sumac

en-noun

sumac (usually uncountable, plural sumacs)

The noun is derived from Middle English sumac, asimac, simak, sumak, symak (“portions of the shrub Rhus coriaria, chiefly used for medicinal purposes”), from Anglo-Norman sumak, symak, and Old French sumac, or directly from its etymon Medieval Latin sumach, sumac, from Arabic سُمَّاق (summāq), from Classical Syriac ܣܘܡܩܐ (summāqā, “red; sumac”). The English word is cognate with Italian sommaco, sommacco, Occitan simac, Portuguese sumagre, Spanish zumaque.
The verb is derived from the noun.

sumak

shrub or small tree of the genus Rhus, etc.

The Rhamnus of Maderaspatan, and the Trifoliate Sumachs from the Coaſt of Africa, are altogether new.

1693 January, Leonardi Plukenetii [i.e., Leonard Plukenet], “PHYTOGRAPHIA seu Plantæ quamplurimæ novæ & Literis huc usque incognitæ variis & remotissimis Provinciis ipsisq; Indiis allatæ Nomine & Iconibus. […]”, in Philosophical Transactions. Giving Some Account of the Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours, of the Ingenious, in Many Considerable Parts of the World, volume VI, number 196, London: Printed for T. Woodward, […] and C. Davis […] printers to the Royal Society, →OCLC, page 621:

Shumack, Chapacour, and the famous Snake-root, ſo much admir'd in England for being a Cordial, and an Antidote in all Peſtilential Diſeases.

1708, J[ohn] Oldmixon, “[The History of Virginia.] Of the Climate, the Soil, and Its Productions, as Trees, Seeds, Plants, Roots, Fruits, and Flowers.”, in The British Empire in America, Containing the History of the Discovery, Settlement, Progress and Present State of All the British Colonies, on the Continent and Islands of America. In Two Volumes. […], volume I, London: Printed for John Nicholson […], Benjamin Tooke […], and Richard Parker and Ralph Smith […], →OCLC, page 308:

In the mean Time, gargle your Throat, and waſh all your Sores, and Ulcers with the ſame warm Liquor, which ought to be made freſh every 2 Days. Beſides all this, you muſt chew the Sumac Root very often, and ſwallow the healing Juice.

1734, [John Tennent], Every Man His Own Doctor: Or, The Poor Planter’s Physician. […], 2nd edition, Williamsburg, Va., Annapolis, Md.: Printed and sold by William Parks, […], →OCLC; republished Williamsburg, Va.: Printing and Post Office, Colonial Williamsburg, 1971, →OCLC, page 51:

Plant cutings of Myrtles in a bed of light rich earth, obſerving to water and ſhade them until they have taken root; and now you may plant cutings of [...] African Sumaches, and many other exotic plants, which are ſhrubby; [...]

1757, Philip Miller, “June”, in The Gardeners Kalendar; Directing what Works are Necessary to be Done Every Month in the Kitchen, Fruit, and Pleasure-gardens, as also the Conservatory and Nursery. […], 11th edition, London: Printed by Charles Rivington, for John Rivington, […]; and James Rivington and James Fletcher, […], →OCLC, page 185:

Often, on descending into the narrow valleys, we found a little spot of cultivation, a garden, or a field hedged round with shumacs, rhododendrons, and azalias, and a cottage covered with roses.

1832, [Frances Milton] Trollope, chapter XVIII, in Domestic Manners of the Americans. […], London: Printed for Whittaker, Treacher, & Co.; […], →OCLC, page 160:

Immediately after leaving the town, on each side of the road, were the purple flowers of the iron-weed and the red shumack, under which the deer love to repose, for it conceals them from their enemies, as the variegated heath did the tartan-clad Highlanders.

1833, J[ames] E[dward] Alexander, chapter IV, in Transatlantic Sketches, Comprising Visits to the Most Interesting Scenes in North and South America, and the West Indies. […] In Two Volumes, volume II, London: Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC, page 82:

A young forest growing up under your windows, and wild sumachs and blackberry vines breaking through into your cellar; sturdy pitch-pines rubbing and creaking against the shingles for want of room, their roots reaching quite under the house.

1854 August 9, Henry D[avid] Thoreau, “Sounds”, in Walden; or, Life in the Woods, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, →OCLC, page 139:

Here, be gardens of Hesperian mould, / Recesses rare, temples of birch and fern, / Preserves of light-green Sumac, Ivy thick, / And old stone-fences tottering to their fall, [...]

1858, [William Ellery Channing], Near Home. A Poem, Boston, Mass.: James Munroe and Company, →OCLC, page 46:

Without the wall a birch-tree shows / Its drouped and tasselled head; / Within, a stag-horned sumack grows, / Fern-leafed, with spikes of red.

1869, Israel Wilkinson, “Sixth Generation”, in Memoirs of the Wilkinson Family in America. […], Jacksonville, Ill.: Davis & Penniman, printers, →OCLC, page 201:

They plunged into the narrow path between the tall sumach bushes, and were at once hidden in the gloom.

1876, Mark Twain [pseudonym; Samuel Langhorne Clemens], chapter XXIX, in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Hartford, Conn.: The American Publishing Company, →OCLC, page 222:

He seemed like a broken reed / On the shore of a marshy lake, / In the fall when the shumacks bleed / 'Mid the withering grass of the brake.

1931, Gustav Melby, Light and Shade, St. Paul, Minn.: La Beau Publishing Company, →OCLC, page 70:

―a scattering of man-high cedars (sharp cones), antlered sumac.

1946 January, William Carlos Williams, Paterson, New York, N.Y.: New Directions, →OCLC; Christopher MacGowan, editor, Paterson, revised edition, New York, N.Y.: New Directions, April 1995, →ISBN, book I:

There was a Steinway grand piano [...] a cherrywood writing table, and an assortment of floor lamps, table lamps, and "bridge" lamps that sprang up all over the congested inscape like sumac.

1957 May 4, J[erome] D[avid] Salinger, “Zooey”, in The New Yorker, New York, N.Y.: New Yorker Magazine Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, page 32 (start of article):

A declaration of the places whence the goods ſubſcribed doe come. [...] Sumack, from Cyprus.

1584, William Barret[t], “The Money and Measures of Babylon, Balsara, and the Indies, with the Customes, &c. Written from Aleppo in Syria, Anno 1584”, in Richard Hakluyt, The Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation, […], London: […] George Bishop and Ralph Newberie, deputies to Christopher Barker, […], published 1589, →OCLC, page 219:

In dying a Cotton Gown Black. [...] For a gown, take half a pint of ground shumac and put it into a sieve, and place it in a pan; then pour boiling water on it, and let the shumac water run into the pan; then put in your gown, and let it steep for six hours; [...]

1817, William Tucker, “On Dying Cottons, Dresses, Bed-furniture, &c. &c.”, in The Family Dyer and Scourer; being a Complete Treatise on the Whole Art of Cleaning and Dying: […], London: Printed for Sherwood, Neely, and Jones, […], →OCLC, pages 102–103:

Long continued inability to retain the urine, more especially when associated with old age, is in general an incurable complaint. Benefit may be obtained, however, by the use of such remedies as a strong tea of sumac, aspen poplar, vegetable balsams, spirits of turpentine, and gum myrrh.

1850, J. W. Comfort, “Diseases of the Kidneys and Bladder”, in The Practice of Medicine on Thomsonian Principles, Adapted as well to the Use of Families as to that of the Practitioner. […], new and revised edition, Philadelphia, Pa.: For sale by A. Comfort, […], →OCLC, section VI (Incontinence of Urine. (Involuntary Flow of Urine.)), page 238:

I feel the wool give way / as if six centuries of feet / had worn it back to the hard / earth floor it was made to cover. // Six centuries of Turkish heels / on my spine-dyed back: / madder, genista, sumac— / one skin color in the soil.

1985, Peter Balakian, “The Oriental Rug”, in Robert Pack, Jay Parini, editors, Introspections: American Poets on One of Their Own Poems, Hanover, N.H., London: University Press of New England for Middlebury College Press, published 1997, →ISBN, part II, page 30:

Tannin or tannic acid is a vegetable principle produced from nut-galls, catechu, or cutch, or terra japonica, oak-bark, divi divi, or the pod of the corsalpin coriaria, valonia, or the cup of the acorn from the prickly oak, sumack, cork-tree bark, mimosa, or wattle bark, larch bark, and many other astringent vegetable substances. This vegetable principle is employed in tanning leather.

1844 September 26, Alexander Turnbull, “Specification of the Patent Granted to Alexander Turnbull, […], for a New Mode or Method of More Expeditiously and Effectually Tanning Hides and Skins, and of Extracting and Separating the Catechuic Acid from the Tannic Acid in the Catechu or Terra Japonica, Used in Tanning.— […]”, in The Repertory of Patent Inventions, and Other Discoveries and Improvements in Arts, Manufactures, and Agriculture; […], volume VII (Enlarged Series), number 3, London: Published for the proprietor, by Alexander Macintosh, […]; and sold by Simpkin, Marshall, and Co., […]; J[ohn] Weale, […]; and G. Hebert, […], published March 1846, →OCLC, page 168:

A great revolution is about to be witnessed in this tanning and dyeing material. Supplies have commenced to arrive from Virginia, United States, the quality of which is the best that has ever reached Great Britain. [...] In common fairness it must be added, however, that the very worst tests of the American are superior to the best of the Sicilian; this includes not only the sumacs of Virginia, but those of Maryland, Tennessee, &c. [Quoting Alexander Mcrae.]

1870 January 10, “American Sumac”, in J. R. Dodge, editor, Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the Year 1869, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 231:

[B]y tanned hides or ſkins, or by tanned pieces of hides or ſkins, are meant only ſuch as are tanned in wooſe made of the bark of trees, or ſumack, or whereof the principal ingredients ſhall be ſuch bark, or ſumack; [...]

1779, Gorges Edmond Howard, “Duties”, in An Abstract and Common Place of All the Irish, British, and English Statutes Relative to the Revenue of Ireland, and the Trade Connected therewith. […], London: Printed by the executors of David Hay, assignee of the late Boulter Grierson, […], →OCLC, page 183:

Any of various shrubs or small trees of the genus Rhus and other genera in Anacardiaceae

Rhus coriaria
Rhus coriaria#Translingual

particularly, one of species Rhus coriaria (tanner's sumac)

Dried and chopped-up leaves and stems of a plant of the genus Rhus, particularly tanner's sumac (see sense 1), used for dyeing and tanning leather or for medicinal purposes.

sumak

dried and chopped-up leaves and stems of a plant of the genus Rhus, used for dyeing and tanning leather or for medicinal purposes

The spices used in this bread are zaatar and sumack. [...] Sumack is a spice derived from the berries of a bush that grows wild in all Mediterranean areas. The berries are dried and crushed to form a coarse purple-red powder. It has a sour taste.

2006, Rivka Goldman, “Bread with Spices”, in Mama Nazima’s Jewish-Iraqi Cuisine: Low-fat, Low-cholesterol: Cuisine, History, Cultural References and Survival Stories of the Jewish-Iraqi, New York, N.Y.: Hippocrene Books, →ISBN, page 159:

Sumac is a berry from a bush which grows mostly in southern Italy and the Middle East. The berries are dried and crushed to make ground sumac, used in making many foods such as Yaprakh, Kinirmasee (fried artichoke) and salad.

2015, Ala Barzinji, “Simple Dishes”, in Traditional Kurdish Food: An Insight into Kurdish Culinary Heritage, Kibworth Beauchamp, Leicestershire: Matador, →ISBN, page 172:

A sour spice popular in the Eastern Mediterranean, made from the berries of tanner's sumac.


gala

From French gala, or directly from that word's etymon, which is either Italian gala, or Spanish gala, both meaning "festive occasion", and derived from Old French gale (“rejoicing”). (The French word likely kept the final -a to avoid homophony with gale (“scabies”).) Ultimately cognate to gallant and hence probably from Frankish *wala (“good, well”).


furze

en-noun

furze (countable and uncountable, plural furzes)

From Middle English firse, furs, from Old English fyrs (“furze, gorse, bramble”), from Old English fyres (“furze”), related to Old English fȳr (“fire”); otherwise of unknown origin.

inh

Gonz. Now would I giue a thouſand furlongs of Sea, for an Acre of barren ground : Long heath, Browne firrs, any thing;[…]

1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i], page 1:

At length, receiving his quarterly allowance of fifteen guineas, instead of discharging his debts he walk'd out of town, hid his gown in a furze bush, and footed it to London, […]

1771–1790, Benjamin Franklin, “The Autobiography [Part 1]”, in John Bigelow, editor, Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. […], Philadelphia, Pa.: J[oshua] B[allinger] Lippincott & Co., published 1868, →OCLC, page 158:

“My Continental prominence is improving,” I commented dryly. ¶ Von Lindowe cut at a furze bush with his silver-mounted rattan. ¶ “Quite so,” he said as dryly, his hand at his mustache. “I may say if your intentions were known your life would not be worth a curse.”

