松

松 (canonical)
matsu (romanization)
matu (romanization)
まつ (hiragana historical)

Kojiki
Kyūjitai
Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinjitai
Tōkyō
Ōsaka

From Old Japanese. Attested in the Kojiki of 712 and the Man'yōshū of 759. In turn, from Proto-Japonic *matu.
Various theories exist regarding its ultimate origin:
* Might be a shift from 保つ (tamotsu, “to hold”). However, the accent of 保つ (tamotsu) in the Heian period is HHL, while 松 (matsu) is LH. It can be better derived from 持つ (motsu, “to hold, to carry”), which has LF accent in the Heian period.
* Might be from 待つ (matsu, “to wait”), either from the way that a pine tree must wait for leaves to fall to grow new ones, or from the way that it lasts ten thousand years and preserves its color. The accent of 待つ (matsu) is LF.
* Possibly derived from 全く (mataku, “entirely”), from 全い (matai, “complete”), because it spends its time in the snow for winter. However, the classical term 全し (matasi) is HHF in the Heian period.
* From 睫毛 (matsuge, “eyelashes”), since their leaves represent such. However, it requires deletion of the -ge, and matsuge is certainly from 目 (ma-, “eye”).
* From 真常木 (matonoki, “true eternal tree”), as the pine tree is an evergreen tree.
* From a place name 松のむらたち (MATSU no muratachi), as opposed to muratatsu.
* From 芽厚 (meatsu, literally “bud (that feels) hot”).
* From 纏わる (matsuwaru, “get wrapped around”), as the leaves are around the trunk.
* From 真 (ma-, “true”) + つ (tsu, abbreviation of 約まる (tsuzumaru, “to shrink”)).
* From 間千 (machi, literally “space (of) thousands”).
* A shift from 股 (mata, “crouch”), as the pine tree leaves split into two.


棗

Sino-Xenic (棗):
* → Vietnamese: táo (棗)

/t͡saʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴/

/t͡saʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴/

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): Duplication of 朿 (“thorn”).


棗

棗 (canonical)
棗 (canonical)
natsume (romanization)

From Old Japanese. Originally a compound of 夏 (natsu, “summer”) + 芽 (me, “bud, sprout”).

compound

a small tea caddy used in the tea ceremony


梨

Fourth grade kyōiku kanji (romanization)


梨

梨 (canonical)
梨 (canonical)
nashi (romanization)

Pyrus pyrifolia
Yamanashi prefecture
ja:ナシ

From Old Japanese, attested already in the Man'yōshū. Further derivation unclear.

align

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梨子地, 梨地

nashiji, a lacquer technique using gold or silver powder or flakes

Pyrus pyrifolia
Pyrus pyrifolia#Translingual

more specifically, a Japanese pear or Asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)


梨

From Middle Chinese 梨 (MC lij). Compare modern Mandarin 梨 (lí).

梨園

the theatrical world, the world of the theater


栗

栗 (canonical)
栗 (canonical)
kuri (romanization)


櫻

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qreːŋ): semantic 木 + phonetic 嬰 (OC *qeŋ).


櫟

櫟 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+15, 19 strokes, cangjie input 木女戈木 (DVID), four-corner 4299₄, composition ⿰木樂)

Extended shinjitai
Shinjitai
Simplified Chinese
Traditional Chinese


樺

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grwa (“birch”) (STEDT); cognate with Tibetan གྲོ་ག (gro ga, “bark of birch tree”).


樺

樺 (canonical)
樺 (canonical)
kaba (romanization)

Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Wamyō Ruijushō
ja:カバノキ属

A shift from kaniwa below.
First appears in the Wamyō Ruijushō of 934 CE.


樺

樺 (canonical)
樺 (canonical)
kanba (romanization)


樺

樺 (canonical)
kaniwa (romanization)
kanifa (romanization)
かには (hiragana historical)

John Batchelor (missionary)
Kōjien
Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Sakhalin Ainu language
Shinmura Izuru
Wamyō Ruijushō

⟨kanipa⟩ → /kaniɸa/ → /kaniwa/
From Old Japanese 樺 (kanipa, “sakura, sakura bark”), from Ainu カリンパ (karinpa, “sakura, sakura bark”).
Found in the Man'yōshū (book 6), completed some time after 759 CE, in sense 1. Sense 2 appears in the Wamyō Ruijushō of 934 CE.
Compare Sakhalin Ainu カリムバニ (karimba-ni, “cherry tree; Prunus pseudocerasus”) and カリムバタツ (karimba-tat, “Betula Maximowicziana”).

der

(obsolete) Japanese bird cherry (Prunus grayana) or its bark


桂

common name for various other trees in family Lauraceae


柿

→ Proto-Mien: *djəiᴮ

/t͡sʰiː¹³⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː¹³⁻³⁵/

Originally written as 柹: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zrɯʔ): semantic 木 + phonetic 𠂔 ().
The current form is phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zrɯʔ): semantic 木 + phonetic 市 (OC *djɯʔ).


柿

柿 (canonical)
柿 (canonical)
kaki (romanization)

→ Arabic: كَاكِي (kākī)

→ Catalan: caqui

→ English: kaki (“persimmon”)

→ German: Kaki

→ Indonesian: kaki (“persimmon”)

→ Italian: cachi (“persimmon”)

→ Portuguese: caqui (“persimmon”)

Early Modern Japanese
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

From Old Japanese. First cited to a text from 770 CE.
Further derivation uncertain. Possibilities include:
: /kakayaki/ → */kakyaki/ → */kakaki/ → */kakki/ → /kaki/
:* From 輝き (kakayaki), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of Early Modern Japanese verb 輝く (kakayaku, “to shine dazzingly”, obsolete), modern kagayaku.
: /kataki/ → /kaki/
:* From 硬き (kataki), the classical 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of modern 硬い (katai, “hard (not soft)”), from the hardness of the unripened fruit.
: /akaki/ → /kaki/
:* From 赤き (akaki), the classical 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of modern 赤い (akai, “red”), from the color of the ripened fruit.
:* From 赤黄 (akaki, “red-yellow”), from the color of the ripened fruit.
:* From 赤木 (akaki, “red tree”), from the color of the foliage in autumn.
While at least one reference considers the akaki derivation more likely, this kind of phonological shift, wherein the first vowel disappears, is not a common pattern in attested Japanese. That said, the kakayaki and kataki derivations are also problematic, considering the lack of any evidence for intermediary forms.

Short for 柿色 (kakiiro). a yellowish-red color, like the fruit of the Japanese persimmon


桃

→ Thai: ท้อ (tɔ́ɔ)

/tʰou̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/tʰou̯²¹⁻³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aːw): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 兆 (OC *l'ewʔ).
Possibly borrowed from the linguistic ancestor of Proto-Hmong-Mien *glaau³ᴬ (Bodman 1980, Schuessler, 2007). The oldest-known domesticated peach stones so far have been excavated in Zhejiang, east of the Central Plain cradle of Chinese civilization.

Han compound

桃花

桃樹

桃树

Young and tender is the peach tree; bright and radiant shall its blossoms be.
Going to her future home is this young lady; may her house and chamber well-ordered be!

The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Táo zhī yāoyāo, zhuózhuó qí huá.
Zhī zǐ yúguī, yí qí shìjiā.

桃之夭夭、灼灼其華。
之子于歸、宜其室家。

桃之夭夭、灼灼其华。
之子于归、宜其室家。

Prunus persica
Prunus persica#Translingual


桃

桃 (canonical)
桃 (canonical)
momo (romanization)

desc

>? Ainu: モマ (moma, “Japanese peach, Japanese apricot”)

Heian period
Nara period
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
Yayoi period

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *momo. Mentioned in the Nihon Shoki of 720.
Brought to Japan in antiquity, with pits found in prehistoric sites from the Yayoi period, 300 BCE - 300 CE. Mentioned as a food in documents from the Nara and Heian periods.
Ultimate derivation unknown. Theories include the following.
* Possibly derived originally from a reduplication of 実 (Old Japanese mu, modern Japanese mi, “fruit”), from the way that peaches often grow in clusters. However, the vowel shift seems unlikely given regular Japanese phonetic shifts. In addition, most reduplicated terms in Japanese have the 頭高型 (atamadaka-gata) pitch accent pattern, starting high and falling, which differs from the 平板型 (heiban-gata) pitch accent pattern of this term.
* Possibly cognate with Old Japanese 百 (momo, “hundred; lots”). However, this also has the 頭高型 (atamadaka-gata) pitch accent pattern.
* Possibly a reduplication of 毛 (mo, “hair”), from the way that peaches are hairy. The term is spelled as 毛毛 in some ancient documents. However, 毛 was commonly used as man'yōgana for its phonetic value, in which cases its original Chinese meaning of hair is usually ignored.
None of the above possibilities seems very compelling. Given the archaeological evidence, this term probably originated before the Japanese ancestor population migrated to the Japanese archipelago.
Possibly related to 梅 (ancient mume, modern ume, “Japanese apricot, Japanese plum”).

桃尻: → from the way that the end of a peach is often pointy

and thus difficult to place stably: somebody who is bad at horse-riding

桃割れ: → a hairstyle of Meiji and Taisho era

featuring a bun resembling a halved peach

桃栗三年柿八年: “peach and chestnut take three years [to bear fruit]

persimmons take eight” → it often takes time to bear the fruit of one's actions


桃

From Proto-Ryukyuan *momo, from Proto-Japonic *momo. Cognate with Japanese 桃 (momo).


楓

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *plum): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 風 (OC *plum, *plums)


楓

楓棚

a type of shelf in a tokonoma or study, with four legs and eight shelves

a type of estrildid finch common in Africa and introduced to Japan in the 1960s

楓紅葉: maple leaves that have turned red in autumn

a style of layered clothing with light yellow-green on the outside and yellow

楓蚕: alternative for 天蚕蛾

Japanese silkworm moth, Antheraea yamamai

楓葉

Liquidambar formosana
Liquidambar formosana#Translingual

Liquidambar formosana, Chinese sweetgum tree, Formosan sweetgum tree


楓

楓 (canonical)
kaede (romanization)
kafede (romanization)
かへで (hiragana historical)

Daijirin
Edo Castle
Man'yōshū
Maple
ja:カエデ

/kaperu te/ → /kaperude/ → /kaferude/ → /kafede/ → /kaede/
From Old Japanese かへるて, as this word first appears in the Man'yōshū of 759 CE.
Originally a compound of 蛙 (kaeru, “frog”) + 手 (te, “hand”), with the te changing to de due to rendaku (連濁), and the ru dropping out over time. From the way the palmate leaves resemble a frog's foot.

楓の間

the Maple Room, one of the shogun sitting room in Edo Castle


楓

楓 (canonical)
楓 (canonical)
fū (romanization)

Liquidambar formosana
New Book of Tang
ja:フウ

楓呉江に落つ: → being disappointed in the reality of something after having lofty ideas about it

a story in the New Book of Tang about an inspiring poem from an otherwise uninspiring poet

and the kumquat flowers open” → a metaphor for the turning of the seasons

the Formosan sweetgum tree, Liquidambar formosana

in certain kanji compounds, the maple tree


檜

The waters of the Qi flow smoothly; there are the oars of juniper and boats of pine.

淇水滺滺、檜楫松舟。

淇水滺滺、桧楫松舟。


檜

秦檜

秦桧


檜

檜 (canonical)
檜 (canonical)
hinoki (romanization)

→ English: hinoki

⇒ English: hinokitiol

Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

Originally a compound of 檜 (hi, “Japanese cypress”, see below) + の (no, attributive particle) + 木 (ki, “tree”).
The wood and bark was commonly used as tinder, and the term was previously thought to be from 火 (hi, “fire”) + の (no, attributive particle) + 木 (ki, “tree”). However, later research into ancient kana usage in Old Japanese revealed that 檜 had a reading of ⟨pi₁⟩, while 火 was read as ⟨pi₂⟩, ruling out this derivation.

com

Chamaecyparis obtusa
Chamaecyparis obtusa#Translingual


檜

Daijisen#Online_search_engines
Kojiki
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

⟨pi₁⟩ → */pʲi/ → /ɸi/ → /hi/
From Old Japanese 檜 (pi₁).
First appears in the Kojiki of 712 CE.

