abietite

(organic chemistry) A substance resembling mannite, found in the needles of the common silver fir of Europe (Abies alba).


fabaceous

en-adj

fabaceous (comparative more fabaceous, superlative most fabaceous)

more fabaceous (comparative)
most fabaceous (superlative)

From Latin fabaceus, from faba (“bean”).

The fabaceous plants rank second only to the grasses in value as ministrants to the economy of animal life, for they produce food for man and beast in vast abundance, and generally speaking, the aliments derived from this family are of the highest character in point of nourishing power, all of them contributing largely to the nourishment, not only of the muscular and bony framework, but in a peculiar degree also to the nervous system, owing to their richness in nitrogen and salts of phosphorus. In a majority of cases the fabaceous or leguminous plants have pinnated leaves, that is to say, each separate leaf consists of a series of symmetrical divisions united by a common stem.

1870, Shirley Hibberd, Field Flowers a Handy-book for the Rambling Botanist ..., page 78:

Having the nature of a bean; like a bean.


Aaron's rod

en-noun

Aaron's rod (countable and uncountable, plural Aaron's rods)

/ˈɛəɹ.ənz ɹɒd/

/ˈɛɹ.ənz ɹɑd/

A reference to Numbers 17:8, the Authorized / KJV translation of which is "And it came to pass, that on the morrow Moses went into the tabernacle of witness; and, behold, the rod of Aaron for the house of Levi was budded, and brought forth buds, and bloomed blossoms, and yielded almonds." (spelling modernized).

Verbascum thapsus
Verbascum thapsus#Translingual

The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press

Any of various plants with a tall flowering stem, especially:

Verbascum thapsus, the great mullein, common mullein, or hag-taper.

Goldenrod, the Solidago genus of North American plants with yellow flowers.

Hylotelephium telephium
Hylotelephium telephium#Translingual

Hylotelephium telephium (syn. Sedum telephium; orpine, livelong, or live-forever).

(archaic) A rod with one serpent twined around it, as used by Aaron (differing from the caduceus of Mercury, which has two serpents).

aaroninsauva

tall plant associated with the biblical rod of Aaron


abhal

Juniperus communis
Juniperus communis#Translingual

The berry of the juniper, Juniperus communis.


abelmosk

abelmosk (countable and uncountable, plural abelmosks)

From New Latin abelmoschus, from Arabic حَبّ الْمِسْك (ḥabb al-misk, “pills of musk”).

der

حَبّ الْمِسْك

Egyptian Ketmia, with a perfumed or Musk-Seed..., called Abelmosch of Morison.

1719, Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, The Compleat Herbal, volume I, page 70:

Abelmosk grains are the seeds of a plant... indigenous to Central Africa, Arabia, and India.

1892, William Theodore Brannt, translated by Carl Deite, A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Perfumery, page 230:

Abelmoschus moschatus
Abelmoschus moschatus#Translingual

The edible and aromatic seed pods (properly, capsules) of the Abelmoschus moschatus.

Abelmosk, Abelmosch, or Abelmusk, the Syrian mallow, or musk okro, a species of hibiscus (H. abelmoschus).

1846, W. M. Buchanan, A Technological Dictionary, page 4:

The same description fits abelmosk, the Hibiscus abelmoshus, better known to the world as the East Indian dwarf okra plant.

1992, Richard A. Spears, Language & Civilization, volume I, page 43:

The tropical evergreen shrub Abelmoschus moschatus itself.

(uncommon, usually in the plural) Other members of the genus Abelmoschus, such as okra.


acanthaceous

en-adj

acanthaceous (comparative more acanthaceous, superlative most acanthaceous)

more acanthaceous (comparative)
most acanthaceous (superlative)

/ˌæk.n̩ˈθeɪ.ʃəs/

/ˌæk.ænˈθeɪ.ʃəs/

(botany): Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a member of the Acanthaceae family.


acajou

en-noun

acajou (countable and uncountable, plural acajous)

/ˈæ.kəˌd͡ʒu/

Borrowed from French acajou (“cashew”), from Old Tupi akaîu. Doublet of cashew.

The head man's fury shouted out in the curve of the acajous—he insulted hunters, gendarmes, planters, and the transparent clouds lowering with the sky—before sticking the gun barrel under the chin thrust deep into solitude and a suffering that sees all.

2020, Betsy Wing, transl., Mahagony^([sic]), Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, translation of original by Édouard Glissant, →ISBN, page 105:

The wood from the mahogany tree or other trees from the family Meliaceae.

acajou:

A moderate reddish brown that is slightly yellower and stronger than mahogany.


acicula

Learned borrowing from Late Latin acicula (“hairpin”), diminutive of Latin acus (“needle”).

lbor

Scandix pecten-veneris
Scandix pecten-veneris#Translingual

shepherd's needle (Scandix pecten-veneris)


abet

desctree

→ Spanish: abeto, abete (obsolete) (or from Catalan)
→ Asturian: abetu
→ Galician: abeto, pinabete
→ Portuguese: abeto

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *abētem, from Classical Latin abietem.


march

en-verb

march (third-person singular simple present marches, present participle marching, simple past and past participle marched)

marches (present singular third-person)
marching (participle present)
marched (participle past)
marched (past)

From Middle English marchen, from Middle French marcher (“to march, walk”), from Old French marchier (“to stride, to march, to trample”), from Frankish *markōn (“to mark, mark out, to press with the foot”), from Proto-Germanic *markōną (“to mark”), akin to Persian مرز (marz), from Proto-Indo-European *merǵ- (“edge, boundary”). Akin to Old English mearc, ġemearc (“mark, boundary”). Compare mark, from Old English mearcian.

der

march to the beat of a different drummer

The column marching in double file, the instructor commands: […]

1864, United States War Department, The 1864 Field Artillery Tactics, Stackpole Books, published 2005, →ISBN, page 120:

(intransitive) To walk with long, regular strides, as a soldier does.


march

From Middle English marche (“tract of land along a country's border”), from Old French marche (“boundary, frontier”), from Frankish *marku, from Proto-Germanic *markō, from Proto-Indo-European *merǵ- (“edge, boundary”).

der

(now archaic, historical, often plural) A border region, especially one originally set up to defend a boundary.

Juan's companion was a Romagnole, / But bred within the March of old Ancona[…].

Any of various territories with similar meanings or etymologies in their native languages.


march

From Middle English merche, from Old English merċe, mereċe, from Proto-West Germanic *marik, from Proto-Indo-European *móri (“sea”). Cognate Middle Low German merk, Old High German merc, Old Norse merki (“celery”). Compare also obsolete or regional more (“carrot or parsnip”), from Proto-Indo-European *mork- (“edible herb, tuber”).


lens

la-noun

lēns f (genitive lendis); third declension

lēns (canonical feminine)
lendis (genitive)
lēns (nominative singular)
lendēs (nominative plural)
lendis (genitive singular)
lendum (genitive plural)
lendī (dative singular)
lendibus (dative plural)
lendem (accusative singular)
lendēs (accusative plural)
lende (ablative singular)
lendibus (ablative plural)
lēns (singular vocative)
lendēs (plural vocative)

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: len

Old French: lent

Picard: len

Walloon: lin

Late Latin: lendis (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. According to de Vaan, perhaps a deformed form of what is found as Proto-Slavic *gňìda (“nit”), Proto-Germanic *hnits (“nit”), Ancient Greek κονίς (konís) (gen. κονίδος (konídos)), Armenian անիծ (anic, “nit”); he proposes Proto-Indo-European *dḱ(o)nid- > *dkni-n-d- > *dklind- > Proto-Italic *(d)lind-. However, like the Indo-European cognates, it may be of substrate origin.


acacia

en-noun

acacia (countable and uncountable, plural acacias or acaciae)

→ Pohnpeian: akesia

From Latin acacia, from Ancient Greek ἀκακία (akakía, “shittah tree”), either from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) (compare ἀκή (akḗ, “point”)) or more likely a Pre-Greek word. First attested before 1398. Doublet of cassie.

der

Robinia pseudoacacia
Robinia pseudoacacia#Translingual

A false acacia; robinia tree (Robinia pseudoacacia).


acacia

nl-noun

acacia m (plural acacia's, diminutive acaciaatje n)

acacia's (plural)
acaciaatje (diminutive neuter)

→ Indonesian: akasia

Borrowed from Latin acacia, from Ancient Greek ἀκακία (akakía).

a shrub or tree of a species that belongs to the genus Acacia

(particularly) Synonym of robinia (“Robinia pseudoacacia”)


acacia

→ Moore: kasɩya


acacia

Borrowed from Latin acācia, from Ancient Greek ἀκακία (akakía, “shittah tree”), from ἀκή (akḗ, “point”). Doublet of gaggia.

acacia (shrub or tree of the tribe Acacieae), particularly:


may

en-verb

may (third-person singular simple present may, no present participle, simple past might, no past participle)

may (present singular third-person)
might (past)

From Middle English mowen, mayen, moȝen, maȝen, from Old English magan, from Proto-West Germanic *magan, from Proto-Germanic *maganą, from Proto-Indo-European *megʰ-.
Cognate with Dutch mag (“may”, first and third-person singular of mogen (“to be able to, be allowed to, may”)), Low German mögen, German mag (“like”, first and third-person singular of mögen (“to like, want, require”)), Swedish må, Icelandic mega, megum. See also might.

cog

first and third-person singular of <i class="Latn mention" lang="nl">mogen</i> (“to be able to, be allowed to, may”)

first and third-person singular of <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">mögen</i> (“to like, want, require”)

one may as well hang for a sheep as a lamb

there may be snow on the mountaintop but there's fire in the valley

there may be snow on the rooftop but there is fire in the furnace

the wolf may lose his teeth but never his nature

those who will not when they may, when they will they shall have nay

may you win;  may the weather be sunny

May God bless and keep you always / May your wishes all come true / May you always do for others / And let others do for you / May you build a ladder to the stars / And climb on every rung / May you stay forever young

1974, Bob Dylan (lyrics and music), “Forever Young”, in Planet Waves:

May I never miss the thrill of being near you

1984, “No More Lonely Nights”, performed by Paul McCartney:

(subjunctive present, defective, chiefly poetic) Expressing a wish (with present subjunctive effect).


deal

en-verb

deal (third-person singular simple present deals, present participle dealing, simple past and past participle dealt or (nonstandard) dealed)

deals (present singular third-person)
dealing (participle present)
dealt (participle past)
dealt (past)
dealed (nonstandard participle past)
dealed (nonstandard past)

From Middle English delen, from Old English dǣlan (“to divide, part”), from Proto-West Germanic *dailijan, from Proto-Germanic *dailijaną (“to divide, part, deal”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰail- (“part, watershed”).
Cognates
Cognate with West Frisian diele (“to divide, separate”), Dutch delen, German teilen, Swedish dela; and with Lithuanian dalinti (“divide”), Russian дели́ть (delítʹ).

cog

Wel said syr Uwayne go on your waye, and lete me dele.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “(please specify the chapter)”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book IV, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

(obsolete, intransitive) To take action; to act.

syöttää

baseball slang: to pitch — see also pitch


ami

From Ancient Greek ἄμι (ámi), itself probably from Egyptian.

Visnaga daucoides
Visnaga daucoides#Translingual

bisnaga (Visnaga daucoides, syn. Ammi visnaga)


digital

es-adj

digital m or f (masculine and feminine plural digitales)

Borrowed from Latin digitālis. Doublet of dedal, which was inherited.

digital; having to do with the fingers or toes

digital; dealing with discrete values rather than a continuous spectrum of values

digital; dealing with the display of numerical values


acanthus

From Latin acanthus, from Ancient Greek ἄκανθος (ákanthos), from ἀκή (akḗ, “thorn”) + ἄνθος (ánthos, “flower”).

The picture before which they paused represented one of those ruined fountains so common to Italy. Francesca gazed upon it as if it had been an old friend: many a time, beside such a one, with its curved and broken marble, had she wreathed the acanthus that hung around it, the green and trailing foliage so profuse in the South, into shapes even more fanciful than those which once suggested the Corinthian capital.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], Francesca Carrara. […], volume I, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC:

A member of the genus Acanthus of herbaceous prickly plants with toothed leaves, (family Acanthaceae, order Lamiales (formerly Scrophulariales)) found in the south of Europe, Asia Minor, and India.


citrus

en-noun

citrus (plural citruses or (formal) citri or (rare) citrusses)

citruses (plural)
citri (formal plural)
citrusses (plural rare)

From Latin citrus (“citron tree, thuja”), probably via Etruscan from Ancient Greek κέδρος (kédros); compare Middle English citurtre, cytyr tre.