1908, W[illiam] B[lair] M[orton] Ferguson, chapter IV, in Zollenstein, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC, page 41:

Clumps of withered grass stood out on the hill-top; the furze bushes were black, and now and then a black shiver crossed the snow as the wind drove flurries of frozen particles before it.

1922 October 26, Virginia Woolf, chapter VIII, in Jacob’s Room, Richmond, London: […] Leonard & Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press, →OCLC; republished London: The Hogarth Press, 1960, →OCLC, page 97:

Ulex europaeus
Ulex europaeus#Translingual

A thorny evergreen shrub, with yellow flowers, Ulex gen. et spp., of which Ulex europaeus is particularly common upon the plains and hills of Great Britain and Ireland.


hornbeam

c. 1570, from Old English horn + beam (“tree”)

A tree of the genus Carpinus, having a smooth gray bark and a ridged trunk, the wood being white and very hard, common along the banks of streams in the United States.


dill

en-noun

dill (countable and uncountable, plural dills)

From Middle English dile, from Old English dile (“dill, anise”); from Proto-Germanic *deliz, of uncertain, probably non-Indo-European origin, possibly a west European substrate.
Cognate with Old Saxon dilli, Dutch dille, Swedish dill, German Dill.

The life of one plant would be affected by another. Rue was definitely hostile to basil, rosemary to hyssop, but coriander, dill and chervil lived on the friendliest of terms[.]

1940, Rosetta E. Clarkson, Green Enchantments: The Magic Spell of Gardens, The Macmillan Company, page 253:

Anethum graveolens
Anethum graveolens#Translingual

Anethum graveolens (the type species of the genus Anethum), a herb, the seeds of which are moderately warming, pungent, and aromatic, formerly used as a soothing medicine for children; also known as dillseed.


dill

is-noun

dill n (genitive singular dills, no plural)

dills (genitive singular)
dill (indefinite nominative singular)
dillið (definite nominative singular)
dill (accusative indefinite singular)
dillið (accusative definite singular)
dilli (dative indefinite singular)
dillinu (dative definite singular)
dills (genitive indefinite singular)
dillsins (definite genitive singular)

From Old Norse dylja, from Proto-Germanic *dilja-, of uncertain, non-Indo-European origin, possibly a substrate.


dill

From Old Swedish dil, from Old Norse dylja, from Proto-Germanic *dilja-, of uncertain, non-Indo-European origin, possibly a substrate.


mignonette

From French mignonnette, from mignon (“dainty”) + -ette (diminutive suffix).

After amusing herself for a brief time with picking to pieces some mignonette which filled a box on the window-sill, Marie threw the flowers from her, and exclaimed,—"And here we are seated together, as we used to talk away half the night in Italy. Good Heavens! how we are altered!"

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter I, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 2:

These rooms were on a level with the apartments of our friends Bows and Costigan next door at No. 4; and by reaching over the communicating leads, Grady could command the mignonette-box which bloomed in Bows’s window.

1848 November – 1850 December, William Makepeace Thackeray, chapter 43, in The History of Pendennis. […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1849–1850, →OCLC:

Reseda odorata
Reseda odorata#Translingual

A plant, Reseda odorata, having greyish-green flowers with orange-coloured stamens, and exhaling a delicious fragrance. In Africa it is a low shrub, but further north it is usually an annual herb.


hag

From Middle English hagge, hegge (“demon, old woman”), shortening of Old English hægtesse, hægtes (“harpy, witch”), from Proto-West Germanic *hagatussjā. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Häkse (“witch”), Dutch heks, German Hexe (“witch”). Doublet of hex.

A hagdon or shearwater; one of various sea birds of the genus Puffinus.


sen

trigonometric function
trigonometric function#English

(mathematics) a symbol of the trigonometric function sine


sage

en-noun

sage (usually uncountable, plural sages)

From Middle English sauge, from Middle French sauge, from Old French salje, from Latin salvia, from salvus (“healthy”), see safe.

broom sage

species of Chrysothamnus, Ericameria, Lorandersonia

purple sage

Salvia leucophylla; Artemisia tridentata

silvery sage

Salvia officinalis
Salvia officinalis#Translingual

The plant Salvia officinalis and savory spice produced from it; also planted for ornamental purposes.


larch

From early modern German Larche, Lärche, from Middle High German larche, from Old High German larihha, early borrowing from Latin larix, itself possibly of Gaulish origin. In the first century AD, Vitruvius wrote that the tree was given the Latin name "larigna" when the Romans discovered it at the town of Larignum.

The Larch-tree, with us, groweth slowly, and to be found in few places; it hath a rugged bark, and boughts that branch in good order, with divers small yellowish bunched eminences, set thereon at several distances, from whence tufts of many small, long, and narrow smooth leaves do yearly come forth; it beareth among the green leaves many beautiful flowers, which are of a fine crimson colour […]

1665, John Rea, Flora, London: J.G. Marriott, Book III, Chapter 20, pp. 235-236:

1716, Nicholas Rowe (translator), The Ninth Book of Lucan in John Dryden, Miscellany Poems, London: Jacob Tonson, Volume 6, p. 67,
The Gummy Larch-Tree, and the Thapsos there,
Wound-wort and Maiden-weed, perfume the Air.

Thus the Birch Canoe was builded
In the valley, by the river,
In the bosom of the forest;
And the forest’s life was in it,
All its mystery and its magic,
All the lightness of the birch-tree,
All the toughness of the cedar,
All the larch’s supple sinews;

1855, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Song of Hiawatha, Book 7:

Joan was thinking: ‘She looks like a tree […] it must be the green dress. But her eyes are like water, all greeny and shadowy and deep looking—a tree near a pool, that’s what she’s like, a tall tree. A beech tree? No, that’s too spready—a larch tree, that’s Elizabeth; a larch tree just greening over.'

1924, Radclyffe Hall, The Unlit Lamp, Chapter 5, Part 1:

Have a tree or two the witches particularly like, such as the alder, larch, cypress and hemlock; then, to counteract any possible evil effects, there must be a holly, yew, hazel, elder, mountain ash or juniper.

1940, Rosetta E. Clarkson, Green Enchantments: The Magic Spell of Gardens, The Macmillan Company, page 273:

During the early 1980s to early 1990s, and especially in the long drought period of 1982-3, extensive fires swept through natural forests in many parts of the world. While the ravaging fires in Australia and Europe received wide media coverage, 1 million hectares of larch forests were wiped out on the Ta-hsing-an-ling mountain in north-eastern China (H. Tagawa, personal communication).

1993, Nengah Wirawan, “The Hazard of Fire”, in Harold Brookfield, Yvonne Byron, editors, South-East Asia's Environmental Future: The Search for Sustainability, United Nations University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 242:

(countable) A coniferous tree, of genus Larix, having deciduous leaves, in fascicles.

ҫемҫе чӑрӑш

śemś̬e č̬ărăš


thyme

thyme (countable and uncountable, plural thymes)

From Middle English tyme, from Old French thym, from Latin thymum, from Ancient Greek θύμον (thúmon).

Any plant of the labiate genus Thymus, such as garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris), a warm, pungent aromatic, that is much used to give a relish to seasoning and soups.

𒄩𒋗𒌑

plant of the genus Thymus — see also wild thyme


marjoram

marjoram (countable and uncountable, plural marjorams)

/ˈmɑːd͡ʒ(ə)ɹəm/

/ˈmɑɹd͡ʒəɹəm/

From Old French majorane, from Medieval Latin maiōrana.

The Lillie I condemned for thy hand, / And buds of marierom had ſtolne thy haire

1609, William Shakespeare, “Sonnet 99”, in Shake-speares Sonnets. […], London: By G[eorge] Eld for T[homas] T[horpe] and are to be sold by William Aspley, →OCLC:

Origanum majorana
Origanum majorana#Translingual

A herb of the mint family, Origanum majorana, having aromatic leaves.


spike

From Middle English spike, spyke, spik, from Old Norse spík (“spike, sprig”), from Proto-Germanic *spīkō (“stick, splinter, point”), from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“to be pointed; sharp point, stick”). Cognate with Icelandic spík (“spike”), Swedish spik (“spike, nail”), Dutch spijker (“nail”), Old English spīcing (“spike”), and Latin spīca (“ear of corn”), which may have influenced some senses.

шпайкове

informal: running shoes with spikes in the soles

oil of spike


verbena

en-noun

verbena (countable and uncountable, plural verbenas)

Borrowed from Latin verbēna (“leaves or twigs of olive, myrtle, laurel, or other sacred plants employed in religious ceremonies”), from Proto-Indo-European *werbʰ-. Doublet of vervain, via French.

bor

Linda pulled a piece of verbena and crumpled it, and held her hands to her mother. -

1918, Katherine Mansfield, Prelude (Selected Stories, Oxford World's Classics paperback 2002, 116)

Hidden behind a large stone urn full of verbena, Dottie watched as her enemy greeted Johnny at the door.

1988, Elizabeth Spencer, “The Legacy”, in On the Gulf (Author and Artist Series), Jackson, Miss., London: University Press of Mississippi, published 1991, →ISBN, page 49:

Verbena, a genus of herbaceous plants of which several species are extensively cultivated for the great beauty of their flowers; vervain.


verbena

Borrowed from Latin verbēna. Compare the doublet vermena.


verbena

From Old Galician-Portuguese, from Latin verbēna.

(botany) common name, extended to plants of the genus Verbena, of the Verbenaceae family, mostly from the Americas, which includes species cultivated as ornamentals


verbena

Inherited from Old Spanish berbena, from Latin verbēna (see also Lithuanian virbas (“twig, branch, scion, rod”)). Cognate with Middle Dutch warp, Middle Low German warp, German Warf, Danish varp, Swedish varp.

verbena (Verbena, a genus of herbaceous plants of which several species are extensively cultivated for the great beauty of their flowers; vervain)


sanguine

Borrowed from Latin sanguinem (“blood”), in reference to the red colour/color of the stems.


server

Sorbus domestica
Sorbus domestica#Translingual


teak

en-noun

teak (usually uncountable, plural teaks)

Derived from Portuguese teca, from Malayalam തേക്ക് (tēkkŭ) / Tamil தேக்கு (tēkku).

(countable) A tree of the species in the genus Tectona.


bablah

bablah (usually uncountable, plural bablahs)

Compare Persian ببول (babul, “a species of mimosa yielding gum arabic”), Sanskrit बब्बुल (babbula), बब्बूल (babbūla, “species of acacia used for tanning”).

cog

Vachellia nilotica
Vachellia nilotica#Translingual

The rind of the fruit of several East Indian species of acacia, especially Vachellia nilotica, formerly Acacia arabica; neb-neb. It contains gallic acid and tannin, and is used for dyeing drab.


fir

en-noun

fir (countable and uncountable, plural firs)

From Middle English firre, from Old English fyrh, furh (as in furhwudu (“pinewood”), from Proto-West Germanic *furhu, from Proto-Germanic *furhō, *furhijǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *pŕ̥kʷeh₂, from *pérkʷus (“oak”). Possibly conflated during Middle English with Old Norse fýri (as in fýriskógr (“pine-wood”).
Germanic cognates include Dutch vuren, Low German Fuhr, German Föhre (“pine”), Danish fyr). Outside of Germanic, compare Italian (Trentino) porca (“fir”), Latin quercus (“oak”), Albanian shpardh, shparr (“Italian oak”), Punjabi ਪਰਗਾਇ (pargāī, “holm oak, Quercus baloot”)). Related to frith.

cog

we shall find a spot that is sheltered and snug enough, sir. There is a dry fir-wood just ahead, if I remember rightly.

1954, J. R. R. Tolkien, chapter 3, in The Lord of the Rings:

I can almost smell the fir scent… resinous, pungent.