(archaic, or in compounds) Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa)


檜

Japanese: 檜 (hi, hinoki)

From Proto-Japonic *pi. Cognate with Okinawan 檜 (finuchi, < *pinoki).

...麻紀佐久比能美加度...

...this wooded palace of flourishing cypresses...


橙

橙 (canonical)
橙 (canonical)
daidai (romanization)

Thought to be derived from 代代 (daidai, “many generations”), from the way bitter orange fruits never fall down, even in winter, until picked.

Citrus × aurantium
Citrus × aurantium#Translingual


橘

橘 (canonical)
橘 (canonical)
tachibana (romanization)

Emperor Suinin
Kojiki
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Nihon Shoki
Tajimamori
ja:垂仁天皇
ja:田道間守

From Old Japanese 橘 (tatibana). First cited in the Kojiki of 712.
According to the Nihon Shoki in a section describing the 90th year of the reign of the legendary 垂仁天皇 (Suinin Tennō, “Emperor Suinin”, traditionally regarded as living from 69 BCE – 70 CE and reigning from 29 BCE – 70 CE), a legendary figure named 田道間守 (Tajimamori) was tasked with bringing back from the heavens a 非時香菓 (tokijiku no kagu no konomi, literally, “timeless fragrant tree-fruit”; the same incident is also included in the Kojiki). This is often interpreted to be a reference to tachibana, but the text itself is not specific.
A surface analysis suggests that this is a compound of 立ち (tachi, “standing”, from verb 立つ (tatsu, “to stand”)) + 花 (hana, “flower”).
Shortened to tachi for some compounds.

compound

from verb <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">立つ</i> (tatsu, “to stand”)

江南の橘江北の枳となる

Kōnan no tachibana Kōhoku no karatachi to naru

Citrus tachibana, a species of wild, green, inedible citrus fruit native to Japan

Synonym of 唐橘 (kara-tachibana): the trifoliate orange, Citrus trifoliata, syn. Poncirus trifoliata

唐橘

(archaic) generic name for citrus fruits that can be eaten raw


橘

源平藤橘

Genpeitōkitsu, the four major clans in the Nara period: Minamoto, Taira, Fujiwara and Tachibana

源平藤橘 げんぺいとうきつ


桜

桜 (canonical)
ō (romanization)
au (romanization)
あう (hiragana historical)

/au/ → /ɔː/ → /oː/
From Middle Chinese 櫻 (MC 'eang).

サクラメント サクラメント#Japanese

(US) Short for サクラメント／桜府 (Sakuramento, “Sacramento (a city in California, United States)”).


梅

→ Malay: boi

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (梅):
* → Japanese: 梅(ばい) (bai)
* → Korean: 매(梅) (mae)
* → Vietnamese: mai (梅)

→? Old Japanese: 梅 (ume₂)

Japanese: 梅(うめ) (ume), 梅(むめ) (mume)

→ Vietnamese: mơ

/muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/ᵐbᵘɔi²²⁻²²⁵/

/muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/ᵐbᵘɔi²²⁻²²⁵/

Chinese civilization
Yangtze River
Zhongyuan

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯː): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 每 (OC *mɯːʔ).
Seemingly related to Old Japanese 梅 (ume₂) (Shibatani, 1990; Miyake, 1997; apud Schuessler, 2007) (which was possibly borrowed from Middle Chinese). Its origin is unknown (Schuessler, 2007); its referent, Prunus mume, originated around the Yangtze River, now in south China yet initially outside the Chinese civilization's cradle in the Central Plain.

Han compound

坆
𣏁
𣐥
楳
𣒫
栂
槑
𤯏

蠟梅

蜡梅

茶梅

楊梅

杨梅

西梅

(in compounds) A plant sharing similarities with Prunus mume in habit, flowers or fruits

(obsolete) Alternative name for 楠 (nán, “Machilus nanmu”).


梅

梅 (canonical)
梅 (canonical)
ume (romanization)

English: ume

Daijisen
Heian period
Kyūjitai
Shinjitai
Tōkyō
ja:松村明
Ōsaka

⟨me₂⟩ → */mːəɨ/ → *⟨mume₂⟩ → ⟨ume₂⟩ → */uməɨ/ → /ume/
From Old Japanese.
Probably ultimately from Middle Chinese 梅 (MC mwoj), with the borrowed me reading gaining a pronounced kind of initial m- sound, perhaps realized as *mme. The phonetic spelling was often rendered as むめ (*mme, mume) from the Heian period, with *mme/mume and ume apparently existing in free variation. The reading eventually settled on うめ (ume). Compare the similar pattern of phonetic shift for 馬 (ma → *mma → muma → uma, “horse”), likely from Middle Chinese 馬 (MC maeX).


梅

→ Translingual: mume

Heian period
Kyūjitai
Shinjitai
Tōkyō
Ōsaka

⟨me₂⟩ → */mːəɨ/ → *⟨mume₂⟩ → /mume/
Possibly from Old Japanese.
This reading becomes common during the Heian period, later falling into disuse.
Superseded by the ume reading above.

(archaic, obsolete) the Japanese plum or apricot, Prunus mume


梅

From a later borrowing of Middle Chinese 梅 (MC mwoj).

(usually in Chinese contexts) the Japanese plum or apricot, Prunus mume


梅

Short for 梅雨 (baiu): East Asian rainy season


漆

⇒ English: urushiol

Appears to be derived from Old Japanese root uru, as in terms such as classical Japanese 潤う (urufu) → modern 潤う (uruou, “to be moist”), うるうる (uruuru, “wetly, moistly”, adverb). Probably from the way that a lacquered surface glistens as if wet.

lacquer tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum)


柚

From Middle Chinese 柚 (MC yuwH). The goon pronunciation, so likely an earlier borrowing.
Found in the Wamyō Ruijushō:
:柚 爾雅集注云柚（音由又以臰反）一名樤（音條和名由）...
where 由 is the man'yōgana form of ゆ.

lang

柚　爾雅集注云柚（音由又以臰反）一名樤（音條和名由）...

柚 爾雅集注云柚（音由又以臰反）一名樤（音條和名由）...


柚

柚 (canonical)
yū (romanization)
iu (romanization)
いう (hiragana historical)

/iu/ → /juː/
Probably from Middle Chinese 柚 (MC yuwH). The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.
Found in the Wakan Sansai Zue.


綿

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *wata. Cognate with Okinawan 綿 (wata).
Originally referred to any batting or stuffing, which was generally unspun silk. The meaning shifted after the spread of cotton in the Muromachi period.

綿のように疲れた

to be as tired as cotton → to be exhausted

(figurative) the state of being exhausted or extremely tired (likely from the hard work required to pick cotton)


芷

Angelica dahurica
Angelica dahurica#Translingual


荏

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njɯmʔ): semantic 艹 + phonetic 任 (OC *njɯm, *njɯms).
; “a kind of big bean”
; “soft; weak”
: Possibly related to 飪 (OC *njɯmʔ, “cooked”), 腍 (OC *njɯmʔ, “cooked; delicious”) (Schuessler, 2007).
: Older theories compare the word with 柔 (OC *mlju, “soft”) (STEDT).

Han compound

Perilla frutescens
Perilla frutescens#Translingual


kata

(Kuyavia) expresses surprise or disdain; for the love of God


ah

sq-noun

ah m (plural ahe, definite ahu, definite plural ahet)

ahe (plural)
ahu (definite)
ahet (definite plural)

From Proto-Albanian *aksa, from Proto-Indo-European *Heh₃s- (“ash”) (compare Greek οξιά (oxiá, “beech”), Armenian հածի (haci), English ash).

Fagus sylvatica
Fagus sylvatica#Translingual


茜

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiaŋ²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiaŋ²¹³/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰɯːns): semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 西 (OC *sɯːl).

Han compound

Rubia cordifolia
Rubia cordifolia#Translingual


菱

菱 (canonical)
菱 (canonical)
hishi (romanization)


蓍

(archaic) Short for 蓍萩 (medohagi, “Lespedeza juncea”).

(archaic) Short for 蓍 (medoki, “divination sticks”).


萩

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/


萩

萩 (canonical)
萩 (canonical)
hagi (romanization)

bush clover, general term for plants of genus Lespedeza. Culturally important as one of the seven flowers of autumn.


葵

葵 (canonical)
aoi (romanization)
afufi (romanization)
あふひ (hiragana historical)

Likely related to Japanese 青い (aoi, “blue, green”).

アオイ: Any plant in the Malvaceae family: mallow

One of the colour schemes used in Japanese traditional garment, with the outer layer in light blue color and the inner layer in light purple color; it is used in the fourth month of the lunar calendar.


tare

From Middle English tare (“vetch”), from Old English *taru, from Proto-West Germanic *taru.

Any of the tufted grasses of genus Lolium; darnel.


tare

English: tare

Scots: tare, teer, tere

Either from an Old English *taru or borrowed from Middle Low German and/or Middle Dutch tarwe; in any case, ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *taru.

The seed of vetch, especially in reference to something worthless.

Lolium temulentum
Lolium temulentum#Translingual

(rare) Lolium temulentum (poison darnel).


藤

ja-noun

藤(ふじ) or 藤(フジ) • (fuji) ^(←ふぢ (fudi) or フヂ (fudi)?)

藤 (canonical)
藤 (canonical)
fuji (romanization)
fudi (romanization)
ふぢ (hiragana historical)
フヂ (hiragana historical)

⟨pudi⟩ → */puⁿdi/ → /ɸud͡ʑi/ → /ɸuʑi/
From Old Japanese 藤 (pudi), from Proto-Japonic *punti.

Short for 藤色 (fujiiro): a light lavender color, akin to wisteria flowers


藤

藤 (canonical)
Fuji (romanization)
Fudi (romanization)
ふぢ (hiragana historical)


藤

ja-pos

藤(とう) • (tō)


藤

Possibly from 桂 (katsura, “katsura tree, Cercidiphyllum japonicum”).


蓮

Nelumbo nucifera
Nelumbo nucifera#Translingual


蓮

Daijirin
Kyūjitai
Nelumbo nucifera
Shinjitai
Tōkyō
ja:ハス

Originally a compound of 蜂 (hachi, “bee”) + 巣 (su, “nest, hive”), literally “beehive, honeycomb”, from the way the lotus seed resembles a honeycomb.

older name for hasu below: a lotus plant or flower, Nelumbo nucifera

Hibiscus syriacus
Hibiscus syriacus#Translingual

alternate name for 木槿 (mukuge), Hibiscus syriacus: the rose of Sharon, rose mallow, or St. Joseph's rod


蓮

/hat͡ɕisu/ → */hassu/ → /hasu/
Appears to be a contraction of hachisu above.


蓮

From Middle Chinese 蓮／莲 (len, “lotus fruit”). Compare modern Mandarin reading lián.


葛

葛 (canonical)
葛 (canonical)
kuzu (romanization)

→ English: kudzu

Pueraria montana
Pueraria montana#Translingual


蘭

kanji used to transliterate borrowings from foreign languages, especially Buddhist terms from Sanskrit

Short for 阿蘭陀, 和蘭, 和蘭陀 (Oranda): Holland, the Netherlands


蘭

From Middle Chinese 蘭 (MC lan).
Compare modern Mandarin 蘭／兰 (lán).

Short for 阿蘭陀, 和蘭, 和蘭陀 (Oranda): Holland, the Netherlands, Dutch


蘭

蘭 (canonical)
蘭 (canonical)
araragi (romanization)

[a̠ɾa̠ɾa̠ɡʲi]

From Old Japanese, first attested in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).
Any further derivation is unclear. Speculative possibilities include:
* The initial ara- may be cognate with 荒い (arai, “rough; wild”). The final -ragi is unknown, however.
* Alternatively, the initial arara- may be cognate with 荒らか (araraka, “rough; wild”). The final -gi may be cognate with 木 (ki, “tree”), perhaps in reference to the way the plant's stalk rises straight and tall.

Taxus cuspidata
Taxus cuspidata#Translingual

Synonym of 一位 (ichii): Taxus cuspidata, the Japanese yew


hag-taper

Verbascum thapsus
Verbascum thapsus#Translingual

The great woolly mullein (Verbascum thapsus).


locust

From Middle English locuste, locust, from Anglo-Norman locuste, Middle French locuste, and their source, Latin locusta (“locust, crustacean, lobster”). Doublet of langouste.
The tree sense, originally referring to the carob (compare locust bean), is based on the resemblance of the trees' beanlike seed pods to the insect and is likely a semantic loan from Ancient Greek ἀκρίς (akrís).
The sense in "Mainlander" is a semantic loan from Cantonese 蝗蟲／蝗虫 (wong4 cung4), also meaning "locust".

sl

Any of the grasshoppers, often polyphenic and usually swarming, in the family Acrididae that are very destructive to crops and other vegetation, (especially) migratory locusts (Locusta migratoria).

