽
什
甚
省
薩
撒

這是啥物件？

这是啥物件？

儂辣做啥？

侬辣做啥？

吃啥飯？

吃啥饭？

你說啥來著？

你说啥来着？

(colloquial, dialectal Mandarin, Southern Min, Wu) what


嗎

吗
麼
吗
吗
嘛
麼
吗


嗰

From 個 /个 (go³, classifier) (Zhang, 2001; Cheung, 2006).

𱒲
*o個
個
果
戈
哥


噉

噉我返去先啦。


噲

(Eastern Min) alternative form of 回 (“that; then”)


回

Pictogram (象形): rotation (originally a spiral).
; "Hui"

alt. forms: 迴 /回 (huí)

往回走

回過身來

回过身来

turned around (one's head) and had a look

回頭看了一眼

回头看了一眼

Sometimes children in the neighbourhood, hearing laughter, came to join in the fun, and surrounded Kung I-chi.

Yǒu jǐ huí, línshè háizi tīng de xiàoshēng, yě gǎn rènào, wéi zhù le Kǒng Yǐjǐ.

有幾回，鄰舍孩子聽得笑聲，也趕熱鬧，圍住了孔乙己。

有几回，邻舍孩子听得笑声，也赶热闹，围住了孔乙己。

alt. forms: 迴 /回 (huí)

Classifier for number of occurrences of events: times


回

For pronunciation and definitions of 回 – see 迴 (“to revolve; to rotate; to avoid; etc.”).
(This character is the simplified and variant form of 迴).
 Notes:
Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.
Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.


埃

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qlɯː): semantic 土 (“earth; soil”) + phonetic 矣 (OC *ɢlɯʔ).

Han compound

Obsolete. 皮 is used for SI prefix pico-.

(obsolete) the number 10⁻¹⁰; one ten-billionth


夫

“That”. Schuessler (2007) connects this with Proto-Loloish *m-ba (“on the other side”), Tibetan ཕ (pha, “beyond, farther on, onward”). Maybe related to 彼 (OC *pralʔ, “that”). Pulleyblank (1995) relates the introductory particle sense with 凡 (OC *bom).
In the sense "is it not?", probably a contraction of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ') and 乎 (OC *ɢaː) (Pulleyblank, 1995, p. 145).

cog

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) A generic personal pronoun – he; she; it; they.

This man seldom speaks; when he does, he is sure to hit the point.

夫人不言，言必有中。

Without that person's support, I would not be who I am today.

微夫人之力不及此。

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) A generic demonstrative pronoun – this; that; these; those.

夫將者，國之輔也。

夫将者，国之辅也。

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Sentence-initial particle which introduces a topic.

The Master standing by a stream, said, "It passes on just like this, not ceasing day or night!"

Zǐ zài chuān shàng, yuē: “Shìzhěrúsī fú! Bù shè zhòuyè.”

子在川上，曰：「逝者如斯夫！不舍晝夜。」

子在川上，曰：「逝者如斯夫！不舍昼夜。」

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Sentence-final particle, meaning “Is it not?”.


奚

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): a hand 爪 grabbing a criminal slave 大 by their braids 幺. In Warring States texts the bottom of the character was often simplified, making the character interchangeable with 系.
Cognate with 何 (OC *ɡaːl, “what; where; why; how”). See there for more.

Zi Lu said, "The ruler of Wei has been waiting for you, in order with you to administer the government. What will you consider the first thing to be done?"

Zǐlù yuē: “Wèi jūn dài zǐ ér wèizhèng, zǐ jiāng xī xiān?”

子路曰：「衛君待子而為政，子將奚先？」

子路曰：「卫君待子而为政，子将奚先？」

Some one addressed Confucius, saying, "Sir, why are you not engaged in the government?"

Huò wèi kǒngzǐ yuē: “Zǐ xī bù wèizhèng?”

或謂孔子曰：「子奚不為政？」

或谓孔子曰：「子奚不为政？」

彼且奚適也？

彼且奚适也？

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) where? what? how? why?


奴

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 女 (“woman”) + 又 (“hand”) – a hand capturing and ordering a woman around. 女 (OC *naʔ, *nas) may also be phonetic.
Some oracle bone script forms (not depicted above) are pictographic (象形), showing a person (probably a woman) with hands crossed at the back, as opposed to 女 which depicts a woman clasping her hands in front of the body.
Uncertain.
*Possibly cognate with Mru nar (“servant”) & Awa-Khumi Chin tana (Löffler, 1960);
*Ferlus (1999) relates this to 女 (OC *naʔ), which has semantic parallel, especially among foreign loans (e.g. 嬯 (OC *dɯː, “servant, slave woman”) which is possibly from Austroasiatic).
* Unger (1990) groups 奴 (OC *naː) as well as 努 (OC *naːʔ, “to tense, to exert”), 弩 (OC *naːʔ, “crossbow”), & 怒 (OC *naːs, “angry”), in a word-family with the basic meaning "tense", hence 奴 (OC *naː)'s meaning "press into service".

Han compound

白光 (báiguāng)《嘆十聲》

diēniáng shēngxià nú jiù méiyǒu zhàoguǎn

爹娘生下奴就沒有照管

白光 (báiguāng)《嘆十聲》

爹娘生下奴就没有照管


她

她去了。

我認識她。

我认识她。

How can I stop missing her! (lit., "how can one make me not think of her!")

教我如何不想她！

And the man said, The woman whom thou gavest to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I did eat.

新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation), 創世記 (Genesis) 3:12

Nà rén shuō: “Nǐ suǒ cì gěi wǒ, yǔ wǒ tóngjū de nǚrén, tā bǎ nà shù shàng de guǒzi gěi wǒ, wǒ jiù chī le.”

那人說：「你所賜給我、與我同居的女人，她把那樹上的果子給我，我就吃了。」

那人说：「你所赐给我、与我同居的女人，她把那树上的果子给我，我就吃了。」


如

Sino-Xenic (如):
* → Vietnamese: như (如)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *nja, *njas): phonetic 女 (OC *naʔ, *nas, “woman”) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – a woman obeying an order.
Sino-Tibetan; compare Mru [script needed] (na, “to be so”), Mizo na nâ nâ (“it being so; since”) (Schuessler, 2007). Also compare Old Mon [script needed] (ñaṅ, “resembling; like”) (ibid.).
Derivations include 若 (OC *nja, *njaʔ, *njaɡ, “as if”) (by the distributive suffix *-k), 諾 (OC *naːɡ, “to agree; to say yes”), and 然 (OC *njen, “so; thus; like this”) (by a demonstrative suffix *-n) (Schuessler, 2007).

cog

all of a sudden (literally, "it comes, like charging")

突如其來

突如其来

空空如也

When the prince called him to employ him in the reception of a visitor, his countenance appeared to change, and his legs to move forward with difficulty. He inclined himself to the other officers among whom he stood, moving his left or right arm, as their position required, but keeping the skirts of his robe before and behind evenly adjusted. He hastened forward, with his arms like the wings of a bird.

Jūn zhào shǐ bīn, sè bórú yě, zú juérú yě. Yī suǒyǔ lì, zuǒyòu shǒu, yī qiánhòu, chānrú yě. Qū jìn, yìrú yě.

君召使擯，色勃如也，足躩如也。揖所與立，左右手，衣前後，襜如也。趨進，翼如也。

君召使摈，色勃如也，足躩如也。揖所与立，左右手，衣前后，襜如也。趋进，翼如也。

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) postposition indicating an appearance, a state, or a condition; having the characteristic of


妳

妳真是個好人。

你真是个好人。

(chiefly Taiwanese Mandarin) you (singular, female)


妾

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (妾):
* → Japanese: 妾(しょう) (shō)
* → Korean: 첩(妾) (cheop)
* → Vietnamese: thiếp (妾)

/t͡sʰi̯e̞²⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi̯e̞²⁴/

/t͡sʰi̯e̞²⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi̯e̞²⁴/

Uncertain.
Possibly a pictogram (象形) of a woman with a headdress. Cognate to 女 with 辛 on top, though in the modern form the headdress has simplified to unrelated 立.
Alternatively, may be an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 辛 (“torture device”) + 女 (“woman”) – female criminal.
Cognate to 捷 (OC *zeb, “victory; booty”) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for more.

Han compound

The first injunction in their agreement was, "Slay the unfilial; change not the son who has been appointed heir; exalt not a concubine to be the wife."

Chū mìng yuē: “Zhū bùxiào, wú yì shùzǐ, wú yǐ qiè wèi qī.”

初命曰：「誅不孝，無易樹子，無以妾為妻。」

初命曰：「诛不孝，无易树子，无以妾为妻。」


姖

And, behold, a woman, which was diseased with an issue of blood twelve years, came behind him, and touched the hem of his garment.

現代臺灣客語譯本 (Today's Taiwan Hakka Version), 馬太福音 (Matthew) 9:20

Yû yit-ke fu-ngìn-kâ, pot hiet-leu-phiang sṳ̍p-ngi ngièn; kì hàng-to Yâ-sû ke heu-poi, miâ kì ke sâm-mî.

有一個婦人家，發血漏病十二年；姖行到耶穌个後背，摸佢个衫尾。

有一个妇人家，发血漏病十二年；姖行到耶稣个后背，摸佢个衫尾。

(Cantonese, Hakka, uncommon) she, her; feminine of 佢


孤

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʷaː): semantic 子 (“child”) + phonetic 瓜 (OC *kʷraː).
Related to 寡 (OC *kʷraːʔ, “alone; widow”), 鰥 (OC *kruːn, *kruːns, “widower”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

He/she solely called you to go, didn't call me to go.

伊孤叫汝去,無叫我去。

伊孤叫汝去,无叫我去。


孰

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *djɯwɢ): phonetic 𦎫 + semantic 丮. In modern script 𦎫 and 丮 have corrupted into 享 and 丸 respectively.
From *du + *-k (“distributive suffix”); cognate with 誰 (OC *djul, “who”), 疇 (OC *du, “who”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

People are not sages; who can be without error?

人非聖賢，孰能無過

人非圣贤，孰能无过

emphatic or interrogative pronoun
who; whoever; whomever

If he can bear to do this, what may he not bear to do?

是可忍也，孰不可忍也？

emphatic or interrogative pronoun
what; what else; whatever

Which is the best, minced meat and broiled meat, or sheep-dates?

膾炙與羊棗孰美？

脍炙与羊枣孰美？

漢與我孰大？

汉与我孰大？

which; which one (what among the explicitly or implicitly mentioned)


它

Characters in the same phonetic series (它) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形): a snake. This is now written as the derivative 蛇 (OC *l̥ʰaːl, *ɦljaːl, *lal).
The character was later borrowed for the then-homophonous third-person pronoun (“he/she/it”). Today 他 (tā) is used for male or gender-unspecified “he” and 她 (tā) for “she”.

其

gender and number neutral - he, she, it, they

c. 1980s – 1992, 单田芳, 21:43 from the start, in 三侠五义（评书）, 180 episodes edition, episode 3:

给我来它二两酒。

給我來它二兩酒。

2001, Chiung Yao, 36:26 from the start, in 情深深雨濛濛, episode 2 (Mainland editions):

Rúguǒ nǐ chàng de jiàozuò, yī ge yuè zhuàn tā ge yī èr bǎi kuài qián shì shǎo bù liǎo de.

如果你唱得叫座，一个月赚它个一二百块钱是少不了的。

如果你唱得叫座，一個月賺它個一二百塊錢是少不了的。


安

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (安):
* → Japanese: 安(あん) (an)
* → Korean: 안(安) (an)
* → Vietnamese: an (安)

Characters in the same phonetic series (安) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 宀 (“house”) + 女 (“a kneeling woman”) – to be at ease, to be safe.
; calm; peaceful
: Cognate with 按 (OC *qaːns, “to push down with hand”), an exoactive derivative, literally “to cause to be settled; calmed” (ibid.).
: Starostin reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔɨāɫ (“rest”), comparing it to Mizo âwl (“to rest”) (and also noting Dhimal [script needed] (el-ka, “good”)). STEDT, however, traces the Mizo word to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-grwal ~ *ʔwal (“finish, loose, relax”) and did not list 安 (OC *qaːn) among its comparanda: namely 完 (OC *ɦŋoːn), 緩 (OC *ɢʷaːnʔ), 諼 (OC *qʰʷan, *qʰʷanʔ), 援 (OC *ɢʷans, *ɢʷan).
; where; how

cog

(physics) short for 安培 (ānpéi, “ampere”)

吸安

安非他命 安非他命#Chinese

short for 安非他命 (ānfēitāmìng, “amphetamine”)

安那其主義 安那其主義#Chinese

安那其主义 安那其主义#Chinese

short for 安那其主義／安那其主义 (ānnàqí zhǔyì, “anarchism”)

(historical) a surname, given to people from the Arsacid or Parthian Empire (安息 or 安國／安国


家

Oracle bone script: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kraː): semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 𢑓 (xiá, “male pig”). An archaic variant closer to the original drawing is 𡩀. See 𢑓 (xiá) for more. Similar to 冡.
Later the phonetic component have been corrupted to 豕, so Shuowen Jiezi erroneously analyzed it as Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kraː): semantic 宀 (“roof”) + abbreviated phonetic 豭 (OC *kraː, “pig”).
All etymologies based on the modern version of the phonetic component (豕) are folk etymologies since they miss the original component (𢑓).
Cognate with Tibetan མཁར (mkhar, “castle; house”) (Schuessler, 2007).
嫁 (OC *kraːs, “to give a girl in marriage”) is the exoactive of 家 (OC *kraː, “house; household; family”).

och-l

傢
宊
𠖔
𡧚
𡩅
𡩙
𡩚
𡩵
𡩀
價

船家

行家

Suffix denoting a person with a certain occupation or social standing. -er


寒

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 宀 (“house”) + 人 (“person”) + 茻 (“grass”) – a person in a house, sleeping in the grass to protect from the cold. In some bronze inscriptions, 二 is added at the bottom of the character; this may simply be decorative or may represent a mat. In the seal script, 二 is changed to 仌 (“ice”) to emphasize its meaning of coldness.
Contrast 宿.
Unknown (Schuessler, 2007).