1991, Paul Chadwick, Concrete: American Christmas, Dark Horse Books:

Pinus sylvestris
Pinus sylvestris#Translingual

(chiefly countable) Any pinaceous conifer of related genera, especially a Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga) or a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris).


cis

(music) C-sharp (musical note one semitone higher than a C, notated C♯)


garbanzo

/ɡɑɹˈbɑnzoʊ/

From Spanish garbanzo, initially borrowed as garvance in the 17th c. and anglicized as calavance (“chickpea; any kind of bean or pulse”). The original garbanzo was re-established in the 19th c., primarily via American Spanish.

dbt

America when I was seven momma took me to Communist Cell meetings they sold us garbanzos a handful per ticket a ticket costs a nickel and the speeches were free[…]

1956, Allen Ginsberg, “America”, in Howl and Other Poems (Pocket Poets Series), City Lights Books, →OCLC, page 33:

Cicer arietinum
Cicer arietinum#Translingual

An edible pulse (Cicer arietinum), of the family Leguminosae or Fabaceae and subfamilies Faboideae or Papilionoideae, with white or purple-blue flowers and small feathery leaves on both sides of the stem and pods containing two to three peas.


garbanzo

→ Basque: garbantzu

→ English: garbanzo, calavance

[ɡaɾˈβ̞ãn̟.θo]

From Old Spanish garbanço. Presumably influenced by garroba (“carob fruit”) and galbana (“small pea; a variety of pea”).


prunus

la-noun

prūnus f (genitive prūnī); second declension

prūnus (canonical feminine)
prūnī (genitive)
prūnus (nominative singular)
prūnī (nominative plural)
prūnī (genitive singular)
prūnōrum (genitive plural)
prūnō (dative singular)
prūnīs (dative plural)
prūnum (accusative singular)
prūnōs (accusative plural)
prūnō (ablative singular)
prūnīs (ablative plural)
prūne (singular vocative)
prūnī (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

Aromanian: prun, prunu, purnu

Romanian: prun

Italian: pruno, prugno

West Iberian

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: abruño, agruño, abrunho

Portuguese: abrunho

Spanish: pruno

→ English: prunus

→ Translingual: Prunus

Borrowed from Ancient Greek προύνη (proúnē), a loanword from a language of Asia Minor.


melissa

From Late Latin melissa, from Ancient Greek μέλισσα (mélissa, “bee”), because the plant attracts bees.

Meliſſa, Bawme, hath an excellent vertue to alter Melancholy, bee it ſteeped in our ordinary drinke, extracted, or otherwise taken.

1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], “Alternatiues, Hearbes, Other Creatures, &c.”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 2, section 4, member 1, subsection 3, page 300:

Melissa officinalis
Melissa officinalis#Translingual

A plant of the genus Melissa, especially lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), often used medicinally.


dingleberry

/ˈdɪŋɡəɫbɛɹi/

(slang, derogatory) Dried fecal matter adhering to anal hair.

баребу́х

фека́лии и́ли экскреме́нты, присо́хшие к волоса́м и́ли ше́рсти


fairy primrose

A Chinese ornamental (Primula malacoides) grown for its large, rose to pink flowers, grouped in many-flowered umbels.


khat

en-noun

khat (countable and uncountable, plural khats)

They are chewing on khat, a small serrated, bitter leaf with remarkable stimulative properties. […] One of the great things about khat[…] is that after a good chew you need to do something—walking, running, chopping wood, vigorously reciting a poem, throwing a grenade, anything that requires boldness and physical initiative.

1967 July 9, Lawrence Fellows, “East Africa Turns On With Khat”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Of course he was an amateur of quat – hashish – which delighted the cops.

1974, Lawrence Durrell, Monsieur, Faber & Faber, published 1992, page 31:

‘And skinny Arab beggars who chew qat all day long to kill their appetites and get high on the weed.’

2004, Khushwant Singh, Burial at Sea, Penguin, published 2014, page 25:

Habitually munching on narcotic leaves of khat, they are easy enough to spot, their gleaming Toyota four-wheel-drives slicing paths around beaten-up wheelbarrows and pushcarts.

2011 May 24, Jay Bahadur, “Somali pirate: 'We're not murderers… we just attack ships'”, in the Guardian:

A shrub, Catha edulis, whose leaves are used as a mild stimulant when chewed or brewed as tea; also a drug produced from this plant.


oak tree

/ˈəʊk ˌtɹiː/

A tree of the genus Quercus, bearing acorns and having lobed leaves.


chêne

Inherited from Middle French chesne, from Old French chesne, chaisne, chasne, from Vulgar Latin *cassanus (attested in Medieval Latin as casnus), probably from Gaulish kassanos. Some Old French forms possibly influenced by fraisne, fresne (cf. modern frêne). Compare Occitan casse, Franco-Provençal châno. See also Spanish quejigo, Galician caxigo, Aragonese caixico.

le chêne de mon jardin

un chêne millénaire

la fable du chêne et du roseau


rosewood

rosewood (countable and uncountable, plural rosewoods)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-rosewood.wav

A compound of rose + wood, originally so named because of the rose-scented aromatic oil derived from it; applied in later senses on account of these woods’ predominantly reddish-brown colour.

палисандр

any of many woods that resemble Dalbergia nigra

India rosewood

Dahlbergia latifolia, Acaccia melanoxylon, Dalbergia sissoo

The wood of a South American tree, Aniba rosaeodora, in the laurel family, with fragrant wood from which an essential oil is distilled.


pamuk

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish پاموق (pamuk).

bor+

mekim pasin pamuk


pamuk

head

pamuk (definite accusative pamuğu, plural pamuklar)

pamuğu (accusative definite)
pamuklar (plural)
pamuk (nominative singular)
pamuklar (nominative plural)
pamuğu (accusative definite singular)
pamukları (accusative definite plural)
pamuğa (dative singular)
pamuklara (dative plural)
pamukta (locative singular)
pamuklarda (locative plural)
pamuktan (ablative singular)
pamuklardan (ablative plural)
pamuğun (genitive singular)
pamukların (genitive plural)
pamuğum (first-person nominative singular)
pamuklarım (first-person nominative singular)
pamuğun (nominative second-person singular)
pamukların (nominative second-person singular)
pamuğu (nominative singular third-person)
pamukları (nominative singular third-person)
pamuğumuz (first-person nominative plural)
pamuklarımız (first-person nominative plural)
pamuğunuz (nominative plural second-person)
pamuklarınız (nominative plural second-person)
pamukları (nominative plural third-person)
pamuğumu (accusative definite first-person singular)
pamuklarımı (accusative definite first-person singular)
pamuğunu (accusative definite second-person singular)
pamuklarını (accusative definite second-person singular)
pamuğunu (accusative definite singular third-person)
pamuklarını (accusative definite singular third-person)
pamuğumuzu (accusative definite first-person plural)
pamuklarımızı (accusative definite first-person plural)
pamuğunuzu (accusative definite plural second-person)
pamuklarınızı (accusative definite plural second-person)
pamuklarını (accusative definite plural third-person)
pamuğuma (dative first-person singular)
pamuklarıma (dative first-person singular)
pamuğuna (dative second-person singular)
pamuklarına (dative second-person singular)
pamuğuna (dative singular third-person)
pamuklarına (dative singular third-person)
pamuğumuza (dative first-person plural)
pamuklarımıza (dative first-person plural)
pamuğunuza (dative plural second-person)
pamuklarınıza (dative plural second-person)
pamuklarına (dative plural third-person)
pamuğumda (first-person locative singular)
pamuklarımda (first-person locative singular)
pamuğunda (locative second-person singular)
pamuklarında (locative second-person singular)
pamuğunda (locative singular third-person)
pamuklarında (locative singular third-person)
pamuğumuzda (first-person locative plural)
pamuklarımızda (first-person locative plural)
pamuğunuzda (locative plural second-person)
pamuklarınızda (locative plural second-person)
pamuklarında (locative plural third-person)
pamuğumdan (ablative first-person singular)
pamuklarımdan (ablative first-person singular)
pamuğundan (ablative second-person singular)
pamuklarından (ablative second-person singular)
pamuğundan (ablative singular third-person)
pamuklarından (ablative singular third-person)
pamuğumuzdan (ablative first-person plural)
pamuklarımızdan (ablative first-person plural)
pamuğunuzdan (ablative plural second-person)
pamuklarınızdan (ablative plural second-person)
pamuklarından (ablative plural third-person)
pamuğumun (first-person genitive singular)
pamuklarımın (first-person genitive singular)
pamuğunun (genitive second-person singular)
pamuklarının (genitive second-person singular)
pamuğunun (genitive singular third-person)
pamuklarının (genitive singular third-person)
pamuğumuzun (first-person genitive plural)
pamuklarımızın (first-person genitive plural)
pamuğunuzun (genitive plural second-person)
pamuklarınızın (genitive plural second-person)
pamuklarının (genitive plural third-person)


укроп

ru-noun+

укро́п • (ukróp) m inan or m anim (genitive укро́па, nominative plural укро́пы, genitive plural укро́пов, feminine укро́пка, relational adjective укро́пный)

укро́п (canonical)
ukróp (romanization)
укро́па (genitive)
укро́пы (nominative plural)
укро́пов (genitive plural)
укро́пка (feminine)
укро́пный (adjective relational)
укро́п (nominative singular)
укро́пы (nominative plural)
укро́па (genitive singular)
укро́пов (genitive plural)
укро́пу (dative singular)
укро́пам (dative plural)
укро́па (accusative animate singular)
укро́пов (accusative animate plural)
укро́п (accusative inanimate singular)
укро́пы (accusative inanimate plural)
укро́пом (instrumental singular)
укро́пами (instrumental plural)
укро́пе (prepositional singular)
укро́пах (plural prepositional)
укро́пу (partitive singular)

desc

→ Chinese: 烏克蘿／乌克萝

→ Chinese: 烏克蘿／乌克萝

→ English: ukrop

→ Ingrian: ukrooppi

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ukropъ.
Sense 7 mocks the similarity of the word with the name Украи́на (Ukraína).

укро́п огоро́дный

укро́п паху́чий

укро́п апте́чный

укро́п во́лошский

укро́п сла́дкий

Foeniculum vulgare
Foeniculum vulgare#Translingual

морско́й укро́п

Crithmum maritimum
Crithmum maritimum#Translingual

соба́чий укро́п

каба́ний укро́п

горични́к апте́чный


hesperidium

Linnaeus gave the name Hesperideae to an order containing the genus Citrus, in allusion to the golden apples of the Hesperides. The hesperid- stem is now used to form technical terms, such as hesperidin, relating to the citrus fruits.

Any of several kinds of true berries, including citrus fruit such as the lemon and lime, which have pulpy interiors and leathery skins containing aromatic oils.


arancio

From arancia (“orange (fruit”), from arancio (“orange (tree)”).


arancio

→ Sardinian: aràngiu

Borrowed from Persian نارنگ (nârang), from Sanskrit नारङ्ग (nāraṅga, “elephant taste”).


борщ

ru-noun+

борщ • (boršč) m inan (genitive борща́, nominative plural борщи́, genitive plural борще́й, relational adjective борщево́й, diminutive бо́рщик or борще́ц or борщо́к)

boršč (romanization)
борща́ (genitive)
борщи́ (nominative plural)
борще́й (genitive plural)
борщево́й (adjective relational)
бо́рщик (diminutive)
борще́ц (diminutive)
борщо́к (diminutive)
бо́рщ (nominative singular)
борщи́ (nominative plural)
борща́ (genitive singular)
борще́й (genitive plural)
борщу́ (dative singular)
борща́м (dative plural)
бо́рщ (accusative singular)
борщи́ (accusative plural)
борщо́м (instrumental singular)
борща́ми (instrumental plural)
борще́ (prepositional singular)
борща́х (plural prepositional)

→ Armenian: բորշ (borš)

→ Bulgarian: борш (borš)

→ Czech: boršč

→ Japanese: ボルシチ (borushichi)

→ Korean: 보르시 (boreusi)

→ Macedonian: боршч (boršč)

→ Mongolian: борщ (boršč)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: бо̏ршч

Latin script: bȍršč

→ Slovak: boršč

→? Pannonian Rusyn: борщ (boršč)

→ Slovene: boršč

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bъrščь, originally meaning “hogweed”, then “hogweed soup”, later “beetroot soup”, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *bursktis.

Она́ ме́дленно размеша́ла в борще́ бе́лый восклица́тельный знак смета́ны, но зате́м, пожа́в плечо́м, отста́вила таре́лку.

1937, Владимир Набоков [Vladimir Nabokov], “Глава третья”, in Дар; English translation from Michael Scammell with the collaboration of the author, transl., The Gift, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1963:

She was slowly mixing a white exclamation mark of sour cream into her borshch, but then, shrugging her shoulders, she pushed her plate away.