Any of various often leguminous trees and shrubs, especially of the genera Robinia and Gleditsia; locust tree.

(Hong Kong, derogatory, offensive) A Mainlander.


locust

en-verb

locust (third-person singular simple present locusts, present participle locusting, simple past and past participle locusted)

locusts (present singular third-person)
locusting (participle present)
locusted (participle past)
locusted (past)

This Philip and the black-faced swarms of Spain,
The hardest, cruellest people in the world,
Come locusting upon us, eat us up,
Confiscate lands, goods, money […]

1875, Alfred Tennyson, Queen Mary: A Drama, London: Henry S. King & Co., →OCLC, (please specify the page):


juta

juta (nominative singular)
juty (nominative plural)
juty (genitive singular)
jut (genitive plural)
jutě (dative singular)
jutám (dative plural)
jutu (accusative singular)
juty (accusative plural)
juto (singular vocative)
juty (plural vocative)
jutě (locative singular)
jutách (locative plural)
jutou (instrumental singular)
jutami (instrumental plural)


juta

juták (plural)
juta (nominative singular)
juták (nominative plural)
jutát (accusative singular)
jutákat (accusative plural)
jutának (dative singular)
jutáknak (dative plural)
jutával (instrumental singular)
jutákkal (instrumental plural)
jutáért (causal-final singular)
jutákért (causal-final plural)
jutává (singular translative)
jutákká (plural translative)
jutáig (singular terminative)
jutákig (plural terminative)
jutaként (essive-formal singular)
jutákként (essive-formal plural)
jutában (inessive singular)
jutákban (inessive plural)
jután (singular superessive)
jutákon (plural superessive)
jutánál (adessive singular)
jutáknál (adessive plural)
jutába (illative singular)
jutákba (illative plural)
jutára (singular sublative)
jutákra (plural sublative)
jutához (allative singular)
jutákhoz (allative plural)
jutából (elative singular)
jutákból (elative plural)
jutáról (delative singular)
jutákról (delative plural)
jutától (ablative singular)
jutáktól (ablative plural)
jutáé (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
jutáké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
jutáéi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
jutákéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
jutám (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
jutáim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
jutád (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
jutáid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
jutája (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
jutái (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
jutánk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
jutáink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
jutátok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
jutáitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
jutájuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
jutáik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)


juta

jutowy (adjective)
juta (nominative singular)
juty (nominative plural)
juty (genitive singular)
jut (genitive plural)
jucie (dative singular)
jutom (dative plural)
jutę (accusative singular)
juty (accusative plural)
jutą (instrumental singular)
jutami (instrumental plural)
jucie (locative singular)
jutach (locative plural)
juto (singular vocative)
juty (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare Dutch jute, English jute, German Jute, ultimately from Bengali ঝুট (jhuṭ), from Sanskrit जूट (jūṭa).

Corchorus olitorius
Corchorus olitorius#Translingual

jute (plants from which this fibre is obtained)


moth

en-noun

moth (countable and uncountable, plural moths)


要

/kani no me/ → /kanome/ → /kaname/
A shift from older 蟹の目 (kani no me, “crab's eye”) from a superficial resemblance of the round pinhead of a folding fan to a crab's eye, influenced by a reanalysis of the term as 金目 (kaname, literally “metal” + visually prominent feature), as the pins were increasingly made from metal instead of earlier bamboo, wood, or whalebone.
First cited to 1220.

Short for 要黐 (kaname mochi): a tree, Japanese photinia (Photinia glabra)

要黐

(architecture) in a certain kind of traditional Japanese hip roof where the rafters splay out like the spines of a fan, the central point to which the rafter lines converge


munt

nl-noun

munt f (plural munten, diminutive muntje n)

munten (plural)
muntje (diminutive neuter)

→ Indonesian: min

From Middle Dutch mente, minte, from Latin mentha.


manzana

→ Asi: mansanas

→ Bikol Central: mansana, mansanas

→ Cebuano: mansanas

→ Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl: manzana

→ Ilocano: mansanas

→ Karao: mansanas

→ Maranao: mansanas

→ Navajo: bilasáana

→ Quechua: mansana

→ Tagalog: mansanas

→ Waray-Waray: mansana

→ Western Apache: masáána

→ Yogad: mansanas

desc

→ Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl: manzana

→ Zuni: mansana

From earlier mazana, from Vulgar Latin *mattiāna, ellipsis of māla mattiāna, plural of Latin mālum mattiānum (literally “apple of Matius”), referring to a kind of apple. Gaius Matius, a friend of Julius Caesar and Cicero, was a Roman horticulturist and author of cookbooks. Cognate with Portuguese maçã, dialectal Catalan maçana.

der

dar la vuelta a la manzana


appel

head

appel (plural appels, diminutive appeltjie)

→ Xhosa: i-apile

From Dutch appel, from Middle Dutch appel, from Old Dutch *appel, from Proto-West Germanic *applu, from Proto-Germanic *aplaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl.


appel

nl-noun

appel m (plural appels or appelen, diminutive appeltje n)

appels (plural)
appelen (plural)
appeltje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: appel
→ Xhosa: i-apile

Berbice Creole Dutch: apl

Jersey Dutch: āpel

Negerhollands: apl

→ Loup A: abel

→ Mahican: ápenes (from the plural form)

→ Malay: apel (Indonesian)

Indonesian: apêl

→? Mohegan-Pequot: appece

→ Munsee: áapulash (from the plural form)

→ Papiamentu: apel, appel

→? Sranan Tongo: apra

→ Caribbean Hindustani: aprá

→ Caribbean Javanese: aprah

→ Lokono: apra

→ Unami: apëlìsh (from the plural form)

From Middle Dutch appel, from Old Dutch appel, from Proto-West Germanic *applu, from Proto-Germanic *aplaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl.

Malus domestica
Malus domestica#Translingual

Syzygium samarangense
Syzygium samarangense#Translingual

(Suriname) wax apple, Syzygium samarangense


appel

appel n (plural appels, diminutive appelletje n)

appels (plural)
appelletje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: appèl

→ Caribbean Javanese: apèl

→ Indonesian: apèl

→ Papiamentu: apèl

From Middle Dutch appeel, from Old French apel.

(military) roll call (muster of troops at which names are read out, to see if all are present)


mint

en-noun

mint (countable and uncountable, plural mints)

From Middle English mynte, from Old English minte (“mint plant”), from Proto-West Germanic *mintā (“mint”), from Latin menta, probably from a lost Mediterranean language either through Ancient Greek μίνθη (mínthē), μίνθα (míntha) or directly. Akin to Old Norse minta (“mint”). Doublet of mentha.

Any plant in the genus Mentha in the family Lamiaceae, typically aromatic with square stems.


prune

en-verb

prune (third-person singular simple present prunes, present participle pruning, simple past and past participle pruned)

prunes (present singular third-person)
pruning (participle present)
pruned (participle past)
pruned (past)

From Middle English prune, from Old French prune, from Vulgar Latin *prūna, feminine singular formed from the neutral plural of Latin prūnum, from Ancient Greek προῦνον (proûnon), variant of προῦμνον (proûmnon, “plum”), a loanword from a language of Asia Minor. Doublet of plum.

I hardly left that spot in my pool that month even when my fingers pruned and chlorine dried out my skin.

2005, Alycia Ripley, Traveling with an Eggplant, page 111:

(intransitive, informal) To become wrinkled like a dried plum, as the fingers and toes do when kept submerged in water.


café

Kadiwéu: gaape

Etymology tree
Arabic قَهْوَة (qahwa)bor.
Ottoman Turkish قهوهbor.
Italian caffèbor.
French cafébor.
Portuguese café
Borrowed from French café, from Italian caffè, from Ottoman Turkish قهوه (kahve) (Turkish kahve), from Classical Arabic قَهْوَة (qahwa, “coffee”).

etymon

Gosto muito deste café.
I like this café very much.

café; coffee shop (establishment selling coffee and sometimes other non-alcoholic beverages)

Saí tão depressa de casa que até esqueci de tomar café.

I left home so hurriedly that I even forgot to have breakfast.

(Brazil) Ellipsis of café da manhã (“breakfast”).


mercury

en-noun

mercury (countable and uncountable, plural mercuries)

шти̑р (but this more often means purple amaranth)

štȋr (but this more often means purple amaranth)

Towards the tops of the stalks and branches come forth at every joint in the male Mercury two small round green heads, standing together upon a short footstalk, which growing ripe are the seeds, not having any flower.

1653, Nicholas Culpeper, The English Physician Enlarged, Folio Society, published 2007, page 188:

Mercurialis annua
Mercurialis annua#Translingual

An annual plant, annual mercury (Mercurialis annua), formerly grown for its medicinal properties; French mercury, herb mercury.


韶

(～州) (historical) Shao (a former prefecture of Guangdong, China)


dal

dal (countable and uncountable, plural dals)

Borrowed from Hindi दाल (dāl) or Bengali ডাল (ḍal).

Any of many dried husked pulses (legume), including peas, beans and lentils.

A stout Burmese woman, wife of a constable, was kneeling outside the cage ladling rice and watery dahl into tin pannikins.

1934, George Orwell, chapter 6, in Burmese Days:

A dish made from lentils, cooked with spices, tomatoes and onions etc.


menthe

Haitian Creole: mant

→ Romanian: mentă


laurestine

From New Latin laurustinus, Latin laurus (“laurel”) + tinus (“Viburnum tinus”). See laurel.

The Viburnum tinus, an evergreen shrub or tree of the south of Europe, which flowers during the winter months.


ac

āc (canonical feminine)
āc (nominative singular)
ǣċ (nominative plural)
āc (accusative singular)
ǣċ (accusative plural)
ǣċ (genitive singular)
āce (genitive singular)
āca (genitive plural)
ǣċ (dative singular)
ācum (dative plural)
āc (nominative singular)
āca (nominative plural)
āce (nominative plural)
āce (accusative singular)
āca (accusative plural)
āce (accusative plural)
āce (genitive singular)
āca (genitive plural)
āce (dative singular)
ācum (dative plural)
āc (nominative singular)
ācas (nominative plural)
āc (accusative singular)
ācas (accusative plural)
āces (genitive singular)
āca (genitive plural)
āce (dative singular)
ācum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: ook, ok, ak, ake
English: oak
Scots: aik, ake, yik

(masculine)(Runic alphabet) name of the rune ᚪ (a)


ac

Middle English: ac, ak, ah

Ne ġēotaþ wē tēaras, ac blōd.

c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
Nōn egō, sed tū: “Nā iċ, ac þū.” Nōn bōs est, sed equus: “Nis hit nā oxa, ac is hors.”

Non ego, sed tu: “Not me, you.” Non bos est, sed equus: “It's not an ox, it's a horse.”

late 10th century, Ælfric, "Memory of the Saints"
and gif we forleosað þas lænan woruld-þingc, þonne sceole we witan þæt ure wunung nis na her ac is on heofonum gif we hopiað to gode.

and if we lose the transitory things of this world, then should we know that our dwelling is not here, but is in heaven, if we hope in God.

but instead: in this sense ac should sometimes be translated as "but," but most often it is best left untranslated


laurer

English: laurel

Scots: laurie

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman lorer (Old French lorier), from Vulgar Latin *laurārius, from Latin laurus, which forms with /au̯/ are influenced by.
Forms with final /l/ are presumably due to a combination of dissimilation (as in marble, variant of marbre) and the influence of laureola, but are often reshaped after the suffix -(i)al.

With his tryumphe and laurer-corouned thus,

Circa 1380, Geoffrey Chaucer, Anelida and Arcite, lines 44-45


currant

(hurry–furry merger, cure–fir merger) courant

Borrowed from French raisin de Corinthe (literally “grapes of Corinth, the city in Greece”). Cognate with Dutch krent. Doublet of Corinth.

bor

The fruit of various shrubs of the genus Ribes, white, black or red.


archangel

From Middle English archangel, from Old French archangele, from Latin archangelus, from Ancient Greek ἀρχάγγελος (arkhángelos) from Ancient Greek prefix ἀρχι- (arkhi-) + ἄγγελος (ángelos, “messenger”). By surface analysis, arch- + angel.