尛

/sän⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siau²⁴/

/sã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siau²⁴/

/sã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siau¹³/

/sã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siau²⁴/

/sã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siau²³/

/sän⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siau²⁴/

/sã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siau²⁴/

/sã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siau¹³/

/sã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siau²⁴/

/sã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siau²³/

Triplication of 小 (“small”), punning on 三小 (literally “3 small”).

(Taiwan, Internet slang) alternative form of 三小 (sáⁿ-siâu, “what the hell”)


己

→ Zhuang: geij

Pictogram (象形) – silk rope for binding objects. Original form of 紀 (OC *kɯʔ). The character must not be confused with 已 and 巳. See also 丩.
Unknown (Schuessler, 2007).


帶

带
帯
带
地
塊
處
带


幾

→ Thai: กี่ (gìi, “how many; how much”)

→ Northern Thai: ᨠᩦ᩵

→ Khün: ᨠᩦ᩵

desc

→ Lü: ᦂᦲᧈ (k̇ii¹)

→ Lü: ᦂᦲᧈ (k̇ii¹)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 𢆶 (“silk threads; little things”) + 戍 (“to guard against”) – watching over the fine details.
Note that the simplified form 几 (OC *krilʔ, “small table”) is also a traditional character on its own.

Han compound

How many people [e.g. when entering restaurants]?

幾位？

几位？

你要幾瓶？

你要几瓶？

你會說幾種語言？

你会说几种语言？

I browsed through some magazines while I waited.

我邊等邊瀏覽幾本雜誌。

我边等边浏览几本杂志。

幾天後他將回來。

几天后他将回来。

同幾首歌

同几首歌

佢今年幾大呀？

佢今年几大呀？

有幾難啫？

有几难啫？

(dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Pinghua) how; how much


弟

→ Thai: ตี๋ (dtǐi, “younger brother”) (said by Chinese race)

Pictogram (象形) of a spear handle wrapped in a leather strap. The wrapping signified order or sequence, which extended to "younger brother".


彼

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (彼):
* → Japanese: 彼(ひ) (hi)
* → Korean: 피(彼) (pi)
* → Vietnamese: bỉ (彼)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pralʔ): semantic 彳 + phonetic 皮 (OC *bral).
Related to 夫 (OC *pa, *ba, “that”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

If a man brandishes his sword, looks fiercely, and says, "How dare he withstand me?" - this is the courage of a common man, who can be the opponent only of a single individual.

Fū fǔjiàn jíshì yuē, ‘bǐ wū gǎn dāng wǒ zāi’! Cǐ pǐfūzhīyǒng, dí yīrén zhě yě.

夫撫劍疾視曰，『彼惡敢當我哉』！此匹夫之勇，敵一人者也。

夫抚剑疾视曰，『彼恶敢当我哉』！此匹夫之勇，敌一人者也。

He made use of what did not exist as if it had existed, and therefore it was called pretension. If he declared to be existent what really existed, how would this be pretension?

Bǐ yòng wú wéi yǒu, gù wèi jiǎo, ruò yǒu ér wèi yǒu, fū qǐ wèi jiǎo zāi!

彼用無為有，故謂矯，若有而謂有，夫豈為矯哉！

彼用无为有，故谓矫，若有而谓有，夫岂为矫哉！


彼

Related to 許／许 (hí, hír, “that”); see there for more.
Pronunciation 2 is a fusion word of 許／许 (hí, hír, “that”) + 一 (it, “one”); compare Mandarin 那 (nèi), from 那 (nà, “that”) + 一 (yī, “one”) (Mei and Yang, 1995).

這是阮老母，彼是阮老爸。

这是阮老母，彼是阮老爸。

(Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) that (demonstrative pronoun)


彼

彼本冊

彼本册

(Southern Min, Puxian Min) that (demonstrative determiner)


怎

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): phonetic 乍 (OC *zraːɡs) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
First attested in the word 怎生 [10th c.] (Yuan et al., 1996).
Contraction of 作 (MC tsak) + some variant of 物 (MC mjut, “thing; what”), literally “to do what” (Norman, 1988). This is evidenced in forms found in the Tang and Song dynasties (Yuan et al., 1996): 作勿生 (MC tsak mjut sraeng) [8th c.], 作沒生 (MC tsak mwot sraeng) [8th c.], 作摩 (MC tsak ma) [10th c.], 作麼 (MC tsak maX) [10th c.].


恁

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *njɯm, *njɯmʔ): phonetic 任 (OC *njɯm, *njɯms) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
; “to think”

Han compound

㤛
𢗖
按
咹
按
咹
您

徂年幸未暮，此意可勤恁。

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to think of; to reminisce


恁

㤛
𢗖
按
咹
按
咹
您


恁

㤛
𢗖
按
咹
按
咹
您


恁

Allegedly a contraction of 汝儂／汝侬 (lí-nâng, “you people”). See 儂 (“person; pronoun suffix”) for more.

㤛
𢗖
按
咹
按
咹
您

恁食飽未？

恁食饱未？

2001, “家後”, performed by 江蕙 [Jody Chiang]:

I married off my youth into your home. Since I was young, I’ve followed you till old-age.

Gún chiong chheng-chhun kè tī lín tau, gún tùi siàu-liân tòe lí tòe kah lāu.

阮將青春嫁置恁兜，阮對少年跟你跟甲老。

阮将青春嫁置恁兜，阮对少年跟你跟甲老。

(Southern Min) your (singular or plural)


您

Han dynasty
Jin dynasty
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Yuan dynasty

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 你 (“you”) + 心 (“heart”). 心 (MC sim) may also phonetically signify the original -m ending (Yuan et al., 1996).
This character was not listed in Sui/Tang rhyme books. First attested in Jin/Yuan-era literature, when it was also written as 恁 and probably pronounced as *nim at the time (Lü, 1940; Norman, 1988). The pronoun was used both in the singular and the plural.
The pronoun used in Jin/Yuan-era literature is generally thought to be a fusion of 你們／你们 (nǐmen, “you (plural)”) or 你每 (nǐměi, “you (plural)”) (Lü, 1940; Norman, 1988). Compare 怹 (tān, “he, she (polite)”) ( < 他們／他们 (tāmen, “they”)).
The honorific usage may simply be a development of the plural usage (Norman, 1988); compare English you, French vous. However, others have argued for a different etymology for the honorific pronoun. Wang (1984) and Lü (1985) argue that it is a contraction of 你老 (“you (honorific for seniors)”): /ni lau/ → /nil/ → /nin/. Alternatively, Zhang (2001) suggests that it comes from 仁 (MC nyin), an honorific used in Buddhist texts from the Han dynasty.
In Cantonese and Hakka, this character is simply read as 你; in Teochew, it is read as 汝.


愚

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (愚):
* → Japanese: 愚(ぐ) (gu)
* → Korean: 우(愚) (u)
* → Vietnamese: ngu (愚)

→ Lao: ໂງ່ (ngō)

desc

→ Thai: โง่ (ngôo, “ignorant; stupid; unintelligent”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋo): phonetic 禺 (OC *ŋo, *ŋos) + semantic 心 (“heart”) – stupid.


我

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (我):
* → Japanese: 我(が) (ga)
* → Korean: 아(我) (a)
* → Vietnamese: ngã (我)

Wutunhua: nga, ngu

→ Betawi: gua (via Min Nan)

→ Indonesian: gua, gue

→ Malay: gua (via Min Nan)

→ Thai: อั๊ว (úua)

A pictogram (象形) of a trident-like weapon or tool (note the oracle bone script form 𢦐). Jao & Zeng (1985, pp. 289–290) conjecture about its similarity to a kind of three-bladed polearm found at archaeological sites. Cf. 戈 (gē, “polearm”), which is the same weapon but with a single blade instead of three. It was already borrowed for sound to mean "I" (in the sense of "first-person subject") since the oracle bone script.
Guo Moruo considers it to be the original character for 錡 (OC *ɡral, “a kind of war axe with three blades or teeth”).
Folk etymology considers it to be an ideograph of a hand (手 (shǒu)) holding a weapon (戈 (gē)) to protect oneself.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋa. Cognate with 吾 (OC *ŋaː), Burmese ငါ (nga, “I”), Hakka 𠊎 (ngài). The expected Mandarin pronunciation is ě (now only found in a few Northern dialects); wǒ is "a col[loquial] archaism" (Schuessler, 2007).

och-l

𠨂
𢦐
𢦓
𢦖
𢦠
𨈟
𩇶
吾
瓦

(obsolete) to stubbornly hold to one's own opinion


或

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (或):
* → Vietnamese: hoặc (或)

Characters in the same phonetic series (或) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 戈 (“dagger-axe (used to defend the territory)”) + 囗 (“city wall”) + 一, “territory”. The most ancient version is 戓, then modified into 或; the stroke was added perhaps when the pronunciation of the character evolved.
Borrowed for abstract meanings. The derivative 國 (OC *kʷɯːɡ), 域 (OC *ɢʷrɯɡ), and perhaps 淢 refer to the original word. The last character can be seen in the ancient name of the Han river, 㵄.
或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ, “someone; some”) is the result of the distributive suffix *-k being added to 有 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, “there is”).
Cognate with 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “again”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

中國或日本

中国或日本

或多或少

kěyǐ shuō liǎng zhǒng huò liǎng zhǒng yǐshàng de yǔyán

可以說兩種或兩種以上的語言

可以说两种或两种以上的语言

or; either ... or ... (used to list alternatives)


接

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (接):
* → Vietnamese: tiếp (接)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔseb): semantic 扌 + phonetic 妾 (OC *sʰeb) – to receive (in the hand).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsap (“to join, connect”). Related to 際 (OC *ʔsleds, “connection, border”), as well as to Burmese စပ် (cap, “to adjoin”) (STEDT).
STEDT also adduces another family, with similar phonetics and semantics, which however does not appear to be related:
* 揖 (OC *qib, “to cluster together, crowd”)
* 輯 (OC *zib, “to gather up, fold up, be crowded together”)
* 集 (OC *zub, “to collect, come together, unite, accomplish”)
* 雜 (OC *zuːb, “variegated, mixed”)

och-l

接觸

接触

to come near to; to be close to; to come into contact


搿

From 個／个, and first attested as such in Xingshiyan (型世言). Variant pronunciations 該／该 and 蓋／盖 both attested before the emergence of 搿 in Zhaoshengguan (趙聖關).

Let me introduce him to you, this is Mr Wang.

⁶ngu ⁶le ⁷taq ⁶non ⁵cia-zau ⁸geq-we ⁶zy ⁶waon-shi-san

我來搭儂介紹，搿位是王先生。

我来搭侬介绍，搿位是王先生。

何仙姑結識呂純阳，推轉紗窗房裡張，搿點人情勿肯做，木樨花能有幾時香？

何仙姑结识吕纯阳，推转纱窗房里张，搿点人情勿肯做，木樨花能有几时香？


斯

A sieve next to an axe; its original meaning was "to divide/break with an axe" and, according to Xu Shen, it was synonym of 析. The original meaning is still preserved in the character 撕.
Cognate with 此 (OC *sʰeʔ, “this”) (Schuessler, 2007).
STEDT compares 此 (OC *sʰeʔ) and 斯 (OC *se) to Proto-Tani *si (“this”).