Oná médlenno razmešála v borščé bélyj vosklicátelʹnyj znak smetány, no zatém, požáv plečóm, otstávila tarélku.

borscht, borsht, borshch, borsch (a soup made of beets and cabbage)


борщ

uk-noun

борщ • (boršč) m inan (genitive борщу́, nominative plural борщі́, genitive plural борщі́в, relational adjective борще́вий or борщови́й or борщівни́й, diminutive бо́рщик or борще́ць)

boršč (romanization)
борщу́ (genitive)
борщі́ (nominative plural)
борщі́в (genitive plural)
борще́вий (adjective relational)
борщови́й (adjective relational)
борщівни́й (adjective relational)
бо́рщик (diminutive)
борще́ць (diminutive)
борщ (nominative singular)
борщі́ (nominative plural)
борщу́ (genitive singular)
борщі́в (genitive plural)
борще́ві (dative singular)
борщу́ (dative singular)
борща́м (dative plural)
борщ (accusative singular)
борщі́ (accusative plural)
борще́м (instrumental singular)
борща́ми (instrumental plural)
борщу́ (locative singular)
борщі́ (locative singular)
борща́х (locative plural)
бо́рщу (singular vocative)
борщі́ (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *bъrščь, first meaning “hogweed”, then “hogweed soup”, later “beet soup”, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *bursktis. For the semantic shift compare Polish barszcz.

Heracleum sphondylium
Heracleum sphondylium#Translingual


hoc

hoccas (nominative plural)
hoc (nominative singular)
hoccas (nominative plural)
hoc (accusative singular)
hoccas (accusative plural)
hocces (genitive singular)
hocca (genitive plural)
hocce (dative singular)
hoccum (dative plural)

⇒ Middle English: hockes (plural)

→ Irish: hocas

→ Welsh: hocys

⇒ English: hollyhock


ראש

he-noun

רֹאשׁ • (rosh) m (plural indefinite רָאשִׁים, singular construct רֹאשׁ־, plural construct רָאשֵׁי־, feminine counterpart ראשה)

רֹאשׁ (canonical)
rosh (romanization)
רָאשִׁים (indefinite plural)
רֹאשׁ־ (construct singular)
רָאשֵׁי־ (construct plural)
ראשה (feminine)
רֹאשׁ (indefinite singular)
רֹאשִׁי (feminine first-person masculine possessed-form singular)
רֹאשֵׁנוּ (feminine first-person masculine plural possessed-form)
הָרֹאשׁ (definite singular)
רֹאשְׁךָ (masculine possessed-form second-person singular)
רֹאשֵׁךְ (feminine possessed-form second-person singular)
רֹאשְׁכֶם (masculine plural possessed-form second-person)
רֹאשְׁכֶן (feminine plural possessed-form second-person)
רֹאשׁ־ (construct singular)
רֹאשׁוֹ (masculine possessed-form singular third-person)
רֹאשָׁהּ (feminine possessed-form singular third-person)
רֹאשָׁם (masculine plural possessed-form third-person)
רֹאשָׁן (feminine plural possessed-form third-person)
רָאשִׁים (indefinite plural)
ראשיי (feminine first-person masculine possessed-form singular)
רָאשַׁי (feminine first-person masculine possessed-form singular)
רָאשֵׁינוּ (feminine first-person masculine plural possessed-form)
הָרָאשִׁים (definite plural)
רָאשֶׁיךָ (masculine possessed-form second-person singular)
ראשייך (feminine possessed-form second-person singular)
רָאשַׁיִךְ (feminine possessed-form second-person singular)
רָאשֵׁיכֶם (masculine plural possessed-form second-person)
רָאשֵׁיכֶן (feminine plural possessed-form second-person)
רָאשֵׁי־ (construct plural)
רָאשָׁיו (masculine possessed-form singular third-person)
רָאשֶׁיהָ (feminine possessed-form singular third-person)
רָאשֵׁיהֶם (masculine plural possessed-form third-person)
רָאשֵׁיהֶן (feminine plural possessed-form third-person)

From Proto-Semitic *raʔš-. Cognate with Akkadian 𒊕 (rēšum) and Arabic رَأْس (raʔs).

רֹאשׁ עִירִיָּה

rōš ʿīriyyā́

The more succulent, aroma-rich part of a plant, brush or tree bark. http://bibleglot.com/quote/Song.4.14/


cowberry

Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Vaccinium vitis-idaea#Translingual

A shrub native to the cool temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere (Vaccinium vitis-idaea).


snapdragon

en-noun

snapdragon (countable and uncountable, plural snapdragons)

(1570s) From snap + dragon, from a fancied resemblance, especially by playing children that the flower is a dragon that opens its "mouth" when squeezed on the sides. Compare for this sense the etymology of Dutch leeuwenbek (“snapdragon”, literally “lion's mouth”) and German Löwenmaul. An ancient name was Old English hundeshéafod (literally “dog's head”). For the parlour game sense, the 1704 Swift quotation is apparently the earliest appearance in print.
Other animal-based names for the flower are common; compare Greek σκυλάκι (skyláki, literally “puppy”) and Finnish leijonankita (literally “lion's face”).

noncog

[…]of kitchen-gardens, and straight herb-borders, and warm snap-dragon beset by bees;

1908 October, Kenneth Grahame, “Toad's Adventures”, in The Wind in the Willows, New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner’s Sons, →OCLC, page 166:

Snapdragon leaves are asymmetrical with respect to dorsal-ventral surfaces (Fig. 6.6A).

1998, Stephen H. Howell, Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Cambridge University Press, page 146:

2000, Margaret Roberts, Edible & Medicinal Flowers, New Africa Books (The Spearhead Press), page 72,
The snapdragon is indigenous to Europe and has been a much loved garden plant since before the Middle Ages, when it was considered an antidote against witchcraft.

Modern snapdragons aren't usually grown for their scent, although some do smell slightly spicy.

2006, Lynn Coulter, Gardening with Heirloom Seeds, University of North Carolina Press, page 59:

(countable) Any plant of the genus Antirrhinum, with showy yellow, white or red flowers.


zagara

Derived, through Sicilian zàgara, from Arabic زَهْرَة (zahra, “flower, blossom”), from the same root as زَهَرَ (zahara, “to shine, to sparkle white”). Cognate to Spanish azahar and Galician azar.

der

an orange blossom or, rarely, any citrus tree blossom


holly

en-noun

holly (countable and uncountable, plural hollies)

From Middle English holly, holi, holie, a shortened variation of holin, holyn (> English dialectal hollen, holm), from Old English holeġn, holen (“holly; prince, protector”), from Proto-West Germanic *hulis (“holly”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂- (“to beat, break”).
cognates
 Cognate with Scots holin, hollin, holyn (“holly”), Dutch hulst (“holly”), German Hulst (“holly”), French houx ("holly" < Germanic), Danish hylver (“holly”), Welsh celyn (“holly”), Russian ко́лос (kólos, “ear of wheat”), Albanian kalli (“straw, chaff”), Latin culmus (“stalk, stem”), Sanskrit कटम्ब (kaṭamba, “arrow”), Old Church Slavonic класъ (klasŭ, “ear of grain”).

cog

Have a tree or two the witches particularly like, such as the alder, larch, cypress and hemlock; then, to counteract any possible evil effects, there must be a holly, yew, hazel, elder, mountain ash or juniper.

1940, Rosetta E. Clarkson, Green Enchantments: The Magic Spell of Gardens, The Macmillan Company, page 273:

Any of various shrubs or (mostly) small trees, of the genus Ilex, either evergreen or deciduous, used as decoration especially at Christmas.

ashe

any of various shrubs or small trees of the genus Ilex


orange blossom

en-noun

orange blossom (countable and uncountable, plural orange blossoms)

"How beautiful are these orange flowers!" said Francesea, pointing to a superb stand of that most lovely shrub, where the golden fruit, the snowy flower, and the polished blossom, hung together.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter V, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 47:

Citrus sinensis
Citrus sinensis#Translingual

The fragrant white flower of the orange tree, Citrus sinensis.


ivy

ivy (countable and uncountable, plural ivies)

From Middle English ivi, from Old English īfiġ, from Proto-West Germanic *ibig, *ibag, *ibah, from Proto-Germanic *ibahs (compare West Flemish iefte, Low German Eiloov, Ieloof, German Efeu), from Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)ebʰ- (compare Welsh efwr (“black elder”), Ancient Greek ἴφυον (íphuon, “spike-lavender, Lavandula Spica”)).

German ivy

Delairea odorata and Senecio mikanioides

Hidden timber elements, lintels and roof tiles have also been replaced, in addition to gaining a new paint job and guttering drainage, and the removal of ivy that was damaging the exterior.

2023 March 8, “Network News: Pwllheli 'box gets a makeover”, in RAIL, number 978, page 22:

Any of several woody, climbing, or trailing evergreen plants of the genus Hedera.


ataata

Diospyros mindanaensis, a tree found in Mindanao


cranberry

en-noun

cranberry (countable and uncountable, plural cranberries)

→ Dutch: veenbes

→ German: Cranberry

Adapted in the 1640s from Dutch Low Saxon or German Low German Kraanbeere, from Kraan m (which means and is cognate to crane) + Beere f (which means and is cognate to berry).

mountain cranberry

Vaccinium vitis-idaea; Actous alpina, syn. Arctostaphylos alpina

(countable) A shrub belonging to the section Vaccinium sect. Oxycoccus of the genus Vaccinium.


roi

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)

Syzygium samarangense
Syzygium samarangense#Translingual

(Northern Vietnam) wax apple (Syzygium samarangense)


sala

Borrowed from Sanskrit शाला (śālā, “living room”).


soya bean

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-soya bean.wav


ladino

en-noun

ladino (countable and uncountable, plural ladinos)

From Italian ladino (“Ladin”), because the clover grows in Ladin-speaking areas.

Trifolium repens
Trifolium repens#Translingual


aroma

Vachellia farnesiana
Vachellia farnesiana#Translingual


aroma

An sweet and tart autumn apple cultivar, with crisp and yellowish flesh, whose skin ranges from green to yellow with red blush; a hybrid of Ingrid Marie and Filippa.


bindii

(Australia) Any of several weeds with unpleasant burrs:

(Australia) puncture vine, Tribulus terrestris

Tribulus terrestris
Tribulus terrestris#Translingual


African violet

Any perennial plant of section Streptocarpus sect. Saintpaulia (formerly genus Saintpaulia), especially Streptocarpus ionantha, with fine haired round leaves and velvety petals.

violeta africana

perennial plant of the genus Saintpaulia


Busy Lizzie

A common flowering plant, Impatiens walleriana.


camellia

From New Latin Camellia, named after Moravian botanist Joseph Kamel (‘Camellus’) (1661–1706). The Czech surname Kamel is a variant of Kamil.

named-after

Palms towered majestically over the heads of the lower shrubs, and camellias, stephanotis, and many other semi-tropical flowers were growing luxuriantly in the open air.

1887, Harriet W. Daly, Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia, page 22:

I already hinted at the problem of sea eutrophication (where excess nutrients cause algae to flourish) due to the phosphates that used to be added to washing powder, and, surely, it is not pleasant for plants to find underfoot (or, better, "underroot") those surfactants we use daily at home (please, never pour your dishwater on the roots of a magnificent camellia, even if it is blooming in the garden of a next-door neighbor you cannot stand).

2011, Roberto Piazza, Soft Matter: The stuff that dreams are made of, page 130:

Camellia japonica
Camellia japonica#Translingual

Camellia sinensis
Camellia sinensis#Translingual

Any plant of the genus Camellia, shrubs and small trees native to Asia; Camellia japonica is the most popular as a garden plant; Camellia sinensis is the tea plant.


cowslip

From Middle English cowslyppe, from Old English cūslyppe (“cowslip”), from cū (“cow”) + slyppe (“paste, viscid substance”), related to Old English slūpan (“to slip, glide, move softly”). Compare oxlip.

cog

Where the bee sucks, there suck I: / In a cowslip's bell I lie;

1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

Here is spring were celandine, marsh marigold, wind-flower, primrose, cowslip and dog's violet.

1977, K.M. Elizabeth Murray, Caught in the Web of Words, Oxford: Oxford University Press, page 13:

Primula veris
Primula veris#Translingual

A low-growing plant, Primula veris, with yellow flowers.

Any of several other plants related or similar in appearance

Primula deorum, a flowering plant known as God's cowslip and rila cowslip

Primula florindae, a flowering plant known as giant cowslip and Tibetan cowslip

Primula sikkimensis, a flowering plant known as Himalayan cowslip and Sikkim cowslip

(Canada, US, regional) marsh marigold, Caltha palustris, a plant in the buttercup family, growing in wet, boggy locations.