Any of several shrubs or trees of the genus Citrus in the family Rutaceae.


citrus

la-noun

citrus f (genitive citrī); second declension

citrī (genitive)
citrus (nominative singular)
citrī (nominative plural)
citrī (genitive singular)
citrōrum (genitive plural)
citrō (dative singular)
citrīs (dative plural)
citrum (accusative singular)
citrōs (accusative plural)
citrō (ablative singular)
citrīs (ablative plural)
citre (singular vocative)
citrī (plural vocative)

Translingual: Citrus

French: citron

→ English: citrine, citron, citrus

Italian: cedro

Lombard: zeder

Piedmontese: sitron

Probably via Etruscan from Ancient Greek κέδρος (kédros).


te

Camellia sinensis
Camellia sinensis#Translingual


grapefruit

en-noun

grapefruit (countable and uncountable, plural grapefruits or grapefruit)

grapefruits (plural)
grapefruit (plural)

→ Danish: grapefrugt (partial calque)

→ Dutch: grapefruit

→ Faroese: greypfrukt (partial calque)

→ German: Grapefruit

Norwegian:

desc

→ Norwegian Bokmål: grapefrukt (partial calque)

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: grapefrukt (partial calque)

→ Polish: grejpfrut

desctree

→ Russian: грейпфру́т (grejpfrút)
→ Armenian: գրեյպֆրուտ (greypfrut)
→ Georgian: გრეიპფრუტი (greiṗpruṭi)
→ Kazakh: грейпфрут (greipfrut)
→ Ukrainian: гре́йпфру́т (hréjpfrút)

→ Swedish: grapefrukt (partial calque)

→ Turkish: greyfurt

Widely assumed to be a marketing term from grape + fruit, an allusion to the supposed grapelike clusters of fruit on the tree, early 19th c. Ciardi proposes another theory: one of the pomelo's botanical names is Citrus grandis, meaning "great citrus [fruit]", due to the size of its fruit. A new pomelo variety might first have been called a "greatfruit" (see greatfruit), and through the process of assimilation, the word came to be pronounced "grapefruit".

Results have begun to come in and at Comfort Castle this month I spent a useful and happy half day carting round 8 children in my car to their homes where we all helped to fill in with good soil and manure, their excellently dug holes and planted the grapefruit.

Citrus paradisi
Citrus paradisi#Translingual

Citrus maxima
Citrus maxima#Translingual

The tree of the species Citrus paradisi, a hybrid of Citrus maxima and sweet orange.


ache

From Middle English ache, from Old French ache, from Latin apium (“celery”). Reinforced by modern French ache.


henna

en-noun

henna (countable and uncountable, plural hennas)

→ Greek: χένα (chéna)

Borrowed from Arabic حِنَّاء (ḥinnāʔ), the name of the tree used to make the dye, probably from Middle Persian [script needed] (*hannāy-, “to smear, anoint”).

der

Lawsonia inermis
Lawsonia inermis#Translingual

(countable) A shrub, Lawsonia inermis, having fragrant reddish flowers


henna

henna (nominative singular)
henny (genitive singular)
hennie (dative singular)
hennę (accusative singular)
henną (instrumental singular)
hennie (locative singular)
henno (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English henna, French henné, German Henna, ultimately from Arabic حِنَّاء (ḥinnāʔ), probably from Middle Persian hndʾd (*hannāy-).


tuba

From Latin tuba (“tube, trumpet, military trumpet”), first borrowed as a historic term in the 18th century. The name of the modern instrument was borrowed in the 19th century from German Tuba (“tuba”), originally Baß-Tuba (literally “bass tuba”), from the same Latin source. The Latin term is of obscure ultimate origin, but is possibly connected to tībia (“shinbone, reed-pipe”), see there.


trumpet

From Middle English trumpet, trumpette, trompette (“trumpet”), from Old French trompette (“trumpet”), diminutive of trompe (“horn, trump, trumpet”), from Frankish *trumpa, *trumba (“trumpet”), ultimately imitative.
Cognate with Old High German trumpa, trumba (“horn, trumpet”), Middle Dutch tromme (“drum”), Middle Low German trumme (“drum”), Old Norse trumba (“pipe; trumpet”). More at drum.
Displaced native English beme, from Middle English beme, from Old English bīeme.

onomatopoeic

imitative

A funnel, or short flaring pipe, used as a guide or conductor, as for yarn in a knitting machine.

A powerful reed stop in organs, having a trumpet-like sound.

Any of various flowering plants with trumpet-shaped flowers, for example, of the genus Collomia.


Spanish chestnut

en-noun

Spanish chestnut (plural Spanish chestnuts)

Castanea sativa
Castanea sativa#Translingual

Castanea sativa, a deciduous tree with edible deep brown nutlike fruits. The fruits have a little white, fluffy tail.


kiwi fruit

Trade name used by exporters for one of several varieties selectively bred in New Zealand; named after the endemic New Zealand bird, the kiwi, because the fruit's fuzzy brown skin resembles the plumage of the bird. From Maori kiwi (“kiwi bird”).

Actinidia deliciosa
Actinidia deliciosa#Translingual

A Chinese gooseberry vine fruit, having a hairy brown skin and dark green (or in the case of the kiwi fruit gold, yellow) flesh with fine black seeds, almost always varieties of Actinidia deliciosa.


ask

head

ask c (singular definite asken, plural indefinite aske)

asken (definite singular)
aske (indefinite plural)
ask (indefinite nominative singular)
asken (definite nominative singular)
aske (indefinite nominative plural)
askene (definite nominative plural)
asks (genitive indefinite singular)
askens (definite genitive singular)
askes (genitive indefinite plural)
askenes (definite genitive plural)

From Old Norse askr, from Proto-Germanic *askaz.

Fraxinus excelsior
Fraxinus excelsior#Translingual

ash tree (Fraxinus spp.), especially, common ash (tree, Fraxinus excelsior)


ask

fo-noun

ask f (genitive singular askar, plural askir)

askar (genitive singular)
askir (plural)
ask (indefinite nominative singular)
askin (definite nominative singular)
askir (indefinite nominative plural)
askirnar (definite nominative plural)
ask (accusative indefinite singular)
askina (accusative definite singular)
askir (accusative indefinite plural)
askirnar (accusative definite plural)
ask (dative indefinite singular)
askini (dative definite singular)
askum (dative indefinite plural)
askunum (dative definite plural)
askar (genitive indefinite singular)
askarinnar (definite genitive singular)
aska (genitive indefinite plural)
askanna (definite genitive plural)

From Old Norse askr, from Proto-Germanic *askaz, *askiz.


ask

asken (definite singular)
asker (indefinite plural)
askene (definite plural)

European ash (ash tree) Fraxinus excelsior


ask

asken (definite singular)
askar (indefinite plural)
askane (definite plural)

From Old Norse askr, from Proto-Germanic *askaz. Akin to English ash.


ask

ask (nominative singular)
askos (nominative plural)
ask (accusative singular)
askos (accusative plural)
askes (genitive singular)
askō (genitive plural)
aske (dative singular)
askum (dative plural)

Middle Low German: esk

Plautdietsch: Asch


ask

→ Finnish: aski

From Old Swedish asker, from Old Norse askr, from Proto-Germanic *askaz, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ōs- (“ash”).


green

Borrowed from North Germanic, from Old Norse grǫn.

Pinus sylvestris
Pinus sylvestris#Translingual


cherry

→ Bengali: চেরি (ceri)

→ Burmese: ချယ်ရီ (hkyairi)

→ Cantonese: 車厘子／车厘子 (ce¹ lei⁴ zi²)

→ Hindi: चेरी (cerī)

→ Japanese: チェリー (cherī)

→ Kapampangan: tiéri

→ Korean: 체리 (cheri)

→ Malay: ceri

Indonesian: ceri

→ Maori: tiere

→ Punjabi: ਚੈਰੀ f (cairī)

→ Spanish: cherry

→ Swahili: cheri

→ Urdu: چیری (cerī)

→ Thai: เชอร์รี (chəə-rîi)

From Middle English chery, cherie, chirie, from Anglo-Norman cherise (mistaken as a plural) and Old English ċiris, ċirse (“cherry”), both ultimately from Vulgar Latin ceresia, derived from Late Latin ceresium, cerasium, from Ancient Greek κεράσιον (kerásion, “cherry fruit”), from κερασός (kerasós, “bird cherry”), and ultimately possibly of Anatolian origin (the intervocalic σ suggests a pre-Greek origin for the word). Doublet of cerise and kirsch.

dwarf cherry

P. fruticosa, P. pumila; Exocarpus strictus

Prunus subg. Cerasus
Prunus subg. Cerasus#Translingual

Prunus subg. Cerasus, trees or shrubs that bear cherries.

Non-isomorphism is detected whenever the algorithm finds a cherry v#x5F;1#x5C;inT#x5F;1

2004, Suleyman Cenk Sahinalp, S Muthukrishnan, Ugur Dogrusoz, Combinatorial Pattern Matching, Berlin […] : Springer-Verlag, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 210:

Step 3: Output the tree T. The edge lengths of T are determined recursively: If (x,y) is a cherry connected to node z as in Step 2

2005, Lior Pachter, Bernd Sturmfels, Algebraic Statistics for Computational Biology, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 74:

(graph theory) A subtree consisting of a node with exactly two leaves.

kahdesta lehtisolmusta koostuva alipuu

graph theory: subtree consisting of two nodes

The Indians have to get early wickets on the morrow and they will have the option of taking the new cherry.

2000, Woorkheri Raman, “Indians adopt safety first tactics”, in ESPNcricinfo, archived from the original on 2022-07-07, retrieved 2024-11-25:

Players are back out and it's Harmison to have first go with the cherry.

2007, Ben Dirs, “England v West Indies 1st Test”, in BBC Sport, archived from the original on 2016-04-09, retrieved 2024-11-25:

(cricket, slang) A reddish mark left on the bat by the impact of the ball.


cherry

en-adj

cherry (comparative cherrier or more cherry, superlative cherriest or most cherry)

cherrier (comparative)
more cherry (comparative)
cherriest (superlative)
most cherry (superlative)

cornelian cherry

Cornus subg. Arctocrania, C. subg. Cornus, C. mas

A few years earlier, I’d restored my ’65 Mustang convertible to cherry condition—fire engine red, with matching tuck-and-roll—and I wasn’t surprised that it drew attention.

2003, John Morgan Wilson, Blind Eye, New York, N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press, →ISBN, page 108:

All of my action figures are cherry

2006, “White & Nerdy”, in "Weird Al" Yankovic (lyrics), Straight Outta Lynwood, performed by "Weird Al" Yankovic:

(informal, often of cars) In excellent condition; mint condition.


orange

en-noun

orange (countable and uncountable, plural oranges)

→ Esperanto: oranĝo

→ Japanese: オレンジ (orenji)

desc

→ Kashubian: orendż (Canada, United States)

→ Korean: 오렌지 (orenji)

→ Makah: ʔo·linčas

→ Malay: oren

→ Marshallese: oran

Etymology tree
Doric Greek μῆλον (mêlon)bor.?
Latin mālum
Italian mela
Proto-Mon-Khmer *lŋaamder.?
Sanskrit नारङ्ग (nāraṅga)bor.
Persian نارنگbor.
Italian arancio
Italian arancia
Old Italian melaranciacalq.
Old French Orengeinflu.
Classical Persian نَارَنْگ (nārang)bor.
Arabic نَارَنْج (nāranj)bor.
Old Occitan auranjainflu.
Old French pomme d'orenge
Old French orenge
Middle French orangebor.
Middle English orenge
English orange
Inherited from Middle English orenge, orange, from Old French pome orenge (“fruit orange”), influenced by the place name Orange (which is from Gaulish and unrelated to the word for the fruit and color) and by Old Occitan auranja and calqued from Old Italian melarancio, melarancia, compound of mela (“apple”) and un'arancia (“an orange”), from Arabic نَارَنْج (nāranj), from Early Classical Persian نَارَنْگْ (nārang), from Sanskrit नारङ्ग (nāraṅga, “orange tree”), ultimately from Dravidian. Compare Tamil நாரங்காய் (nāraṅkāy), compound of நாரம் (nāram, “water”) and காய் (kāy, “fruit”); also Telugu నారంగము, నారింజ (nāraṅgamu, nāriñja), Malayalam നാരങ്ങ (nāraṅṅa), Kannada ನಾರಂಗಿ (nāraṅgi)).
Originally borrowed as the surname (derived from the place name) in the 13th century, before the sense of the fruit was imported in the late 14th century and the color in 1510. In the color sense, largely displaced ġeolurēad, whence yellow-red.

cog

Tamil நாரங்காய் (nāraṅkāy)

నారంగము, నారింజ

橘子

technically "tangerine", but often used as "orange"

there's more than one way to peel an orange

Citrus sinensis
Citrus sinensis#Translingual

(countable) An evergreen tree of the genus Citrus such as Citrus sinensis which yields oranges (the fruit).

(countable) Any round citrus fruit with a yellow-red colour when ripe and a sour-sweet taste; the fruit of the orange tree.

(countable) Specifically, a sweet orange or Citrus sinensis.


jack

→ Brazilian Portuguese: jegue

→ European Portuguese: jaque

Transferative use of the personal name Jack.
(cricket: eleventh batsman): An allusion to the jack in playing cards, which follows the 10.

náłbiil bijaadbee dahnádidlohí

device for raising and supporting a heavy object

jekker

military: coarse medieval coat of defense

(obsolete) A machine for twisting the sliver as it leaves a carding machine, in the preparation of yarn.