(Mainland China) short for 斯大林 (Sīdàlín, “Stalin”)

Used in transcription.
short for 斯大林 (Sīdàlín, “Stalin”)


旁

Chu Silk Manuscript
Qin (state)
Shang dynasty
Spring and Autumn period
Warring States period
Wei (state)
Western Zhou
Wu (state)

Probably phono-semantic (形聲 /形声) following the pronunciation of 方 (OC *paŋ, *baŋ).
The upper component, which perhaps indicates the semantic field, is unclear and has evolved significantly in time, including 冖 (Shang), 凡 (Western Zhou), or forms resembling 辛 (Spring and Autumn bronze of Wu) or 用 (Warring States bronze inscription of Wei and proto-clerical script of Qin). In the Chu Silk Manuscript the form was much simplified.
The modern form was a descendant from the clerical script. Hence, a knife or chisel to mark prisoners 辛 is written above the phonetic component 方, perhaps to indicate the concept of moving to remote. However, as already stated, the semantic component in this character is unclear and evolved during time, hence more explanations linked to the earlier versions can be formulated.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *paŋ ~ *pak (“side”) (STEDT). Cognate with Mizo bǎng (“wall, stockage”), as well as possibly Burmese ဘက် (bhak, “side”).


旃

When men tell their stories, / Do not readily believe them; / Put them aside, put them aside. / Do not readily assent to them.

Rén zhī wéi yán, gǒu yì wú xìn. Shě zhān shě zhān, gǒu yì wú rán.

人之為言，苟亦無信。舍旃舍旃，苟亦無然。

人之为言，苟亦无信。舍旃舍旃，苟亦无然。

Now we happen to live in this great era of Han, a time of prosperity. May you strive for your part in it (as a state official), and stop meddling in my business!

Fāng dāng shèng Hàn zhī lóng, yuàn miǎn zhān, wú duōtán!

方當盛漢之隆，願勉旃，毋多談！

方当盛汉之隆，愿勉旃，毋多谈！

(literary, obsolete) contraction of 之焉 (zhī yān)


朕

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (朕):
* → Japanese: 朕(ちん) (chin)
* → Korean: 짐(朕) (jim)
* → Vietnamese: trẫm (朕)

Characters in the same phonetic series (朕) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Simplified from 𦩎 (舟 → 月 and 灷 → 关), corruption of an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 舟 (“boat”) + 丨 (“item”) + 廾 (“two hands”), seen in the oracle bone script and bronze inscriptions, originally meaning “to mend a boat”. It was later borrowed phonetically to be used as an honorific first-person pronoun.

Han compound

On no account disbelieve me - I will not go back on my word.

The Book of Documents, circa 4ᵗʰ – 3ʳᵈ century BCE

爾無不信，朕不食言。

尔无不信，朕不食言。

We ourselves shall be called First Emperor, and successive generations shall be numbered consecutively: Second, Third, and so on until for 1,000 or 10,000 generations, the succession passing down without end.

The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

Zhèn wèi Shǐhuángdì. Hòushì yǐ jìshù, èrshì sānshì zhìyú wànshì, chuán zhī wúqióng.

朕為始皇帝。後世以計數，二世三世至于萬世，傳之無窮。

朕为始皇帝。后世以计数，二世三世至于万世，传之无穷。

Qin Er Shi discussed with Zhao Gao, "I am young and just ascended the throne. The mass has not submitted to my rule."

Èrshì yǔ Zhào Gāo móu yuē: “Zhèn niánshào, chū jíwèi, qiánshǒu wèi jífù.”

二世與趙高謀曰：「朕年少，初即位，黔首未集附。」

二世与赵高谋曰：「朕年少，初即位，黔首未集附。」

King Wen of Wei asked,"I conform to the wish of Heaven and become the emperor. Why are you unhappy?"

Liu Yiqing (editor), A New Account of the Tales of the World, 5ᵗʰ century CE

Dì wèn yuē: “Zhèn yìngtiānshòumìng, qīng héyǐ bù yuè?”

帝問曰：「朕應天受命，卿何以不樂？」

帝问曰：「朕应天受命，卿何以不乐？」

(imperial) I; my (similar to the royal we; reserved for use by the emperor since the Qin Dynasty)


查

Originally written as 査, hence it is a Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsraː, *zraː, *zraː): semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 且 (OC *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa). Today, the bottom part is stylized as 旦.
It originally indicates Chinese hawthorn, also known as mountain hawthorn, today written as 山楂; it also indicates a wooden raft. The original meanings are both preserved in the syllable 楂.

Han compound

查詞典

查词典

查檔案

查档案

你查邊本書㗎？

你查边本书㗎？

to look up something in; to search in; to consult


格

Characters in the same phonetic series (各) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *klaːɡ, *kraːɡ): semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 各 (OC *klaːɡ).
; “to go; to come; to arrive”
: Baxter (1992) proposes that this is related to 路 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs, “road”). Compare 客 (OC *kʰraːɡ, “guest, visitor”), 旅 (OC *ɡ·raʔ, “travel, lodge”), and 行 (OC *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋs, *ɡraːŋ, *ɡraːŋs, “to go”)
; “to obstruct; to hinder”
; “frame; square”
; “style; form; pattern; standard; personality; character”

och-l

The Di said, "Come, you Shun. I have consulted you on affairs, and examined your words, and found that they can be carried into practice."

The Book of Documents, circa 4ᵗʰ – 3ʳᵈ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Dì yuē: “Gé, rǔ Shùn. Xún shì kǎo yán, nǎi yán zhǐ kě jì.”

帝曰：「格，汝舜。詢事考言，乃言厎可績。」

帝曰：「格，汝舜。询事考言，乃言厎可绩。」

On the first day of the first month, Shun went to (the temple of) the Accomplished Ancestor.

月正元日，舜格于文祖。

(alt. form 假) (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to come; to arrive; to go to


樣

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (樣):
* → Japanese: 様(よう) (yō)
* → Korean: 양(樣) (yang)
* → Vietnamese: dạng (樣)

desc

→ Khmer: យ៉ាង (yaang, “kind, type, way, particle for forming adverbial phrases”)

→ Lao: ຢ່າງ (yāng, “kind, type; standard, pattern; way, method”)

→ Lü: ᦊᦱᧂᧈ (ẏaang¹)

→ Lü: ᦊᦱᧂᧈ (ẏaang¹)

→? Malay: yang (“(he, the one) who, (that) which”)

→ Mongolian: зан (zan)

→ Northern Thai: ᩀ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨦ

→ Thai: อย่าง (yàang, “variety; kind; manner; like, as; adverbial particle”), เยี่ยง (yîiang, “like, as if; example, model”)

→ Proto-Turkic: *yaŋ

→ Old Uyghur: yaŋ

→ Karakhanid: يَانگ

→ Vietnamese: dáng (“gait, figure”), dường (“to seem, to be like”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *laŋs): semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 羕 (OC *laŋs).
; “appearance; etc.”
; “(ACG slang) -sama”

Han compound

有樣嘢叫

有样嘢叫

三樣菜

三样菜

Classifier for kinds or types of things.


檸

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rnaːŋʔ): semantic 木 + phonetic 寧 (OC *neːŋ).

Han compound

only used in 檸檬／柠檬 (níngméng); also used as its short form


歹

Pictogram (象形) - human remains. The top component of 餐 still preserves the intermediate variant 歺.

歺
𣦵
𡰮
𡰤
𠧔
𣦶
䚟
否
壞
痞


每

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (每):
* → Japanese: 每(まい) (mai)
* → Korean: 매(每) (mae)
* → Vietnamese: mỗi (每)

→ Vietnamese: mọi

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mɯːʔ): semantic 屮 + phonetic 母 (OC *mɯʔ). Perhaps, in this character, the top component represents a hairpin (笄) made of bamboo to indicate that the woman was at least 15 years old.
Otherwise, partly in accordance to the interpretation of Xu Shen, the sprout indicates that the woman was considered adult and ready to be married and generate sons.
See the original form of 敖, in which the top component is the same. See also 毒.
The top component of the character is unrelated to 旅, 伤, 复, 乞 as well as 人.
;each, every
;lush

Han compound

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) flourishingly


汝

Proto-Kam-Sui language
Southern Kam language
Sui language

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *njaʔ): semantic 水 (“river; water”) + phonetic 女 (OC *naʔ, *nas).
Probably related to Proto-Kam-Sui *Ɂnjaᴬ (“river”), whence Southern Kam nyal (“river”), Sui qnyal (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

(～水, ～河) Ru River, a northern tributary of the Huai River in modern-day southern Henan province. The name also refers to the Hong River in its lower reaches, which now shares a common course with the Ru, as well as a southern tributary of the Hong.


汝

→ Betawi: lu

→ Burmese: လု (lu.)

→ Indonesian: lu, lo, elu

→ Khmer: លឺ (lɨɨ)

→ Malaccan Creole Malay: lu

→ Malay: lu

desc

→ Thai: ลื้อ (lʉ́ʉ)

→ Thai: ลื้อ (lʉ́ʉ)

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-ŋ (“you”). Cognate with 你 (nǐ) and 爾／尔 (ěr).

Zigong asked, "What do you say of Ci [Zigong's given name]?" The Master said, "You are a utensil."

The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Zǐgòng wèn yuē: “Cì yě hérú?” Zǐ yuē: “Rǔ qì yě.”

子貢問曰：「賜也何如？」子曰：「女器也。」

子贡问曰：「赐也何如？」子曰：「女器也。」

The Master said, "Sit down, and I will tell you."

The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE

子曰：「居！吾語汝。」

子曰：「居！吾语汝。」

The king wishes to appoint you as the prime minister; why do you not accept it?

王欲相汝，汝何不受乎？

(literary or coastal Min) thou; you (second-person pronoun)


洒

/t͡sʰu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡sʰu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴/

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) high and steep


洒

/t͡sʰu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡sʰu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴/

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) deep and steep


洒

/t͡sʰu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡sʰu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴/


渠

Attested since 4th to 5th century CE, preserved in many central and southern dialects (Schuessler, 2007). See 佢 and 伊.

[I want to] ask it [the pond] why it can be so clear. It is because running water continuously flows in.

Wèn qú nǎ dé qīng rú xǔ, wèi yǒu yuántóu huóshuǐ lái.

問渠哪得清如許，為有源頭活水來。

问渠哪得清如许，为有源头活水来。

1997, 覃遠雄, 韋樹關, 卞成林, editors, 南寧平話詞典 [A Dictionary of Nanning Pinghua] (Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects), first edition, Nanjing: 江蘇教育出版社, page 41:

渠是哪個？

渠是哪个？

(literary or dialectal) third-person pronoun; he; she; it


焉

Possibly phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qran, *ɢan, *qan): phonetic 正 (OC *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”) ― a kind of bird.
; “in it; on it; here”
; “where; how”

Han compound

𤇟
𩾏
𭭘
𱪷
𱪽
𱫃
𲋵

此何以稱焉？

此何以称焉？

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Final modal particle, used to show a particular state or express affirmation, doubt or exclamation.


爾

Pictogram (象形) – cloth on a loom, with threads crossing – original form of 檷 (OC *niːlʔ, “loom”). Used phonetically.
; “you; your”
; "that"

尔
尒
𡭗
尓
𠇍
尔
尼
呢
尔
耳
定
領
但
尔
尔

子路率爾而對曰…

子路率尔而对曰…

(Zeng Dian), pausing as he was playing on his se, while it was yet twanging, laid the instrument aside, and said...

Gǔ sè xī, kēng ěr. Shě sè ér zuò, duì yuē...

鼓瑟希，鏗爾。舍瑟而作，對曰…

鼓瑟希，铿尔。舍瑟而作，对曰…

(obsolete) a suffix or word-final particle indicating state, appearance, sound, or manner accompanying a verb


牠

; it (all non-human objects)
In Qian Xuantong's discussion on the creation of new vernacular pronouns, advocates for this form intended to evoke the left radical of 物 (wù, “thing”) rather than having the semantic implications of 牛 (niú, “bovine”).

Those who understand the most influential language in the world (that is, the national language of China)! How should you develop and promote it?

樂嗣炳 著：“世界勢力最大的語言”

Dǒngdé shìjiè shìlì zuìdà de yǔyán ⸺ Zhōngguó de Guóyǔ ⸺ de rénmen! Nǐ yìnggāi zěnyàng péiyǎng tā, fāyáng tā?

懂得世界勢力最大的語言⸺中國的國語⸺的人們！你應該怎樣培養牠，發揚牠？

樂嗣炳 著：“世界勢力最大的語言”

懂得世界势力最大的语言⸺中国的国语⸺的人们！你应该怎样培养它，发扬它？


甚

甚事？

(literary or dialectal Mandarin, Jin) what


當

desc

→ Vietnamese: đang (present tense marker)

Characters in the same phonetic series (尚) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *taːŋ, *taːŋs): phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic 田 (“field”) – fields facing each other.
當 (OC *taːŋs, “right; suitable; ought to”) (pronunciation 2) is the exopassive derivation of 當 (OC *taːŋ, “to have the value of; to be equal of; to face; vis-à-vis”) (pronunciation 1), literally "what is being matched".
黨 (OC *taːŋʔ, “class; party”) is the endoactive derivation of 當 (OC *taːŋ, “to be equal of”), literally "that which is equal in rank" (Schuessler, 2007).
Perhaps cognate with Tibetan དང (dang, “(together) with; and”) (Schuessler, 2007).

cog

當天

当天

When I was five, my mother suddenly fell ill and died.