Caltha palustris
Caltha palustris#Translingual

Pulmonaria angustifolia, blue cowslip or narrow-leaved lungwort

Short for cowslip tea: a kind of green tea; an herbal tea made with cowslip flowers.


evening primrose

en-noun

evening primrose (plural evening primroses)

Any of various flowering plants of the genus Oenothera or Camissonia, in the family Onagraceae,

Oenothera biennis
Oenothera biennis#Translingual

especially the common evening primrose, Oenothera biennis.

The evening primrose plant family (Onagraceae) offers an ideal system to test predictions relating to the role of sexual recombination and segregation on diversification (Fig. 1). In many evening primrose species […].

2011 June 7, Marc T. J. Johnson, Richard G. FitzJohn, Stacey D. Smith, Mark D. Rausher, Sarah P. Otto, “LOSS OF SEXUAL RECOMBINATION AND SEGREGATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED DIVERSIFICATION IN EVENING PRIMROSES”, in Evolution, volume 65, number 11:

Specifically, we ask whether sexual evening primrose plant lineages (Onagraceae) have faster rates of adaptive molecular evolution and altered gene expression of a class I chitinase, a gene implicated in defence against pathogens, than functionally asexual evening primrose lineages.

2012, E. I. HERSCH‐GREEN, H. MYBURG, M. T. J. JOHNSON, “Adaptive molecular evolution of a defence gene in sexual but not functionally asexual evening primroses”, in Journal of Evolutionary Biology, volume 25, number 8:

The Myrtaceae is a dicot family in the class Rosidae which also includes the rose and mallow families and falls into the order Myrtales along with the families Lathraceae, Punicaceae (pomegranates) and Onagraceae (evening primroses)

2012, SK Mitra, TKS Irenaeus, MR Gurung…, “Taxonomy and importance of Myrtaceae”, in Symposium on Guava, actahort.org:

Any plant of family Onagraceae, the evening primrose family.


hollyhock

From Middle English holihocke, holyhokke, holihoc, from holi (“holy”) + hocke, hokke, hoc (“mallow”) (from Old English hoc (“marsh mallow”). The modern hollyhock was probably unknown in England until the 15th century, so usage before then no doubt referred to some other mallow.
Apparently so-called for being brought from the Holy Land; compare an old name for it in Medieval Latin cauli Sancti Cuthberti (“St. Cuthbert's cole”).

noncog

No cottage in Coughton boasted taller hollyhocks, nor finer Michaelmas daisies in the autumn than Dame Magdalen’s almshouses; […]

1842, [Katherine] Thomson, chapter X, in Widows and Widowers. A Romance of Real Life., volume II, London: Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC, pages 227–228:

Any of several flowering plants of the genus Alcea in the Malvaceae family.

long-sepal wild hollyhock (Iliamna longisepala

wild hollyhock

Callirhoe, Sidalcea, Sphaeralcea spp., Iliamna bakeri, Iliamna rivularis


almond tree

Prunus amygdalus
Prunus amygdalus#Translingual

A tree that bears almonds (Prunus amygdalus).

Terminalia catappa
Terminalia catappa#Translingual

An Indian almond tree (Terminalia catappa).


scarlet pimpernel

en-noun

scarlet pimpernel (plural scarlet pimpernels)

Anagallis arvensis
Anagallis arvensis#Translingual

(botany) A flowering plant, Anagallis arvensis, of the Primulaceae family, having small orange flowers.


Rhododendron

rhodo- + -dendron, from Ancient Greek ῥοδόδενδρον (rhodódendron, “oleander”), from ῥόδον (rhódon, “rose”) + δένδρον (déndron, “tree”)

der

A taxonomic genus within the family Ericaceae – rhododendrons and azaleas.

Rhodoendron ferrugineum

(genus): Azaleastrum, Candidastrum, Hymenanthes, Mumeazalea, Pentanthera, Therorhodion, Tsutsusi – subgenera

Rhododendron lapponicum

syn. Rhododendron palustre, Lapland rosebay

Rhododendron maximum

great laurel, great rhododendron, rosebay rhododendron, American rhododendron, big rhododendron

Rhododendron ponticum

common rhododendron, pontic rhododendron


honeysuckle

en-noun

honeysuckle (countable and uncountable, plural honeysuckles)

From Middle English honysokel, honisokel, honysocle, hunisuccle, perhaps an alteration of Middle English honysoke, honysouke (“honeysuckle”) (whence honeysuck), from Old English huniġsūce, huniġsūge (“honeysuckle”); equivalent to honey + suck + -le, or honeysuck + -le.

There was nothing of that luxuriance of blossom which had hitherto clothed the wood, for there were no hawthorns; but the bog-myrtle imparted its tender fragrance, and the caressing honeysuckle wound round many an ancient trunk, odours exhaling from every fairy-like tube—fit trumpets for the heralds of Titania.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter V, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume I, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 56:

Any of the many species of arching shrubs and climbing vines of the genus Lonicera in the Caprifoliaceae family, many with sweet smelling, bell shaped flowers.

Any of several species of superficially similar plants from Australia

Banksia aquilonia
Banksia aquilonia#Translingual

Lambertia multiflora (many-flowered honeysuckle)

Bothered by the conviction of making no impression on her, he pulled up at a strip of road shaded by tall spotted gums, blackbutt, and honeysuckle, and produced a packet of cigarettes. "About time for a smoke-O," he said, "Have a fag, Cora."

1938, Norman Lindsay, Age of Consent, 1st Australian edition, Sydney, N.S.W.: Ure Smith, published 1962, →OCLC, page 169:


phlox

phlox (countable and uncountable, plural phlox or phloxes)

From New Latin Phlox, from Ancient Greek φλόξ (phlóx, “flame”).


abete

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *abētem, from Classical Latin abietem.

e come abete in alto si digrada
di ramo in ramo, così quello in giuso,
cred’ io, perché persona sù non vada.

1310s, Dante Alighieri, “Canto XXII”, in Purgatorio [Purgatory], lines 133–135; republished as Giorgio Petrocchi, editor, La Commedia secondo l'antica vulgata [The Commedia according to the ancient vulgate], 2ⁿᵈ revised edition, Florence: publ. Le Lettere, 1994:

And even as a fir-tree tapers upward from bough to bough, so downwardly did that; I think in order that no one might climb it.

fir, fir tree, particularly the silver fir (Abies alba)


plantain

Inherited from Middle English planteyne, planteyn, from Anglo-Norman plainteine et al., Old French plaintain, from Latin plantāgō, from planta (“sole of the foot”), a nasalized form of Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat; to spread”), because of the broad, flat shape of the plantain leaves.

der

The roots of Plantain and Pellitory of Spain beaten to powder and put into hollow teeth, takes away the pains of them.

1653, Nicholas Culpeper, The English Physician Enlarged, Folio Society, published 2007, page 225:

The paths too are overgrown, but easily identified by the presence on them of round-leaved plantains.

2003, Ernst Jünger, translated by Michael Hofmann, Storm of Steel, Penguin, published 2004, page 41:

A plant of the genus Plantago, with a rosette of sessile leaves about 10 cm (4") long with a narrow part instead of a petiole, and with a spike inflorescence with the flower spacing varying widely among the species. See also psyllium.

Indian plantain

Arnoglossum spp.; Plantago ovata, Cacalia spp.

water plantain

Alisma spp.; Baldellia spp.; Sagittaria secundifolia


primula

it-noun

primula f (plural primule, diminutive primulétta)

primule (plural)
primulétta (diminutive)


sweet pea

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-sweet pea.wav

No one had such pinks as he had; his sweet-william was unrivaled,—he had only half a dozen geraniums, but then they were such geraniums,—the cottage, once an unsightly little mass of lath and plaster, was now besprinkled with roses; and then, his sweet peas were in blossom, and, fortunately for him who had not much to do, they required a great deal of sticking and tying.

1842, [Katherine] Thomson, chapter IX, in Widows and Widowers. A Romance of Real Life., volume III, London: Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC, page 162:

A flowering plant, Lathyrus odoratus, grown for its bright colours and sweet fragrance.


water lily

Any of various members of the Nymphaeaceae family that are tuberous plants, rooted in soil with leaves (lily pads) and flowers floating on the water surface.

Species of genus Nymphoides, fringed water lily and similar plants.


peony

From Old English peonie, peonia et al., from Latin paeōnia; later reinforced by Anglo-Norman peonie, Old French peone, from Latin paeōnia, from Hellenistic Ancient Greek παιωνία (paiōnía), from Ancient Greek Παιών (Paiṓn, “Paeon, the physician of the gods”)/παιών (paiṓn, “a physician”).

der

The root of the Male Peony fresh gathered has been found by experience to cure the falling-sickness.

1653, Nicholas Culpeper, The English Physician Enlarged, Folio Society, published 2007, page 219:

There might ye ſee the pioney ſpread vvide, / The full-blovvn roſe, the ſhepherd and his laſs, / Lap-dog and lambkin vvith black ſtaring eyes, / And parrots vvith tvvin cherries in their beak.

1785, William Cowper, “Book I. The Sofa.”, in The Task, a Poem, […], London: […] J[oseph] Johnson; […], →OCLC, page 3:

'Twas early June, the new grass was flourishing everywheres, the posies in the yard—peonies and such—in full bloom, the sun was shining, and the water of the bay was blue, with light green streaks where the shoal showed.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter I, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

Peony would keep away any kind of storms. Mugwort hung over doorways on Midsummer's Day, June 24, would keep off lightning, as St. John's-Wort would if gathered before sunrise on that day.

1940, Rosetta E. Clarkson, Green Enchantments: The Magic Spell of Gardens, The Macmillan Company, page 258:

Mr. Farzan’s narrow backyard in Brooklyn’s South Slope neighborhood is a lush, if slightly chaotic, oasis. There are Fuji apples, Meyer lemons, figs, peonies and avocados — although that’s far from a complete census of all that grows there.

2023 September 29, Molly Fitzpatrick, “He’s the Pawpaw King of Brooklyn. (What’s a Pawpaw?)”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

A flowering plant of the genus Paeonia with large fragrant flowers.


filbert

Earlier filbert-nut, Philibert-nut, from Middle English filbert-note, from Anglo-Norman noix de filbert, so named because they are ripe near Saint Philibert’s Day.

cobnut

usually the common hazel (Corylus avellana) which grows in the UK and Europe

A paintbrush used in oil and acrylic painting with a long ferrule and a curving, tongue-shaped head.


ananas

pl-noun

ananas m inan (related adjective ananasowy)

ananasowy (adjective)
ananas (nominative singular)
ananasy (nominative plural)
ananasa (genitive singular)
ananasów (genitive plural)
ananasowi (dative singular)
ananasom (dative plural)
ananas (accusative singular)
ananasy (accusative plural)
ananasem (instrumental singular)
ananasami (instrumental plural)
ananasie (locative singular)
ananasach (locative plural)
ananasie (singular vocative)
ananasy (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare French ananas, German Ananas, Russian анана́с (ananás), ultimately from Old Tupi nanas. First attested in 1740.

ref

Włodzimierz Gruszczyński (28.07.2020) “ANANAS”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

pineapple (any plant of the genus Ananas)


grön

is-noun

grön f (genitive singular granar, nominative plural granir)

granar (genitive singular)
granir (nominative plural)
grön (indefinite nominative singular)
grönin (definite nominative singular)
granir (indefinite nominative plural)
granirnar (definite nominative plural)
grön (accusative indefinite singular)
grönina (accusative definite singular)
granir (accusative indefinite plural)
granirnar (accusative definite plural)
grön (dative indefinite singular)
gröninni (dative definite singular)
grönum (dative indefinite plural)
grönunum (dative definite plural)
granar (genitive indefinite singular)
granarinnar (definite genitive singular)
grana (genitive indefinite plural)
grananna (definite genitive plural)

From Old Norse grǫn, from Proto-Germanic *granō.


wallflower

A polypetalous corolla is either cruciform, as in a wall-flower, rosaceous, papilionaceous, as in the pea kind, or incomplete, when some parts found in analogous flowers are wanting.

1809, William Nicholson, “BOTANY”, in The British Encyclopedia, or Dictionary of Arts and Sciences; […], volume I (A … B), London: Printed by C[harles] Whittingham, […]; for Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, […], →OCLC, column 1:

Any of several short-lived herbs or shrubs of the Erysimum genus with bright yellow to red flowers.

Gastrolobium grandiflorum, a poisonous bushy shrub, endemic to Australia.

Mrs. Galbraith shook all over with laughter as she replied, "Hear that boy, asking me to dance ! I'm content to be a wallflower, now-a-days."