(apparently does not occur standalone for the genus per se) Plant of the genus Emex, also considered synonymous to Rumex, if not then containing two species lesser jack and little jack for Emex spinosa syn. Rumex spinosus, Australian English three-corner jack and prickly jack for Emex australis syn. Rumex hypogaeus.


apple

Book of Genesis
Frans Floris
Malmö Art Museum
The Fall of Man

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl
Proto-Germanic *aplaz
Proto-West Germanic *applu
Old English æppel
Middle English appel
English apple
The noun is derived from Middle English appel (“Malus domestica fruit or tree, apple; any type of fruit, nut, or tuber; tree bearing fruit; (figurative) ball, sphere; (Christianity) forbidden fruit in Eden”), from Old English æppel (“apple; any type of fruit; (figurative) ball, sphere; eyeball”), from Proto-West Germanic *applu (“apple; any type of fruit”), from Proto-Germanic *aplaz (“apple; any type of fruit”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl, *h₂ébl̥ (“apple”).
As regards sense 1.4 (“forbidden fruit”), the type of fruit eaten by Adam and Eve is not identified in the Book of Genesis in the Bible. It may have come to be identified with the apple because of the similarity between Latin mālum (“apple”) and malum (“evil; misery, torment; wrongdoing”).
The verb is derived from the noun.
Cognates
Cognate with Danish æble, Dutch appel, German Apfel, Irish úll, Lithuanian óbuolỹs, Russian я́блоко (jábloko), Scots aipple, Swedish äpple, Welsh afal, West Frisian apel, possibly Ancient Greek ἄμπελος (ámpelos, “vine”).

ref

From the collection of the Malmö Art Museum in Malmö, Scania, Sweden.

чӏва

common, firm, round fruit produced by a tree of the genus Malus; fruit of the tree Malus domestica

omena

something which resembles the fruit of Malus domestica in shape or colour

the apple doesn't fall far from the tree

the apples on the other side of the wall are the sweetest

Him [man] by fraud I [Satan] have ſeduc'd / From his Creator, and the more to increaſe / Your vvonder, vvith an Apple; […]

1667, John Milton, “Book IX”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC, signature [Ll4], recto, lines 485–487:

I read and re-read her letter, and some softened feelings stole into my heart, and dared to whisper paradisiacal dreams of love and joy; but the apple was already eaten, and the angel's arm bared to drive me from all hope.

1816 June – 1817 April/May (date written), [Mary Shelley], chapter V, in Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. […], volume III, London: […] [Macdonald and Son] for Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, & Jones, published 1 January 1818, →OCLC, page 102:

Yes, of all human follies, love, / Methinks, hath served me best. / The Apple had done but little for me / If Eve had not done the rest.

1829, Robert Southey, “All for Love, or A Sinner Well Saved. Canto II.”, in All for Love; and The Pilgrim to Compostela, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, page 20:

Yes, fair Eve, just as Adam ate the apple, so beware!

1871, Harriet Beecher Stowe, “Congratulations, etc.”, in My Wife and I: Or, Harry Henderson’s History, New York, N.Y.: J. B. Ford and Company, →OCLC, page 399:

Yes mam. Woman ate the apple, and discovered sex, and lost all shame, and lift^([sic]) up her fig-leaf, and she must suffer the pains of hell. Monthly.

1975 (date written), Barry Reckord, “White Witch”, in For the Reckord: A Collection of Three Plays, London: Oberon Books, published 2010, →ISBN:

Sharon you've got a husband / And a family and a farm / I've got the apple of temptation / And a diamond snake around my arm

1976, Joni Mitchell (lyrics and music), “Song for Sharon”, in Hejira, Los Angeles, Calif.: Asylum Records, →OCLC:

A common, firm, round fruit produced by a tree of the genus Malus.

(Christianity) According to postbiblical Christian tradition, the fruit of the tree of knowledge which was eaten by Adam and Eve despite God commanding them not to do so; the forbidden fruit.

(obsolete, botany) Synonym of pome (“a type of fruit in which the often edible flesh arises from the swollen base of the flower and not from the carpels”)


kiwi

Borrowed from Maori kiwi. The fruit is named after the bird.


kiwi

nl-noun

kiwi m (plural kiwi's, diminutive kiwietje n)

kiwi's (plural)
kiwietje (diminutive neuter)

kiwi plant, Actinidia deliciosa syn. Actinidia chinensis var. hispida


bergamot

en-noun

bergamot (countable and uncountable, plural bergamots)

From French bergamote, from Italian bergamotta, from Ottoman Turkish بك آرمودی (beg armudu, literally “a lord's pear”), denoting a fattish kind of pear. The European word developed the sense of a fruit of a certain citrus cultivar in the late 17th century.

der

/ˈbɜːɡəˌmɒt/

A tree of the orange family (Citrus × limon, syn. Citrus bergamia), having a roundish or pear-shaped fruit, from the rind of which an essential oil of delicious odor is extracted, much prized as a perfume.

Either of two plants of the mint family noted for their bergamot-like scent:

Mentha × piperita, nothosubspecies citrata, more commonly known as bergamot mint

Monarda didyma, also known as American bergamot or bee balm.

Monarda didyma
Monarda didyma#Translingual


en

numeral and article when used before g in close syntactic connection

From Old Swedish ēn, æn, from Old Norse einn, from Proto-Germanic *ainaz (“one, some”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos (“one”).


sombrero

desc

→ Arabic: صُمبرَيرَة

→ Arabic: صُمبرَيرَة

→ Chamicuro: sompelelo

→ Dutch: sombrero

→ English: sombrero

→ Finnish: sombrero

→ French: sombréro, sombrero

→ Georgian: სომბრერო (sombrero)

→ Hungarian: szombréró

→ Isthmus Zapotec: sombreru

→ Italian: sombrero

→ Japanese: ソンブレロ

→ Morelos Nahuatl: xomplelo

→ Northern Puebla Nahuatl: xompilelo

→ Russian: сомбреро (sombrero)

→ Swahili: shumburere, shumbulele

→ Tagalog: sambalilo

→ Tagalog: sumbrero

→ Tataltepec Chatino: smalyu

→ Tezoatlán Mixtec: mvélo̱

→ Ye'kwana: samjededu

→ Yosondúa Mixtec: lelu


pi

Inherited from Old Catalan pin, from Latin pīnus, ultimately from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *poi- (“sap, juice”).


fuchsia

From New Latin, after the genus Fuchsia, itself named after German botanist Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566).

named-after

Drenched were the cold fuchsias, round pearls of dew lay on the flat nasturtium leaves

1922, Katherine Mansfield, At The Bay (Selected Stories, Oxford World's Classics paperback 2002, 281)

A popular garden plant, of the genus Fuchsia, of the Onagraceae family, shrubs with red, pink or purple flowers.


queen

Tok Pisin: kwin

desc

⇒ American Sign Language: G@Shoulder-PalmDown G@Abdomen-PalmDown

→ Burmese: ကွင်း (kwang:)

→ German: Queen

→ Japanese: クイーン (kuīn), クィーン (kwīn)

→ Korean: 퀸 (kwin)

→ Marshallese: kwiin

→ Sikaiana: kuini

→ Spanish: cuina

→ Thai: ควีน (kwiin)

From Middle English quene, queen, cwen, from Old English cwēn (“queen”), from Proto-West Germanic *kwāni, from Proto-Germanic *kwēniz (“woman”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷénh₂s (“woman”).
Cognate with Scots queen, wheen (“queen”), Old Saxon quān ("wife"; > Middle Low German quene (“elderly woman”)), Dutch kween (“woman past child-bearing age”), Swedish kvinna (“woman”), Norwegian kvinne (“woman”), Danish kvinde (“woman”), Icelandic kvon (“wife”), Gothic 𐌵𐌴𐌽𐍃 (qēns, “wife”), Norwegian dialectal kvån (“wife”). Related to and possibly merged with and/or absorbed some senses of English quean, from Middle English quene, from Old English cwene (“woman; female serf, quean”), see quean. Generally eclipsed non-native Middle English regina (“queen”), borrowed from Latin rēgīna (“queen”) (see Modern English regina). Doublet of quean and gyne.

gloss

"wife"; > Middle Low German <i class="Latn mention" lang="gml">quene</i> (“elderly woman”)

cog

[…] and yet I will not ſay but amongſt duſt there is Pearle found, and in hard rockes Dyamonds of great value, and ſo amongſt many women there are ſome good, as that gracious and glorious Queene of all woman kinde the Virgin Mary the mother of al bliſſe, what wun her honour, but an humble minde and her paines and loue vnto our Sauiour Chriſt.

1620, Thomas Tell-Troth [pseudonym of Joseph Swetnam], The Araignment of Lewd, Idle, Froward, and Unconstant Women: Or the Vanitie of Them, Choose You Whether, London, published 1807, retrieved 2022-01-14:

A woman whose pre-eminence, power, or forcefulness is comparable to that of a queen.

(Christianity) The Virgin Mary (especially in formulations such as Queen of Heaven, Queen of Glory).


rue

From Middle English rewe, reowe, from Old English hrēow (“sorrow, regret, penitence, repentance, penance”), from Proto-West Germanic *hreuwu (“pain, sadness, regret, repentance”). Compare German reuen (“to regret, to repent”) and Dutch berouwen (“to regret, to repent”). Also compare with related Russian сокруша́ться (sokrušátʹsja, “to be distressed, to grieve (for, over)”), Russian круши́ть (krušítʹ, “to destroy, to shatter”).

cog

сокруша́ться

When I was one-and-twenty I heard him say again,
 "The heart out of the bosom was never given in vain;
 'Tis paid with sighs aplenty and sold for endless rue."
 And I am two-and-twenty, and oh, 'tis true, 'tis true.

1896, A[lfred] E[dward] Housman, “[Poem] XIII”, in A Shropshire Lad, New York, N.Y.: John Lane Company, The Bodley Head, published 1906, →OCLC, stanza 2, page 21:

(archaic or dialectal) Sorrow; repentance; regret.


rue

en-verb

rue (third-person singular simple present rues, present participle ruing or rueing, simple past and past participle rued)

rues (present singular third-person)
ruing (participle present)
rueing (participle present)
rued (participle past)
rued (past)

From Middle English rewen, ruwen, ruen, reowen, from Old English hrēowan (“to rue; make sorry; grieve”), perhaps influenced by Old Norse hryggja (“to distress, grieve”), from Proto-Germanic *hrewwaną (“to sadden; repent”).

inh

(obsolete, transitive) To cause to repent of sin or regret some past action.

I rued the day I crossed paths with her.

I wept to see, and rued it from my heart.

1614–1615, Homer, “(please specify the book number)”, in Geo[rge] Chapman, transl., Homer’s Odysses. […], London: […] Rich[ard] Field [and William Jaggard], for Nathaniell Butter, published 1615, →OCLC; republished in The Odysseys of Homer, […], volume (please specify the book number), London: John Russell Smith, […], 1857, →OCLC:

Thy will chose freely what it now so justly rues.

1667, John Milton, Paradise Lost, Book 4:

And feminization of the homeland is something to be rued, while the feminized humiliation of the enemy for the sake of the fatherland is cause for commendation and celebration.

2009, David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race:

As far as they were concerned, he must be ruing the day he ever met Sally.

2009, Erica James, It's The Little Things:

And was the fact she was no longer losing large chunks of time something to be celebrated or something to be rued?

“If we get in a fight, you'll be ruing your lack of training.”

Bet you rue the day you kissed a writer in the dark

2017, Lorde (lyrics and music), “Writer in the Dark”:

(transitive) To repent of or regret (some past action or event); to wish that a past action or event had not taken place.

разкайвам се

to repent or regret a past action or event

1842, Nicholas Ridley, The Life of Nicholas Ridley
which stirred men's hearts to rue upon them

(archaic, intransitive) To feel compassion or pity.


rue

From Middle English rue, from Anglo-Norman ruwe, Old French rue, from Latin rūta, from Ancient Greek ῥυτή (rhutḗ).

But th'aged Nourse, her calling to her bowre, / Had gathered Rew, and Savine, and the flowre / Of Camphora, and Calamint, and Dill [...].

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto II”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

Ophelia:
There’s fennel for you, and columbines: there’s rue for you; and here’s some for me: we may call it herb-grace o' Sundays: O you must wear your rue with a difference.

c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene v]:

The life of one plant would be affected by another. Rue was definitely hostile to basil, rosemary to hyssop, but coriander, dill and chervil lived on the friendliest of terms[.]

1940, Rosetta E. Clarkson, Green Enchantments: The Magic Spell of Gardens, The Macmillan Company, page 253:

Ruta graveolens
Ruta graveolens#Translingual

Any of various perennial shrubs of the genus Ruta, especially the herb Ruta graveolens (common rue), formerly used in medicines.