Dāng wǒ wǔ suì shí, wǒ de mǔqīn tūrán débìng shēnwáng.

當我五歲時，我的母親突然得病身亡。

当我五岁时，我的母亲突然得病身亡。

just at the time of; just happen (to be at a certain moment)


疇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *du): semantic 田 (“field”) + phonetic 壽 (OC *djuʔ, *djus).
; “who”

Han compound

畴
㿧
𣋬
𤴃
𠝽
𢏚
𤲮
𠷎
𤾦
𢑔
𢑜
𤾊
𠼡
𠾉
𰣚

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, agriculture) to hill up; to earth up


省

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (省):
* → Japanese: 省(しょう) (shō)
* → Korean: 성(省) (seong)
* → Vietnamese: tỉnh (省)

→ Bouyei: senj

→ Lü: ᦵᦌᦲᧃ (soen)

→ Zhuang: sengj

Originally 眚. In oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sreŋʔ, *sleŋʔ): phonetic 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs, “sprout”) + 目 (“eye”) – "to inspect plants". In Shuowen Jiezi, 眚 and 省 became separate characters. 生 corrupted over time into 少.
; verb senses

Han compound

𥅱
𥄾
眚
䁞
𡮀
𡨽
𥅱
𥄾
眚
䁞
𡮀
𡨽

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

省港澳 ― Shěng-Gǎng-Ào ― Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Macau

(chiefly Guangdong, especially) Guangzhou


祂

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 示 + phonetic 也 (OC *laːlʔ).

(deity; gender-neutral) he; him; she; her; they; them


祢

For pronunciation and definitions of 祢 – see 禰 (“one's deceased father; ancestral temple for one's deceased father; etc.”).
(This character is the simplified form of 禰).
 Notes:
Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.
Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

zh-see

(Can we date this quote?), “合一宣教 [Oneness in Mission]”performed by 天匙敬拜赞美团 [Keys Of Worship]:

As we worship You, O Lord, may Your glory fill this place!

Dāng wǒmen tóngxīn jìngbài, Nǐ róngyào chōngmǎn zhè dì.

當我們同心敬拜，祢榮耀充滿這地。

当我们同心敬拜，祢荣耀充满这地。

(Can we date this quote?), “全然歸祢”, performed by 角聲使團 [Herald Crusaders]:

May my whole life be given back to You, offered on the altar, to shine for You.

jyun⁶ ngo⁵ jat¹ sang¹ cyun⁴ jin⁴ gwai¹ nei⁵, hin³ zoi⁶ taan⁴ soeng⁶, loi⁴ wai⁶ nei⁵ faat³ loeng⁶.

願我一生全然歸祢，獻在壇上，來為祢發亮。

愿我一生全然归祢，献在坛上，来为祢发亮。

(Can we date this quote?), “主祢的疼 [Lord, It's Your Love]”performed by 讚美之泉 [Stream of Praise]:

Lord, it's Your love, guides me on my way with Your light.

Chú Lí ê thiàⁿ ín-chhōa góa ê lō͘, pó-hō͘ góa.

主祢的疼引導我的路，保護我。

主祢的疼引导我的路，保护我。

(Can we date this quote?), “全世界大家愛敬拜祢”performed by 客家聖樂團:

Your power is so big that the enemies surrender to You.

Ngì ke nèn-li̍t thai to lièn sù-thi̍t ya hòng-fu̍k Ngì.

祢个能力大到連仇敵也降服祢。

祢个能力大到连仇敌也降服祢。


禾

Pronunciation borrowed from Mandarin 我 (wǒ), tone from Cantonese 我 (ngo5).

(Hong Kong Cantonese, neologism, leetspeak or sarcastic) I; me; my


窩

→ Proto-Turkic: *uyā

Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽰 (ʾwyʾ /uya/)

Turkish: yuva

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qloːl): semantic 穴 (“cave”) + phonetic 咼 (OC *kʰʷroːl).

Han compound

to hide something; to cause something to not be found

I don't know~ (a Taiwanese Internet meme)

窩不知道

窝不知道

(Internet slang) eye dialect spelling of 我 (wǒ, “I; me”)


第

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *diːls): semantic 𥫗 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 弟 (OC *diːlʔ, *diːls). 竹 here refers to the bamboo strips used for writing (e.g. accounting, classification) in ancient times. See also 等.
Alternatively, may have originally been written 弟.
Karlgren (1956: 14) connects this word with → tī 梯 ‘ladder’.

Han compound

imperial examination
imperial examination

(historical) rank in imperial examinations


者

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (者):
* → Japanese: 者(しゃ) (sha)
* → Korean: 자(者) (ja)
* → Vietnamese: giả (者)

Pictogram (象形) – a sugarcane with full stems, with some points around (either leaves or drops of sweet liquid) and an open and smiling mouth at the bottom. This is the original character for either 蔗 (OC *tjaːɡs, “sugarcane”) or 煮 (OC *tjaʔ, “to boil”). Phonetically loaned for abstract meanings.
Top component 耂 is unrelated to 老, 考, and 孝.
The variant form with an additional 丶 stroke below 耂 is influenced by Shuowen, which considered 白 as the bottom component of 者.
; one who, -er, nominalizing suffix
Etymologically related to 之 (OC *tjɯ, “nominalizing, possessive particle”) and perhaps colloquial 的 (Pulleyblank, 1995).

och-l

者
⿱土⿸丿日
⿱圡⿸丿日

King Hui of Qin drew and quartered [the corpse of] Lord Shang as a warning, saying "No one shall rebel like Shang Yang!"

Qín Huì wáng chēliè Shāng jūn yǐ xùn, yuē: “Mò rú Shāngyāng fǎn zhě!”

秦惠王車裂商君以徇，曰：「莫如商鞅反者!」

秦惠王车裂商君以徇，曰：「莫如商鞅反者!」

(Classical) Used at the end of a command.

A ruler is like a boat and common people are like water.

君者，舟也。庶人者，水也。

(Classical) Topicalizer used after a term, to mark a pause before defining the term.

記者

记者

工作者

My father always said that heaven helps those who help themselves.

Wǒ fùqīn zǒngshì shuō tiān zhù zì zhù zhě.

我父親總是說天助自助者。

我父亲总是说天助自助者。

Among the citizens of the State of Song, there was one who was ploughing his field.

宋人有耕田者。

(agent suffix) -er; -ist; one who ...; person involved in; the things which ...


胡

→ English: Hu, Hoo, Wu, Woo, Oh

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡaː): phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ) + semantic ⺼.
; "dewlap"
; "steppe nomads"
; interrogative word ("what; why; how")

阿胡拉·馬茲達

Āhúlā Mǎzīdá

阿胡拉·马兹达

Āhúlā Mǎzīdá

Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China

Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong

(historical) countries and peoples in the Western Regions, including Persia, Daqin, and in Pre-Tang texts, India


若

Pictogram (象形) – a person combing their hair; obedient.
Later 口 was added and the original component came to be written 叒.
; “you; your”
; "like this; such; if"
; "that"

旁若無人

旁若无人

讀若闌。

读若阑。


茲

Cognate with 載 (OC *ʔslɯːʔ, “year”), 再 (OC *ʔsɯːs, “twice”), 薦 (OC *ʔseːns, “repeatedly”), 洊 (OC *zlɯːns, “again; repeatedly”), 荐 (OC *zlɯːns, “repeatedly”) (Schuessler, 2007).

阿胡拉·馬茲達

Āhúlā Mǎzīdá

阿胡拉·马兹达

Āhúlā Mǎzīdá


莫

Pictogram (象形) – the sun (日) sinking into the bushes (屮); dusk. Original form of 暮 (OC *maːɡs, “dusk”).
The bottom was later distorted into 大.
From 無 (OC *ma, “there is no”) + distributive suffix *-k (Schuessler, 2007). For the same type of derivation, see the relationship of 有 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, “there is”) and 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ, “some”).

𦶛
𦱤
䒬
勿
嘜
麥
賣
甭
⿰勿愛*

莫做聲！

莫做声！

moʔ⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ²¹³⁻⁵³ nˡɛi²⁴²

Don't be too polite. / Make yourself at home.

mŏ̤h-sá̤-nê / [moʔ⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ²¹³⁻⁵³ nˡɛi²⁴²]

莫細膩。

moʔ⁵⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ²¹³⁻⁵³ nˡɛi²⁴²

莫细腻。

你莫腿囉。

你莫腿啰。

Don't be panicked when conflagration happens

發生火災莫驚慌

发生火灾莫惊慌

莫為盜！莫為殺人！

莫为盗！莫为杀人！

In life, fully enjoy yourself when you are delighted; do not allow an empty goblet to face the moon.

Rénshēng déyì xū jìn huān, mò shǐ jīnzūn kōng duì yuè.

人生得意須盡歡，莫使金樽空對月。

人生得意须尽欢，莫使金樽空对月。

(literary or dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Eastern Min, Xiang) do not; don't; must not


葛

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kaːd): semantic 艹 + phonetic 曷 (OC *ɡaːd).

Han compound

Pueraria lobata
Pueraria lobata#Translingual

(～國) State of Ge (a small state in modern Henan province during the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties)


虵

Parallel construction with 他 (“he, him”), 她 (“she, her”), 牠 (“(animal) it”), etc., changing the radical to that of 蛤 (“frog, toad”).
From 他 (tā).

(neologism, Internet slang) Third-person singular pronoun referring to Jiang Zemin in Moha culture.


許

Zheng (2017) suggests that it is from 爾 (OC *njelʔ, “that”). Compare 耳 (OC *njɯʔ, “ear”) > Min Nan hī.


該

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kɯː): semantic 言 + phonetic 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ).

Han compound

該死

该死

我該去睡了。

我该去睡了。


誰

From shortening of 是誰／是谁 (chī-choa̍h), from 是誰仔／是谁仔 (chī-chūi-á).

zh-l

是誰仔／是谁仔 (chī-chūi-á)

谁
谁
倽
上
仩
谁
𪝊
𫢗
谁
谁
孰:chiâ
咜:chôa

(Hokkien, including Zhangzhou and Taichung Hokkien) who; whom


赧

Late Qing/Early Republic, 《古板上海案全歌》, volume 1, 潮州 [Chaozhou]: 李萬利, page 12v:

使赧母亲怒心中

(Teochew) alternative form of 咱 (“(inclusive) we; us”)


身

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (身):
* → Vietnamese: thân (身)

Characters in the same phonetic series (身) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形): from a pictograph of a pregnant woman. See also the reversed version 㐆. Unrelated to 射.
STEDT relates it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sja-n ~ *sin (“flesh; animal; body”), but recent Old Chinese reconstructions would not support this etymology.
Because 身 is used as a phonetic for 仁 (OC *niŋ) in excavated texts, Baxter and Sagart (2012, 2014) reconstruct the initial as nasal. This would allow for a comparison to Tibetan སྙིང (snying, “heart”), Japhug tɯsni (“heart”) (Baxter and Sagart, 2012; Zhang, Jacques and Lai, 2019), which are from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-niŋ (“heart; mind; brain”).

cog

(Southern Min) Classifier for silkworms.

(Cantonese, idiomatic) Classifier for beatings.


迭

Glottalization of earlier 第, ultimately from 是 or 然.

迭個

迭个


這

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋrans): semantic 辶 (“walk”) + phonetic 言 (OC *ŋan).
The character was originally a verb meaning “to meet”, whose modern pronunciation is yàn. It was later borrowed for the proximal demonstrative “this/here”, by a confusion in medieval handwriting with 遮 (zhē, “this”).
First attested in the Tang dynasty; etymology unclear. Proposed etymologies:
* From 者 (OC *tjaːʔ, “one which”) (Lü, 1985). Wang (1990) notes that 者 always occurs after what is referred to, whereas 這 always before.
*: 者 (OC *tjaːʔ, “one which”) > 者 (MC tsyaeX, “this (possessive case)”) > 者 (MC tsyaeX, “this (general demonstrative)”) > Mandarin 這 /这 (zhè).
* From 之 (OC *tjɯ, “this; it”) (Wang, 1990). Norman (1988) notes that this derivation would be phonologically problematic.

ltc-l

这
遮
者
只
拓
J
迓
邇
即
此
这
这

filler particle usually used when the speaker is tongue-tied.


遐

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gra (“long (period of time)”). Cognate with Burmese ကြာ (kra, “be a long time (since)”).

cog

徦
彼
靴
叱
吪
瓦
許
赫
靴
叱
吪


遐

Possibly a contraction of 彼搭 (hit-tah). Compare 遮 (chiâ / chia / chiô / chiah).

徦
彼
靴
叱
吪
瓦
許
赫
靴
叱
吪

† - there (close to audience); ‡ - over there


遮

Probably a contraction of 這搭 /这搭 (chit-tah) (Li, 1999).