A powerful angel that leads many other angels, but is still loyal to a deity, and often seen as belonging to a particular archangelical rank or order within a greater hierarchy of angels. (Judeo-Christian examples: Gabriel, Michael, Raphael, Uriel).


laurel

en-noun

laurel (countable and uncountable, plural laurels)

Inherited from Middle English laurer, laurel, from Anglo-Norman lorer, from Old French lorier, from Vulgar Latin *laurārius, from Latin laurus (“laurel”).

(botany) Any plant of the family Lauraceae.


laurel

Borrowed from Spanish laurel, which came from Old Occitan laurier, which was inherited from Vulgar Latin *laurārius, which was derived from Latin laurus.


laurel

Borrowed from Old Occitan laurier, which was inherited from Vulgar Latin *laurārius, which was derived from Latin laurus.


lupine

North American English form of lupin (any plant of the genus Lupinus; an edible legume seed of one of these plants).


toro

Rapanea salicina, a species of shrub or small tree native to New Zealand.


envy

envy (countable and uncountable, plural envies)

From Middle English envie, from Old French envie, from Latin invidia (“envy”), from invidere (“to look at with malice”), from in- (“on, upon”) + videre (“to look, see”). Doublet of envie. Cognate to Proto-Slavic *zavistь (“envy”).
Displaced native Old English æfest.


kana

kȁna (canonical feminine)
ка̏на (Cyrillic)
kȁna (nominative singular)
kane (nominative plural)
kane (genitive singular)
kȃnā (genitive plural)
kani (dative singular)
kanama (dative plural)
kanu (accusative singular)
kane (accusative plural)
kano (singular vocative)
kane (plural vocative)
kani (locative singular)
kanama (locative plural)
kanom (instrumental singular)
kanama (instrumental plural)

Borrowing from Ottoman Turkish قنا (kına), from Arabic حِنَّاء (ḥinnāʔ).

bor

<i class="Latn mention" lang="tr">kına</i>

Lawsonia inermis
Lawsonia inermis#Translingual


ironwood

en-noun

ironwood (countable and uncountable, plural ironwoods)

From iron + wood, because of its toughness.

ijzerhout

any of a number of tree species known for having a particularly solid wood

Lydia and the boys lived in a shabby, prefabricated house of three rooms, which had been set down in the shade of an ironwood.

1987, Bruce Chatwin, The Songlines, Vintage, published 1998, page 139:

Any of numerous tree species known locally for having a particularly solid wood, or the wood of such species itself.

(Australia) Acacia esthrophiolata, Acacia excelsa, Acacia melanoxylon, Acacia stenophylla, or Erythrophleum chlorostachys.


ti

Borrowed from English tea, from Dutch thee, from Hokkien 茶 (tê) (Amoy dialect), from Old Chinese, ultimately from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-la (“leaf, tea”). Doublet of wōja and oja.


orangeade

orangeade (countable and uncountable, plural orangeades)

/ˈɒ.ɹɪnˌdʒeɪd/

A soft drink or a soda with an orange flavor.


lemonade

lemonade (countable and uncountable, plural lemonades)

→ Japanese: レモネード (remonēdo)

→ Korean: 레모네이드 (remoneideu)

→ Welsh: lemonêd

From French limonade, equivalent to lemon + -ade.

നാരങ്ങാവെള്ളം

nāraṅṅāveḷḷaṁ

In fact, a recent report from Denver shows it [street heroin] was about 1 to 2 percent and the addicts that are receiving this in many cases refer to it as lemonade, because it is so weak.

1965, United States Congress, Hearings before the Subcommittee of the Committee of Appropriations, page 128:

Lemonade — heroin; poor quality drugs

1996, Karen Bellenir, Substance Abuse Sourcebook:

(slang, derogatory) Recreational drugs of poor or weak quality, especially heroin.


ar

From Middle High German ahorn, from Old High German ahorn. Cognate with German Ahorn.


koper

koperek (diminutive)
koper (nominative singular)
kopru (genitive singular)
koprowi (dative singular)
koper (accusative singular)
koprem (instrumental singular)
koprze (locative singular)
koprze (singular vocative)


koper

kọ́pər (canonical)
kópər (canonical inanimate masculine)
please help by adding the tonal marks.
kóper (nominative singular)
kópra (dual nominative)
kópri (nominative plural)
kópra (genitive singular)
kóprov (dual genitive)
kóprov (genitive plural)
kópru (dative singular)
kóproma (dative dual)
kóprom (dative plural)
kóper (accusative singular)
kópra (accusative dual)
kópre (accusative plural)
kópru (locative singular)
kóprih (dual locative)
kóprih (locative plural)
kóprom (instrumental singular)
kóproma (dual instrumental)
kópri (instrumental plural)
please help by adding the tonal marks.
kôper (nominative singular)
kôpra (dual nominative)
kôpri (nominative plural)
kôpra (genitive singular)
kôprov (dual genitive)
kôprov (genitive plural)
kôpru (dative singular)
kôproma (dative dual)
kôprom (dative plural)
kôper (accusative singular)
kôpra (accusative dual)
kôpre (accusative plural)
kôpru (locative singular)
kôprih (dual locative)
kôprih (locative plural)
kôprom (instrumental singular)
kôproma (dual instrumental)
kôpri (instrumental plural)


walnut

walnut (countable and uncountable, plural walnuts)

From Middle English walnote, walnutte, walnotte, from Old English wealhhnutu (“walnut”, literally “foreign nut”), from Proto-Germanic *walhaz (“foreigner”) + *hnuts (“nut”). Cognate with Dutch walnoot, German Walnuss, Swedish valnöt, Icelandic valhneta. Compare more recent term Welsh onion, which also uses Welsh to mean “foreign”.


ei

From Proto-Yeniseian *ʔej- ("pine"). Compare Arin aja (“pine”).


cola

en-noun

cola (countable and uncountable, plural colas)

→ Korean: 콜라 (kolla)

From a Niger-Congo language, compare Temne kola, Mandinka kola. The beverage "Coca-Cola" was what made the term widely known, and popularized the spelling with c instead of k.

The kola plant, genus Cola, famous for its nut, or one of these nuts.


almond

almond (countable and uncountable, plural almonds)

From Middle English almond, almaund, from Old French almande, amande, from Vulgar Latin *amendla, *amandula, from Latin amygdala, from Ancient Greek ἀμυγδάλη (amugdálē), of uncertain origin. Influenced by amandus and by many European words of Arabic origin beginning with the Arabic definite article Arabic ال (al-). Compare Spanish almóndiga and Portuguese almôndega (“meatball”) from Andalusian Arabic البُنْدُقَة (“hazelnut”). Doublet of amygdala, amygdale, and mandorla.

doublet

Other plants that produce almond-like nuts:

Prunus andersonii, desert almond, a North American shrub in family Rosaceae


candela

→ Cebuano: kandila

→ Limos Kalinga: kandela

→ Masbatenyo: kandila

→ Papiamentu: kandela

→ Tagalog: kandila

Inherited from Latin candēla. Doublet of candil.

Dodonaea viscosa
Dodonaea viscosa#Translingual


яблоко

ru-noun+

я́блоко • (jábloko) n inan (genitive я́блока, nominative plural я́блоки, genitive plural я́блок, relational adjective я́блочный, diminutive я́блочко)

я́блоко (canonical)
jábloko (romanization)
я́блока (genitive)
я́блоки (nominative plural)
я́блок (genitive plural)
я́блочный (adjective relational)
я́блочко (diminutive)
я́блоко (nominative singular)
я́блоки (irregular nominative plural)
я́блока (genitive singular)
я́блок (genitive plural)
я́блоку (dative singular)
я́блокам (dative plural)
я́блоко (accusative singular)
я́блоки (accusative irregular plural)
я́блоком (instrumental singular)
я́блоками (instrumental plural)
я́блоке (prepositional singular)
я́блоках (plural prepositional)
я́блоко (dated nominative singular)
я́блоки (dated irregular nominative plural)
я́блока (dated genitive singular)
я́блокъ (dated genitive plural)
я́блоку (dated dative singular)
я́блокамъ (dated dative plural)
я́блоко (accusative dated singular)
я́блоки (accusative dated irregular plural)
я́блокомъ (dated instrumental singular)
я́блоками (dated instrumental plural)
я́блокѣ (dated prepositional singular)
я́блокахъ (dated plural prepositional)

→ Aleut: yaavluka

→ Buryat: яблока (jabloka)

→ Dolgan: яблоко (jabloko)

→ Kamassian: йаблакх (jablakʰ)

→ Khakas: яблоко (yabloko)

⇒ Mongolian: ᠶᠠᠪᠯᠣᠺ (yablok) / яблок (jablok)

→ Tuvan: яблоко (yabloko)

⇒ Tuvan: яблок (yablok)

→ Udmurt: яблок (jablok)

→ Yakut: яблоко (yabloko)

→ Skolt Sami: jabll

From Old East Slavic ꙗблъко (jablŭko), from Proto-Slavic *àblъko, diminutive of Proto-Slavic *ablo, equivalent to the non-existent **ябло + -ко . Cognate with Polish jabłko.

глазно́е глазной#Russian


kuusi

kuusi (nominative singular)
kuuset (nominative plural)
kuusen (genitive singular)
kuusiin (genitive plural)
kuusiloin (genitive plural)
kuusta (partitive singular)
kuust (partitive singular)
kuusia (partitive plural)
kuusiloja (partitive plural)
kuusee (illative singular)
kuusii (illative plural)
kuusiloihe (illative plural)
kuusees (inessive singular)
kuusiis (inessive plural)
kuusilois (inessive plural)
kuusest (elative singular)
kuusist (elative plural)
kuusiloist (elative plural)
kuuselle (allative singular)
kuusille (allative plural)
kuusiloille (allative plural)
kuuseel (adessive singular)
kuusiil (adessive plural)
kuusiloil (adessive plural)
kuuselt (ablative singular)
kuusilt (ablative plural)
kuusiloilt (ablative plural)
kuuseks (singular translative)
kuusiks (plural translative)
kuusiloiks (plural translative)
kuusenna (essive singular)
kuuseen (essive singular)
kuusinna (essive plural)
kuusiloinna (essive plural)
kuusiin (essive plural)
kuusiloin (essive plural)
kuusent (exessive singular)
kuusint (exessive plural)
kuusiloint (exessive plural)

From Proto-Finnic *kuusi, from Proto-Uralic *kowse. Cognates include Finnish kuusi and Estonian kuusk.

Petäjä, kuusi, leppä.

1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 28:


kuusi

head

kuusi (genitive kuuvven, partitive kuutta)


buckthorn

Calque of Latin cervī spīna (“deer's thorny shrub”), cervi (“deer's”) being the genitive singular of cervus (“deer”), from Proto-Italic *kerwos, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂wós, from *ḱerh₂- (“horn”) + *-wós, spīna (“thorny shrub”) from Proto-Italic *speinā, from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“sharp point”). By surface analysis, buck + thorn.

der

California buckthorn - Frangula californica

Carolina buckthorn - Frangula caroliniana

hollyleaf buckthorn - Rhamnus crocea subsp. pilosa

lanceleaf buckthorn - Rhamnus lanceolata

Modoc buckthorn - Frangula rubra subsp. modocensis

Nevada buckthorn - Frangula rubra subsp. nevadensis

obovate buckthorn - Frangula betulifolia subsp. obovata

obtuse buckthorn - Frangula rubra subsp. obtusissima

Siberian buckthorn - Rhamnus erythroxylon

Southern buckthorn - Sideroxylon lycioides

West Indian buckthorn - Frangula sphaerosperma

Yosemite buckthorn Frangula rubra subsp. yosemitana

Any of several, often thorny shrubs or small trees, especially

the family Rhamnaceae, the buckthorn family,

Rhamnus cathartica
Rhamnus cathartica#Translingual

especially the common buckthorn or purging buckthorn; Rhamnus cathartica.

Frangula alnus
Frangula alnus#Translingual

also genus Frangula, especially Frangula alnus, the alder buckthorn.

