-or

head

-or m (feminine singular -ore, masculine plural -orë, feminine plural -ore)

-ore (feminine singular)
-orë (masculine plural)
-ore (feminine plural)

Mirditë + -or → mirditor (“inhabitant of Mirdita”)

relational adjective
relational adjective#English

forms relational adjectives and demonyms

dasmë (“wedding”) + -or → dasmor (“wedding guest”)


-a

burrë m (“man”) + -a → burra (“men”)

vetull f (“eyebrow”) + -a → vetulla (“eyebrows”)

forms the plural forms for many nouns. -s


-s

Possibly akin to Old Armenian -իչ (-ičʻ), both reconstructible to a tentative Proto-Indo-European *-ikʷyo-s, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷey- (“to gather”), whence also Ancient Greek ποιέω (poiéō, “to do”), Sanskrit चिनोति (cinóti, “to arrange, pile up”).


-na

Related to unë (“I”) and maybe further to ne (“we”).

bëhem /bâhna (“to become, turn into”)

zbehem /zbehna (“to turn pale”)

Gheg form of -em, the mediopassive first-person singular indicative present ending.

-em

(ne) kena shumë punë për me bo.

Gheg form of -mi, the active first-person plural indicative present ending.


-th

Derived from Proto-Albanian *-ts from Proto-Indo-European *-ḱos.


-o

áfër (“close, nearby”, adverb/preposition) + -o → afró!

báraz (“equal”, adverb) + -o → barazó! (“eqalize!”)

kráhas (“arm in arm, side by side”, adverb/preposition) + -o → krahasó!

pástër (“clean”, adjective/adverb) + -o → pastró! (“cleanse”)

zhúrmë (“noise”, noun) + -o → zhurmó!

Creates a second-person singular active imperative verb form from a non-verb.


-t

-t (definite nominative plural)
-t (accusative definite plural)
-t (dative definite singular)
-t (dative definite plural)
-t (ablative definite singular)
-t (ablative definite plural)

afërsi + -sh + -t

vazhdim + -i + -sh + -t

mal (“mountain”) + -e (“-s”) + -t (“the”)

mal (“mountain”) + -i (“of/-s”) + -t (“the”)

mal (“mountain”) + -e (“-s”) + -ve (“of/-s”) + -t (“the”)

mal (“mountain”) + -i (“out of”) + -t (“the”)

mal (“mountain”) + -e (“-s”) + -ve (“out of”) + -t (“the”)


-tar

head

-tar m (indefinite plural -tarë, definite singular -tari, feminine equivalent -tare)

-tar ë (indefinite plural)
-tar i (definite singular)
equivalent -tare (feminine)

ar (“gold”) + -tar → artar (“goldsmith”)

shkencë (“science”) + -tar → shkencëtar (“scientist”)

gjellë (“food”) + -tar → gjellëtar (“cook”)

shqip (“Albanian”, adjective) + -tar → shqiptar (“an Albanian”, noun)

komb (“nation”) + -tar → kombëtar (“national”)

qeveri (“government”) + -tar → qeveritar (“governmental”)

shqip (“Albanian”, adjective) + -tar → shqiptar (“Albanian”, adjective)


-as

Variant of -at, seen in toponyms such as Qesarat, Kastrat, Dukat, Progonat, Bushat. The [-t] and [-s] are both from similar Proto-Albanian *tāi and Proto-Albanian *tjā. An Illyrian derivation.


-e

From Proto-Albanian *-jā, from Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂ ~ *-yéh₂s.

forms the feminine forms for many adjectives

mik (“male friend”) + -e → mike (“female friend”)

gjysh (“grandfather”) + -e → gjyshe (“grandmother”)


-i

From Proto-Indo-European *-osyo, from Proto-Indo-European *-os. Cognate with Messapic -aihi. Related to i (“of, the, to”).

stressed, it forms nouns from nomina agentis and adjectives, shkues/shkuesi, i lirë/liri


-j

Examples of o-stem verbs:

• afro (“bring closer!”) + -j → afroj (“I bring closer”)

• barazo (“equalize!”) + -j → barazoj (“I equalize”)

• krahaso (“compare!”) + -j → krahasoj (“I compare”)

• shko (“go!”) (2nd pers. singular verb form) + -j (“I”) → shkoj (“I go”)

Attached to o-stem verbs (in active voice). Indicating 1st person singular; indicative, present.