𨖥
庶
這
這
者
即
則
迹
這
者
隻
呰


邊

你喺邊呀？

你喺边呀？


那

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *naːl, *naːlʔ, *naːls): phonetic 冄 (OC *njam, *njamʔ) + semantic 邑 (“city”).
Originally the name of a state; later borrowed for a distal demonstrative.
Cognate with 若 (OC *njaɡ, “that”), 爾 (MC nyeX, “that”) (Norman, 1988). Also compare (Schuessler, 2007):
* Proto-Mon-Khmer *nɔʔ ~ *nɔh (“this”), whence Khmer នោះ (nuh, “that”), Vietnamese nọ (“that”);
* Khmu [script needed] (naa, “she”);
* Proto-Tai *najꟲ (“this”), whence Thai นี้ (níi, “this”), Zhuang neix (“this”).

Han compound

那我呢？

Ńg, wǒ míngbái le, nà wǒ zuìhǎo yě dǎbàn yī xià.

嗯，我明白了，那我最好也打扮一下。

You don' t like your job? In that case why don't you leave?

Nǐ bù xǐhuān zhè fèn gōngzuò? Nà nǐ zěnme bù cídiào ne?

你不喜歡這份工作？那你怎麼不辭掉呢？

你不喜欢这份工作？那你怎么不辞掉呢？


醬

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (醬):
* → Japanese: 醤(しょう) (shō)
* → Korean: 장(醬) (jang)
* → Vietnamese: tương (醬)

→ Tocharian B: tsyāṅk (“sauce”)

/t͡ɕi̯an³²⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯an³²⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsaŋs): phonetic 將 (OC *ʔsaŋ, *ʔsaŋs) + semantic 酉 (“drink”).
Possibly from 漿 (OC *[ts]aŋ) with *-s suffix (cf. Baxter and Sagart's (2014) reconstruction).

Han compound

The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE

Sè è, bù shí. Xìu è, bù shí. Shī rèn, bù shí. Bù shí, bù shí. Gē bùzhèng, bù shí. Bùdé qí jiàng, bù shí.

色惡，不食。臭惡，不食。失飪，不食。不時，不食。割不正，不食。不得其醬，不食。

色恶，不食。臭恶，不食。失饪，不食。不时，不食。割不正，不食。不得其酱，不食。

豆瓣醬

豆瓣酱

sauce or paste made of fermented beans, flour, etc.

奶醬多／奶酱多 [Cantonese] ― naai⁵ zoeng³ do¹ [Jyutping] ― condensed milk and peanut butter toast


醬

Contraction of 這樣／这样 (zhèyàng) (Zhao and Fang, 2015).

zh-l

這樣／这样 (zhèyàng)

Then what… what should I do to make her know?

Jiàng wǒ yào...... Wǒ yào zuò me tā cái huì zhīdào jiàng a?

醬我要……我要做麼她才會知道醬啊？

酱我要……我要做么她才会知道酱啊？


阮

Contraction of 我儂／我侬 (góa-nâng, “we”). See 儂 (“person; pronoun suffix”) for more.

阮欲來去廣州。

阮欲来去广州。

(Hokkien, Teochew, Xianyou Puxian Min, exclusive) we; our

阮老爸


養

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (養):
* → Vietnamese: dưỡng (養)

→ Proto-Tai: *liəŋꟲ (“to raise”)

desc

Thai: เลี้ยง (líiang, “to raise, to bring up”)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *laŋʔ, *laŋs): phonetic 羊 (OC *laŋ, “sheep”) + semantic 食 (“to feed”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-klawŋ (“to guard; to tend cattle; to graze; to be at leisure”), whence Tibetan སྐྱོང (skyong, “to keep; to nurture”), Burmese ကျောင်း (kyaung:, “to look after, tend”) (STEDT).


人家

/ʐən³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/ʐəŋ²⁴ t͡ɕia⁵¹/

/jɐn²¹ kaː⁵⁵/

/zin²³⁻³³ ke⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ ke⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ke³³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ke⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ka³³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴/

/naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ke³³/

/n̠ʲin²³ kɑ¹¹/

/n̠ʲin²² kɑ³³/

/ʐən³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/ʐəŋ²⁴ t͡ɕia⁵¹/

/jɐn²¹ kaː⁵⁵/

/zin²³⁻³³ ke⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ ke⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ke³³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ke⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ka³³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴/

/naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ke³³/

/n̠ʲin²³ kɑ¹¹/

/n̠ʲin²² kɑ³³/

/ʐən³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯ä³/

/ʐən³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯ä³/

/jɐn²¹ kaː⁵⁵/

吃人家的嘴軟，拿人家的手軟 / 吃人家的嘴软，拿人家的手软

chī rénjia de zuǐ ruǎn, nà rénjia de shǒu ruǎn

Look at how other people's children are all not only pretty, but also talented. And you? Scored zero on your exam. (mother to child)

Nǐ kàn rénjia de háizi yòu piàoliàng yòu yǒucái, nǐ què kǎo ge língfēn.

你看人家的孩子又漂亮又有才，你卻考個零分。

你看人家的孩子又漂亮又有才，你却考个零分。

(chiefly Mandarin, Wu) others (i.e. besides the speaker and the listener); everybody else

Don't say bad stuff about him. He can understand Chinese.

Bié shuō rénjia de huàihuà, rénjia tīng de dǒng zhōngwén.

別說人家的壞話，人家聽得懂中文。

别说人家的坏话，人家听得懂中文。

(chiefly Mandarin, Wu) someone specific that the speaker does not wish to name explicitly: he; she; they

Where did you go? I've been waiting here forever.

Shàng nǎr qù le, ràng rénjia zài zhèr děng bàntiān.

上哪兒去了，讓人家在這兒等半天。

上哪儿去了，让人家在这儿等半天。

(chiefly Mandarin, chiefly women's speech, endearing) I; me (first-person singular pronoun)


ED

/jiː⁵⁵ tiː⁵⁵/

/jiː⁵⁵ tiː⁵⁵/

(Hong Kong Cantonese, leetspeak) alternative form of 依啲 (ji1 di1)


E

(Cantonese, nonstandard) alternative form of 依 (ji¹, “this; these”)


J

(Mandarin, slang) alternative form of 這 /这


何時

/xɤ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/hɔː²¹ siː²¹/

/ho²⁴⁻²² si²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² si²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² si¹³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ si²³/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ si⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/hɔː²¹ siː²¹/

/ho²⁴⁻²² si²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² si²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² si¹³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ si²³/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ si⁵⁵/

No matter when or where you have any difficulties or questions, please feel free to contact me.

Wúlùn héshí hédì, zhǐyào nǐ yǒu kùnnan huò yǒu rènhé yíwèn, dōu huānyíng suíshí liánxì wǒ.

無論何時何地，只要你有困難或有任何疑問，都歡迎隨時聯繫我。

无论何时何地，只要你有困难或有任何疑问，都欢迎随时联系我。

Alas, I do not know when I will see him again.

1925, 朱自清 (Zhu Ziqing), 背影 (Retreating Figure)

Ài, wǒ bùzhī héshí zài néng yǔ tā xiāngjiàn.

唉，我不知何時再能與他相見。

唉，我不知何时再能与他相见。


大家

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/ta²¹³ t͡ɕia⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² kaː⁵⁵/

/ai³² ka³³⁻²¹⁵/

/ai³² ka³³⁻³³⁵/

/tʰaɪ⁵³ ka⁴⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ke⁴⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ke³³/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ ke³³/

/tai̯²¹⁻¹¹ ka̠³/

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/ta²¹³ t͡ɕia⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² kaː⁵⁵/

/ai³² ka³³⁻²¹⁵/

/ai³² ka³³⁻³³⁵/

/tʰaɪ⁵³ ka⁴⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ke⁴⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ke³³/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ ke³³/

/tai̯²¹⁻¹¹ ka̠³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ka³³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴/

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² kaː⁵⁵/

/tai³³⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ka³³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴/

/taːi̯²² kuː⁵⁵/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾a⁵⁵/

/ta⁴⁴⁻²² ke⁴⁴/

/ta⁴⁴⁻³³ ke⁴⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴/

/ta³³⁻²³ ke³³/

/taːi̯²² kuː⁵⁵/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾a⁵⁵/

/ta⁴⁴⁻²² ke⁴⁴/

/ta⁴⁴⁻³³ ke⁴⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴/

/ta³³⁻²³ ke³³/

請大家保持安靜。

请大家保持安静。

Please share with everyone the essential parts of your research findings.

Qǐng nín jiāng yánjiū chéngguǒ de jīnghuá yǔ dàjiā fēnxiǎng.

請您將研究成果的精華與大家分享。

请您将研究成果的精华与大家分享。

It's freezing outside, everyone huddle together to keep warm.

Shìwài fēicháng hánlěng, dàjiā dōu bǎ shēntǐ quánsuō qǐlai bǎonuǎn.

室外非常寒冷，大家都把身體蜷縮起來保暖。

室外非常寒冷，大家都把身体蜷缩起来保暖。

We shouldn't just care about our own business. We should help each other.

Wǒmen dàjiā bùyào zìgùzì, yào hùxiàng bāngzhù.

我們大家不要自顧自，要互相幫助。

我们大家不要自顾自，要互相帮助。


大家

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/ta²¹³ t͡ɕia⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² kaː⁵⁵/

/ai³² ka³³⁻²¹⁵/

/ai³² ka³³⁻³³⁵/

/tʰaɪ⁵³ ka⁴⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ke⁴⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ke³³/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ ke³³/

/tai̯²¹⁻¹¹ ka̠³/

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/ta²¹³ t͡ɕia⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² kaː⁵⁵/

/ai³² ka³³⁻²¹⁵/

/ai³² ka³³⁻³³⁵/

/tʰaɪ⁵³ ka⁴⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ke⁴⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ke³³/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ ke³³/

/tai̯²¹⁻¹¹ ka̠³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ka³³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴/

/tä⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² kaː⁵⁵/

/tai³³⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ka³³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ka⁴⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴/

/taːi̯²² kuː⁵⁵/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾a⁵⁵/

/ta⁴⁴⁻²² ke⁴⁴/

/ta⁴⁴⁻³³ ke⁴⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴/

/ta³³⁻²³ ke³³/

/taːi̯²² kuː⁵⁵/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾a⁵⁵/

/ta⁴⁴⁻²² ke⁴⁴/

/ta⁴⁴⁻³³ ke⁴⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ kɛ⁴⁴/

/ta³³⁻²³ ke³³/


乜嘢

/mɐt̚⁵ jɛː¹³/

/mɛː⁵⁵ jɛː¹³/

/mɛː⁵⁵ ɛː¹³/

/miː⁵⁵ jɛː¹³/

/ᵐbᵘɔt̚⁵⁵ jiɛ³³/

/mɐt̚⁵ jɛː¹³/

/mɛː⁵⁵ jɛː¹³/

/mɛː⁵⁵ ɛː¹³/

/miː⁵⁵ jɛː¹³/

/ᵐbᵘɔt̚⁵⁵ jiɛ³³/

nei⁵ zeoi³ zung¹ ji³ ge³ hai⁶ mat¹ je⁵ ngaan⁴ sik¹?

你最鍾意嘅係乜嘢顏色？

你最钟意嘅系乜嘢颜色？


我們

/wɔ²¹⁴ mən⁴/

/wän²¹⁴ mə⁴/

/ŋo⁵³ mən²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/ŋɔː¹³ muːn²¹/

/ŋo²¹³⁻²¹ mɨn¹/

/ŋo⁴⁴⁻³⁵ mun¹¹/

/ŋo³³⁻²¹ muoŋ⁵³/

/ua⁵²⁻³⁵ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋu²² mən⁴⁴/

/ɦu²² mən⁴⁴/

/wɔ²¹⁴ mən⁴/

/wän²¹⁴ mə⁴/

/ŋo⁵³ mən²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/ŋɔː¹³ muːn²¹/

/ŋo²¹³⁻²¹ mɨn¹/

/ŋo⁴⁴⁻³⁵ mun¹¹/

/ŋo³³⁻²¹ muoŋ⁵³/

/ua⁵²⁻³⁵ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋu²² mən⁴⁴/

/ɦu²² mən⁴⁴/

我們是朋友。

我们是朋友。

他跟我們不一樣。

他跟我们不一样。

我們到時候再說吧。

我们到时候再说吧。

我們的汽車尾巴被撞壞了。

我们的汽车尾巴被撞坏了。

In the end we all lived to become people we despised.

Zuìzhōng wǒmen dōu huó chéng le zìjǐ tǎoyàn de yàngzi.

最終我們都活成了自己討厭的樣子。

最终我们都活成了自己讨厌的样子。

We called you here today, because we'd like to follow the emperor's order and ask you some questions.

Cao Xueqin, Dream of the Red Chamber, mid-18ᵗʰ century CE

Jīnrì wǒmen chuán nǐ lái, yǒu zūnzhǐ wèn nǐ de shì.