Hippophae (family Elaeagnaceae), the sea buckthorn.


clover

→ Catalan: clóver

From Middle English clovere, claver, from Old English clāfre, earlier clǣfre, from Proto-West Germanic *klaibrā. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Kleeuwer (“clover”), West Frisian klaver (“clover”), Dutch klaver (“clover”), German Low German Klaver (“clover”), German Klee (“clover”).

He Raine upon her [the Earth's] boſom poures; / His ſvvelling clouds abound vvith ſhoures: / […] / The Deſert with ſvveet claver fills; / And richly ſhades the joyfull Hills.

1636, G[eorge] S[andys], “[A Paraphrase upon the Second Booke of the Psalmes of David.] Psalme LXV.”, in A Paraphrase upon the Psalmes of David. And upon the Hymnes Dispersed throughout the Old and New Testaments, London: [Andrew Hebb […]], →OCLC, page 101:

A plant of the genus Trifolium with leaves usually divided into three (rarely four) leaflets and with white or red flowers.


panacea

en-noun

panacea (plural panaceas or panaceae or panaceæ)

panaceas (plural)
panaceae (plural)
panaceæ (plural)

From Latin panacēa, from Ancient Greek πανάκεια (panákeia), from πανακής (panakḗs, “all-healing”), from πᾶν (pân, “all”) (equivalent to English pan-) + ἄκος (ákos, “cure”).

A remedy believed to cure all disease and prolong life that was originally sought by alchemists; a cure-all.

A monorail will be a panacea for our traffic woes.

When busy he was better, and appeared to think perpetual motion a panacea for his unnamed and un-nameable complaint; and so much were they hurried from place to place, after their arrival at Genoa, that both sisters were thankful when they embarked again, as the sea appeared a resting-place...

1842, [anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon], chapter XXVII, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 53:

Podson was seated on the bed, going through such turf forecasts as he could find in the papers; his panacea for correcting the mistakes of fortune.

1938, Norman Lindsay, Age of Consent, 1st Australian edition, Sydney, N.S.W.: Ure Smith, published 1962, →OCLC, page 206:

Hydrogen is not a panacea for reaching the zero net emissions target by 2050, but it can grow to become "a big niche" fuel in particular sectors and applications, claims a new report.

2023 January 11, “Network News: MPs seek clarity on hydrogen's role”, in RAIL, number 974, page 13:

There, whether it diuine Tobacco were, / Or Panachæa, or Polygony, / She found, and brought it to her patient deare […]

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto V”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

Valeriana officinalis
Valeriana officinalis#Translingual

(obsolete) The plant allheal (Valeriana officinalis), believed to cure all ills.


ach

From Middle English ache, from Old French ache, from Latin apium (“parsley”).

(obsolete) Any of several species of plants, such as smallage, wild celery, parsley.


mate

From Middle English mate, a borrowing from Middle Low German mate (“messmate”) (replacing Middle English mette (“table companion, mate, partner”), from Old English ġemetta (“sharer of food, table-guest”)), derived from Proto-Germanic *gamatjô, itself from *ga- (“together”) (related to German and Dutch ge-) + *matjô (from *matiz (“food”)), related to Old English mete (“food”)). From the same Middle Low German source stems German Low German Maat (“journeyman, companion”), German Maat (“naval non-commissioned officer”). Cognates include Saterland Frisian Moat (“friend, buddy, comrade, mate”), Dutch maat (“mate, partner, colleague, friend”). More at Old English ġe-, English co-, English meat. Doublet of maat.


mate

Borrowed from Spanish mate, from Quechua mati (“gourd”).

Ilex paraguariensis
Ilex paraguariensis#Translingual


Schneeball

de-noun

Schneeball m (strong, genitive Schneeballes or Schneeballs, plural Schneebälle)

Schneeballes (genitive)
Schneeballs (genitive)
Schneebälle (plural)
Schneeball (nominative singular)
Schneebälle (definite nominative plural)
Schneeballes (genitive singular)
Schneeballs (genitive singular)
Schneebälle (definite genitive plural)
Schneeball (dative singular)
Schneeballe (dative singular)
Schneebällen (dative definite plural)
Schneeball (accusative singular)
Schneebälle (accusative definite plural)

Viburnum opulus
Viburnum opulus#Translingual

(botany) viburnum (any shrub of the genus Viburnum, in particular the guelder rose, Viburnum opulus)


plane

From Middle English plane, borrowed from Old French plane, from Latin platanus, from Ancient Greek πλάτανος (plátanos), from πλατύς (platús, “wide, broad”).

(countable) A deciduous tree of the genus Platanus.


achiote

en-noun

achiote (countable and uncountable, plural achiotes)

/ˌɑt͡ʃiːˈoʊti/

Borrowed from Spanish achiote, from Classical Nahuatl āchiyōtl.

Bixa orellana
Bixa orellana#Translingual

A tropical American evergreen shrub, Bixa orellana; the lipstick tree.


achiote

/ɐˈt͡ʃjɔ.tɨ/

achiote (Bixa orellana, a tropical American evergreen shrub)


achiote

→ Catalan: arxiota

→ English: achiote

→ Quechua: achiyuti

Borrowed from Classical Nahuatl āchiyōtl.

bor+

(Latin America) achiote (Bixa orellana, a tropical American evergreen shrub)


Birne

de-noun

Birne f (genitive Birne, plural Birnen, diminutive Birnchen n)

Birne (genitive)
Birnen (plural)
Birnchen (diminutive neuter)
Birne (nominative singular)
Birnen (definite nominative plural)
Birne (genitive singular)
Birnen (definite genitive plural)
Birne (dative singular)
Birnen (dative definite plural)
Birne (accusative singular)
Birnen (accusative definite plural)

→ Estonian: pirn

→ Kashubian: birna

From Middle High German bire, bir, from Old High German bira, pira, from Vulgar Latin pira, reanalysis of the plural of Latin pirum. Early Modern German birn is from the Middle High German plural and dative/genitive singular, whence a double plural birnen was formed. The contemporary Birne is a new backformation from this plural (perhaps influenced also by the older, still dialectal form bire). Thus, between Latin and modern German, the word was reformed on the basis of the plural three times. Cognate with Alemannic German Bire.


cocoa

A Dictionary of the English Language
Samuel Johnson
en:cocoa

en-noun

cocoa (countable and uncountable, plural cocoas)

From Spanish cacao, from Classical Nahuatl cacahuatl. The form cocoa by confusion with coco, popularized by Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language. Doublet of cacao.

An unsweetened brown powder made from roasted, ground cocoa beans, used in making chocolate, and in cooking.


baba

baba (absolutive indefinite)
baba (absolutive indefinite singular)
babak (absolutive indefinite plural)
babak (ergative indefinite)
babak (ergative indefinite singular)
babek (ergative indefinite plural)
babari (dative indefinite)
babari (dative indefinite singular)
babei (dative indefinite plural)
babaren (genitive indefinite)
babaren (genitive indefinite singular)
baben (genitive indefinite plural)
babarekin (comitative indefinite)
babarekin (comitative indefinite singular)
babekin (comitative indefinite plural)
babarengatik (causative indefinite)
babarengatik (causative indefinite singular)
babengatik (causative indefinite plural)
babarentzat (benefactive indefinite)
babarentzat (benefactive indefinite singular)
babentzat (benefactive indefinite plural)
babaz (indefinite instrumental)
babaz (indefinite instrumental singular)
babez (indefinite instrumental plural)
babatan (indefinite inessive)
baban (indefinite inessive singular)
babetan (indefinite inessive plural)
babatako (indefinite locative)
babako (indefinite locative singular)
babetako (indefinite locative plural)
babatara (allative indefinite)
babara (allative indefinite singular)
babetara (allative indefinite plural)
babataraino (indefinite terminative)
babaraino (indefinite singular terminative)
babetaraino (indefinite plural terminative)
babatarantz (directive indefinite)
babarantz (directive indefinite singular)
babetarantz (directive indefinite plural)
babatarako (destinative indefinite)
babarako (destinative indefinite singular)
babetarako (destinative indefinite plural)
babatatik (ablative indefinite)
babatik (ablative indefinite singular)
babetatik (ablative indefinite plural)
babarik (indefinite partitive)
babatzat (indefinite prolative)

From Proto-Basque, ultimately from Latin faba.


baba

babka (diminutive)
baba (nominative singular)
baby (nominative plural)
baby (genitive singular)
bŏb (genitive plural)
babōw (genitive plural)
babie (dative singular)
babōm (dative plural)
babã (accusative singular)
baby (accusative plural)
babōm (instrumental singular)
babami (instrumental plural)
babōma (instrumental plural)
babie (locative singular)
babach (locative plural)
babo (singular vocative)
baby (plural vocative)

Plantago lanceolata
Plantago lanceolata#Translingual

narrowleaf plantain (Plantago lanceolata)


peanut

From pea + nut, perhaps a folk etymology of pinda, pinder (still found in Southern US dialects).

Arachis hypogaea
Arachis hypogaea#Translingual

A legume resembling a nut, the fruit of the plant Arachis hypogaea, native to South America.


Johannisbeere

de-noun

Johannisbeere f (genitive Johannisbeere, plural Johannisbeeren)

Johannisbeere (genitive)
Johannisbeeren (plural)
Johannisbeere (nominative singular)
Johannisbeeren (definite nominative plural)
Johannisbeere (genitive singular)
Johannisbeeren (definite genitive plural)
Johannisbeere (dative singular)
Johannisbeeren (dative definite plural)
Johannisbeere (accusative singular)
Johannisbeeren (accusative definite plural)

→ Cimbrian: johannisper (partial calque)

Johannis + Beere, literally “John's berry”, named for the feast day of St. John the Baptist (24th of June), said to be when the fruit ripens.

af

currant (Ribes gen. et spp., chiefly the fruits)


Ysop

de-noun

Ysop m (strong, genitive Ysopes or Ysops, plural Ysope)

Ysopes (genitive)
Ysops (genitive)
Ysope (plural)
Ysop (nominative singular)
Ysope (definite nominative plural)
Ysopes (genitive singular)
Ysops (genitive singular)
Ysope (definite genitive plural)
Ysop (dative singular)
Ysope (dative singular)
Ysopen (dative definite plural)
Ysop (accusative singular)
Ysope (accusative definite plural)

From Middle High German isôpe, ysôpe, from Old High German isopo, isipo, variant declension of hysop, from Medieval Latin hȳsōpus, hȳssōpus, from Latin hȳsōpum, from Ancient Greek ὕσσωπος (hússōpos).


aal

Compare Sanskrit अलाक (alāka, “crown flower; kind of dye”).

cog

Morinda citrifolia
Morinda citrifolia#Translingual

The Indian mulberry or noni (Morinda citrifolia, Morinda tinctoria), a shrub found in Southeast Asia, the East Indies and the Pacific islands as far as French Polynesia.


primavera

Inherited from Late Latin prīma vēra, derived from Latin prīmus (“first”) + vēr (“spring”).


apricot

en-noun

apricot (countable and uncountable, plural apricots)

Alteration of apricock (with influence from French abricot), itself an alteration of abrecock (with influence from Latin apricum (“sunny place”)), from dialectal Catalan abrecoc, abricoc, variants of standard albercoc, from Arabic الْبَرْقُوق (al-barqūq, “plums”), from Byzantine Greek βερικοκκία (berikokkía, “apricot tree”), from Ancient Greek πραικόκιον (praikókion), from Late Latin (persica) praecocia (literally “(peaches) which ripen early”), (mālum) praecoquum (literally “(apple) which ripens early”). Doublet of precocious.

der

pickled apricots

A round sweet and juicy stone fruit, resembling peach or plum in taste, with a yellow-orange flesh, lightly fuzzy skin and a large seed inside.

Prunus armeniaca
Prunus armeniaca#Translingual

(slang, Australia, dated, usually in the plural) A testicle.


tea

Semantic loan from Chinese 茶 (chá, “tea”).

sl

A moment, a historical unit of time from China, about the amount of time needed to quickly drink a traditional cup of tea. It is now found in Chinese-language historical fiction.


blueberry

en-noun

blueberry (countable and uncountable, plural blueberries)

Applesaucey Tricks Galore / Looks elaborate but isn’t: Take bakers sponge cake shells. In each one put a big spoonful of canned apple sauce, then a scoop of vanilla ice cream and top all with blueberry sauce, or with the fresh berries.