1878, Fannie Bean, Dr. Mortimer's Patient: A Novel, page 23:

And now, by virtue of his office, he is entitled to a seat in the Grand Lodge. Is it any wonder he is a wall-flower there […]

1885, The Freemason's Repository, page 133:

It is a triumph, of course, to have plenty of partners, and not to be a wallflower for a single dance.

1897, Mrs. C. E. Humphry, Manners for Women, page 53:

Jack Breen was a wallflower; still at the same time I noticed he was cultivating an ornamental smile — a Jack of Trumps, you bet.

She was a wallflower in a sleepy little town itself a wallflower. She was a joke to the village wits and a byword to the village belles.

"Where--oh. Hidden in the corner. You two aren't already going all wallflower, are you?" "We are not wallflowers." "To be fair, I can be. But then I get mad at myself for it and get all loud and snarky."

2013 May 22, Dan Shive, El Goonish Shive (webcomic), Comic for Wednesday, May 22, 2013:

Second City was a wallflower at the show business ball. It needed to be. Improvisers needed to fail, and fail safely; and in the Midwest, far from Broadway and Hollywood, they really could. Second-class stature was the secret ingredient, ...

2017, Sam Wasson, Improv Nation: How We Made a Great American Art, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, →ISBN, page 94:

A person who does not dance at a party, due to shyness or unpopularity; by extension, anyone who is left on the sidelines while an activity takes place.

I've always been a wallflower, even in my own home. But, I'm willing to learn to be a part of your world. I would like to. I have already told my parents that I want to go to soirées.

2019, Liz Tyner, To Win a Wallflower, Harlequin, →ISBN:

(informal) Any person who is socially awkward, shy, or reserved.


wallflower

en-verb

wallflower (third-person singular simple present wallflowers, present participle wallflowering, simple past and past participle wallflowered)

wallflowers (present singular third-person)
wallflowering (participle present)
wallflowered (participle past)
wallflowered (past)

[…] the idea that a full tango experience is impossible without the presence of wallflowers and without the threat of wallflowering as the potential dancers enter the tango club.

2010, Alexandra Carter, Janet O'Shea, The Routledge Dance Studies Reader, page 237:

(intransitive) To stand shyly apart from a dance, waiting to be asked to join in.


liquorice

en-noun

liquorice (countable and uncountable, plural liquorices)

From licorice by association with liquor.

UK, Ireland, India, and South Africa standard spelling of licorice.


asafoetida

asafoetida (usually uncountable, plural asafoetidas)

/ˌæsəˈfɛtɪdə/

Late Middle English, from Medieval Latin asafoetida, from Persian ازا / آزا (azâ, âzâ, “mastic”) + Latin foetida, feminine of foetidus (“bad-smelling”).

Nigh Whormoot are Duzgun, Laztan-De, and other Townes, where is got the best Assa-Fætida through all the Orient: the tree is like our brier in height, the leaves resemble Fig leaves, the root the Radish: the vertue had need be much, it stincks so odiously.

1638, Thomas Herbert, Some Yeares Travels, section II:

CHEWING-BALLS, a kind of balls made of aſafœtida, liver of antimony, bay-wood, juniper-wood, and pellitory of Spain; which being dried in the ſun, and wrapped in a linen-cloth, are tied to the bit of the bridle for the horſe to chew: they create an appetite; and it is ſaid, that balls of Venice treacle may be uſed in the ſame manner with good ſucceſs.

1771, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1st ed., volume II, page 183:

The smell, too, is often perverted—Parosmia. The author was formerly acquainted with a lady, who scented her snuff with the tincture of assafœtida.

1842, Robley Dunglison, “Of the Neuroses”, in The Practice of Medicine; or, A Treatise on Special Pathology and Therapeutics. […], volume II, Philadelphia, Pa.: Lea and Blanchard, →OCLC, book VI (Diseases of the Nervous System), page 280:

half-a-dozen huge bread pills, dipped in a solution of aloes or cinnamon water, flavoured with assafœtida, which in the case of the dyspeptic rich often suffice [...].

1855, Sir Richard Burton, Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah & Meccah, Dover, published 1964, page 54:

For black magic, assafœtida, garlic, dragon's blood, sulphur, and such-like vile-smelling concoctions were used.

1936, Rollo Ahmed, The Black Art, London: Long, page 155:

The letter she sent me stank of assafoetida or devil’s dung. I was charmed.

1993, Anthony Burgess, A Dead Man In Deptford:

Ferula assa-foetida
Ferula assa-foetida#Translingual

A resinous gum from the stem and roots of Ferula species such as Ferula foetida and Ferula assa-foetida, having a strong, unpleasant smell, with culinary and medical uses.


burrito

→ Belizean Creole: boreeto

→ English: burrito

→ German: Burrito


cassia

cassia (countable and uncountable, plural cassias or cassiæ)

From Latin cassia (“cinnamon”), from Ancient Greek κασσία, κασία, κάσια (kassía, kasía, kásia), from Hebrew קְצִיעָה (qəṣīʿā), from Aramaic קְצִיעֲתָא (qəṣīʿătā), from קְצַע (qṣaʿ, “to cut off”). Compare Kezia.

der

κασσία, κασία, κάσια

Hebrew קְצִיעָה (qəṣīʿā)

Aramaic קְצִיעֲתָא (qəṣīʿătā)

(uncountable) The spice made from the bark of members of the genus Cinnamomum other than true cinnamon (C. verum), when they are distinguished from cinnamon.

The Daughters of the Flood have ſearch'd the Mead / For Violets pale, and cropt the Poppy's Head: / The Short Narciſſus and fair Daffodil, / Pancies to pleaſe the Sight, and Caſſia ſvveet to ſmell: […]

1697, Virgil, “The Second Pastoral. Or, Alexis.”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 6:

Cinnamomum cassia
Cinnamomum cassia#Translingual

(countable) Such trees themselves, particularly the Chinese cinnamon, Cinnamomum cassia.

(countable) Any of several tropical leguminous plants, of the genus Cassia.

(countable) Any of several tropical leguminous plants, of the genus Senna.

(countable, mistranslation from Chinese) The sweet osmanthus (O. fragrans).


cassia

la-noun

cassia f (genitive cassiae); first declension

cassiae (genitive)
cassia (nominative singular)
cassiae (nominative plural)
cassiae (genitive singular)
cassiārum (genitive plural)
cassiae (dative singular)
cassiīs (dative plural)
cassiam (accusative singular)
cassiās (accusative plural)
cassiā (ablative singular)
cassiīs (ablative plural)
cassia (singular vocative)
cassiae (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek κασσία, κασία. κάσια (kassía, kasía. kásia), from Hebrew קְצִיעָה (qəṣīʿā), from Aramaic קְצִיעֲתָא (qəṣīʿătā), from קְצַע (qṣaʿ, “to cut off”).

bor

κασσία, κασία. κάσια

der

Hebrew קְצִיעָה (qəṣīʿā)

Aramaic קְצִיעֲתָא (qəṣīʿătā)

690–750, Excerpta ex libro glossarum published in the Corpus glossariorum latinorum V page 179, 6 (Cassia fistula)

Cytisus is a kind of tree like juniper a sweet-smelling herb, greener and hardly serving the bees in comparison to goldenrain tree and rosemary.

Citisum genus arboris quasi catanum erba odoribera uergilius et uix humiles apibus casias rorem que

Cassia fistula
Cassia fistula#Translingual


salvia

A plant in the genus Salvia, such as sage.

Salvia divinorum, a plant used for its hallucinogenic properties; diviner's sage.


salvia

salvia (nominative singular)
salviat (nominative plural)
salvia (accusative nominative singular)
salviat (accusative nominative plural)
salvian (accusative genitive singular)
salviat (accusative genitive plural)
salvian (genitive singular)
salvioiden (genitive plural)
salvioitten (genitive plural)
salviain (genitive plural rare)
salviaa (partitive singular)
salvioita (partitive plural)
salviassa (inessive singular)
salvioissa (inessive plural)
salviasta (elative singular)
salvioista (elative plural)
salviaan (illative singular)
salvioihin (illative plural)
salvialla (adessive singular)
salvioilla (adessive plural)
salvialta (ablative singular)
salvioilta (ablative plural)
salvialle (allative singular)
salvioille (allative plural)
salviana (essive singular)
salvioina (essive plural)
salviaksi (singular translative)
salvioiksi (plural translative)
salviatta (abessive singular)
salvioitta (abessive plural)
salvioin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
salviani (nominative singular)
salviani (nominative plural)
salviani (accusative nominative singular)
salviani (accusative nominative plural)
salviani (accusative genitive singular)
salviani (accusative genitive plural)
salviani (genitive singular)
salvioideni (genitive plural)
salvioitteni (genitive plural)
salviaini (genitive plural rare)
salviaani (partitive singular)
salvioitani (partitive plural)
salviassani (inessive singular)
salvioissani (inessive plural)
salviastani (elative singular)
salvioistani (elative plural)
salviaani (illative singular)
salvioihini (illative plural)
salviallani (adessive singular)
salvioillani (adessive plural)
salvialtani (ablative singular)
salvioiltani (ablative plural)
salvialleni (allative singular)
salvioilleni (allative plural)
salvianani (essive singular)
salvioinani (essive plural)
salviakseni (singular translative)
salvioikseni (plural translative)
salviattani (abessive singular)
salvioittani (abessive plural)
salvioineni (comitative plural)
salviasi (nominative singular)
salviasi (nominative plural)
salviasi (accusative nominative singular)
salviasi (accusative nominative plural)
salviasi (accusative genitive singular)
salviasi (accusative genitive plural)
salviasi (genitive singular)
salvioidesi (genitive plural)
salvioittesi (genitive plural)
salviaisi (genitive plural rare)
salviaasi (partitive singular)
salvioitasi (partitive plural)
salviassasi (inessive singular)
salvioissasi (inessive plural)
salviastasi (elative singular)
salvioistasi (elative plural)
salviaasi (illative singular)
salvioihisi (illative plural)
salviallasi (adessive singular)
salvioillasi (adessive plural)
salvialtasi (ablative singular)
salvioiltasi (ablative plural)
salviallesi (allative singular)
salvioillesi (allative plural)
salvianasi (essive singular)
salvioinasi (essive plural)
salviaksesi (singular translative)
salvioiksesi (plural translative)
salviattasi (abessive singular)
salvioittasi (abessive plural)
salvioinesi (comitative plural)
salviamme (nominative singular)
salviamme (nominative plural)
salviamme (accusative nominative singular)
salviamme (accusative nominative plural)
salviamme (accusative genitive singular)
salviamme (accusative genitive plural)
salviamme (genitive singular)
salvioidemme (genitive plural)
salvioittemme (genitive plural)
salviaimme (genitive plural rare)
salviaamme (partitive singular)
salvioitamme (partitive plural)
salviassamme (inessive singular)
salvioissamme (inessive plural)
salviastamme (elative singular)
salvioistamme (elative plural)
salviaamme (illative singular)
salvioihimme (illative plural)
salviallamme (adessive singular)
salvioillamme (adessive plural)
salvialtamme (ablative singular)
salvioiltamme (ablative plural)
salviallemme (allative singular)
salvioillemme (allative plural)
salvianamme (essive singular)
salvioinamme (essive plural)
salviaksemme (singular translative)
salvioiksemme (plural translative)
salviattamme (abessive singular)
salvioittamme (abessive plural)
salvioinemme (comitative plural)
salvianne (nominative singular)
salvianne (nominative plural)
salvianne (accusative nominative singular)
salvianne (accusative nominative plural)
salvianne (accusative genitive singular)
salvianne (accusative genitive plural)
salvianne (genitive singular)
salvioidenne (genitive plural)
salvioittenne (genitive plural)
salviainne (genitive plural rare)
salviaanne (partitive singular)
salvioitanne (partitive plural)
salviassanne (inessive singular)
salvioissanne (inessive plural)
salviastanne (elative singular)
salvioistanne (elative plural)
salviaanne (illative singular)
salvioihinne (illative plural)
salviallanne (adessive singular)
salvioillanne (adessive plural)
salvialtanne (ablative singular)
salvioiltanne (ablative plural)
salviallenne (allative singular)
salvioillenne (allative plural)
salviananne (essive singular)
salvioinanne (essive plural)
salviaksenne (singular translative)
salvioiksenne (plural translative)
salviattanne (abessive singular)
salvioittanne (abessive plural)
salvioinenne (comitative plural)
salviansa (nominative singular)
salviansa (nominative plural)
salviansa (accusative nominative singular)
salviansa (accusative nominative plural)
salviansa (accusative genitive singular)
salviansa (accusative genitive plural)
salviansa (genitive singular)
salvioidensa (genitive plural)
salvioittensa (genitive plural)
salviainsa (genitive plural rare)
salviaansa (partitive singular)
salvioitaan (partitive plural)
salvioitansa (partitive plural)
salviassaan (inessive singular)
salviassansa (inessive singular)
salvioissaan (inessive plural)
salvioissansa (inessive plural)
salviastaan (elative singular)
salviastansa (elative singular)
salvioistaan (elative plural)
salvioistansa (elative plural)
salviaansa (illative singular)
salvioihinsa (illative plural)
salviallaan (adessive singular)
salviallansa (adessive singular)
salvioillaan (adessive plural)
salvioillansa (adessive plural)
salvialtaan (ablative singular)
salvialtansa (ablative singular)
salvioiltaan (ablative plural)
salvioiltansa (ablative plural)
salvialleen (allative singular)
salviallensa (allative singular)
salvioilleen (allative plural)
salvioillensa (allative plural)
salvianaan (essive singular)
salvianansa (essive singular)
salvioinaan (essive plural)
salvioinansa (essive plural)
salviakseen (singular translative)
salviaksensa (singular translative)
salvioikseen (plural translative)
salvioiksensa (plural translative)
salviattaan (abessive singular)
salviattansa (abessive singular)
salvioittaan (abessive plural)
salvioittansa (abessive plural)
salvioineen (comitative plural)
salvioinensa (comitative plural)

[ˈs̠ɑ̝lʋiɑ̝]

Borrowed from Swedish salvia, ultimately from Latin salvia.


allspice

en-noun

allspice (countable and uncountable, plural allspices)

all + spice, as it was thought to combine the flavours of various other spices.