今日我們傳你來，有遵旨問你的事。

今日我们传你来，有遵旨问你的事。

(chiefly Mandarin, Gan, Jin, Changsha Xiang) we; us

2020, 杨琳, “流行的词源误说辨正”, in 励耘语言学刊, number 2:

We believe that the sense of “need” of 消 xiāo is self-extended.

Wǒmen rènwéi “xiāo” de xūyào yì shì zìshēn yǐnshēn chūlái de.

我们认为“消”的需要义是自身引申出来的。

我們認為“消”的需要義是自身引申出來的。

(academic writing) we; us (referring to the author(s) of the paper, even if the paper has only one author)

筆者

used in both academic and general writings


點解

Why is it like this? Why does it have to be like this?

點解會噉嘅？

点解会噉嘅？


兄弟

ryu-r

兄(ちょー)弟(でー) (chōdē)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (兄弟):
* → Japanese: 兄(きょう)弟(だい) (kyōdai); 兄(けい)弟(てい) (keitei)
* → Okinawan: 兄(ちょー)弟(でー) (chōdē)
* → Korean: 형제(兄弟) (hyeongje)
* → Jeju: 성제 (seongje)
* → Vietnamese: huynh đệ (兄弟)

/ɕi̯ʊŋ⁵⁵ ti⁵¹/

/ɕyoŋ⁵⁵ ti²¹³/

/ɕyŋ²⁴ ti²⁴/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ tɐi̯²²/

/həŋ²¹³ tɔi³²/

/ˈɕiaŋ⁴² tʰi¹¹/

/ˈɕiuŋ⁴² tʰi¹¹/

/hi̯uŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰi⁵⁵/

/hiʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰi⁵³/

/ɕyŋ¹¹ ti⁴⁵/

/hiaŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾niɛ²⁴²/

/hiã⁴⁴⁻³³ ti³³/

/hiã⁴⁴⁻²² ti²²/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ te³³/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² te²²/

/hiɪŋ³³ te²²/

/hĩã³³⁻²³ ti³⁵/

/hiɐŋ⁵³ təi²²/

/βiɐŋ⁵³ təi²²/

/ɕioŋ⁵⁵ di²¹/

/ɕi̯ʊŋ³³ ti²¹⁻¹¹/

/ɕin³³ ti²¹⁻¹¹/

/ɕyn⁴⁴ di¹¹⁻¹/

/ɕi̯ʊŋ⁵⁵ ti⁵¹/

/ɕyoŋ⁵⁵ ti²¹³/

/ɕyŋ²⁴ ti²⁴/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ tɐi̯²²/

/həŋ²¹³ tɔi³²/

/ˈɕiaŋ⁴² tʰi¹¹/

/ˈɕiuŋ⁴² tʰi¹¹/

/hi̯uŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰi⁵⁵/

/hiʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰi⁵³/

/ɕyŋ¹¹ ti⁴⁵/

/hiaŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾niɛ²⁴²/

/hiã⁴⁴⁻³³ ti³³/

/hiã⁴⁴⁻²² ti²²/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ te³³/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² te²²/

/hiɪŋ³³ te²²/

/hĩã³³⁻²³ ti³⁵/

/hiɐŋ⁵³ təi²²/

/βiɐŋ⁵³ təi²²/

/ɕioŋ⁵⁵ di²¹/

/ɕi̯ʊŋ³³ ti²¹⁻¹¹/

/ɕin³³ ti²¹⁻¹¹/

/ɕyn⁴⁴ di¹¹⁻¹/

Dvandva of 兄 (xiōng, “older brother”) + 弟 (dì, “younger brother”)


其次

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ t͡sʰz̩⁵¹/

/kʰei̯²¹ t͡sʰiː³³/

/kʰi¹¹ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/

/ki²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɯ⁴¹/

/ki¹³⁻²² t͡sʰu²¹/

/ki²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰu¹¹/

/ki²³⁻³³ t͡sʰu²¹/

/ki²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰu²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ t͡sʰz̩⁵¹/

/kʰei̯²¹ t͡sʰiː³³/

/kʰi¹¹ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/

/ki²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɯ⁴¹/

/ki¹³⁻²² t͡sʰu²¹/

/ki²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰu¹¹/

/ki²³⁻³³ t͡sʰu²¹/

/ki²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰu²¹/


其次

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ t͡sʰz̩⁵¹/

/kʰei̯²¹ t͡sʰiː³³/

/kʰi¹¹ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/

/ki²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɯ⁴¹/

/ki¹³⁻²² t͡sʰu²¹/

/ki²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰu¹¹/

/ki²³⁻³³ t͡sʰu²¹/

/ki²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰu²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ t͡sʰz̩⁵¹/

/kʰei̯²¹ t͡sʰiː³³/

/kʰi¹¹ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/

/ki²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɯ⁴¹/

/ki¹³⁻²² t͡sʰu²¹/

/ki²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰu¹¹/

/ki²³⁻³³ t͡sʰu²¹/

/ki²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰu²¹/


所以

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ i²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɔː³⁵ jiː¹³/

/so²⁴⁻³³ ʒi⁵³/

/su³³⁻³⁵ i³³/

/ɬø⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ i⁴⁵³/

/ɬø³³²⁻²¹ i³³²/

/sɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ i⁵³/

/sɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ i⁴¹/

/sɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ i⁵⁵⁴/

/se⁵³⁻⁴⁴ i⁵³/

/so⁵²⁻³⁵ ĩ⁵²⁻²¹/

/su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ i²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɔː³⁵ jiː¹³/

/so²⁴⁻³³ ʒi⁵³/

/su³³⁻³⁵ i³³/

/ɬø⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ i⁴⁵³/

/ɬø³³²⁻²¹ i³³²/

/sɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ i⁵³/

/sɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ i⁴¹/

/sɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ i⁵⁵⁴/

/se⁵³⁻⁴⁴ i⁵³/

/so⁵²⁻³⁵ ĩ⁵²⁻²¹/

to lose self-control (literally, "to forget how one should conduct oneself")

忘乎所以


小可

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯³⁵ hɔː³⁵/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰua⁵³/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰua⁵⁵⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰua⁵³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰua⁵³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰua⁴¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/siːu̯³⁵ hɔː³⁵/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰua⁵³/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰua⁵⁵⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰua⁵³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰua⁵³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰua⁴¹/


這兒

/t͡sɚ²¹³⁻⁵⁵/

/t͡sɛː³⁵ jiː²¹/

/t͡sɛː¹³ jiː²¹/

/t͡sɚ²¹³⁻⁵⁵/

/t͡sɛː³⁵ jiː²¹/

/t͡sɛː¹³ jiː²¹/

在這兒等一會兒。

在这儿等一会儿。

從這兒到那兒是很近的。

从这儿到那儿是很近的。

Oh! This place is quite cool. Let's stay here.

Hēi! Zhèi dìr tǐng liángkuai de, zán jiù zǎi zhèr dāi zhe ba!

嘿！這地兒挺涼快的，咱就在這兒呆著吧！

嘿！这地儿挺凉快的，咱就在这儿呆着吧！

哪個醫院離這兒最近？

哪个医院离这儿最近？

(Mandarin) Erhua form of 這／这 (zhè, “here”).


這裡

Sino-Xenic (這裡):
* → Japanese: 這(しゃ)裏(り) (shari)

/ʈ͡ʂɤ⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂɤ⁵¹ li¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁴⁴ ni²⁴/

/t͡sɛː³⁵ lɵy̯¹³/

/t͡sɛː¹³ lɵy̯¹³/

/t͡səʔ²⁻⁵⁴ lɤ¹/

/t͡se⁵²⁻³⁵ li⁵²⁻²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂɤ⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂɤ⁵¹ li¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁴⁴ ni²⁴/

/t͡sɛː³⁵ lɵy̯¹³/

/t͡sɛː¹³ lɵy̯¹³/

/t͡səʔ²⁻⁵⁴ lɤ¹/

/t͡se⁵²⁻³⁵ li⁵²⁻²¹/

原來你也在這裡。

原来你也在这里。

這裡有什麼東西？

这里有什么东西？

我剛來到這裡。

我刚来到这里。


怎麼樣

/t͡sən²¹⁴ mə⁴ jɑŋ⁵¹/

ㄗㄣˇ ˙ㄇㄜ ㄧㄤˋㄦ

/t͡sən²¹⁴ mə⁴ jɑ̃ɻ⁵¹/

/t͡sɐm³⁵ mɔː⁵⁵ jœːŋ²²/

/t͡sɐm³⁵ mɔː⁵⁵ jœːŋ²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡sɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ mo¹¹ iɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡sən²¹⁴ mə⁴ jɑŋ⁵¹/

/t͡sən²¹⁴ mə⁴ jɑ̃ɻ⁵¹/

/t͡sɐm³⁵ mɔː⁵⁵ jœːŋ²²/

/t͡sɐm³⁵ mɔː⁵⁵ jœːŋ²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡sɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ mo¹¹ iɔŋ⁵³/

我們等下他們吧，怎麼樣？

我们等下他们吧，怎么样？


他們

/tʰä⁵⁵ mən²/

/tʰa⁵⁵ mən²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/tʰaː⁵⁵ muːn²¹/

/tʰa⁴⁴⁻³⁵ mun¹¹/

/tʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²⁴/

/tʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²³/

/tʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

/tʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰa³³⁻²³ muŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰa̠³³ mən³/

/tʰä⁵⁵ mən²/

/tʰa⁵⁵ mən²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/tʰaː⁵⁵ muːn²¹/

/tʰa⁴⁴⁻³⁵ mun¹¹/

/tʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²⁴/

/tʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²³/

/tʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

/tʰa⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰa³³⁻²³ muŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰa̠³³ mən³/

他們有親屬關係。

他们有亲属关系。

他們都來自農村。

他们都来自农村。

They haven't written to each other for a long time.

他們好久沒有通信了。

他们好久没有通信了。

As a matter of fact, we are far ahead of them in scientific research.

Shìshíshàng, wǒmen zài kēyán fāngmiàn yuǎnyuǎn chāoguò tāmen.

事實上，我們在科研方面遠遠超過他們。

事实上，我们在科研方面远远超过他们。

I think they have done a good job, so we should raise their wages and give them red envelopes.

Wǒ juéde tāmen zuò de hěn hǎo, yīnggāi gěi tāmen zhǎng gōngzī, fā hóngbāo.

我覺得他們做得很好，應該給他們漲工資，發紅包。

我觉得他们做得很好，应该给他们涨工资，发红包。

But as many as received him, to them gave he power to become the sons of God, even to them that believe on his name.

新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation), 約翰福音 (John) 1:12

Fán jiēdài tā de, jiù shì xìn tā míng de rén, tā jiù cì tāmen quánbǐng zuò Shén de érnǚ.

凡接待他的，就是信他名的人，他就賜他們權柄作神的兒女。

凡接待他的，就是信他名的人，他就赐他们权柄作神的儿女。

(chiefly Mandarin, Jin, Changsha Xiang, at least one male) they; them


那裡

/nä⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/naː¹³ lɵy̯¹³/

/nã²²⁻²¹ li⁵³/

/nã⁴¹⁻²² li⁵⁵⁴/

/na⁵²⁻³⁵ li⁵²⁻²¹/

/nä⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/naː¹³ lɵy̯¹³/

/nã²²⁻²¹ li⁵³/

/nã⁴¹⁻²² li⁵⁵⁴/

/na⁵²⁻³⁵ li⁵²⁻²¹/

那裡有三個人。

那里有三个人。

他在那裡。

他在那里。

I lived in Mengzi for five months, and my family two months. I often think of the place now, especially when my social life is busy. Mengzi is good because it's small and sparsely populated.

Wǒ zài Méngzì zhù guò wǔ ge yuè, wǒ de jiā yě zài nàlǐ zhù guò liǎng ge yuè. Wǒ xiànzài chángcháng xiǎngqǐ zhè ge dìfang, tèbié shì zài rénshì fánmáng de shíhou. Méngzì xiǎo de hǎo, rén shǎo de hǎo.