1962 July 29, Features Magazine (Wichita Falls Times), Wichita Falls, Tex., page 20, column 1:

“And the Majestic Milky Way is pretty popular as well,” said Chad, whose personal favorite is the new Berry Potter, with vanilla ice cream, swirling blueberries and graham crackery Muggle crunch (Muggles are non-magic folk in the Harry Potter empire).

2006 August 10, Dick Johnson, “Ice cream: You never get sick of the stuff, workers say”, in Globe Gazette, Mason City, Ia., page A2, column 5:

(countable) An edible round berry, belonging to the cowberry group (Vaccinium sect. Cyanococcus), with flared crowns at the end, that turns blue on ripening.


rude

rūde (canonical feminine)
rūde (nominative singular)
rūdan (nominative plural)
rūdan (accusative singular)
rūdan (accusative plural)
rūdan (genitive singular)
rūdena (genitive plural)
rūdan (dative singular)
rūdum (dative plural)


rand

Laurus nobilis
Laurus nobilis#Translingual


cob

cob (countable and uncountable, plural cobs)

Of uncertain origin. The word has many disparate senses, which are likely of diverse origin. The specifics of these origins have long been debated, as has the question of which senses arise from which origins. At least the swan sense originated in Middle English cobbe (“male swan; gang leader; bully”). Some other senses likely originated as a variant of cop (“head, top, peak, summit”). In other senses, the word may be related to cub, itself of obscure origin but possibly from Old Norse kobbi (“seal”). However, many alternative etymologies have been proposed to account for some or all senses of cob; various sources have related it, for example, to English cot (“cottage”), Welsh cob (“top, tuft”), or German Kübel (“large container”). All these etymologies are disputed, and the exact origins of cob cannot be known with any certainty.

inh

…he put his Hand in his Pocket and pull’d out ſome Gold, ſome Broadpieces and a Gold Cob….

1701, Daniel Mac-Cay, testimony in the trial of Patrick Hurly, transcribed in A Complete Collection of State-Trials, and Proceedings upon High-Treason, and Other Crimes and Misdemeanours, volume 5, 2nd edition (1730), page 404

They fancied, that he who sold a Stone of Wool for Two Cobs, callid 9s. when Cobs were raised would sell his Stone for a Cob and a half when called 9s.

1718, Observations on raising the value of money, page 4:

As this sum was greater than ever Swift had been master of at any one time before, he pushed over, without reckoning them, a good number of the siver cobs (for it was all in that specie) to the honest sailor, and desired he would accept them for his trouble.

1774, J. Hawkesworth, “An Account of the life of Dr. Swift”, in The Works of Jonathan Swift, page xx:

He then drew out a large leathern bag, and poured out the contents, which were ſilver cobs, upon the table.

1784, Thomas Sheridan, The Life of the Rev. Dr. Jonathan Swift, Dean of St. Patrick’s, Dublin, volume I, pages 7–8:

Our fituation every day appears more alarming, there being a scarcity of almost every thing in the garrison — fire-wood a cob per hundred; flour five rials per pound; no fresh meat except an old cow, or worn-out ox, (only one perhaps killed in a month) which is sold at four and a half and five rials per pound; fowls twenty to twenty-four rials each; a goose ten dollars; a turkey twenty dollars; eggs a cob the dozen; and every other necessary in proporition.

1793, Samuel Ancell, A circumstantial journal of the blockade and siege of Gibraltar, page 24:

Several of the artillery officers, the Welch fusileers, and a few navy officers, spent the evening at a tavern, well known by the name of Miss Loftus's; on payment of our reckoning, Captain Wilcox was deficient a cob (value about four shillings and ninepence) the payment of which, was offered to him by a Mr. Funston, a lieutenant fireworker;

1795, Mark Moore, The Memoirs and Adventures of Mark Moore Late an Officer in the British Navy, page 49:

It’s absolutely possible to find an affordable ($20-$35) low to average circulated Spanish silver cob dated around or before 1692, especially if you’re willing to settle for the smaller half real or one real cobs.

2006, Todd Cook, The Lost Coins of Early Americans: Still A Secret!, Xulon Press,, →ISBN, page 90:

Cobs were usually irregularly shaped. They were a means to account for a specific amount of silver in a coin that could be used for commerce.

2008, Alvin Rabushka, Taxation in Colonial America, Princeton University Press,, →ISBN, page 154:

Any of the gold and silver coins that were minted in the Spanish Empire and valued in reales or escudos, such as the piece of eight—especially those which were crudely struck and irregularly shaped.


gale

From Middle English gale (“a wind, breeze”), possibly from Old English galan, possibly an unknown North Germanic origin, related to Icelandic gola (“a breeze”), Danish gal (“furious, mad”), both from Old Norse gala (“to sing”), and thus ultimately related to the above word (etymology 1).

A little gale will soon disperse that cloud.

c. 1591–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Third Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii]:

And winds of gentlest gale Arabian odours fanned / From their soft wings.

1671, John Milton, “The Second Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, London: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC:


gale

From Middle English gaile, gawl, gawwyl, gaȝel, gagel, from Old English gagel, gagelle, gagille, gagolle (“gale; sweet gale”), from Proto-Germanic *gagulaz (“gale; sweet-willow”). Cognate with Scots gaul, gall (“bog-myrtle”), Dutch gagel (“wild myrtle”), German Gagel (“myrtle-bush”), Icelandic gaglviður (“sweet-gale; myrtle”).

cog

A shrub, also called sweet gale or bog myrtle (Myrica gale), that grows on moors and fens.


gale

From Middle English gavel (“rent; tribute”), from Old English gafol.

Gale day - the day on which rent or interest is due.

(archaic) A periodic payment, such as is made of a rent or annuity.


ros

la-noun

rōs m (genitive rōris); third declension

rōs (canonical masculine)
rōris (genitive)
rōs (nominative singular)
rōrēs (nominative plural)
rōris (genitive singular)
rōrum (genitive plural)
rōrī (dative singular)
rōribus (dative plural)
rōrem (accusative singular)
rōrēs (accusative plural)
rōre (ablative singular)
rōribus (ablative plural)
rōs (singular vocative)
rōrēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: aroauã

Romanian: rouă

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: ros

→ Sardinian: arròsu

Occitan: ròs, arròs

Vulgar Latin:

⇒ *rōsāta (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ English: rore ⇒ rory

→ Middle French: rore

⇒ French: rorique

Esperanto: roso

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁roseh₂ (“dew”), itself possibly a derivative of *h₁ers- (“to flow”). Cognate with Sanskrit रसा (rásā, “moisture, humidity”), Ancient Greek ἐξεράω (exeráō, “pour out”), Lithuanian rasà (“dew”), Serbo-Croatian rosa／роса (“dew”).

cog

690–750, Excerpta ex libro glossarum published in the Corpus glossariorum latinorum V page 179, 6

Cytisus is a kind of tree like juniper a sweet-smelling herb, greener and hardly serving the bees in comparison to furzes and rosemary.

Citisum genus arboris quasi catanum erba odoribera uergilius et uix humiles apibus casias rorem que

Salvia rosmarinus
Salvia rosmarinus#Translingual

Rosmarinus officinalis
Rosmarinus officinalis#Translingual

rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus, syn. Rosmarinus officinalis)


more

From Middle English more, moore (“root”), from Old English more, moru (“carrot, parsnip”) from Proto-West Germanic *morhā, from Proto-Germanic *murhǭ (“carrot”), from Proto-Indo-European *merk- (“edible herb, tuber”).
Akin to Old Saxon moraha (“carrot”), Old High German morha, moraha (“root of a plant or tree”) (German Möhre (“carrot”), Morchel (“mushroom, morel”)). More at morel.


more

en-verb

more (third-person singular simple present mores, present participle moring, simple past and past participle mored)

mores (present singular third-person)
moring (participle present)
mored (participle past)
mored (past)

From Middle English moren, from the noun. See above.


limone

it-noun

limone m (plural limoni, diminutive limoncìno or limoncèllo)

limoni (plural)
limoncìno (diminutive)
limoncèllo (diminutive)


buck

There is in it also woodes of buck, and deir in them.

1777, Mostyn John Armstrong, A Scotch Atlas; Or Description of the Kingdom of Scotland:

But, whilst we thus condemn the timber, we must not omit to praise the mast, which fats our swine and deer, and hath, in some families, even supported men with bread. Chios endured a memorable siege by the beniefit of this mast. And, in some parts of France, they now grind the buck in mills; it affords a sweet oil, which the poor people east most willingly.

1786, John Evelyn, Alexander Hunter, Silva: Or, A Discourse Of Forest-Trees, page 136:

The HORNBEAM ( provincially “HORSE-BEECH," in contradistinction to “buck beech” — the true beech) is, in many woods, the most prevalent species; and being drawn up in thickets with a rapid growth, becomes tall and straight enough for hop poles: and is even suffered to grow up, as a species of wood timber.

1798, William Marshall, The Rural Economy of the Southern Counties:

The magnolia, buck [ beech?], and poplar never grow on lands subject to overflow.

1969, Samuel Henry Lockett, Lauren C. Post, Louisiana as it is, page 53:

The underbrush is all there, spice brush, buck beech, iron wood and alder and no doubt in the spring of the year, there is a wealth of flowers.

2010, Joel Greenberg, Of Prairie, Woods, and Water:


thorn

From Middle English thorn, þorn, from Old English þorn, from Proto-West Germanic *þorn, from Proto-Germanic *þurnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥nós, from *(s)ter- (“stiff”).
cognates
Near cognates include West Frisian toarn, Low German Doorn, Dutch doorn, German Dorn, Danish and Norwegian torn, Swedish torn, törne, Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌿𐍃 (þaurnus). Further cognates include Old Church Slavonic трънъ (trŭnŭ, “thorn”), Russian тёрн (tjorn), Polish cierń, Kamkata-viri taňi, tai (“thorn”), Sanskrit तृण (tṛ́ṇa, “grass”).

cog

On the mountains a few junipers and piñons are found, and cactuses, agave, and yuccas, low, fleshy plants with bayonets and thorns.

1895, J[ohn] W[esley] Powell, chapter I, in Canyons of the Colorado, Meadville, PA: Flood & Vincent; republished as The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons, New York: Dover, 1961, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 22:

(botany) A sharp protective spine of a plant.

the white thorn

the cockspur thorn

Any shrub or small tree that bears thorns, especially a hawthorn.

трън

any shrub or small tree that bears thorns

In Old English manuscripts thorn and eth did not have different phonetic values but were used positionally[.]

1985, Robert Burchfield, The English Language, Oxford: Oxford University Press, page 175:

See also Etymology of ye (definite article).

A letter of Latin script (capital: Þ, small: þ), borrowed from the futhark; today used only in Icelandic to represent the voiceless dental fricative, but originally used in several early Germanic scripts, including Old English where it represented the dental fricatives that are today written th (Old English did not have phonemic voicing distinctions for fricatives).


thorn

English: thorn

Scots: thorn; torn (Shetland)

Yola: thoornes, thorns, thurns

Inherited from Old English þorn, from Proto-West Germanic *þorn, from Proto-Germanic *þurnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥nós.

A thorn (spine on a plant with a sharp point)


pluma

head

pluma m (genitive singular pluma, nominative plural plumaí)

pluma (genitive singular)
plumaí (nominative plural)

Borrowed from Middle English ploume, plomme (“plum”). Doublet of prúna.


pluma

pluma (genitive singular)
plumaí (nominative plural)
nominative (indefinite)
pluma (indefinite singular)
plumaí (indefinite plural)
vocative (indefinite)
a phluma (indefinite singular)
a phlumaí (indefinite plural)
genitive (indefinite)
dative (indefinite)
nominative (definite)
an pluma (definite singular)
na plumaí (definite plural)
genitive (definite)
an phluma (definite singular)
na bplumaí (definite plural)
dative (definite)
leis an bpluma (definite singular)
don phluma (definite singular)
leis na plumaí (definite plural)
pluma
phluma
bpluma

From English plumb, from Old French *plombe, from Latin plumba, plural of plumbum.


eucalyptus

en-noun

eucalyptus (plural eucalypti or eucalyptuses)

eucalypti (plural)
eucalyptuses (plural)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₁wes-
Proto-Indo-European *h₁wésus?
Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-?
Proto-Indo-European *h₁su-
Proto-Hellenic *ehu-
Ancient Greek ἐΰς (eǘs)
Ancient Greek εὖ (eû)
Ancient Greek εὐ- (eu-)
Ancient Greek καλύπτω (kalúptō)
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Ancient Greek -τός (-tós)
Ancient Greek καλυπτός (kaluptós)
taxonomic name Eucalyptuslbor.
French eucalyptusbor.
English eucalyptusBorrowed from French eucalyptus.

etymon

Any of many trees, of genus Eucalyptus, native mainly to Australia.


marmalade

en-noun

marmalade (countable and uncountable, plural marmalades)

Mary, Queen of Scots
The Economist
marmalade

Borrowed from Middle French marmelade, from Portuguese marmelada (“quince jam”), from marmelo (“quince”), from Latin melimēlum (“sweet apple”), from Ancient Greek μελίμηλον (melímēlon), from μέλι (méli, “honey”) + μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”). A false folk etymology claims that this comes from the phrase “Marie est malade”, referring to Mary, Queen of Scots falling ill and being given marmalade to feel better.

lime marmalade

thick cut marmalade

A kind of jam made with citrus fruit, distinguished by being made slightly bitter by the addition of the peel and by partial caramelisation during manufacture. Most commonly made with Seville oranges, and usually qualified by the name of the fruit when made with other types of fruit.


cotton boll

The round, fluffy clumps in which cotton forms and grows on a cotton plant.


ook

English: oak

Scots: aik, ake, yik

From Old English āc, from Proto-West Germanic *aik, from Proto-Germanic *aiks.

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Knight's Tale
The brighte swerdes wenten to and fro
So hidously þat with þe leste strook
That it semeþ þat it wolde felle an ook


Holy Ghost

From Middle English Holi Gost, from Old English Hāliġ Gāst, a calque of Latin Spīritus Sānctus, which in turn is a calque of Ancient Greek Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον (Pneûma tò Hágion), from πνεῦμα (pneûma, “breath, vital force, soul”) + ἅγιος (hágios, “holy”)), a calque of Hebrew רוח הקודש (ruaḥ ha-qodesh), from רוח (ruaḥ, “wind, breath, spirit”) + קודש (qodesh, “holiness”), from earlier רוח יהוה (ruaḥ yahveh, “wind of Yahweh”).

calque

Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον

Now the birth of Iesus Christ was on this wise: When as his mother Mary was espoused to Ioseph (before they came together) shee was found with childe of the holy Ghost.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 1:18:

O God the Holy Ghost, Perfecter of the Elect, Have Mercy on us.

1728, “The Litany of the Saints and Angels”, in A Manual of Prayers and Other Christian Devotions, page 50:

I baptise thee in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost.

1899, “Lay Baptism”, in The Catholic's Pocket Prayer-Book, page 4:

There are deadly sins from which God's people may recover. A man may even communicate unworthily, and yet, so be it he sin not against the Holy Ghost, he may find forgiveness.

1902, John Buchan, The Outgoing of the Tide:

(Christianity) The person (hypostasis) of the Trinity or Godhead corresponding to divine essence, which becomes present in and among the faithful (particularly inspired prophets) and is considered to proceed either (Eastern Orthodoxy) from God the Father alone or (Roman Catholicism) from Him together with God the Son.


Holy Ghost

Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον

Angelica archangelica
Angelica archangelica#Translingual


Holy Ghost

Named after the Convent of the Holy Ghost Sisters, which was present in the area. Currently, the land of the convent is owned by the Iglesia ni Cristo within Holy Ghost Hill Proper.

A name of several barangays in Baguio, Benguet, Philippines


mango

en-noun

mango (countable and uncountable, plural mangoes or mangos)

→ Armenian: մանգո (mango) (or from Russian манго (mango))

→ Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܡܵܢܓܘܿ (mango)

→ Asturian: mangu

→ Catalan: mango

→ Chichewa: bango

→ Czech: mango

→ Danish: mango

→ Dutch: mango

→ Esperanto: mango

→ Finnish: mango

→ Georgian: მანგო (mango)

→ German: Mango

→ Greek: μάνγκο (mángko)

→ Hebrew: מנגו (mango)

→ Hungarian: mangó

→ Irish: mangó

→ Italian: mango

→ Japanese: マンゴー (mangō)

→ Korean: 망고 (manggo)

→ Macedonian: манго (mango)

→ Norwegian: mango

→ Polish: mango

→ Romanian: mango

desctree

→ Russian: манго (mango)
→ Armenian: մանգո (mango) (or directly from English mango)
→ Kazakh: манго (maño)
→ Mongolian: манго (mango)

→ Slovak: mango

→ Slovene: mango

→ Spanish: mango

→ Swedish: mango

→ Turkish: mango

→ Welsh: mango

Online Etymology Dictionary
Oxford English Dictionary
mango

Borrowed from Portuguese manga, from Malayalam മാങ്ങ (māṅṅa) / Tamil மாங்காய் (māṅkāy), possibly via Malay mangga, ultimately from Proto-South Dravidian *mām-kāy (“unripe mango”), a compound of *mām (“mango tree”) + *kāy (“unripe fruit”). First used for the fruit as early as the 1580s and the tree by the 1670s. The Oxford English Dictionary says it ultimately stems from Malayalam മാങ്ങ (māṅṅa, “unripe mango”) (മാവ് (māvŭ, “mango tree”) + കായ (kāya, “unripe fruit”)), while the Online Etymology Dictionary points to Tamil மாங்காய் (māṅkāy, “unripe mango”) (மா (mā, “mango”) + காய் (kāy, “unripe fruit”)). The etymology of the -o ending is not certain.

der

Tamil மாங்காய் (māṅkāy)

檨仔

soān-á, soǎiⁿ-á, sōaiⁿ-á, soāiⁿ--á, soān--á

Any of various hummingbirds of the genus Anthracothorax.


mango

mango (nominative singular)
manga (nominative plural)
manga (genitive singular)
mang (genitive plural)
mangu (dative singular)
mangům (dative plural)
mango (accusative singular)
manga (accusative plural)
mango (singular vocative)
manga (plural vocative)
mangu (locative singular)
mangách (locative plural)
mangem (instrumental singular)
mangy (instrumental plural)

Borrowed from English mango, from Portuguese manga, from Malay mangga, from Tamil மாங்காய் (māṅkāy) from மா (mā, “mango species”) + காய் (kāy, “unripe fruit”).

Tamil மாங்காய் (māṅkāy)


mango

Tamil மாங்காய் (māṅkāy)


mango

pl-noun

mango n (indeclinable, related adjective mangowy)

mango (any plant of the genus Mangifera)


cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
𦰡 (CJK)

Possibly a direct loan from Spanish anona or through other intermediaries. Compare Thai น้อยหน่า (nɔ́ɔi-nàa) and Malay nona.

cog

Thai น้อยหน่า (nɔ́ɔi-nàa)

Annona squamosa
Annona squamosa#Translingual

(Northern Vietnam) sugar apple (Annona squamosa)


alma

az-noun

alma (definite accusative almanı, plural almalar)

almanı (accusative definite)
almalar (plural)
alma (nominative singular)
almalar (nominative plural)
almanı (accusative definite singular)
almaları (accusative definite plural)
almaya (dative singular)
almalara (dative plural)
almada (locative singular)
almalarda (locative plural)
almadan (ablative singular)
almalardan (ablative plural)
almanın (definite genitive singular)
almaların (definite genitive plural)
almam (first-person nominative possessed-single possessive singular)
almalarım (first-person nominative possessed-many possessive singular)
alman (nominative possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
almaların (nominative possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
alması (nominative possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
almaları (nominative possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
almamız (first-person nominative plural possessed-single possessive)
almalarımız (first-person nominative plural possessed-many possessive)
almanız (nominative plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
almalarınız (nominative plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
alması (nominative plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
almaları (nominative plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
almaları (nominative plural possessed-many possessive third-person)
almamı (accusative first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
almalarımı (accusative first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
almanı (accusative possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
almalarını (accusative possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
almasını (accusative possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
almalarını (accusative possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
almamızı (accusative first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
almalarımızı (accusative first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
almanızı (accusative plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
almalarınızı (accusative plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
almasını (accusative plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
almalarını (accusative plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
almalarını (accusative plural possessed-many possessive third-person)
almama (dative first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
almalarıma (dative first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
almana (dative possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
almalarına (dative possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
almasına (dative possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
almalarına (dative possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
almamıza (dative first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
almalarımıza (dative first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
almanıza (dative plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
almalarınıza (dative plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
almasına (dative plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
almalarına (dative plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
almalarına (dative plural possessed-many possessive third-person)
almamda (first-person locative possessed-single possessive singular)
almalarımda (first-person locative possessed-many possessive singular)
almanda (locative possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
almalarında (locative possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
almasında (locative possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
almalarında (locative possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
almamızda (first-person locative plural possessed-single possessive)
almalarımızda (first-person locative plural possessed-many possessive)
almanızda (locative plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
almalarınızda (locative plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
almasında (locative plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
almalarında (locative plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
almalarında (locative plural possessed-many possessive third-person)
almamdan (ablative first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
almalarımdan (ablative first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
almandan (ablative possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
almalarından (ablative possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
almasından (ablative possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
almalarından (ablative possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
almamızdan (ablative first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
almalarımızdan (ablative first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
almanızdan (ablative plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
almalarınızdan (ablative plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
almasından (ablative plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
almalarından (ablative plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
almalarından (ablative plural possessed-many possessive third-person)
almamın (first-person genitive possessed-single possessive singular)
almalarımın (first-person genitive possessed-many possessive singular)
almanın (genitive possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
almalarının (genitive possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
almasının (genitive possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
almalarının (genitive possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
almamızın (first-person genitive plural possessed-single possessive)
almalarımızın (first-person genitive plural possessed-many possessive)
almanızın (genitive plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
almalarınızın (genitive plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
almasının (genitive plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
almalarının (genitive plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
almalarının (genitive plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

Azerbaijani


alma

alma (nominative)
almanıñ (genitive)
almağa (dative)
almanı (accusative)
almada (locative)
almadan (ablative)


alma

almák (plural)
alma (nominative singular)
almák (nominative plural)
almát (accusative singular)
almákat (accusative plural)
almának (dative singular)
almáknak (dative plural)
almával (instrumental singular)
almákkal (instrumental plural)
almáért (causal-final singular)
almákért (causal-final plural)
almává (singular translative)
almákká (plural translative)
almáig (singular terminative)
almákig (plural terminative)
almaként (essive-formal singular)
almákként (essive-formal plural)
almában (inessive singular)
almákban (inessive plural)
almán (singular superessive)
almákon (plural superessive)
almánál (adessive singular)
almáknál (adessive plural)
almába (illative singular)
almákba (illative plural)
almára (singular sublative)
almákra (plural sublative)
almához (allative singular)
almákhoz (allative plural)
almából (elative singular)
almákból (elative plural)
almáról (delative singular)
almákról (delative plural)
almától (ablative singular)
almáktól (ablative plural)
almáé (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
almáké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
almáéi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
almákéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
almám (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
almáim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
almád (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
almáid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
almája (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
almái (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
almánk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
almáink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
almátok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
almáitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
almájuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
almáik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)


alma

head

alma (definite accusative almayı, plural almalar)

almayı (accusative definite)
almalar (plural)

verbal noun of almak
taking, picking up, buying


alma

alma (definite accusative almany, plural almalar)

almany (accusative definite)
almalar (plural)
alma (nominative singular)
almalar (nominative plural)
almany (accusative singular)
almalary (accusative plural)
almanyň (genitive singular)
almalaryň (genitive plural)
almā (dative singular)
almalara (dative plural)
almada (locative singular)
almalarda (locative plural)
almadan (ablative singular)
almalardan (ablative plural)


pea

→ Abenaki: piz (“a pea”)

→ Mohegan-Pequot: pish (“a pea”)

→ Yurok: pi·š, peeesh (“a pea”)

Back-formation from pease, an original singular reinterpreted as a plural. Further from Middle English pese (“a pea”), from Old English pise, from Latin pisa, pisum, from Ancient Greek πίσον (píson).