سُذَاب

any of various perennial shrubs of the genus Ruta


rue

English: rue

Scots: rew

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman rue, from Latin rūta, from Ancient Greek ῥυτή (rhutḗ).

(rare) meadow-rue (plants in the genus Thalictrum)


russet

en-verb

russet (third-person singular simple present russets, present participle russeting or russetting, simple past and past participle russeted or russetted)

russets (present singular third-person)
russeting (participle present)
russetting (participle present)
russeted (participle past)
russeted (past)
russetted (participle past)
russetted (past)

From Middle English russet, from Anglo-Norman russet, rossat, roset, and Middle French rosset, rousset (“reddish, reddish-brown; a rough wool cloth”), from Middle French rous, rus (“to rouse”) + -et (diminutive suffix); compare Late Latin rossetum, russetum, russeta (“rough wool cloth”), Latin russus (“red”) (from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”)), Occitan rosseta (“rough wool cloth”).

Pear psylla causes damage when nymphs, feeding at high densities on leaves, produce enough honeydew to drip onto the fruit. A black, sooty mold fungus then grows into the honeydew, distorting and russeting the fruit surface, which substantially lowers its commercial value, […]

1995, T. R. Unruh, P. H. Westigard, K. S. Hagen, “Pear Psylla”, in J. R. Nechols et al., editors, Biological Control in the Western United States: Accomplishments and Benefits of Regional Research Project W-84, 1964–1989 (University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication; 3361), Oakland, Calif.: Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, →ISBN, page 95:

Cultivars differ greatly in their propensity to russet: the characteristic is heritable but more than one factor seems to be involved[…].

2003, John E. Jackson, “Flowers and Fruits”, in The Biology of Apples and Pears (Biology of Horticultural Crops), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 323:

I surprised my own amazement in the looking glass / where the resinous radiance of a chandelier / russeted the chaise longue and the chiffonier. / Autumn lay over everything I loved.

2007, Eric [Linn] Ormsby, “Time’s Covenant”, in Time’s Covenant: Selected Poems, Emeryville, Ont.: Biblioasis, →ISBN, prologue, stanza 3, page 256:

(transitive, intransitive, of apples, pears, etc.) To develop reddish-brown spots; to cause russeting.


ebony

en-noun

ebony (usually uncountable, plural ebonies)

From earlier heben, hebeny, from Middle English ebenif, hebenyf (influenced by Late Latin hebeninus), from Ecclesiastical Latin ebenius (“of ebony”), from Latin hebenus (“ebon tree”), from Ancient Greek ἔβενος (ébenos), from Egyptian hbnj, U13:n-Z4:M3

(uncountable) A hard, dense, deep black wood from various subtropical and tropical trees, especially of the genus Diospyros.

“You live up the road past the ebony tree, right?” he asked, looking past me.

2018, Nnedi Okorafor, Who Fears Death, HarperVoyager, page 51:

(countable) A tree that yields such wood.


ebony

en-adj

ebony (comparative more ebony, superlative most ebony)

more ebony (comparative)
most ebony (superlative)

He called the ebony mistress of the establishment to him, and speaking to her kindly and winningly, as any dutiful husband should, told her to make the change, which she did.

1864, George Adams Fisher, The Yankee conscript: or, Eighteen months in Dixie:

No attempt was made in her new home to discontinue or even to conceal the presence of an ebony mistress and a thriving family of little mulattoes...

1931, Catherine MacFarlane Carswell, The life of Robert Burns:

Want to watch my gorgeous ebony friend, Almond Joy, naked and online 24/7? She recently ended a long-term relationship and is now fully enjoying being a 25 year-old single gal in Beverly Hills.

2004, Alyssa, “Ebony Girls Need Attention”, in alt.sex.escorts (Usenet):

Dark-skinned; black; especially in reference to African-Americans.


lilac

From obsolete French lilac (now lilas), from Arabic لِيلَك (līlak).

Breezes blowing from beds of iris quickened her breath with their perfume; she saw the tufted lilacs sway in the wind, and the streamers of mauve-tinted wistaria swinging, all a-glisten with golden bees; she saw a crimson cardinal winging through the foliage, and amorous tanagers flashing like scarlet flames athwart the pines.

1907 August, Robert W[illiam] Chambers, “Afterglow”, in The Younger Set, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC, page 168:

Syringa vulgaris
Syringa vulgaris#Translingual

A large shrub of the genus Syringa, especially Syringa vulgaris, bearing white, pale-pink, or purple flowers.


sequoia

Sequoiadendron giganteum
Sequoiadendron giganteum#Translingual

Sequoiadendron giganteum, a coniferous evergreen tree formerly in the genus Sequoia, now placed in Sequoiadendron.


sequoia

Borrowed from English sequoia, named after Cherokee polymath Sequoyah.

giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum)


lavender

en-noun

lavender (countable and uncountable, plural lavenders)

From Middle English lavendre, from Anglo-Norman lavendre (French lavande), from Medieval Latin lavendula, possibly from Latin lividus (“bluish”), but influenced by lavō (“wash”) due to use of lavender in washing clothes.

Any of a group of European plants, genus, Lavandula, of the mint family.


babul

Borrowed both from French baboul and from Hindi बबूल (babūl, “babul tree”), probably ultimately from Sanskrit वव्वोल (vavvola, “acacia”).

In place of Putney's golden gorse / The sickly babul blooms.

1884, Rudyard Kipling, The Moon of Other Days:

A tree native to South Asia, Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica, formerly Acacia nilotica subsp. indica.


indigo

indigo (countable and uncountable, plural indigos or indigoes)

/ˈɪn.dɪˌɡəʊ/

16th century (as indico, modern spelling from the 17th century), Spanish índigo, Portuguese endego (modern índigo), or Dutch (via Portuguese) indigo, all from Latin indicum (“indigo”), from Ancient Greek ἰνδικόν (indikón, “Indian dye”), from Ἰνδία (Indía). Doublet of Indic.

der

An indigo plant, such as from species in genera Indigofera, Amorpha (false indigo), Baptisia (wild indigo), and Psorothamnus and Dalea (indigo bush).


primrose

/ˈpɹɪm.ɹəʊz/

From Middle English primerose, from Old French primerose, from Medieval Latin prima (“first”) + rosa (“rose”). The reason it was called this might be that some primroses are among the first flowers to bloom in the spring.

A mile or so further on is the intermediate station of Ryhall, smothered with primroses in the season, and at all times a veritable flower garden.

1946 September and October, D. J. Rowett, “Stamford L.N.E.R.”, in Railway Magazine, page 283:

Here is spring were celandine, marsh marigold, wind-flower, primrose, cowslip and dog's violet.

1977, K.M. Elizabeth Murray, Caught in the Web of Words, Oxford: Oxford University Press, page 13:

Specifically, the species Primula acaulis (syn. Primula vulgaris), also called common primrose.

A plant of the genus Oenothera, better known as an evening primrose.


tangerine

/ˈtæn.d͡ʒəˌɹiːn/

From French Tanger + -ine, after Tangier, Morocco.


benzoin

en-noun

benzoin (countable and uncountable, plural benzoins)

From Middle French benjoin, from Catalan benjuí, from Arabic لُبَان جَاوِيّ (lubān jāwiyy, “Javanese frankincense”). The first word is from Proto-West Semitic *laban- (“white”), the second from جاوة (jāwa, “Java”) (from Javanese ꦗꦮ (jawa)).
The initial lu was probably lost because it was taken as the definite article in Romance. Compare oliban.

der

لُبَان جَاوِيّ

These following bodies do not draw: smaragd, achates, corneolus, pearl, jaspis, chalcedonius, alabaster, porphyry, coral, marble, touchstone, haematites, or bloodstone; smyris, ivory, bones, ebontree, cedar, cypress, pitch, softer rosin, camphire, galbanum, ammoniac, storax, benzoin, loadstone, asphaltum.

1627 (indicated as 1626), Francis [Bacon], “(please specify the page, or |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], London: […] William Rawley […]; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

Aromatics were used, too, especially in necromancy, and an old recipe of that sort comprises Musk, Myrrh, Frankincense, Red Storax, Mastick, Olibanum, Saffron, Benzoin and Labdanum.

1936, Rollo Ahmed, The Black Art, London: Long, page 112:

A resinous substance, dry and brittle, obtained from Styrax benzoin, a tree of Sumatra, Java, etc., having a fragrant odor, and slightly aromatic taste. It is used in the preparation of benzoic acid, in medicine, and as a perfume.

(organic chemistry) An aromatic hydroxy ketone, 2-hydroxy-1,2-di(phenyl)ethanone, synthesized from benzaldehyde; any derivative of this compound.

Lindera benzoin
Lindera benzoin#Translingual


guava

en-noun

guava (countable and uncountable, plural guavas)

Etymology tree
Taíno *wayababor.
Spanish guayababor.
English guava
Recorded since 1555, from Spanish guayaba, from Taíno *wayaba. Doublet of guayaba, which is now rare or obsolete.

etymon

Psidium guajava
Psidium guajava#Translingual

A tropical tree or shrub of the myrtle family, Psidium guajava.


finger

Sranan Tongo: finga

PIE word
 *pénkʷe
From Middle English fynger, finger, from Old English finger (“finger”), from Proto-West Germanic *fingr, from Proto-Germanic *fingraz (“finger”), from Proto-Indo-European *penkʷrós, from *pénkʷe (“five”). Compare West Frisian finger, Low German/German Finger, Dutch vinger, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish finger; also Old Armenian հինգեր-որդ (hinger-ord, “fifth”). More at five.

sormi

something similar in function to a finger

a piece of steel three fingers thick

1648, John Wilkins, Mathematical Magick:

(units of measure) Various units of measure based or notionally based on the adult human finger, particularly

(historical) Synonym of digit: former units of measure notionally based on its width but variously standardized, (especially) the English digit of ¹⁄₁₆ foot (about 1.9 cm).

digit

(historical) A unit of length notionally based on the length of an adult human's middle finger, standardized as 4½ inches (11.43 cm).

(historical) Synonym of digit: ¹⁄₁₂ the observed diameter of the sun or moon, (especially) with regard to eclipses.

digit

Gimme three fingers of bourbon.

(originally US) An informal measure of alcohol based on its height in a given glass compared to the width of the pourer's fingers while holding it.


hazel

en-noun

hazel (usually uncountable, plural hazels)

From Middle English hasel, from Old English hæsl (“hazel, shrub”), from Proto-West Germanic *hasl, from Proto-Germanic *haslaz (“hazel”), from Proto-Indo-European *kóslos (“hazel”). Cognate with Dutch hazelaar (“hazel”), German Hasel (“hazel”), Swedish hassel (“hazel”), Latin corulus, corylus (“hazel-tree, hazelwood”), Irish coll (“hazel”).

The green turf was velvet underfoot. The blackbirds fluted in the hazels there.

1895, S. R. Crockett, A Cry Across the Black Water:

Have a tree or two the witches particularly like, such as the alder, larch, cypress and hemlock; then, to counteract any possible evil effects, there must be a holly, yew, hazel, elder, mountain ash or juniper.

1940, Rosetta E. Clarkson, Green Enchantments: The Magic Spell of Gardens, The Macmillan Company, page 273:

(countable) A tree or shrub of the genus Corylus, bearing edible nuts called hazelnuts or filberts.


plum

→ Cornish: ploum

→ Haida: pláms

→ Manx: plumbis

→ Japanese: プラム (puramu)

→ Scottish Gaelic: plumas

→ Thai: พลัม (plam)

From Middle English plomme, ploume, from Old English plūme, from Proto-West Germanic *plūmā, borrowed from Latin prūnum. Doublet of prune.

Indian plum

esp Flacourtia indica; Osmaronia cerasiformis

An edible, fleshy stone fruit of Prunus domestica (European plum), often of a dark red or purple colour.

Prunus domestica
Prunus domestica#Translingual

The edible, fleshy stone fruit of several species resembling the plum, or the tree from which they grow.

Prunus sect. Prunocerasus North American plums

Prunus angustifolia (Chickasaw plum or sand plum)

Prunus angustifolia
Prunus angustifolia#Translingual

Prunus nigra (Canadian plum or black plum)

Prunus rivularis (creek plum or hog plum)

Prunus subcordata (Klamath plum or Oregon plum)

Prunus subcordata
Prunus subcordata#Translingual


avocado

avocado (countable and uncountable, plural avocados or avocadoes)

→ Icelandic: avókadó

→ Irish: abhacád

→ Venda: ḽiafukhada

→ Welsh: afocado

/ævəˈkɑːdəʊ/

Borrowed from Latin American Spanish avocado, from the earlier aguacate, which comes from Classical Nahuatl āhuacatl (“avocado”). Doublet of abacate. Compare aguacatillo, avocadillo.
The first mention can be found in the 1696 catalogue of Jamaican plants.