我在蒙自住過五個月，我的家也在那裡住過兩個月。我現在常常想起這個地方，特別是在人事繁忙的時候。蒙自小得好，人少得好。

我在蒙自住过五个月，我的家也在那里住过两个月。我现在常常想起这个地方，特别是在人事繁忙的时候。蒙自小得好，人少得好。


自己

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sz̩²¹³ t͡ɕi⁵³/

/t͡sz̩⁴⁴ t͡ɕi²⁴/

/t͡siː²² kei̯³⁵⁻⁵⁵/

/kei̯²² kei̯³⁵⁻⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵ ki³¹/

/t͡sʰz̩⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ki³¹/

/t͡su³³⁻¹¹ ki⁵³/

/t͡su³³⁻²¹ ki⁴¹/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ ki⁵³/

/t͡sɯ⁴¹⁻²² ki⁵⁵⁴/

/zz̩²² t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sz̩²¹³ t͡ɕi⁵³/

/t͡sz̩⁴⁴ t͡ɕi²⁴/

/t͡siː²² kei̯³⁵⁻⁵⁵/

/kei̯²² kei̯³⁵⁻⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵ ki³¹/

/t͡sʰz̩⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ki³¹/

/t͡su³³⁻¹¹ ki⁵³/

/t͡su³³⁻²¹ ki⁴¹/

/t͡su²²⁻²¹ ki⁵³/

/t͡sɯ⁴¹⁻²² ki⁵⁵⁴/

/zz̩²² t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

逃離自己的祖國

逃离自己的祖国

維護自己的權益

维护自己的权益

to be on the defensive about one’s mistakes

為自己的錯誤辯解

为自己的错误辩解

to become a better person; to become a better version of oneself

成為一個更好的自己

成为一个更好的自己

Ignorant people always believe they are right.

Yīge yúmèi de rén zǒng yǐwèi zìjǐ shì duì de.

一個愚昧的人總以為自己是對的。

一个愚昧的人总以为自己是对的。

最終我們都活成了自己討厭的樣子。

最终我们都活成了自己讨厌的样子。

to "eat oneself to death" (endanger oneself with eating habits)

食死自己

He came unto his own, and his own received him not.

新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation), 約翰福音 (John) 1:11

Tā dào zìjǐ de dìfāng lái, zìjǐ de rén dào bù jiēdài tā.

他到自己的地方來，自己的人倒不接待他。

他到自己的地方来，自己的人倒不接待他。


小弟

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti⁵¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ tɐi̯²²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti³³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ti³³/

/sio⁴²⁻²⁴ ti²²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti²²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ti³³/

/sio⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ ti²¹/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ti³³/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ti²²/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti⁵¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ tɐi̯²²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti³³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ti³³/

/sio⁴²⁻²⁴ ti²²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti²²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ti³³/

/sio⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ ti²¹/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ti³³/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ti²²/


各種

/kɤ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔːk̚³ t͡sʊŋ³⁵/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siɔŋ⁵³/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁴¹/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁵³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ⁵³/

/kak̚²⁻⁴ t͡seŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/kɤ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔːk̚³ t͡sʊŋ³⁵/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siɔŋ⁵³/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁴¹/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁵³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ⁵³/

/kak̚²⁻⁴ t͡seŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

Look at how emotional the graduating students are—are their relationships really that deep?

Bìyèshēng gèzhǒng shānqíng, gǎnqíng zhēnde nàme shēn ma?

畢業生各種煽情，感情真的那麼深嗎？

毕业生各种煽情，感情真的那么深吗？

The school has launched a number of programs to make it convenient for students to purchase tickets home.

Wèile fāngbiàn xuéshēng gòumǎi huíjiā chēpiào, xuéxiào yǐ kāizhǎn gèzhǒng huódòng.

為了方便學生購買回家車票，學校已開展各種活動。

为了方便学生购买回家车票，学校已开展各种活动。

They have tried every method to solve this problem.

Tāmen wèile jiějué zhège wèntí, chángshì guò gèzhǒng fāngfǎ.

他們為了解決這個問題，嘗試過各種方法。

他们为了解决这个问题，尝试过各种方法。

a variety of; all sorts of; all kinds of; a number of; every


她們

/tʰä⁵⁵ mən²/

/tʰaː⁵⁵ muːn²¹/

/tʰä⁵⁵ mən²/

/tʰaː⁵⁵ muːn²¹/


吾輩

/u³⁵ peɪ̯⁵¹/

/ŋ̍²¹ puːi̯³³/

/u³⁵ peɪ̯⁵¹/

/ŋ̍²¹ puːi̯³³/


小妹

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯⁵¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ muːi̯²²⁻³⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ muːi̯²²/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ be⁴¹/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be²²/

/sio⁴²⁻²⁴ be²²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be³³/

/sio⁴²⁻²⁴ bə²²/

/sio⁵³⁻²⁴ bə²²/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bə⁴¹/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mãi²²/

/siɤ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ muãi³³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ muãi²²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁵⁵ muẽ³³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ muẽ³³/

/sio⁵⁵⁻³⁵ bə³³/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ meɪ̯⁵¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ muːi̯²²⁻³⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ muːi̯²²/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ be⁴¹/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be²²/

/sio⁴²⁻²⁴ be²²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be³³/

/sio⁴²⁻²⁴ bə²²/

/sio⁵³⁻²⁴ bə²²/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bə⁴¹/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mãi²²/

/siɤ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ muãi³³/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ muãi²²/

/sio⁵³⁻⁵⁵ muẽ³³/

/siɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ muẽ³³/

/sio⁵⁵⁻³⁵ bə³³/

(female, humble, to the same generation) I; me


哪裡

哪里
哪裏
那裡/那裏/那里

/nä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/naː¹³ lɵy̯¹³/

/la²¹³⁻²¹ li¹/

/nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li⁵³/

/nã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ li⁵⁵⁴/

/nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li⁵³/

/nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li⁵³/

/nã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ li⁴¹/

/na⁵²⁻³⁵ li⁵²⁻²¹/

/nä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/naː¹³ lɵy̯¹³/

/la²¹³⁻²¹ li¹/

/nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li⁵³/

/nã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ li⁵⁵⁴/

/nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li⁵³/

/nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ li⁵³/

/nã⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ li⁴¹/

/na⁵²⁻³⁵ li⁵²⁻²¹/

他哪裡像個學生。

他哪里像个学生。

(rhetorical question) how (used in rhetorical questions)


佗位

叨位
叼位
刀位
倒位
哆位
底位
逃位
哪位
陀位
佗
兌
叨

/tɤ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ui³³/

/to⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ui³³/

/to⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ui³³/

/tɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ui³³/

/to⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ui²²/

/ta(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ui²²/

/ta⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ui²²/

/tɤ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ui³³/

/to⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ui³³/

/to⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ui³³/

/tɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ui³³/

/to⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ui²²/

/ta(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ui²²/

/ta⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ui²²/

佗位會使上網？

佗位会使上网？


那個

/neɪ̯⁵¹ g̊ə¹/

/naː¹³ kɔː³³/

/nã⁴¹⁻²² ko⁴¹/

/nã²²⁻²¹ ko²¹/

/neɪ̯⁵¹ g̊ə¹/

/naː¹³ kɔː³³/

/nã⁴¹⁻²² ko⁴¹/

/nã²²⁻²¹ ko²¹/

那個是什麼？

那个是什么？

他心裡那個高興啊就別提了。

他心里那个高兴啊就别提了。

(informal) Used in front of adjectives or verbs for emphasis.


那個

/neɪ̯⁵¹ g̊ə¹/

/naː¹³ kɔː³³/

/nã⁴¹⁻²² ko⁴¹/

/nã²²⁻²¹ ko²¹/

/neɪ̯⁵¹ g̊ə¹/

/naː¹³ kɔː³³/

/nã⁴¹⁻²² ko⁴¹/

/nã²²⁻²¹ ko²¹/

Umm... umm... sorry what were you saying just then?

Nèige...... Nèige...... Nǐ gāng nèige shuō shénme lái zhe?

那個……那個……你剛那個說什麼來著？

那个……那个……你刚那个说什么来着？

Used in speech as a filler uh; um; er; you know


彼個

/hit̚³²⁻⁴ e²³/

/hit̚³⁻⁴ e²³/

/hit̚³²⁻⁵ e¹³/

/hit̚³²⁻⁴ e²⁴/

/hit̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡe²⁴/

/hit̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡe⁵⁵⁴/

/hiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡe²⁴/

/hit̚³²⁻⁴ e⁴⁴/

/hi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ɡe⁴⁴/

/hi(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ ɡe⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ e⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ e²⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ e²³/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡe⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡe²⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡe²³/

/hit̚³²⁻⁴ le⁴⁴/

/hit̚³²⁻⁴ le²⁴/

/hit̚³²⁻⁴ le²³/

/hi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡe⁵⁵⁴/

/hit̚⁵⁻²⁴ e⁵⁵⁴/

/he⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ le²³/

/ha⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ le²³/

/hit̚³²⁻⁴ e²³/

/hit̚³⁻⁴ e²³/

/hit̚³²⁻⁵ e¹³/

/hit̚³²⁻⁴ e²⁴/

/hit̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡe²⁴/

/hit̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡe⁵⁵⁴/

/hiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡe²⁴/

/hit̚³²⁻⁴ e⁴⁴/

/hi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ɡe⁴⁴/

/hi(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ ɡe⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ e⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ e²⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ e²³/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡe⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡe²⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡe²³/

/hit̚³²⁻⁴ le⁴⁴/

/hit̚³²⁻⁴ le²⁴/

/hit̚³²⁻⁴ le²³/

/hi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡe⁵⁵⁴/

/hit̚⁵⁻²⁴ e⁵⁵⁴/

/he⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ le²³/

/ha⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ le²³/


叨一個

/tɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² e²³/

/to⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ e¹³/

/to⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² e²⁴/

/to⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sit̚²⁴⁻² ɡe²⁴/

/tɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² e²³/

/to⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ e¹³/

/to⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² e²⁴/

/to⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sit̚²⁴⁻² ɡe²⁴/


佗一個

佗一个
佗一个
叨一個
倒一個
搭一個:tah
哪一個

/tɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² e²³/

/to⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sit̚²⁴⁻² e²⁴/

/to⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡sit̚⁴³⁻²¹ e²⁴/

/to⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² e²⁴/

/to⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡sit̚⁴³⁻²¹ ɡe²⁴/

/to⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sit̚²⁴⁻² ɡe²⁴/

/ta(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ e¹³/

/ta⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ e¹³/

/tɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² e²³/

/to⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sit̚²⁴⁻² e²⁴/

/to⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡sit̚⁴³⁻²¹ e²⁴/

/to⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚⁴⁻³² e²⁴/

/to⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡sit̚⁴³⁻²¹ ɡe²⁴/

/to⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sit̚²⁴⁻² ɡe²⁴/

/ta(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ e¹³/

/ta⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sit̚¹²¹⁻²¹ e¹³/


哪個

/nä²¹⁴ g̊ə⁴/

/neɪ̯²¹⁴ g̊ə⁴/

/naː¹³ kɔː³³/

/la²¹³⁻¹³ ˈko³⁵/

/la²¹³⁻²¹ ko¹/

/nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ko²¹/

/nã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ko⁴¹/

/nä²¹⁴ g̊ə⁴/

/neɪ̯²¹⁴ g̊ə⁴/

/naː¹³ kɔː³³/

/la²¹³⁻¹³ ˈko³⁵/

/la²¹³⁻²¹ ko¹/

/nã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ko²¹/

/nã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ko⁴¹/

(dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Hakka, Gan, dialectal Jin, Xiang) who


那些

/nä⁵¹ ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵/

/neɪ̯⁵¹ ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵/

/naː¹³ sɛː⁵⁵/

/nã²²⁻²¹ se⁴⁴/

/nã⁴¹⁻²² sia³³/

/nã²²⁻²¹ sa⁴⁴/

/lai̯⁴⁵ ɕi̯e̞³/

/la̠⁴⁵ ɕi̯e̞³/

/nä⁵¹ ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵/

/neɪ̯⁵¹ ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵/

/naː¹³ sɛː⁵⁵/

/nã²²⁻²¹ se⁴⁴/

/nã⁴¹⁻²² sia³³/

/nã²²⁻²¹ sa⁴⁴/

/lai̯⁴⁵ ɕi̯e̞³/

/la̠⁴⁵ ɕi̯e̞³/

Cherish those who are concerned about you.

珍惜那些惦記你的人。

珍惜那些惦记你的人。

Halloween costumes are not just for adults - the costumes of children who ask for candy can also be extraordinary!

Wànshèngjié zhuāngbàn bùshì dàrén de zhuānlì, nàxiē pāi mén tǎo tángguǒ de xiǎohái zhuāngbàn yě kěyǐ shífēn chūsè!

萬聖節裝扮不是大人的專利，那些拍門討糖果的小孩裝扮也可以十分出色！

万圣节装扮不是大人的专利，那些拍门讨糖果的小孩装扮也可以十分出色！


那樣

/nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɑŋ⁵¹/

/nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɑ̃ɻ⁵¹/

/nä⁵¹ jɑ̃ɻ¹/

/neɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɑŋ⁵¹/

/neɪ̯⁵¹ jɑŋ¹/

/neɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɑ̃ɻ⁵¹/

/neɪ̯⁵¹ jɑ̃ɻ¹/

/naː¹³ jœːŋ²²/

/nã²²⁻²¹ iũ²²/

/nã⁴¹⁻²² iũ⁴¹/

/nã²²⁻²¹ iɔ̃²²/

/nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɑŋ⁵¹/

/nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɑ̃ɻ⁵¹/

/nä⁵¹ jɑ̃ɻ¹/

/neɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɑŋ⁵¹/

/neɪ̯⁵¹ jɑŋ¹/

/neɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɑ̃ɻ⁵¹/

/neɪ̯⁵¹ jɑ̃ɻ¹/

/naː¹³ jœːŋ²²/

/nã²²⁻²¹ iũ²²/

/nã⁴¹⁻²² iũ⁴¹/

/nã²²⁻²¹ iɔ̃²²/

Happy times are so short; like a shooting star, they are gone in an instant.