Below, long rows of peas put forth their white-winged flowers, tempting the small butterflies to flutter round their inanimate likenesses;...

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XXVI, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 277:

Pisum sativum
Pisum sativum#Translingual

A plant, Pisum sativum, member of the legume (Fabaceae) family.

(cooking) The edible seed of Pisum sativum; the green pea.

Man's making bare peas.

Oh, come on. Help a brother out. People see you coppin', might inspire them. Look, I know you ain't payin' bills right now. Man must have bare peas saved up.

2023, Nathan Bryon, Tom Melia, directed by Raine Allen-Miller, Rye Lane, spoken by Nathan (Simon Manyonda):


pea

From having the appearance of a pea (see English etymology 1), the edible seed of Pisum sativum, the pea plant.

green pea galaxy
green pea galaxy#English

(astronomy) Ellipsis of green pea galaxy.


pea

From Proto-Polynesian *pea. Cognates include Tongan pea and Samoan pea.

Indicates that the action was performed in spite of what preceded; nevertheless, still


bok

From Old Swedish bōk, from Old Norse bók, from Proto-Germanic *bōkō, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos.


pera

Inherited from Old Catalan pera, from Vulgar Latin *pira, from the plural of Latin pirum, reanalyzed as a feminine singular.


pera

From Old Galician-Portuguese pera (13th century, Alfonso X), from Vulgar Latin *pira, from the plural of Latin pirum, reanalyzed as a feminine singular.


pera

is-noun

pera f (genitive singular peru, nominative plural perur)

peru (genitive singular)
perur (nominative plural)
pera (indefinite nominative singular)
peran (definite nominative singular)
perur (indefinite nominative plural)
perurnar (definite nominative plural)
peru (accusative indefinite singular)
peruna (accusative definite singular)
perur (accusative indefinite plural)
perurnar (accusative definite plural)
peru (dative indefinite singular)
perunni (dative definite singular)
perum (dative indefinite plural)
perunum (dative definite plural)
peru (genitive indefinite singular)
perunnar (definite genitive singular)
pera (genitive indefinite plural)
peranna (definite genitive plural)

From Old Norse pera, probably from Old English pere, peru, from Latin pirum.


pera

From Vulgar Latin *pira, from the plural of Latin pirum, reanalyzed as a feminine singular.

farsi una pera


pera

Clipping of espera, imperative of esperar (“to wait”)

(colloquial) wait (asking for stop to make an observation)


pera

→ Jicarilla: béela

Inherited from Old Spanish pera, from Vulgar Latin *pira, from the plural of Latin pirum, reanalyzed as a feminine singular.


pulse

en-noun

pulse (countable and uncountable, plural pulses)

From Middle English puls (“(collectively) seeds of a leguminous plant used as food; leguminous plants collectively; a species of leguminous plant”), Early Middle English pols (in compounds), possibly from Anglo-Norman pus, puz, Middle French pouls, pols, pous, and Old French pous, pou (“gruel, mash, porridge”) (perhaps in the sense of a gruel made from pulses), or directly from their etymon Latin puls (“meal (coarse-ground edible part of various grains); porridge”), probably from Ancient Greek πόλτος (póltos, “porridge made from flour”), from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“dust; flour”) (perhaps by extension from *pel- (“to beat, strike; to drive; to push, thrust”), in the sense of something beaten).

der

(uncountable) Annual leguminous plants (such as beans, lentils, and peas) yielding grains or seeds used as food for humans or animals; (countable) such a plant; a legume.

groshë

annual leguminous plants yielding grains or seeds used as food for humans or animals; such a plant — see also legume


aniseed

en-noun

aniseed (countable and uncountable, plural aniseeds)

From Middle English anece seed, aneys seede, annys sede, equivalent to anise + seed.

(countable and uncountable) The seed-like fruit of the anise, used in baking and in the flavouring of liqueurs such as ouzo.


omena

omena (nominative singular)
omenat (nominative plural)
omenan (genitive singular)
omeniin (genitive plural)
omenaa (partitive singular)
omenia (partitive plural)
omenaa (illative singular)
omenii (illative plural)
omenaas (inessive singular)
omeniis (inessive plural)
omenast (elative singular)
omenist (elative plural)
omenalle (allative singular)
omenille (allative plural)
omenaal (adessive singular)
omeniil (adessive plural)
omenalt (ablative singular)
omenilt (ablative plural)
omenaks (singular translative)
omeniks (plural translative)
omenanna (essive singular)
omenaan (essive singular)
omeninna (essive plural)
omeniin (essive plural)
omenant (exessive singular)
omenint (exessive plural)

[ˈo̞mˑe̝ːnɑ]

From Proto-Finnic *omëna. Cognates include Finnish omena and Estonian õun.


porkkana

porkkana (nominative singular)
porkkanat (nominative plural)
porkkanan (genitive singular)
porkkanoin (genitive plural)
porkkanaa (partitive singular)
porkkanoja (partitive plural)
porkkanaa (illative singular)
porkkanoihe (illative plural)
porkkanaas (inessive singular)
porkkanois (inessive plural)
porkkanast (elative singular)
porkkanoist (elative plural)
porkkanalle (allative singular)
porkkanoille (allative plural)
porkkanaal (adessive singular)
porkkanoil (adessive plural)
porkkanalt (ablative singular)
porkkanoilt (ablative plural)
porkkanaks (singular translative)
porkkanoiks (plural translative)
porkkananna (essive singular)
porkkanaan (essive singular)
porkkanoinna (essive plural)
porkkanoin (essive plural)
porkkanant (exessive singular)
porkkanoint (exessive plural)

Borrowed from Russian боркан (borkan). Related to Finnish porkkana and Estonian porgand.

Kapussan, lantut, porkkanat.

1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 39:

Mont porkkanaa ono oikias pooles? Mont porkkanaa ono kuras pooles? Mont porkkanaa ono kaikkia?

1937, N. S. Popova, translated by A. Kolesova, Arifmetikan oppikirja alkușkoulua vart (I. osa), Leningrad: Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 5:

How many carrots are on the right side? How many carrots are on the left side? How many carrots are in total?


den

nl-noun

den m (plural dennen, diminutive dennetje n)

dennen (plural)
dennetje (diminutive neuter)

From Middle Dutch dan, danne, denne (“pine tree”), from Old Dutch *danna, from Proto-West Germanic *dannā (“pine tree”). Cognate with German Tanne.


da

Hibiscus cannabinus
Hibiscus cannabinus#Translingual

plant that is source of kenaf fiber (Hibiscus cannabinus)

Hibiscus sabdariffa
Hibiscus sabdariffa#Translingual


parsnip

→ Japanese: パースニップ (pāsunippu)

→ Maori: pānipi

From 16th-century parsnepe, from Middle English passenep, a modification of Old French pasnaie by influence of Middle English nepe (“turnip”), from Latin pastināca (“parsnip, carrot”), from pastinum (“two-pronged fork”) as in pastināre (“to dig up the ground”).

Pastinaca sativa
Pastinaca sativa#Translingual

A biennial plant, Pastinaca sativa, related to the carrot.


gland

Inherited from Old French glant, from Latin glandem.

Brise-cul, vingt-huit ans, l’air d’un satyre, son vit est tortu ; la tête ou le gland en est énorme : il a huit pouces trois lignes de tour, et le corps du vit huit pouces sur seize de long ; ce vit majestueux est absolument cambré.

1785, Donatien Alphonse François de Sade, translated by Austryn Wainhouse and Richard Seaver, Les 120 journées de Sodome, ou l'École du libertinage:

Bum-Cleaver, twenty-eight years old, has the look of a satyr; his majestic prick is bent saber fashion, its head, or glans, is enormous, it is eight and three-eighths inches in circumference and the shaft eight in length.

Comeronyms: corps caverneux, corps spongieux, frein, prépuce

Holonym: pénis

les papules perlées du gland

Ellipsis of gland du pénis (“glans penis”).

Comeronym: capuchon du clitoris

Holonym: clitoris

gland du clitoris
gland du clitoris#French

Ellipsis of gland du clitoris (“glans clitoridis”).

décalotter le gland

to uncover the glans penis or glans clitoridis by pulling back the foreskin or clitoral hood

recalotter le gland

to cover again the glans penis or glans clitoridis by pulling forward the foreskin or clitoral hood

(vulgar, slang, of a person, usually male) prick, wanker, bell end


kaki

Diospyros kaki
Diospyros kaki#Translingual

a persimmon, more specifically the Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki).


celery

en-noun

celery (usually uncountable, plural celeries)

From French céleri, from Lombard sèller, from Latin selīnum, from Ancient Greek σέλῑνον (sélīnon). Displaced English march (“celery, smallage”) and smallage (“wild celery”).

Apium graveolens
Apium graveolens#Translingual

A European herb (Apium graveolens) of the carrot family.


grab

grab (nominative singular)
graba (dual nominative)
graby (nominative plural)
graba (genitive singular)
grabowu (dual genitive)
grabow (genitive plural)
graboju (dative singular)
graboma (dative dual)
grabam (dative plural)
grab (accusative singular)
graba (accusative dual)
graby (accusative plural)
grabom (instrumental singular)
graboma (dual instrumental)
grabami (instrumental plural)
grabje (locative singular)
graboma (dual locative)
grabach (locative plural)


grab

grabowy (adjective)
grab (nominative singular)
graby (nominative plural)
grabu (genitive singular)
graba (genitive singular)
grabów (genitive plural)
grabowi (dative singular)
grabom (dative plural)
grab (accusative singular)
graby (accusative plural)
grabem (instrumental singular)
grabami (instrumental plural)
grabie (locative singular)
grabach (locative plural)
grabie (singular vocative)
graby (plural vocative)

hornbeam (any tree of the genus Carpinus)


grab

граб (Cyrillic)
grab (nominative singular)
grabovi (nominative plural)
graba (genitive singular)
grabova (genitive plural)
grabu (dative singular)
grabovima (dative plural)
grab (accusative singular)
grabove (accusative plural)
grabe (singular vocative)
grabu (singular vocative)
grabovi (plural vocative)
grabu (locative singular)
grabovima (locative plural)
grabom (instrumental singular)
grabovima (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *grabrъ, from Proto-Indo-European *grābʰ-.


poly

From Latin polium, the name of a plant, perhaps Teucrium polium.

A whitish woolly plant (Teucrium polium) of the family Labiatae, found throughout the Mediterranean.


hruška

cs-noun

hruška f (related adjective hruškový, diminutive hruštička)

hruškový (adjective)
hruštička (diminutive)
hruška (nominative singular)
hrušky (nominative plural)
hrušky (genitive singular)
hrušek (genitive plural)
hrušce (dative singular)
hruškám (dative plural)
hrušku (accusative singular)
hrušky (accusative plural)
hruško (singular vocative)
hrušky (plural vocative)
hrušce (locative singular)
hruškách (locative plural)
hruškou (instrumental singular)
hruškami (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Old Czech hruška, diminutive of hrušě, from Proto-Slavic *gruša.


hruška

hruškový (adjective)
hruštička (diminutive)
nominative
hruška (singular)
hrušky (plural)
genitive
hrušky (singular)
hrušiek (plural)
dative
hruške (singular)
hruškám (plural)
accusative
hrušku (singular)
locative
hruškách (plural)
instrumental
hruškou (singular)
hruškami (plural)


hruška

hrȗška (canonical feminine)
please help by adding the tonal marks.
hrúška (nominative singular)
hrúški (dual nominative)
hrúške (nominative plural)
hrúške (genitive singular)
hrúšk (dual genitive)
hrúšk (genitive plural)
hrúški (dative singular)
hrúškama (dative dual)
hrúškam (dative plural)
hrúško (accusative singular)
hrúški (accusative dual)
hrúške (accusative plural)
hrúški (locative singular)
hrúškah (dual locative)
hrúškah (locative plural)
hrúško (instrumental singular)
hrúškama (dual instrumental)
hrúškami (instrumental plural)


eg

head

eg c (singular definite egen, plural indefinite ege)

egen (definite singular)
ege (indefinite plural)
eg (indefinite nominative singular)
egen (definite nominative singular)
ege (indefinite nominative plural)
egene (definite nominative plural)
egs (genitive indefinite singular)
egens (definite genitive singular)
eges (genitive indefinite plural)
egenes (definite genitive plural)

From Old Norse eik, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyǵ- (“oak”).