Persea americana
Persea americana#Translingual

The avocado tree, Persea americana, of the laurel family.


olive

From Middle English olyve, from Old French olive (“olive, olive tree”), from Latin olīva (“olive”), from Etruscan *𐌄𐌋𐌄𐌉𐌅𐌀 (*eleiva) or Proto-Greek *ἐλαίϝα (*elaíwa), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *loiwom (compare Old Church Slavonic лои (loi, “tallow”), Old Armenian եւղ (ewł, “oil”)). Doublet of oliva. Displaced native Old English eleberġe, literally "oil berry."

Olea europaea
Olea europaea#Translingual

A tree, Olea europaea, cultivated since ancient times in the Mediterranean for its fruit and the oil obtained from it.


olive

olīve (canonical feminine)
ein (indefinite nominative singular)
diu (definite nominative singular)
olīve (nominative noun singular)
die (definite nominative plural)
olīve (nominative noun plural)
einer (genitive indefinite singular)
dër (definite genitive singular)
olīve (genitive noun singular)
dër (definite genitive plural)
olīven (genitive noun plural)
einer (dative indefinite singular)
dër (dative definite singular)
olīve (dative noun singular)
dën (dative definite plural)
olīven (dative noun plural)
eine (accusative indefinite singular)
die (accusative definite singular)
olīve (accusative noun singular)
die (accusative definite plural)
olīve (accusative noun plural)
ein (indefinite nominative singular)
diu (definite nominative singular)
olīve (nominative noun singular)
die (definite nominative plural)
olīven (nominative noun plural)
einer (genitive indefinite singular)
dër (definite genitive singular)
olīven (genitive noun singular)
dër (definite genitive plural)
olīven (genitive noun plural)
einer (dative indefinite singular)
dër (dative definite singular)
olīven (dative noun singular)
dën (dative definite plural)
olīven (dative noun plural)
eine (accusative indefinite singular)
die (accusative definite singular)
olīven (accusative noun singular)
die (accusative definite plural)
olīven (accusative noun plural)

German: Olive
→? Hunsrik: Oliv


chestnut

chestnut (countable and uncountable, plural chestnuts)

→ Gujarati: ચેસ્ટનટ (cesṭanaṭ)

Formerly chesten nut, from Middle English chesten, Middle English chesteyne, chasteine, from Old English ċisten and reinforced by Old French chastaigne, both from Latin castānea, from Ancient Greek καστάνεια (kastáneia). Compare castanet.

pull someone's chestnuts out of the fire


salsa

Petroselinum crispum
Petroselinum crispum#Translingual


cinnamon

cinnamon (countable and uncountable, plural cinnamons)

→ Japanese: シナモン (shinamon)

→ Korean: 시나몬 (sinamon)

→ Maori: hinamona

→ Welsh: synamon

From Middle English synamome, from Old French cinnamone, from Latin cinnamon, cinnamomum, from Ancient Greek κιννάμωμον (kinnámōmon), later κίνναμον (kínnamon), according to Herodotus from Phoenician [Term?], cognate with Hebrew קִנָּמוֹן (qinnāmōn).

tó wónaanídę́ę́ʼ tsin bikáshtʼóózh bitáʼahí bił éʼélʼíní

Cinnamomum verum
Cinnamomum verum#Translingual

Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Cinnamomum zeylanicum

(countable) A small evergreen tree native to Sri Lanka and southern India, Cinnamomum verum or Cinnamomum zeylanicum, belonging to the family Lauraceae.

Cinnamomum cassia
Cinnamomum cassia#Translingual

Several related trees, notably the Indonesian cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanni) and Chinese cinnamon or cassia (Cinnamomum aromaticum or Cinnamomum cassia).

canyeller

any of related trees in the genus Cinnamomum

(chiefly uncountable) A spice from the dried aromatic bark of the cinnamon tree, either rolled into strips or ground into a powder. The word is commonly used as trade name for spices made of any of the species above.

true cinnamon, the product made of Cinnamomum verum


herbata

pl-noun

herbata f (diminutive herbatka, augmentative herbacina, related adjective herbaciany or herbatni or herbatowy)

herbatka (diminutive)
herbacina (augmentative)
herbaciany (adjective)
herbatni (adjective)
herbatowy (adjective)
herbata (nominative singular)
herbaty (nominative plural)
herbaty (genitive singular)
herbat (genitive plural)
herbacie (dative singular)
herbatom (dative plural)
herbatę (accusative singular)
herbaty (accusative plural)
herbatą (instrumental singular)
herbatami (instrumental plural)
herbacie (locative singular)
herbatach (locative plural)
herbato (singular vocative)
herbaty (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: гарба́та (harbáta)

desc

→ Kashubian: arbata, rabata, erbata, rebata

→ Lithuanian: arbata

→ Samogitian: erbeta

→ Ukrainian: герба́та (herbáta)

Learned borrowing from New Latin herba thea, the second element from Dutch thee, from Malay teh, from Hokkien 茶 (tê).

lbor

Tradycyjna herbata to napar przygotowywany z liści lub pąków krzewu herbacianego (Camellia sinensis). Gatunek wywodzący się z Chin jest obecnie uprawiany w dziesiątkach krajów, stając się jedną z najważniejszych i najbardziej rozpowszechnionych roślin uprawnych na Ziemi.

2023 September 13, “RODZAJE HERBAT: Od liścia do filiżanki”, in demmers.pl, archived from the original on 2024-01-25:

Traditional tea is an infusion prepared from the leaves or buds of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). The species, which originated in China, is now cultivated in dozens of countries, becoming one of the most important and widespread crops on Earth.

Camellia sinensis
Camellia sinensis#Translingual

(uncountable) tea, tea plant (Camellia sinensis)


mariposa

⇒ English: mariposa lily

→ Portuguese: mariposa

From the phrase María pósate (“Mary, alight!”). Displaced Latin pāpiliō, which would have yielded *papilión or *papillón.

Hedychium coronarium
Hedychium coronarium#Translingual


chocolate

en-noun

chocolate (countable and uncountable, plural chocolates)

→ Assamese: চক্লেট (soklet)

→ Bengali: চকলেট (cokoleṭ)

→ Burmese: ချောကလက် (hkyau:ka.lak)

→ Cantonese: 朱古力 (zyu¹ gu²⁻¹ lik⁶⁻¹)

→ Hakka: 朱古力

→ Teochew: 朱古力

→ Cebuano: tsokoleyt

→ Chickasaw: chaklit

→ Gujarati: ચોકલેટ (cokleṭ)

→ Hawaiian: kokoleka

→ Hindustani:

desc

→ Hindi: चॉकलेट (cŏkleṭ, cŏkaleṭ), चाकलेट (cākleṭ)

→ Urdu: چاکلیٹ (cāklēṭ)

→ Urdu: چاکلیٹ (cāklēṭ)

→ Irish: seacláid

→ Japanese: チョコレート (chokorēto), チョコ (choko)

→ Taiwanese Hokkien: chio͘-kó͘-lè-tò͘

→ Kannada: ಚಾಕೋಲೆಟ್ (cākōleṭ)

→ Korean: 초콜릿 (chokollit)

→ Malay: coklat

→? Hokkien: 芝居力

→ Malayalam: ചോക്കലേറ്റ് (cōkkalēṟṟŭ)

→ Malayalam: ചോക്കലേറ്റ് (cōkkalēṟṟŭ)

→ Manx: shocklaid

→ Marathi: चॉकलेट (cŏkleṭ)

→ Nepali: चकलेट (cakleṭ)

→ Pashto: چاکلېټ (čākléṭ)

→ Pashto: چاکلېټ (čākléṭ)

→ Persian: چاکلیت (čâklêt) (Dari)

→ Punjabi:

→ Gurmukhi script: ਚੌਕਲੇਟ (caukleṭ)

→ Shahmukhi script: چاکلیٹ (caukleṭ)

→ Scottish Gaelic: teòclaid

→ Shanghainese: 巧克力 (⁵chiau-kheq-liq; ¹chiau-kheq-liq)

→ Mandarin: 巧克力 (qiǎokèlì)

→ Hakka: 巧克力

→ Sindhi: چاڪليٽ

→ Sindhi: چاڪليٽ

→ Sinhalese: චොකලට් (cokalaṭ)

→ Swahili: chokoleti

→ Tamil: சாக்கலேட் (cākkalēṭ)

→ Tamil: சாக்கலேட் (cākkalēṭ)

→ Telugu: చాకొలెట్ (cākoleṭ)

→ Thai: ช็อกโกแลต (chɔ́k-goo-lɛ́t), ช็อกโกเลต (chɔ́k-goo-lét)

→ Welsh: siocled

Etymology tree
Classical Nahuatl chocolatlbor.
Spanish chocolatebor.
English chocolate
Via Spanish chocolate from a Nahuatl word, widely given as chocolātl (with the second element being a reflex of Classical Nahuatl ātl (“water”)), although such a word does not appear in Nahuatl until the mid-18th century according to Karttunen. Dakin and Wichmann propose chicolātl as the original form (saying it survives in several modern Nahuatl dialects) and say the chicol- element refers to a special wooden stick used to prepare chocolate. Another theory is that the prefix came from Yucatec Maya chocol (“hot”).

etymon

Chocolate is a very popular treat.

(chiefly uncountable) A food made from ground roasted cocoa beans.

巧克力

chhiàu-kher-lí / chhiàu-khér-lí / chhiàu-kho-lí


chocolate

en-adj

chocolate (comparative more chocolate, superlative most chocolate)

more chocolate (comparative)
most chocolate (superlative)

She was a chocolate honey with all the assets necessary to never have to work hard to pay her bills.

2005, Patrick Goines, Unfinished Business, page 29:

Therefore, African Americans complexion range from fair to mahogony. When a baby is born, it's always a mystery of the hue of the child. Sometimes the child will be as white as the slave owner or as chocolate as a great great grandparent.

2010, Delores J. Dillard, Papua, New Guinea, 1983, page 27:

If you are as chocolate as an African queen, do you really think you'll look better as a bottle blonde?

2011, Stephanie Stokes Oliver, Daily Cornbread, page 200:

(slang) Black (relating to any of various ethnic groups having dark pigmentation of the skin).


chocolate

en-verb

chocolate (third-person singular simple present chocolates, present participle chocolating, simple past and past participle chocolated)

chocolates (present singular third-person)
chocolating (participle present)
chocolated (participle past)
chocolated (past)

Other formulations have been adopted to supply these growth factors; these include heating or "chocolating" the blood agar to release NAD directly from the erythrocytes in the agar medium.

1992 August 20, R. Rennie, “Laboratory and Clinical Evaluations of Media for the Primary Isolation of Haemophilus Species”, in Journal of Clinical Microbiology, volume 30, number 8, page 1917:

It is a chocolated blood agar but here whole horse blood is used.

2000, Ochei Et Al, Medical Laboratory Science : Theory And Practice, page 843:

The mixture is incubated at 75°C until chocolating has taken place.

2003, Mark A. Herbert, Haemophilus influenzae Protocols, page 73:

(rare, biology) To treat blood agar by heating in order to lyse the red blood cells in the medium.


dub

dubový (adjective)
dub (nominative singular)
duby (nominative plural)
dubu (genitive singular)
dubů (genitive plural)
dubu (dative singular)
dubům (dative plural)
dub (accusative singular)
duby (accusative plural)
dube (singular vocative)
duby (plural vocative)
dubě (locative singular)
dubu (locative singular)
dubech (locative plural)
dubem (instrumental singular)
duby (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Old Czech dub, from Proto-Slavic *dǫbъ (“oak tree, oak”).


dub

dub (nominative singular)
duba (dual nominative)
duby (nominative plural)
duba (genitive singular)
dubowu (dual genitive)
dubow (genitive plural)
duboju (dative singular)
duboma (dative dual)
dubam (dative plural)
dub (accusative singular)
duba (accusative dual)
duby (accusative plural)
dubom (instrumental singular)
duboma (dual instrumental)
dubami (instrumental plural)
dubje (locative singular)
duboma (dual locative)
dubach (locative plural)


dub

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *dǫbъ, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰanw-.

c. 1840, Dragutin Rakovac (translating Samuel Tomášik), Hej, Slaveni

The rock cracks, the oak breaks, let the earth quake!

Stijena puca, dub se lama, zemlja nek’ se trese!


dub

sk-noun

dub m inan (genitive singular duba, nominative plural duby, genitive plural dubov, declension pattern of dub)

duba (genitive singular)
duby (nominative plural)
dubov (genitive plural)
dub (declension-pattern-of)
nominative
dub (singular)
duby (plural)
genitive
duba (singular)
dubov (plural)
dative
dubu (singular)
dubom (plural)
accusative
locative
dube (singular)
duboch (plural)
instrumental
dubom (singular)
dubmi (plural)


granada

From Spanish granada, from Latin (mālum) granātum (literally “apple with many seeds”).

der

Punica granatum
Punica granatum#Translingual


granada

[ɡɾɐˈn̪aː.d̪ɐ]

Borrowed from Spanish granada (“grenade”), feminine of granado, from Latin (mālum) granātum (literally “apple with many seeds”). Doublet of granate.


kawa

pl-noun

kawa f (diminutive kawka or kawcia or kawunia or kawusia, related adjective kawowy)

kawka (diminutive)
kawcia (diminutive)
kawunia (diminutive)
kawusia (diminutive)
kawowy (adjective)
kawa (nominative singular)
kawy (nominative plural)
kawy (genitive singular)
kaw (genitive plural)
kawie (dative singular)
kawom (dative plural)
kawę (accusative singular)
kawy (accusative plural)
kawą (instrumental singular)
kawami (instrumental plural)
kawie (locative singular)
kawach (locative plural)
kawo (singular vocative)
kawy (plural vocative)

→ Yiddish: קאַווע (kave)

Internationalism; compare Hungarian kávé, Serbo-Croatian kava, Turkish kahve, ultimately from Ottoman Turkish قهوه (kahve). Doublet of café.