Měihǎo shíguāng shì nàyàng de duǎnzàn, wǎnruò tiānkōng huá guò de liúxīng bān zhuǎnshùnjíshì.

美好時光是那樣的短暫，宛若天空滑過的流星般轉瞬即逝。

美好时光是那样的短暂，宛若天空滑过的流星般转瞬即逝。


你們

/nʲi⁵³ mən²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/n̩²¹³⁻²¹ mɨn¹/

/ni⁴⁴⁻³⁵ mun¹¹/

/nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bun²⁴/

/lɯ⁵²⁻³⁵ muŋ⁵⁵/

/n̠ʲi⁴¹ mən³/

/nʲi⁵³ mən²¹⁻⁵⁵/

/n̩²¹³⁻²¹ mɨn¹/

/ni⁴⁴⁻³⁵ mun¹¹/

/nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bun²⁴/

/lɯ⁵²⁻³⁵ muŋ⁵⁵/

/n̠ʲi⁴¹ mən³/

The only thing I'm worried about right now is your future.

Wǒ xiànzài wéiyī guàxīn de, jiùshì nǐmen de jiānglái.

我現在唯一掛心的，就是你們的將來。

我现在唯一挂心的，就是你们的将来。

For this trip, are you travelling by yourselves or with a tour group?

Nǐmen zhèicì lǚyóu shì zìzhù háishi gēntuánr a?

你們這次旅遊是自助還是跟團兒啊？

你们这次旅游是自助还是跟团儿啊？

As you learn more about it, you'll surely grow to love it deeply.

Suízhe nǐmen duì tā yuèláiyuè liǎojiě, nǐmen yīdìng huì shēnshēn àishàng tā de.

隨著你們對它越來越了解，你們一定會深深愛上它的。

随着你们对它越来越了解，你们一定会深深爱上它的。

you (plural); you all; you guys; you lot


什麼

⇒ Translingual: Yiminaspis shenme

/ʂən²¹⁴ mə⁴/

/sɐm²² mɔː⁵⁵/

/sim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mĩʔ³²/

/sim⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ mĩʔ⁵/

/sim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mĩʔ³²/

/sim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mĩʔ³²/

/sim⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ mĩʔ³²/

/sim³⁵⁻¹¹ moʔ²/

/sɯ³⁵⁻¹¹ moʔ²/

/səʔ³³ moʔ⁴⁴/

/ʂən²¹⁴ mə⁴/

/sɐm²² mɔː⁵⁵/

/sim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mĩʔ³²/

/sim⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ mĩʔ⁵/

/sim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mĩʔ³²/

/sim⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mĩʔ³²/

/sim⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ mĩʔ³²/

/sim³⁵⁻¹¹ moʔ²/

/sɯ³⁵⁻¹¹ moʔ²/

/səʔ³³ moʔ⁴⁴/

Corruption of medieval 是物 (MC dzyeX mjut, “why”) (Yuan et al., 1996: 318–324) or 什物 (MC dzyip mjut, “miscellaneous items”) (Norman, 1988; Zhang, 1982), perhaps influenced by 何物 (OC *ɡaːl mɯd, “what”).

ltc-l

什么
甚麼
什麽
甚麽
拾沒
是物
是勿
是沒
甚物
甚沒
甚摩
甚謨
什摩

(used before an enumeration) thing like; such as; and so on; and what not


𪜶

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 亻 (“man; person”) + phonetic 因 (in).
Contraction of 伊儂／伊侬 (i-nâng). Compare 阮 (goán, “we, us (exclusive)”), 咱 (lán, “we, us (inclusive)”), 恁 (lín, “you (plural)”).


它們

/tʰä⁵⁵ mən²/

/tʰaː⁵⁵ muːn²¹/

/tʰä⁵⁵ mən²/

/tʰaː⁵⁵ muːn²¹/

But the excitement is theirs; I have nothing.

Dàn rènao shì tāmen de, wǒ shénme yě méiyǒu.

但熱鬧是它們的，我什麼也沒有。

但热闹是它们的，我什么也没有。


即位

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (即位):
* → Japanese: 即(そく)位(い) (sokui)
* → Korean: 즉위(卽位) (jeugwi)
* → Vietnamese: tức vị (即位)

/t͡ɕi³⁵ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sɪk̚⁵ wɐi̯²²/

/t͡siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ui²²/

/t͡siɪk̚³²⁻⁵ ui²²/

/t͡siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ui³³/

/t͡sit̚⁵⁻²⁴ ui⁴¹/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ ui²²/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sɪk̚⁵ wɐi̯²²/

/t͡siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ui²²/

/t͡siɪk̚³²⁻⁵ ui²²/

/t͡siɪk̚³²⁻⁴ ui³³/

/t͡sit̚⁵⁻²⁴ ui⁴¹/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ ui²²/


種種

Sino-Xenic (種種):
* → Japanese: 種種(しゅじゅ) (shuju); 種種(しゅしゅ) (shushu)
* → Korean: 종종(種種) (jongjong)

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʊŋ³⁵ t͡sʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡suŋ³¹ t͡suŋ³¹/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁴¹/

/t͡seŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡seŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʊŋ³⁵ t͡sʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡suŋ³¹ t͡suŋ³¹/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁴¹/

/t͡seŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡seŋ⁵²⁻²¹/


當時

/tɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/tɔːŋ⁵⁵ siː²¹/

/toŋ²⁴ sɨ¹¹/

/toŋ⁵³ ʃi⁵⁵/

/tŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² si²⁴/

/tŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ si²³/

/tŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² si¹³/

/tŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ si²⁴/

/tŋ̍³³ si²⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ si²³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² si¹³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ si²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² si¹³/

/taŋ³³⁴ sz̩¹¹/

/tɯŋ³³⁻²³ si⁵⁵/

/tɑ̃⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

/tɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/tɔːŋ⁵⁵ siː²¹/

/toŋ²⁴ sɨ¹¹/

/toŋ⁵³ ʃi⁵⁵/

/tŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² si²⁴/

/tŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ si²³/

/tŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² si¹³/

/tŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ si²⁴/

/tŋ̍³³ si²⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ si²³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² si¹³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ si²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² si¹³/

/taŋ³³⁴ sz̩¹¹/

/tɯŋ³³⁻²³ si⁵⁵/

/tɑ̃⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

Taiwanese Hokkien “when” probably comes from a semantic shift from “at that time”; the pronunciation difference is used to distinguish the two senses (Yang, 2002).

If it weren't for you, I wouldn't be where I am today.

Wǒ dāngshí tīng nǐ de le, cái yǒu jīntiān ya.

我當時聽你的了，才有今天呀。

我当时听你的了，才有今天呀。

His painting of people attained a level never known before.

Tā de rénwùhuà zài dāngshí kěwèi dēngfēngzàojí.

他的人物畫在當時可謂登峰造極。

他的人物画在当时可谓登峰造极。

This symptom is caused by the previous improper postpartum care that she received.

Zhè shì dāngshí zuòyuèzi lào xià de bìnggēn.

這是當時坐月子落下的病根。

这是当时坐月子落下的病根。


朕躬

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐm²² kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐm²² kʊŋ⁵⁵/

c. 475 - 221 BCE, Disciples of Confucius, “堯曰 [Yao Yue]”, in 論語 [The Analects of Confucius]:

(archaic) myself; my person (used by the emperor to refer to himself)


這個

Wutunhua: je-ge

/ʈ͡ʂɤ⁵¹ g̊ə¹/

/ʈ͡ʂeɪ̯⁵¹ g̊ə¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁴⁴ kə²⁴/

/t͡sɛː³⁵ kɔː³³/

/t͡sɛː¹³ kɔː³³/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ e²³/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ e²⁴/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁵ e¹³/

/t͡sit̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡe²⁴/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ ɡe²⁴/

/t͡sit̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡe⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡siak̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡe²⁴/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ e⁴⁴/

/t͡si(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ɡe⁴⁴/

/t͡si(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ ɡe⁴⁴/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ le⁴⁴/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ le²⁴/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ le²³/

/t͡si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ e²³/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ e²⁴/

/t͡si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡe⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sit̚⁵⁻²⁴ e⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ le²³/

/ʈ͡ʂɤ⁵¹ g̊ə¹/

/ʈ͡ʂeɪ̯⁵¹ g̊ə¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁴⁴ kə²⁴/

/t͡sɛː³⁵ kɔː³³/

/t͡sɛː¹³ kɔː³³/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ e²³/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ e²⁴/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁵ e¹³/

/t͡sit̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡe²⁴/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ ɡe²⁴/

/t͡sit̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡe⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡siak̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡe²⁴/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ e⁴⁴/

/t͡si(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ɡe⁴⁴/

/t͡si(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ ɡe⁴⁴/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ le⁴⁴/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ le²⁴/

/t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ le²³/

/t͡si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ e²³/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ e²⁴/

/t͡si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡe⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sit̚⁵⁻²⁴ e⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ le²³/

這個酒店很衛生。

这个酒店很卫生。

他們為了解決這個問題，嘗試過各種方法。

他们为了解决这个问题，尝试过各种方法。

Tā zài zhège guòchéng zhōng qǐ shénme zuòyòng?

它在這個過程中起什麼作用？

它在这个过程中起什么作用？

This company occupies a niche in the overseas market.

Zhège gōngsī zài hǎiwài shìchǎng zhànyǒu yīxízhīdì.

這個公司在海外市場佔有一席之地。

这个公司在海外市场占有一席之地。


誰家

/ʂeɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/sɵy̯²¹ kaː⁵⁵/

/ʂeɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/sɵy̯²¹ kaː⁵⁵/


何人

/xɤ³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/hɔː²¹ jɐn²¹/

/xɤ³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/hɔː²¹ jɐn²¹/

Who is kneeling down [before me]? Declare [your] name to [me].

下跪何人？報上名來。

下跪何人？报上名来。

I am a general of Qin; my might prevails over six nations. Who fears me not?

Wǒ wéi Qín jiàng, wēi zhèn liù guó, hérén bù jù?

我為秦將，威鎮六國，何人不懼？

我为秦将，威镇六国，何人不惧？

(literary) which person; who; whoever; anyone


一切

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (一切):
* → Japanese: 一切(いっさい) (issai)
* → Korean: 일체(一切) (ilche), 일절(一切) (iljeol)
* → Vietnamese: nhất thiết (一切)

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/i²⁴ t͡ɕʰiə⁵¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ t͡sʰɐi̯³³/

/iʔ²¹⁻⁴² t͡sʰɛʔ²¹/

/iʔ²⁻⁴ t͡sʰɛʔ²/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰe²¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰe¹¹/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡sʰe⁴¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ t͡sʰe²¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

/iɪʔ³³ t͡ɕʰiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/i⁵⁵⁻³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/i²⁴ t͡ɕʰiə⁵¹/

/jɐt̚⁵ t͡sʰɐi̯³³/

/iʔ²¹⁻⁴² t͡sʰɛʔ²¹/

/iʔ²⁻⁴ t͡sʰɛʔ²/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰe²¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰe¹¹/

/it̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡sʰe⁴¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ t͡sʰe²¹/

/it̚³²⁻⁵ t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

/it̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

/iɪʔ³³ t͡ɕʰiɪʔ⁴⁴/


有的

/joʊ̯²¹⁴ d̥ə⁴/

/jɐu̯¹³ tɪk̚⁵/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²/

/iu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiak̚⁵/

/joʊ̯²¹⁴ d̥ə⁴/

/jɐu̯¹³ tɪk̚⁵/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²/

/iu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiak̚⁵/

有的人真有福氣。

有的人真有福气。


有些

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵/

/jɐu̯¹³ sɛː⁵⁵/

/iu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sia³³/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sia⁴⁴/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ se⁴⁴/

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵/

/jɐu̯¹³ sɛː⁵⁵/

/iu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sia³³/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sia⁴⁴/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ se⁴⁴/

有些人活得真不如畜生。

The hotel service people in some regions have a poor attitude.

Yǒuxiē dìqū de fàndiàn fúwù rényuán tàidù èliè.

有些地區的飯店服務人員態度惡劣。

有些地区的饭店服务人员态度恶劣。


有些

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵/

/jɐu̯¹³ sɛː⁵⁵/

/iu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sia³³/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sia⁴⁴/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ se⁴⁴/

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵/

/jɐu̯¹³ sɛː⁵⁵/

/iu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sia³³/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sia⁴⁴/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ se⁴⁴/