Pimenta dioica
Pimenta dioica#Translingual

(uncountable) A spice; the dried and ground unripe fruit of Pimenta dioica, thought to combine the flavours of several spices, such as cinnamon, nutmeg and cloves.

(countable) Pimenta dioica, an evergreen tree of tropical America with aromatic berries.


blackjack

blackjack (countable and uncountable, plural blackjacks)

→ Polish: blackjack

A little creek ran through the land, and the prairie rolled a little there, too. Nothing but blackjacks for miles around it, but on that section, because of the water, I suppose, there were elms and persimmons and cottonwoods and even a grove of pecans.

A steep slope rose, crested by stunted blackjacks.

1931, William Faulkner, Sanctuary, Library of America, published 1985, page 20:


basilico

From Latin basilicum, from Ancient Greek βασιλικόν (basilikón), nominalized neuter form of the adjective βασιλικός (basilikós, “royal, kingly”), derived from βασιλεύς (basileús, “master; king”).

Ocimum basilicum
Ocimum basilicum#Translingual


licorice

licorice (usually uncountable, plural licorices)

From Middle English lycorys, from Old French licoresse, from Late Latin liquiritia, alteration of Ancient Greek γλυκύρριζα (glukúrrhiza): γλυκύς (glukús, “sweet”) + ῥίζα (rhíza, “root”) (English glucose, English rhizome). Doublet of glycyrrhiza.

Glycyrrhiza glabra
Glycyrrhiza glabra#Translingual

(countable) A plant of species Glycyrrhiza glabra, or sometimes in North America, the related American licorice plant Glycyrrhiza lepidota.


tamarind

tamarind (countable and uncountable, plural tamarinds)

From Late Middle English thamarynde, from Old French tamarinde, from Medieval Latin tamarindus, from Arabic تَمْر هِنْدِيّ (tamr hindiyy, literally “Indian date”).

der

تَمْر هِنْدِيّ

Tamarindus indica
Tamarindus indica#Translingual

(botany) A tropical tree, Tamarindus indica.

Garcinia gummi-gutta, Malabar tamarind, native to Indonesia.

Garcinia gummi-gutta
Garcinia gummi-gutta#Translingual

Other similar species:
A velvet tamarind (Dialium spp.).


fenugreek

en-noun

fenugreek (usually uncountable, plural fenugreeks)

/ˈfɛnjʊˌɡɹiːk/

/ˈfɛnjəˌɡɹiːk/

From Middle English fenygreke, fenegrek, from Old French fenugrec, fengrec, from Latin foenum-graecum, from foenum (“hay”, variant of faenum) + graecum (“Greek”, neuter form of graecus), literally “Greek hay”.

Fenugreek plant was introduced to Central Europe by Benedictine monks, and it is promoted in the 9th century by Charlemagne. It was grown extensively in the imperial gardens of Charlemagne (Popova, 2017).

2019, Muhammad Asif Hanif, Medicinal Plants of South Asia, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 260:

Trigonella foenum-graecum
Trigonella foenum-graecum#Translingual

Any of the species leguminous plant, Trigonella foenum-graecum, eaten as a vegetable and with seeds used as a spice.


caraway

caraway (countable and uncountable, plural caraways)

From Middle English caraway, carewey, carwey, from Medieval Latin carui, from Arabic كَرَاوِيَا (karāwiyā), via Aramaic from Ancient Greek καρώ (karṓ), κάρον (káron, “caraway”).

A biennial plant, Carum carvi, native to Europe and Asia, mainly grown for its seed to be used as a culinary spice.


maga

Thespesia grandiflora, a tree native to Puerto Rico also planted elsewhere for its fairness and the working properties of its wood.


maga

History of Puerto Rico#European powers fight over the island

Attested since Europeans began to encroach on Puerto Rico, a local Taíno formation one would believe.

Thespesia grandiflora, a tree native to Puerto Rico also planted elsewhere for its fairness and the working properties of its wood


fennel

fennel (usually uncountable, plural fennels)

From the Middle English fenel, from the late Old English finuðl, finule (weak feminine forms); fenol, finul (masculine forms), from Proto-West Germanic *fenukl, from the Vulgar Latin *fēnuclum, fēnoclum, from Late Latin fēnuculum, from the Classical Latin faeniculum, a diminutive form of faenum (“hay”); compare the Italian finocchio, the Occitan fenolh, the French fenouil, and the Spanish hinojo. Doublet of finocchio.

Foeniculum vulgare
Foeniculum vulgare#Translingual

A plant, Foeniculum vulgare, of the parsley family, which has a sweet, anise-like flavor.


cumin

cumin (usually uncountable, plural cumins)

From Middle English comyn, from Old English cymen (which is cognate with Old High German kumin) and Old French cummin, both from Latin cuminum, from Ancient Greek κύμινον (kúminon), a Semitic borrowing ultimately to be traced to Akkadian 𒂵𒈬𒉡 (Ú.GAMUN /kamūnu/, “cumin”). Possibly related to caraway.

der

Cumin is native to the region from the eastern Mediterranean to India.

Cuminum cyminum
Cuminum cyminum#Translingual

The flowering plant Cuminum cyminum, in the family Apiaceae.

Coordinate term: caraway

Cumin was often an ingredient of such love potions since it produced the effect of retention in whoever ate it.

1940, Rosetta E. Clarkson, Green Enchantments: The Magic Spell of Gardens, The Macmillan Company, page 269:

Its aromatic long seed, used as a spice, notably in Indian, Middle Eastern, and Mexican cookery.


bagno

pl-noun

bagno n (diminutive bagienko, augmentative bagnisko, related adjective bagienny)

bagienko (diminutive)
bagnisko (augmentative)
bagienny (adjective)
bagno (nominative singular)
bagna (nominative plural)
bagna (genitive singular)
bagien (genitive plural)
bagnu (dative singular)
bagnom (dative plural)
bagno (accusative singular)
bagna (accusative plural)
bagnem (instrumental singular)
bagnami (instrumental plural)
bagnie (locative singular)
bagnach (locative plural)
bagno (singular vocative)
bagna (plural vocative)

(Middle Polish) willow (any of various deciduous trees or shrubs in the genus Salix, in the willow family Salicaceae)


bagno

marsh rosemary (Rhododendron tomentosum)


baobab

→ Japanese: バオバブ (baobabu)

Borrowed from Medieval Latin bahobab, from Arabic أَبُو حِبَاب (ʔabū ḥibāb, “father of many seeds”), from أَبُو (ʔabū, “father”) + حَبّ (ḥabb, “seed”).

der

أَبُو حِبَاب

Adansonia digitata
Adansonia digitata#Translingual

A tree, Adansonia digitata, native to tropical Africa, having a broad swollen trunk and edible gourd-like hanging fruits.


baobab

أَبُو حِبَاب


baobab

Borrowed from Arabic أَبُو حِبَاب (ʔabū ḥibāb, “father of many seeds”).

bor+

أَبُو حِبَاب


baobab

baobab (nominative singular)
baobaby (nominative plural)
baobabu (genitive singular)
baobabów (genitive plural)
baobabowi (dative singular)
baobabom (dative plural)
baobab (accusative singular)
baobaby (accusative plural)
baobabem (instrumental singular)
baobabami (instrumental plural)
baobabie (locative singular)
baobabach (locative plural)
baobabie (singular vocative)
baobaby (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French baobab or English baobab, ultimately from Arabic أَبُو حِبَاب (ʔabū ḥibāb, “father of many seeds”).

der

أَبُو حِبَاب


coriander

en-noun

coriander (usually uncountable, plural corianders)

→ Japanese: コリアンダー (koriandā)

/ˌkɒɹiˈændə/

/ˈkɔɹiˌændɚ/

/ˌkɔɹiˈændɚ/

From Middle English coriandre, from Anglo-Norman coriandre, from Old French corïandre, from Latin coriandrum, from Ancient Greek κορίανδρον (koríandron), of uncertain origin. Doublet of cilantro.
cognates, etc.
Compare Ancient Greek κορίαννον (koríannon), κορίαμβλον (koríamblon), Mycenaean Greek 𐀒𐀪𐁀𐀅𐀙 (ko-ri-ha-da-na), 𐀒𐀪𐀊𐀅𐀙 (ko-ri-ja-da-na), 𐀒𐀪𐀊𐀈𐀜 (ko-ri-ja-do-no), 𐀒𐀪𐀍𐀅𐀙 (ko-ri-jo-da-na), Akkadian 𒌑𒄷𒌷𒌝 (^úḫurium) Aramaic כסברה (kusbara, “coriander”), Classical Syriac ܟܽܘܣܒܰܪܬܳܐ (kūsbartā, “coriander”) and Arabic كُزْبَرَة (kuzbara).
Beekes supposes that cluster -dn- implies a Pre-Greek word, and hypothesizes that *koriaⁿdro- may have dissimilated to *koriaⁿdno-.

cog

Vietnamese coriander (Persicaria odorata

(US) The dried fruits thereof, used as a spice.


cooker

→ Welsh: cwcer

From cook + -er (agent noun suffix) or + -er (patient suffix) (apple; one who is cooked).

For the British market, apples are classed as early, mid-season, or late, and subdivided into eaters or cookers.

2004, Laura Mason, Food Culture in Great Britain, page 94:

(slang, Australia) A person who makes or uses illicit drugs, especially methamphetamine or cannabis.

[…] does not know how to pick up the liquid from the cooker, and he asks someone else to use his rig to put his part in his rig.

1995, Reyes Ramos, An Ethnographic Study of Heroin Abuse by Mexican Americans in San Antonio, Texas, page 36:

(slang) The container in which recreational drugs are prepared.

(slang, derogatory, Australia) A person who is cooked in the head; a crazy person.


gutta-percha

en-noun

gutta-percha (countable and uncountable, plural gutta-perchas)

/ɡʌɾəˈpɝtʃə/

/ɡʌtəˈpɜːtʃə/

Resin, pitch, sealing-wax, caoutchouc, sulphur, gutta-percha, and generally all bodies commonly termed resinous, besides a great variety of others, will be found to acquire, after friction, the power of attracting light bodies, and hence will be said, according to a limitation of terms already accepted, to be in an electrized or electrified state .

1855, William Somerville Orr, Orr's Circle of the Sciences, page 205:

No player shall be allowed to wear projecting nails, iron plates, or gutta percha on the soles or heels of his boots.

1863, The Football Association Laws, rule 13

An inelastic natural latex, produced from the sap of several tropical trees of the genera Palaquium and Payena.


cow-tree

(botany) Any of various South American trees which, when wounded, exude a rich milky liquid.


gorun

goruni (plural)
gorun (accusative indefinite nominative singular)
gorunul (accusative definite nominative singular)
goruni (accusative indefinite nominative plural)
gorunii (accusative definite nominative plural)
gorun (indefinite singular)
gorunului (definite singular)
goruni (indefinite plural)
gorunilor (definite plural)
gorunule (singular vocative)
gorunilor (plural vocative)

Uncertain. Possibly from Bulgarian горун (gorun, “Durmast oak”); akin to Serbo-Croatian горун (“holm oak”).