(uncountable) coffee (beverage made by infusing the beans of the coffee plant in hot water)

(countable) coffee (serving of this beverage)

(countable) coffee (act of drinking this beverage)

(countable) coffee (any plant of the genus Coffea)

(countable) coffee-like beverage made from grains, seeds, or roots of various plants


kawa

kawa (nominative singular)
kawy (nominative plural)
kawy (genitive singular)
kaw (genitive plural)
kawie (dative singular)
kawom (dative plural)
kawę (accusative singular)
kawy (accusative plural)
kawą (instrumental singular)
kawami (instrumental plural)
kawie (locative singular)
kawach (locative plural)
kawo (singular vocative)
kawy (plural vocative)

(obsolete or dialectal) jackdaw (any corvid of the genus Coloeus)


bal

bal (nominative singular)
bale (nominative plural)
balu (genitive singular)
balōw (genitive plural)
balowi (dative singular)
balōm (dative plural)
bal (accusative singular)
bale (accusative plural)
balym (instrumental singular)
balami (instrumental plural)
balōma (instrumental plural)
balu (locative singular)
balach (locative plural)
balu (singular vocative)
bale (plural vocative)

hortensia, hydrangea (any of several shrubs, of the genus Hydrangea)


lemon

desc

→ Kashubian: lemòna (Canada, United States)

Cream Lemon
Lemon
Lemon (color)
Lemon (geometry)

Inherited from Middle English lymon, from Old French lymon (“citrus”), from Arabic لَيْمُون (laymūn) or Persian لیمون (limon), from Persian لیمو (limu), from Sanskrit निम्बू (nimbū, “lime”), ultimately from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *limaw or Munda. Likely doublet of lime.
The fandom sense is named after the erotic anime series Cream Lemon.

A semitropical evergreen tree, Citrus limon, that bears such fruits.


boy

(only constructed with otu or tohumu) fenugreek


loco

es-noun

loco m (plural locos, feminine loca, feminine plural locas)

locos (plural)
loca (feminine)
locas (feminine plural)

Uncertain.
Inherited from Old Spanish loco, perhaps from Andalusian Arabic لَوْقَاء (láwqa), from Arabic لَوْقَاء (lawqāʔ), feminine singular form of أَلْوَق (ʔalwaq, “stupid”), by reinterpreting the final Andalusian Arabic -a as the Ibero-Romance -a and back-forming the masculine with -o. Edward Roberts thinks the term is related to Arabic لَاق (lāq, “to soften”), but this verb is of root l-y-q, not l-w-q like أَلْوَق (ʔalwaq). Alternatively, derived from Ancient Greek γλαυκός (glaukós, “clear”). Compare Portuguese louco and Sicilian loccu.

der

a plant in the genus Astragalus or Oxytropis


大豆

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (大豆):
* → Japanese: 大(だい)豆(ず) (daizu)
* → Korean: 대두(大豆) (daedu)

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ toʊ̯⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² tɐu̯²²⁻³⁵/

(regional) broad bean; fava bean (Vicia faba)

Arachis hypogaea
Arachis hypogaea#Translingual

(Northern Guangdong Southern Min) peanut (Arachis hypogaea)


大豆

大豆 (canonical)
daizu (romanization)
daidu (romanization)
だいづ (hiragana historical)

大豆蛋白

大豆蛋白 だいずたんぱく


uba

oa (genitive)
uba (partitive)
uba (nominative singular)
oad (nominative plural)
uba (accusative nominative singular)
oad (accusative nominative plural)
oa (accusative genitive singular)
oad (accusative genitive plural)
oa (genitive singular)
ubade (genitive plural)
uba (partitive singular)
ube (partitive plural)
ubasid (partitive plural)
uppa (illative singular)
oasse (illative singular)
ubadesse (illative plural)
oas (inessive singular)
ubades (inessive plural)
oast (elative singular)
ubadest (elative plural)
oale (allative singular)
ubadele (allative plural)
oal (adessive singular)
ubadel (adessive plural)
oalt (ablative singular)
ubadelt (ablative plural)
oaks (singular translative)
ubadeks (plural translative)
oani (singular terminative)
ubadeni (plural terminative)
oana (essive singular)
ubadena (essive plural)
oata (abessive singular)
ubadeta (abessive plural)
oaga (comitative singular)
ubadega (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *upa, possibly borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (Latvian pupa). Cognate with Livonian pubā.


kami

Inherited from Proto-Austronesian *kami.

we; us (1st person plural exclusive absolutive form)


pen

A pine tree, especially the Hispaniola pine.


rata

en-noun

rata (usually uncountable, plural ratas)

]
From Maori rātā or cognate Tahitian rātā (tree of genus Metrosideros). Compare Tahitian puarātā (Metrosideros collina).

bor

(usually countable) Any of various New Zealand plants of the genus Metrosideros


cork

en-noun

cork (countable and uncountable, plural corks)

From Middle English cork (“oak bark, cork”), from Middle Dutch curc (“cork (material or object)”), either from Spanish corcho (“cork (material or object)”) (also corcha or corche) or from Old Spanish alcorque (“cork sole”). Doublet of cortex.

liège

(botany) tissue that grows from the cork cambium

kurken (adjective, corresponding to attributive use in English)

I confess my confidence was shaken by these actions, though I knew well enough that his leg was no more cork than my own

1908, Edwin George Pinkham, Fate's a fiddler, page 108:

Because cork is porous, it expands and contracts with changes in humidity.

1980, Robert M. Jones, editor, Walls and Ceilings, Time-Life Books, →ISBN, page 48:

(botany, uncountable) The dead protective tissue between the bark and cambium in woody plants, with suberin deposits making it impervious to gasses and water.

The phellem of the cork oak, used for making bottle stoppers, flotation devices, and insulation material.


cork

en-verb

cork (third-person singular simple present corks, present participle corking, simple past and past participle corked)

corks (present singular third-person)
corking (participle present)
corked (participle past)
corked (past)

Kate remembered then, the family fish camp a mile or so up Amartuq Creek, the very creek across the mouth of which Yuri Andreev had tried to cork Joe Anahonak not half an hour before.

1998, Dana Stabenow, Killing Grounds, →ISBN, page 8:

But its soon apparent that there are more boats than fish—at least for the moment. We all drift quietly, keeping an eye out for other boats and other nets. Corking another guy's net is a screaming—bastard offense.

2003, George Lowe, Fisherman: The Strife and Times of Ronald K. Peterson of Ballard, →ISBN:

You're pissed if someone sets too close to you and especially if he sets his net right along yours, "corking" you and intercepting the fish that seem headed to your own net. I was close to this guy's outside net, but definitely not corking him.

2008, Bert Bender, Catching the Ebb: Drift-fishing for a Life in Cook Inlet, →ISBN, page 249:

(fishing) To position one's drift net just outside of another person's net, thereby intercepting and catching all the fish that would have gone into that person's net.


ber

Ziziphus mauritiana
Ziziphus mauritiana#Translingual

A fruit-bearing tree (Ziziphus mauritiana); the jujube.


pin

Inherited from Old French pin, from Latin pīnus, ultimately from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *poi- (“sap, juice”).


pin

pini (plural)
pin (accusative indefinite nominative singular)
pinul (accusative definite nominative singular)
pini (accusative indefinite nominative plural)
pinii (accusative definite nominative plural)
pin (indefinite singular)
pinului (definite singular)
pini (indefinite plural)
pinilor (definite plural)
pinule (singular vocative)
pinilor (plural vocative)

Inherited from Latin pīnus, ultimately from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *poi- (“sap, juice”).


kvär

kvärs (nominative plural)
kvär (nominative singular)
kvärs (nominative plural)
kvära (genitive singular)
kväras (genitive plural)
kväre (dative singular)
kväres (dative plural)
kväri (accusative singular)
kväris (accusative plural)
o kvär! (singular vocative)
o kvärs! (plural vocative)
kväru (predicative singular)
kvärus (plural predicative)

gölogafluk

acorn; classic or original Volapük / Volapük rigik; older term


acorn

From Middle English acorn, an alteration (after corn) of earlier *akern, from Old English æcern (“acorn, oak-mast”), from Proto-West Germanic *akarn, from Proto-Germanic *akraną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂égrō (“berry”). Cognate with Scots aicorn, Saterland Frisian Äkkene, Tocharian B oko (“fruit”), Welsh eirin (“plums”), Breton irin (“plum”), Irish airne (“sloe”), Lithuanian úoga, Russian я́года (jágoda, “berry”), etc. Not related to Old English āc (“oak”) or corn (“corn, seed”).

even a blind pig can find an acorn once in a while

even a blind squirrel finds an acorn every now and then

even a blind squirrel finds an acorn every once in a while


nettle

From Middle English netle, netel, from Old English netle, netele, netel, from Proto-West Germanic *natilā (cognate with Old Saxon netila, Middle Dutch netele (modern Dutch netel), German Nessel, Middle Danish nædlæ (“nettle”)), a diminutive of Proto-Germanic *natǭ (of unknown origin, perhaps from the same source as net).

Any plant whose foliage is covered with stinging, mildly poisonous hairs, causing an instant rash.

Certain non-stinging plants, mostly in the family Lamiaceae, that resemble the species of Urtica:


klin

From Arabic إِكْلِيل الْجَبَل (ʔiklīl al-jabal).

inh

إِكْلِيل الْجَبَل

Salvia rosmarinus
Salvia rosmarinus#Translingual

Rosmarinus officinalis
Rosmarinus officinalis#Translingual

rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus, syn. Rosmarinus officinalis)


bir

ein (indefinite nominative singular)
diu (definite nominative singular)
bir (nominative noun singular)
die (definite nominative plural)
birn (nominative noun plural)
einer (genitive indefinite singular)
dër (definite genitive singular)
birn (genitive noun singular)
dër (definite genitive plural)
birn (genitive noun plural)
einer (dative indefinite singular)
dër (dative definite singular)
birn (dative noun singular)
dën (dative definite plural)
birn (dative noun plural)
eine (accusative indefinite singular)
die (accusative definite singular)
birn (accusative noun singular)
die (accusative definite plural)
birn (accusative noun plural)

Alemannic German: Biire

Bavarian: Birn

desctree

German: Birne
→ Estonian: pirn
→ Kashubian: birna

Hunsrik: Bern

Luxembourgish: Bir

Vilamovian: biyn

Yiddish: באַר (bar)

Inherited from Old High German bira, from Vulgar Latin pira, plural of Latin pirum.


laser

A gum resin obtained from certain umbelliferous plants.


empress

From Middle English emperice, emperesse, from Anglo-Norman and Old French empereriz, from Latin imperatrix, equivalent to emperor + -ess. Doublet of imperatrix. Compare modern French impératrice.


hedgehog

/ˈhɛd͡ʒ.hɒɡ/

/ˈhɛd͡ʒ.hɔɡ/

From Middle English heyghoge; equivalent to hedge + hog. Eclipsed non-native Middle English yrchoun, irchoun (“hedgehog”), from Old French hirchoun, herichon (“hedgehog”); and Middle English il, from Old English īl, iġil (“hedgehog”).

(informal, military, historical) A spigot mortar-type of depth charge weapon from World War II that simultaneously fires a number of explosives into the water to create a pattern of underwater explosions intended to attack submerged submarines.

Certain flowering plants with parts resembling a member of family Erinaceidae

Medicago intertexta, the pods of which are armed with short spines.


tall

From Old Norse þǫll. Cognate with Jamtish toll, Icelandic þöll.

Pinus sylvestris
Pinus sylvestris#Translingual


hazelnut

Equivalent to hazel + nut; from Middle English haselnote, from Old English hæselhnutu (“hazelnut”). Cognate with West Frisian hazzenút (“hazelnut”), Saterland Frisian Hoaselnuute (“hazelnut”), Dutch hazelnoot, German Haselnuss.

cog

Corylus avellana
Corylus avellana#Translingual

The fruit of the hazel, especially Corylus avellana, which is grown commercially.

(Corylus avellana, Corylus tubulosa) tuinavaälanöt

usually the American hazel (Corylus americana or Corylus maxima) which is common in Oregon.

cobnut (usually the common hazel which grows in the UK and Europe; filbert


if

Inherited from Middle French if, from Old French if, from northern Vulgar Latin *ivus (“yew tree”), from either Proto-Celtic *iwos or Proto-Germanic *īhwaz, both ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyHw-. Cognate with Breton ivin, Welsh ywen, Old Irish eó (in Celtic), English yew, Dutch ijf, German Low German Iev, German Eibe (in Germanic), and further with Russian ива (iva) etc.


sal

From Middle English sal, from Latin sal. Doublet of salt.


sal

From Hindi साल (sāl), from Sanskrit शाल (śāla).

As the sals were cut in the lower foothill districts the loggers looked towards the mountains in their search for other hardwood timber.

1989, Thomas Weber, Hugging the trees: the story of the Chipko movement, page 18:

Shorea robusta
Shorea robusta#Translingual

Shorea robusta, a dipterocarpaceous tree.


sal

Coined by Eduard Suess in 1909, in Das Antlitz der Erde, as a blend of translingual Si (silicon) + Al (aluminum).

ref

Eduard Suess (1909) “Vierter Theil, Vierundzwanzigster Abschnitt: Die Tiefen”, in Das Antlitz der Erde (in German), volume 3.2, Wien: F. Tempsky, →OCLC, page 626:
Wir nehmen ferner drei Zonen oder Hüllen als maassgebend für die Beschaffenheit der Erde an, u. zw. die Barysphäre oder das Nife (Ni-Fe), ferner Sima (Si-Mg) und Sal (Si-Al). Diese Theilung unterscheidet sich von der Classification, die von hervorragenden americanischen Petrographen vorgeschlagen wurde, durch die Abtrennung der metallischen Barysphäre (Nife).
We further assume the existence of three zones or envelopes as determining the structure of the earth, namely, the barysphere or the Nife (Ni-Fe), Sima (Si-Mg), and Sal (Si-Al). This division differs from the classification which has been proposed by distinguished American petrographers, in the separation of the metallic barysphere (Nife).

Wegener bases his theory of the drifting continents on the assumption that there are two distinct levels to be taken into account, the surface of the masses of "sal" which form the continents and the surface of the "sima" in which they float.

1923 March 20, G. Vibert Douglas, A.V. Douglas, “Note on the Interpretation of the Wegener Frequency Curve”, in Geological Magazine, volume 60, number 3, Cambridge University Press, →DOI, page 108:


sal

(rare) sal (Shorea robusta, a dipterocarpaceous tree)


animé

Borrowed from French animé (“animated”), supposedly from the insects entrapped in it. Doublet of animate.

Hymenaea courbaril
Hymenaea courbaril#Translingual

The resin of the courbaril (Hymenaea courbaril), used in varnishes.


ash

en-noun

ash (countable and uncountable, plural ashes)

From Middle English asshe, from Old English æsċ, from Proto-Germanic *askaz, *askiz (compare West Frisian esk, Dutch es, German Esche, Danish/Norwegian/Swedish ask), from Proto-Indo-European *Heh₃s- (compare Welsh onnen, Latin ornus (“wild mountain ash”), Lithuanian úosis, Russian я́сень (jásenʹ), Albanian ah (“beech”), Ancient Greek ὀξύα (oxúa, “beech”), Old Armenian հացի (hacʻi)).

Alternative forms: æsc, æsh

The traditional name for the ae ligature (æ), as used in Old English.


cotton

cotton (usually uncountable, plural cottons)

From Middle English cotoun, from Anglo-Norman cotun, Old French coton, from (Genoese) Old Italian cotone, from Arabic قُطُن (quṭun).

pambuk

any plant yielding fiber like that of Gossypium

K'a-shih has the most extensive cotton-growing area which amounted to 950 000 mou (6.3 million ares) in 1965.

1976, Chuen-Yan David Lai, “Developments of Cotton Cultivation in Sinkiang”, in Pacific Viewpoint, volume 17, number 2, →DOI, archived from the original on 2020-06-30, page 162:

Gossypium, a genus of plant used as a source of cotton fiber.


geniting

/ˈd͡ʒɛnɪtɪŋ/

Probably from a diminutive of French Jean (“John”), so named as becoming ripe about St. John’s Day, June 24.

In July come gilliflowers of all varieties, musk-roses, the lime-tree in blossom, early pears, and plums, in fruit, genitings, codlins[…]

1625, Francis [Bacon], “Of Gardens”, in The Essayes […], 3rd edition, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC:

A variety of apple that ripens very early


mandarin

From French mandarine, feminine of mandarin, probably formed as Etymology 1, above, from the yellow colour of the mandarins' costume.

Citrus reticulata
Citrus reticulata#Translingual

A tree of the species Citrus reticulata.


box

Etymology tree
Latin buxusbor.
Proto-West Germanic *buhs
Old English box
Middle English box
English box
From Middle English box (“box tree; boxwood”), from Old English box (“box tree”), from Proto-West Germanic *buhs (“box tree; thing made from boxwood”), from Latin buxus (“box tree; thing made from boxwood”), buxum (“box tree; boxwood”), possibly from πύξος (púxos, “box tree; boxwood”).

shimshir

shrub or tree of the genus Buxus — see also box tree

And no maruell. For, the leaues of Boxe be deletorious, poiſonous, deadlie, and to the bodie of man very noiſome, dangerous and peſtilent[…]

1587, Leuinus Lemnius, translated by Thomas Newton, An Herball to the Bible […] , London: Edmund Bollifant, page 207:

He strayed down a walk edged with box; with apple trees, pear trees, and cherry trees on one side, and a border on the other, full of all sorts of old-fashioned flowers, stocks, sweet-williams, primroses, pansies, mingled with southernwood, sweet-briar, and various fragrant herbs.

1847 October 16, Currer Bell [pseudonym; Charlotte Brontë], chapter V, in Jane Eyre. An Autobiography. […], volume II, London: Smith, Elder, and Co., […], →OCLC, pages 130–131:

"Box makes a statement without having to do much: just trim twice a year and keep it weeded. It's a bit of a lazy gardener's plant." This, no doubt, is what makes box so popular with show home developers and city dwellers – there is scarce a balcony or front door anywhere that cannot be improved by a box ball in a pot.

2014 November 19, Ambra Edwards, “Topiary: We're all going bonkers about box [print version: Bonkers about box, 22 November 2014, page G3]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening):

Buxus sempervirens
Buxus sempervirens#Translingual

Any of various evergreen shrubs or trees of genus Buxus, especially common box, European box, or boxwood (Buxus sempervirens) which is often used for making hedges and topiary.


box

From Latin bōx, from Ancient Greek βῶξ (bôx, “box (marine fish)”), from βοῦς (boûs, “ox”) + ὤψ (ṓps, “eye, view”), a reference to the large size of the fish's eyes relative to its body.

nb...

The Engravings by J􂀿oseph􂁀 W􂀿ilson􂁀 Lowry and Thomas Landseer, from Original Drawings by Sowerby, Varley, Holmes, Bone, Pyne, Lowry, and Charles Landseer; with Descriptive Letter-press Embracing a Systematic View of the Animal Kingdom, according to Cuvier, with Characteristic Anecdotes and Narratives Selected from the Works of Recent Naturalists.

BOX. Box (Boops), […] In both jaws a single anterior series of broad incisors, notched at the cutting margin; no molars.

1859, Albert Günther, “Fam. 7. SPARIDÆ”, in Catalogue of Acanthopterygian Fishes in the Collection of the British Museum, volume I (Gasterosteidæ, Berycidæ, Percidæ, Aphredoderidæ, Pristipomatidæ, Mullidæ, Sparidæ), London: Printed [by Taylor and Francis] by order of the trustees [of the British Museum], →OCLC, page 418:

The Bogue. […] Box or Boops. Generic Character.—Body elongated, rounded, the dorsal and ventral profiles alike, and the general aspect peculiarly trim.

1860, William Yarrell, “The Bogue”, in John Richardson, editor, Second Supplement to the First Edition of the History of British Fishes, […], London: John Van Voorst, […], →OCLC, page 6:

BOGUE. BOX. OXEYE. […] In some parts of the European side of the Mediterranean the Bogue is a common fish, and where it frequents it is in great abundance.

1862, Jonathan Couch, A History of the Fishes of the British Islands, volume I, London: Groombridge and Sons, […], →OCLC, page 225:

(dated) A Mediterranean food fish of the genus Boops, which is a variety of sea bream; a bogue or oxeye.


gram

en-noun

gram (countable and uncountable, plural grams)

From obsolete Portuguese gram (modern Portuguese grão), from Latin grānum. Doublet of corn, grain, granum, and grao.

doublet

The next class of farinaceous foods are the Pulses, as peas, beans, and lentils of this country, and the dholls and grams of India.

A leguminous plant grown for its seeds, especially the chickpea.

(uncountable) The seeds of these plants.


gram

(broadcasting, dated) A gramophone recording.


gram

Alternative form of 'gram (“Instagram”).


gram

en-verb

gram (third-person singular simple present grams, present participle gramming, simple past and past participle grammed)

grams (present singular third-person)
gramming (participle present)
grammed (participle past)
grammed (past)


manga

en-noun

manga (countable and uncountable, plural manga or mangas)

desc

→ Hindi: मांगा (māṅgā), माँगा (māṅgā), मैंगा (maiṅgā)

Black Cat (manga)
Hokusai
manga (disambiguation)

Borrowed from Japanese 漫画(まんが) (manga), from Middle Chinese 漫 (MC manH, “free, unrestrained”) + 畫 (MC hweaH|hweak, “drawing”). Compare Mandarin 漫畫／漫画 (mànhuà), Korean 만화 (漫畵／漫畫, manhwa). After an 1814 book by Katsushika Hokusai. Doublet of manhua and manhwa.

zh-l

漫畫／漫画 (mànhuà)

English speakers are quick to notice the at times incorrect use of English in anime and manga. Many English words are customarily used in standard Japanese speech, and sometimes they are pronounced and employed in a manner quite different from their native use.

2001, Gilles Poitras, “What makes anime unique”, in Anime Essentials: Every Thing a Fan Needs to Know, page 63:

Manga (Japanese comics) are everywhere. Even here in Auckland. One can find various titles in their original versions as well as in Chinese, Korean and English translations.

2007, Yukako Sunaoshi, “Who reads comics? Manga readership among first-generation Asian immigrants in New Zealand”, in Popular Culture, Globalization and Japan, page 94:

Manga-influenced comics by Western authors are frequently sold alongside manga, although in most bookstores the decision is primarily a matter of format and packaging (i.e., whether the book is printed in the compact manga size or the traditionally larger American comic book format).

2012, Jason Thompson, “Introduction”, in Manga: The Complete Guide, page 46:

(countable, comics) A comic originating in Japan.


peer

From Dutch peer, from Middle Dutch pēre, from Vulgar Latin *pira, from Latin pirum.


peer

nl-noun

peer f (plural peren, diminutive peertje n)

peren (plural)
peertje (diminutive neuter)

Afrikaans: peer

Jersey Dutch: pêr

→ Aukan: peli

→ Saramaccan: péíli (from the diminutive form)

From Middle Dutch pēre, from Vulgar Latin *pira, from Latin pirum.

De supermarkt verkoopt heerlijke peren van lokale boomgaarden.

The supermarket sells delicious pears from local orchards.

Ik heb een sappige rijpe peer voor mijn lunch.

Het oude peertje in de lamp is kapot, we moeten het vervangen.

The old light bulb in the lamp is broken, we need to replace it.

Ze draaide het peertje in de fitting en de kamer was weer verlicht.

She screwed in the light bulb and the room was illuminated again.


peer

peer m (plural peren, diminutive peertje n)

De tuin heeft een prachtige peer staan die elk jaar veel fruit produceert.

The garden has a beautiful pear tree that yields a lot of fruit every year.

Hij plantte een jong peertje in zijn achtertuin.

He planted a young pear tree in his backyard.

De oude peer in de boomgaard gaf heerlijke vruchten.

The old pear tree in the orchard produced delicious fruits.

Pyrus communis
Pyrus communis#Translingual


peach

en-noun

peach (countable and uncountable, plural peaches)

i

from the plural <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">peaches</i>

→ Abenaki: biches (from the plural peaches)

→? Arapaho: biisib

→ Bengali: পীচ (pic) (probably)

→ Haida: píichas

→ Malay: pic (probably)

→? Maori: pītiti

→ Swahili: pichi (probably)

→ Thai: พีช (píit)

From Middle English peche, borrowed from Old French pesche (French pêche), Vulgar Latin *pessica (cf. Medieval Latin pesca) from Late Latin persica, from Classical Latin mālum persicum, from Ancient Greek μᾶλον περσικόν (mâlon persikón, “Persian apple”). Displaced Middle English persogʒe, from Old English persoc, from the same Latin root above.

der

μᾶλον περσικόν

I think it the best way to plant the fifteen sorts, and the hard Peaches I have mentioned, in the same order as they stand in the list.

1768, M. Combles, A Treatise Upon the Culture of Peach Trees, page 8:

Several attempts have been made to class the varieties of Peaches and Nectarines by the leaf and flower, as well as the fruit.