Quercus petraea
Quercus petraea#Translingual


mărar

mărar (accusative indefinite nominative)
mărarul (accusative definite nominative)
mărar (indefinite)
mărarului (definite)
mărarule (vocative)

Possibly a substrate word. Alternatively, it may be ultimately linked to Ancient Greek μάραθον (márathon, “fennel”), but is not a direct derivation. Compare Albanian mërajë.


molid

molizi (plural)
molid (accusative indefinite nominative singular)
molidul (accusative definite nominative singular)
molizi (accusative indefinite nominative plural)
molizii (accusative definite nominative plural)
molid (indefinite singular)
molidului (definite singular)
molizi (indefinite plural)
molizilor (definite plural)
molidule (singular vocative)
molizilor (plural vocative)

Unknown. Probably a substrate word. Compare Albanian molikë.


rambutan

Borrowed from Malay rambutan, English usage first attested 1707.

Nephelium lappaceum
Nephelium lappaceum#Translingual

A tree of species Nephelium lappaceum, of Southeast Asia.


rambutan

id-noun

rambutan (first-person possessive rambutanku, second-person possessive rambutanmu, third-person possessive rambutannya)

rambutanku (first-person possessive)
rambutanmu (possessive second-person)
rambutannya (possessive third-person)


rambutan

ms-noun

rambutan (Jawi spelling رمبوتن or رامبوتن, plural rambutan-rambutan, informal 1st possessive rambutanku, 2nd possessive rambutanmu, 3rd possessive rambutannya)

رمبوتن (Jawi)
رامبوتن (Jawi)
rambutan-rambutan (plural)
rambutanku (first-person informal possessive)
rambutanmu (possessive second-person)
rambutannya (possessive third-person)


acero

From Late Latin acerus, variant of Latin acer (“maple”).


gran

Inherited from Old Norse grǫn. First attested in the early 14th century.

etydate

hugga ner en gran

klä (jul)granen

spruce (mostly the species Picea abies or Norway spruce, the species found most often in Sweden)


sceach

head

sceach f (genitive singular sceiche, nominative plural sceacha)

sceiche (genitive singular)
sceacha (nominative plural)
nominative (indefinite)
sceach (indefinite singular)
sceacha (indefinite plural)
vocative (indefinite)
a sceach (indefinite singular)
a sceacha (indefinite plural)
genitive (indefinite)
sceiche (indefinite singular)
sceach (indefinite plural)
dative (indefinite)
sceich (archaic dialectal indefinite singular)
nominative (definite)
an sceach (definite singular)
na sceacha (definite plural)
genitive (definite)
na sceiche (definite singular)
na sceach (definite plural)
dative (definite)
leis an sceach (definite singular)
leis an sceich (archaic definite dialectal singular)
don sceach (definite singular)
don sceich (archaic definite dialectal singular)
leis na sceacha (definite plural)

From Old Irish scé (“thornbush, whitethorn”), sometimes declined as an -iā-stem or a dental stem (genitive sciad), but also as a guttural stem, forming the genitive sciach. The dental stem may be original, judging from Welsh ysbyddad (“hawthorn, thornbush”), in which case the ancestor was Proto-Celtic *skʷiyats.

sceachach

full of hawthorns, of thorn-bushes; briery, brambly


babka

babeczka (diminutive)
babka (nominative singular)
babki (nominative plural)
babki (genitive singular)
babek (genitive plural)
babce (dative singular)
babkom (dative plural)
babkę (accusative singular)
babki (accusative plural)
babką (instrumental singular)
babkami (instrumental plural)
babce (locative singular)
babkach (locative plural)
babko (singular vocative)
babki (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish babka. By surface analysis, baba + -ka.

plantain (any plant of the genus Plantago)

(obsolete) type of old, small Polish currency


musk

en-noun

musk (countable and uncountable, plural musks)

→ Irish: musc

→ Welsh: mwsg

From Middle English muske, borrowed from Old French musc, from Late Latin muscus, from Ancient Greek μόσχος (móskhos), from Middle Persian [script needed] (mwšk' /mušk/) whence Persian مشک (mošk). Ultimately from Sanskrit मुष्क (muṣka, “testicle”), the shape of the gland of animals secreting the substance being compared to human testicles, a diminutive of मूष् (mūṣ, “mouse”), the shape of human testicles being compared to mice, from Proto-Indo-European *muh₂s (“mouse”). Cognate with mouse.

der

A plant of the genus Erodium (Erodium moschatum); the musky heronsbill.

A plant of the genus Muscari; grape hyacinth.


bindi

Actually… a six-figure advance? What the hell, dudes, I'm donning a sari and bindi and penning a novel called, let's see, how about Manchesterstani? My old desi m8s the rude girls of Moss Side have never before been captured in fiction. Int dat da truth, rude girls?

2005 November 14, Anita Sethi, “The curse of being labelled the 'new Zadie'”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

The “holy dot” traditionally worn on the forehead of Hindu women.

Makeup or jewellery worn in imitation of such a dot.


bindi

(Australia) The common lawn weed, Soliva sessilis, introduced to Australia from South America.

(Australia) Any of a number of plants of the genus Calotis which have small burrs with fine barbed awns.

(Australia) Any of a various plants of the genus Sclerolaena.


jarrah

en-noun

jarrah (countable and uncountable, plural jarrahs)

The walls were colonial ramparts—logs of jarrah spiked into masonry—with wings as strong as Church buttresses.

1888, Rudyard Kipling, “The Broken-Link Handicap”, in Plain Tales from the Hills, Folio, published 2005, page 112:

In contrast, resistance to root rot fungus in jarrah trees has a significant heritability (Box 5.1), so jarrahs can evolve to resist the introduced dieback.

2002, Richard Frankham, David A. Briscoe, Jonathan D. Ballou, Karina H. McInnes, Introduction to Conservation Genetics, page 103:

Right here. At the foot of an enormous old-growth jarrah.

2009, Craig Silvey, Jasper Jones, Allen & Unwin, page 8:

A eucalypt tree of species Eucalyptus marginata, occurring in the southwest of Western Australia, or its wood.


pecan

Australian Oxford Dictionary
Canadian Oxford Dictionary
Gage Canadian Dictionary

Borrowed from French pacane and at first spelt paccan. The French word derives from an Algonquian word, perhaps Miami (Illinois) pakani. Compare Cree pakan (“hard nut”), Ojibwe bagaan, Abenaki pagann, bagôn, pagôn (“nut; walnut, hazelnut”).

And away on the farther bank, a motte of huge pecans, standing like giant sentinels over the dwarfed landscape, filled the eye with remote vistas in their shady, twilight aisles. It was very still.

1885, Howard Seely, A Ranchman's stories, page 154:

Within its ornamental fence, the 8/10-acre property includes several of the largest live oaks in the area — plus huge pecans and stately magnolias.

A deciduous tree, Carya illinoinensis, of the central and southern United States, having deeply furrowed bark, pinnately compound leaves, and edible nuts.


cedro

Borrowed from Latin cedrus, from Ancient Greek κέδρος (kédros).


durian

durian (countable and uncountable, plural durians)

→ Arabic: دُرْيَان (duryān)

desc

→ Bengali: দুরিয়ান (duriẏan), ডুরিয়ান (ḍuriẏan)

→ Bikol Central: durian

→ Bulgarian: дуриан (durian)

→ Catalan: durian

→ Czech: durian

→ Danish: durian

→ Esperanto: durio

→ Finnish: durio

→ French: durian

→ Galician: durián

→ Georgian: დურიო (durio)

→ German: Durian

→ Hebrew: דוריאן (duri'an)

→ Italian: durian

→ Japanese: ドリアン (dorian)

→ Komi-Permyak: дуриан (durian)

→ Komi-Zyrian: дуриан (durian)

→ Korean: 두리안 (durian)

→ Lak: дуриан (durian)

→ Latvian: duriāns

→ Lithuanian: durijus

→ Norwegian Bokmål: durian

→ Persian: دوریان (duryân)

→ Polish: durian

→ Portuguese: durio, durião

→ Russian: дуриан (durian)

→ Rwanda-Rundi: duriyani

→ Spanish: durián

→ Swedish: durian

→ Turkish: durian

→ Udmurt: дуриан (durian)

→ Ukrainian: дуріан (durian)

→ Western Mari: дуриан (durian)

/ˈdʒʊə.ɹɪən/

/ˈdʊə.ɹiˌɑn/

From Malay durian, ultimately from Proto-Austronesian *duʀi (“thorn”). Doublet of iwi, from Māori.

Any of several trees, genus Durio, of Southeast Asia.


durian

durian (nominative singular)
duriany (nominative plural)
durianu (genitive singular)
durianů (genitive plural)
durianu (dative singular)
durianům (dative plural)
durian (accusative singular)
duriany (accusative plural)
duriane (singular vocative)
duriany (plural vocative)
durianu (locative singular)
durianech (locative plural)
durianem (instrumental singular)
duriany (instrumental plural)

Borrowed from English durian, from Malay durian, from Proto-Malayic *duri-an, from (Western) Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *duʀi-an.


durian

id-noun

durian (plural durian-durian, first-person possessive durianku, second-person possessive durianmu, third-person possessive duriannya)

durian-durian (plural)
durianku (first-person possessive)
durianmu (possessive second-person)
duriannya (possessive third-person)

Reconstructed as duri (“thorn, spike”) + -an, inherited from Malay durian, from Proto-Malayic *duri-an, from (Western) Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *duʀi-an.


durian

ms-noun

durian (Jawi spelling دورين or دوريان, plural durian-durian, informal 1st possessive durianku, 2nd possessive durianmu, 3rd possessive duriannya)

دورين (Jawi)
دوريان (Jawi)
durian-durian (plural)
durianku (first-person informal possessive)
durianmu (possessive second-person)
duriannya (possessive third-person)

Indonesian: durian

→ Burmese: ဒူးရင်းသီး (du:rang:si:)

→ Cebuano: duryan

→ Chinese: 榴槤／榴梿 (liúlián)

→ Dutch: doerian

→ English: durian (see there for further descendants)

→ Kapampangan: durian

→ Lao: ທຸລຽນ (thu līan)

→ Swahili: duriani

→ Tamil: துரியான் (turiyāṉ)

→ Tagalog: durian, duryan

→ Thai: ทุเรียน (tú-riian)

→ Vietnamese: sầu riêng

duri + -an, from Proto-Malayic *duri-an, from (Western) Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *duʀi-an.


durian

durian (nominative singular)
duriany (nominative plural)
durianu (genitive singular)
durianów (genitive plural)
durianowi (dative singular)
durianom (dative plural)
durian (accusative singular)
duriany (accusative plural)
durianem (instrumental singular)
durianami (instrumental plural)
durianie (locative singular)
durianach (locative plural)
durianie (singular vocative)
duriany (plural vocative)


durian

From English durian, from Malay durian, from Proto-Malayic *duri-an, from (Western) Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *duʀi-an.


bordo

From Old Galician-Portuguese bordo, from an early medieval Germanic language (possibly Gothic *𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳 (*baurd)), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *burdą.

(usually in a bordo) the inside of a craft


bordo

Unknown. Possibly from Latin laburnum, with the first syllable mistaken for a definite article.


patchouli

en-noun

patchouli (countable and uncountable, plural patchoulis)

From Tamil பச்சை (paccai, “green”) + இலை (ilai, “leaf”).

Any of several East Indian plants in the genus Pogostemon, especially Pogostemon cablin, which yield a highly fragrant oil.


gin

gin (countable and uncountable, plural gins)

Abbreviation of geneva, alteration of Dutch genever (“juniper”) from Old French genevre (modern French genièvre), from Vulgar Latin ziniperus, from Latin iūniperus (“juniper”). Hence gin rummy (first attested 1941).


gin

Partly from Middle English gin, ginne (“cleverness, scheme, talent, device, machine”), from Old French gin, an aphetism of Old French engin (“engine”); and partly from Middle English grin, grine (“snare, trick, stratagem, deceit, temptation, noose, halter, instrument”), from Old English grin, gryn, giren (“snare, gin, noose”).


gin

en-verb

gin (third-person singular simple present gins, present participle ginning, simple past and past participle ginned)

gins (present singular third-person)
ginning (participle present)
ginned (participle past)
ginned (past)

→ Italian: ginnare

(transitive) To remove the seeds from cotton with a cotton gin.