1840, Thomas Bridgeman, The Young Gardener’s Assistant, page 136:

Scattered plantings of peaches are maintained on the light-textured deep alluvial soils of the Foster, Cajon, Hanford, Hesperia, and Greenfield series west of Porterville, near Woodville, Poplar, Sausalito School, and farther south along the Kern County boundary line north of Delano.

1942, Raymond Earl Storie, Soil Survey, the Pixley Area, California, volume 1, page 11:

State universities and U.S. Department of Agriculture facilities have largely replaced the private state and national pomological and horticultural organizations as the primary researchers for peach cultivation.

2014, Melissa Walker, The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture, volume 11, page 183:

Prunus persica
Prunus persica#Translingual

(countable) Any tree of species Prunus persica, native to China and now widely cultivated throughout temperate regions, having pink flowers and edible fruit.


coffee

en-noun

coffee (countable and uncountable, plural coffees)

coffee [from 1598] (canonical)
coffees (plural)

Tok Pisin: kopi

desc

→ Mon: ကဝ်ဖှဳ

→ Mon: ကဝ်ဖှဳ

→ Gujarati: કૉફી (kŏphī)

→ Hausa: kṑfī

desctree

→ Hindi: कॉफ़ी (kŏfī), काफ़ी (kāfī), कोफ़ी (kofī), कॉफी (kŏphī), काफी (kāphī), कोफी (kophī)
→ Sanskrit: काफी (kāphī)

→ Korean: 커피 (keopi)

→ Maia: kopi

→ Marathi: काफी (kāphī)

→ Marshallese: ko̧pe

→ Navajo: gohwééh

→ Scottish Gaelic: cofaidh

→ Welsh: coffi

Conservative, Received Pronunciation, dated

Etymology tree
Arabic قَهْوَة (qahwa)bor.
Ottoman Turkish قهوهbor.
Italian caffèbor.
Dutch koffiebor.
English coffee
Borrowed from Dutch koffie, from Italian caffè, from Ottoman Turkish قهوه (kahve), from Arabic قَهْوَة (qahwa). Doublet of café and caffè and cognate with the words for "coffee" in other major European languages, most of which are derived from the Turkish and Italian words.

etymon

that and a dollar will get you a cup of coffee

that and a nickel will buy you a cup of coffee

that and twenty-five cents will get you a cup of coffee


mare

Plurale tantum; plural of variant marë, borrowed through Vulgar Latin from Latin marum (“cat thyme, kind of sage”).

Arbutus unedo
Arbutus unedo#Translingual


pear

→⇒ Chinese: 啤梨 (pílí)

→⇒ Khmer: ផ្លែភា (phlae phiə)

→ Sotho: pere

→ Thai: แพร์ (pɛɛ)

→ Tokelauan: pea

→ Xhosa: ipere

From Middle English pere, from Old English pere, from Proto-West Germanic *peru, from Vulgar Latin *pira, originally the plural of Latin pirum but reconstrued as a feminine singular, ultimately a loanword from an unknown Mediterranean substrate source. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Peere (“pear”), Dutch peer (“pear”), Danish pære (“pear”), French poire (“pear”), German Birne (“pear”), Icelandic pera (“pear”), Swedish päron (“pear”).

An edible fruit produced by the pear tree, similar to an apple but typically elongated towards the stem.


peen

nl-noun

peen f (plural penen, diminutive peentje n)

penen (plural)
peentje (diminutive neuter)

Originally the plural of pee, perhaps from Middle Dutch *pede, with plural peden (with a single attestation), of uncertain origin. Compare schoen and teen, also originally plurals but later singulars. Proposed cognates include English pith and French pied.

Daucus carota
Daucus carota#Translingual


杤

杤 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 木一尸 (DMS), composition ⿰木万)


枠

枠 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 木大弓十 (DKNJ), composition ⿰木卆)


栎

栎 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 木竹女木 (DHVD), composition ⿰木乐)

Extended shinjitai
Shinjitai
Simplified Chinese
Traditional Chinese


柃

柃 (canonical)
柃 (canonical)
hisakaki (romanization)


柾

柾 (canonical)
柾 (canonical)
masaki (romanization)


杉

杉 (canonical)
杉 (canonical)
sugi (romanization)

→ English: sugi

From Old Japanese 杉 (sugi₂), which Miyake (1997) (apud Schuessler, 2007) associates with Old Chinese 松 (OC *sɢloŋ). Ultimately comes from reconstructed Proto-Japonic *sunkOi.
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.

Cryptomeria japonica
Cryptomeria japonica#Translingual


栂

栂 (canonical)
栂 (canonical)
tsuga (romanization)

⟨tuɡa⟩ → /t͡suɡa/
From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
Appears to be an alternative phonetic realization of toga below.

southern Japanese hemlock, Tsuga sieboldii


栂

⟨to₁ɡa⟩ → /toɡa/
: Alternative reconstruction:
⟨to₁ɡa⟩ → */twoɡa/ → /toɡa/
From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
Appears to be an alternative phonetic realization of tsuga above.


柞

柞 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 木人尸 (DOS), four-corner 4891₁, composition ⿰木乍)


栃

Han char

栃 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 木竹一尸 (DHMS), composition ⿰木⿸𠂆万 or ⿰木厉)

木竹一尸 (cangjie-input)
⿰木⿸𠂆万 (composition)
⿰木厉 (composition)


棈

棈 (canonical)
棈 (canonical)
abemaki (romanization)


梛

梛 (canonical)
梛 (canonical)
nagi (romanization)


梣

梣 (canonical)
梣 (canonical)
toneriko (romanization)

Corruption of 戸(と)に塗(ぬ)る木(き) (to-ni-nuru-ki).


杓

杓 (canonical)
杓 (canonical)
shaku (romanization)

Anthriscus sylvestris
Anthriscus sylvestris#Translingual


杏

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 木 (“wood”) + 口 (“mouth”) – perhaps referring to the tastiness of its fruit.
Shuowen considers it to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡraːŋʔ): semantic 木 (“wood”) + abbreviated phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ), but this is unlikely.


柊

Osmanthus heterophyllus
Osmanthus heterophyllus#Translingual

holly osmanthus (Osmanthus heterophyllus)


柊

ja-noun

柊(ひいらぎ) or 柊(ヒイラギ) • (hīragi) ^(←ひひらぎ (fifiragi) or ヒヒラギ (fifiragi)?)

柊 (canonical)
柊 (canonical)
hīragi (romanization)
fifiragi (romanization)
ひひらぎ (hiragana historical)
ヒヒラギ (hiragana historical)

[Alt: Osmanthus heterophyllus]
⟨pi₁pi₁ra ki₂⟩ → */pʲipʲiraɡʷi/ → /fifiraɡi/ → /hiwiraɡi/ → /hiːraɡi/
From Old Japanese, first attested in the Kojiki (712 CE).
Appears to derive as the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of now-obsolete verb 疼ぐ (hīragu, “to hurt with a stinging pain”), in reference to the sharp thorns on the leaves.

疼木: Osmanthus heterophyllus, a species of flowering plants known as the holly olive, holly osmanthus, or false holly


柊

柊 (canonical)
Hīragi (romanization)
Fifiragi (romanization)
ひひらぎ (hiragana historical)


柊

ja-pos

柊(しゅう) • (Shū)

/t͡ɕɨu/ → /ɕʲuː/ → /ɕuː/
From Middle Chinese 柊 (MC tsyuwng).


柏

Torreya nucifera
Torreya nucifera#Translingual

(rare) Japanese nutmeg yew, kaya, Torreya nucifera


柏

柏 (canonical)
柏 (canonical)
kashiwa (romanization)


槠

槠 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+10, 14 strokes, cangjie input 木戈女日 (DIVA), composition ⿰木诸)


楢

楢 (canonical)
楢 (canonical)
nara (romanization)


棉

Variant of 綿 by replacing 糸 with 木 (裘錫圭：《文字學概要（修訂本）》, p222).
Attested late, in Tang dynasty; unless Shijing’s 綿蠻 (OC *men mroːn, “tiny, delicate”) (according to Mao Commentary) is derived from "cotton" (Schuessler, 2007).
Etymology unclear, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan (Schuessler, 2007)? Tibetan བལ། (bal) is cognate to either this or 蟠 (OC *baːn, *ban, “to coil, to curl”) (ibid.).

樹棉／树棉

棉衣

Qingyuan commandery: …, 285-li away from the Cotton-Field hamlet to the west.

Qīngyuán jùn...... Xī zhì Miántián cūn èrbǎi bāshí wǔ lǐ.

清源郡……西至棉田村二百八十五里。


椹

ja-noun

椹(さわら) or 椹(サワラ) • (sawara) ^(←さはら (safara)?)

椹 (canonical)
椹 (canonical)
sawara (romanization)
safara (romanization)
さはら (hiragana historical)


楸

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

Coordinate term: 梓 (zǐ)

Higher Education Press
w:Higher Education Press


楸

楸 (canonical)
楸 (canonical)
kisasage (romanization)


榧

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pɯlʔ): semantic 木 (“wood; tree”) + phonetic 匪 (OC *pɯlʔ).

Han compound

Torreya grandis
Torreya grandis#Translingual


榧

榧 (canonical)
榧 (canonical)
kaya (romanization)


檪

Han char

檪 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+13, 17 strokes, cangjie input 木戈人木 (DIOD), composition ⿰木楽)


梓

ja-noun

梓(あずさ) or 梓(アズサ) • (azusa) ^(←あづさ (adusa) or アヅサ (adusa)?)

梓 (canonical)
梓 (canonical)
azusa (romanization)
adusa (romanization)
あづさ (hiragana historical)
アヅサ (hiragana historical)

/adusa/ → /ad͡zusa/ → /azusa/
From Old Japanese.

Japanese cherry birch
Japanese cherry birch

Betula grossa
Betula grossa#Translingual

Synonym of 夜糞峰榛 (yoguso minebari): the Japanese cherry birch, Betula grossa

夜糞峰榛

Short for 梓弓 (azusa yumi): a bow made from the wood of the Japanese cherry birch; a small musical bow used to summon spirits

梓弓

Short for 梓巫女 (azusa miko): a 巫女 (miko, “unmarried female medium”) who summons spirits by sounding the string of an azusa yumi (short musical bow)


梓

梓 (canonical)
Azusa (romanization)
Adusa (romanization)
あづさ (hiragana historical)


槭

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔslɯwɢ): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 戚 (OC *sʰlɯːwɢ).


李

→ English: Li, Lee

→ German: Li

→ Tagalog: Dy, Dee (via Hokkien)

Oracle bone script: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯʔ): phonetic 來 (OC *m·rɯːɡ, “wheat”) + semantic 子. The phonetic part 來 became gradually corrupted to yield 木 (“tree”).
Shuowen erroneously remarks that this is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯʔ): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 子 (OC *ʔslɯʔ).

Han compound

李白

李連杰

李连杰

a surname, listed fourth in the Baijiaxing


樅

樅 (canonical)
樅 (canonical)
momi (romanization)


榊

The initial saka is cognate with verb 栄える (sakaeru, “to prosper, thrive”), while the final ki is definitely 木 (ki, “tree”).


桐

桐 (canonical)
桐 (canonical)
kiri (romanization)

From Old Japanese. The tree may have been imported from China prior to the Nara period.
The term might be from 切り (kiri, “cutting”), from the way that the tree is quick to send out shoots after being cut.
Some sources also speculate that this might be from some term 木理 (*kiri, “wood grain”) in reference to the desirable grain of this wood. However, 木理 is only attested with the reading mokuri, not kiri; also, the term is not attested until the 1830s, before which the Japanese terms for wood grain were 木目 (mokume, from the mid-1500s) or 木目 (kime, from the 1200s).

from the wood of the paulownia used as the soundboard

from the markings of paulownia crests on the coins

(colloquial) money, especially gold coins such as the 大判 (ōban) and the 小判 (koban)


樫

Han char

樫 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+11, 15 strokes, cangjie input 木尸水土 (DSEG), composition ⿰木堅)


樫

樫 (canonical)
樫 (canonical)
kashi (romanization)

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.
Probably related to Old Japanese かたし (katasi), modern 堅(かた)い (katai, “firm; resolute”), ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kata (“hard”).
Korean 가시나무 (gasinamu), which is a near-perfect match phonologically and semantically, is probably an ancient loan from a Japonic language.


榛

(archaic) Old name for Japanese alder (Alnus japonica)


槐

槐 (canonical)
槐 (canonical)
enju (romanization)

Styphnolobium japonicum
Styphnolobium japonicum#Translingual


椎

/ʈ͡ʂu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/


椎

椎 (canonical)
椎 (canonical)
shī (romanization)
sifi (romanization)
しひ (hiragana historical)

chinquapin, a tree of the genus Castanopsis


椿

⟨tubaki₁⟩ → */tubakʲi/ → /t͡subaki/
From Old Japanese.


櫧

櫧 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+16, 20 strokes, cangjie input 木卜口日 (DYRA), four-corner 4496₀, composition ⿰木諸)