-het

* -net — dialectal, Tosk
3rd pers. sg. passive marker; -h (added when verb ends with a vowel; to avoid palatalisation) + et. See Albanian -et for more.

attached on active verbs ending with vowels (adding -h to avoid palatalisation):
lë (“it lets, leaves”) + -het → lihet (it is left)
lihet vetëm
it is left alone

Forms active verbs into mediopassive verbs. Indicating 3rd person singular, indicative, present: it is; (it) -s; (it) is -ing/-n/-ed/-t


-et

merr (“it takes”) + -et → merret (“it is taken”)

lë (“it lets, leaves”) + -h + -et → lihet (“it is left”)

active verbs ending with vowels (adding -h in between to avoid palatalisation)


-man

Akin to Romanian -oman. Perhaps borrowed from Ottoman Turkish ـمان (-man), alternatively from Slavic.


-aj

Nominal suffix -aj (“-s; he; of/to the/him/his”) denotes tribal/family name patronyms and toponyms; meaning “descendant/inhabitant of”.

Gjergj (“George”) + -aj (“s (descendant)”)

Gjon (“John”) + -aj (“s (descendant)”)

Isuf (“Joseph”) + -aj (“s (descendant)”)

Jusuf (“Joseph”) + -aj (“s (descendant)”)

Palush (“Paul”) + -aj (“s (descendant)”)

(toponymic) inhabitant of; -an (as in Albanian), -ese


-at

Seen in toponyms such as Qesarat, Kastrat, Dukat, Progonat Bushat. The [-t] as [-s] as both from similar Proto-Albanian *tāi and Proto-Albanian *tjā. Toponym is considered a preservation of Illyrian *-atāi, attested in [Labeatai], [Docleatae], [Autoriatae], [Delmatae]. See -të


-em

Related to më, mu, mua (“me”) and im (“my, mine”). -em is the Tosk and Standard Albanian variant of the Gheg personal suffix -na (“I, me”). The suffix -em (“I, me”) indicates the 1st person singular, mediopassive, present (same as Gheg -na). Used the same way as Greek verb suffix "-μαι/-mai" (also 1st pers., sg., mediopassive, indicative, present).

(personal suffix) used to form the 1st person singular present tense of verbs in mediopassive voice (indicative mood).

active bëj (“I do, make, appear”) + h (mediopassive marker) + -em → mediopassive bëhem (“I become, turn into”)

active zbeh (“I make white(er), pale(er)”) + -em → mediopassive zbehem (“I'm getting pale(er), white(er)”)

mediopassive voice
mediopassive voice#English

Forms verbs in mediopassive voice from active voice

adjective shkurt (“short”) + o-steem + h (mediopassive marker) + -em → mediopassive verb shkurtohem (“I become shorter”)

Forms mediopassive verbs from adjectives

Standard Albanian/Tosk personal suffixes for verbs:


-ësi

indicates a state of being: -ism, -ness, -hood, -ity.


-tat

Learned borrowing from Latin -tās, -tātis. Doublet of -tet.

lbor

-ness, -ity, in learned Latin/Italian loans


-shëm

Tosk dialect, from Proto-Albanian *-(i)sama, which may be from either:
* Proto-Indo-European *somHós (“same, whole, one”), cognate with Old High German -sam (“-some”), Old Norse -samr (“-some”)
* Proto-Indo-European *-is(t)m̥mos (superlative suffix), cognate with Latin -issimus (“-est”) and Old Irish -em (“-est”).

m+

këndje (“delight”) + -shëm → këndshëm (“pleasant, delightful”)

zellje (“zeal”) + -shëm → zellshëm (“zealous”)

pakuptim (“nonsense”) + -shëm → pakuptimshëm (“incomprehensible”)

Makes masculine adjectives from verbs and nouns. The most common meaning the suffix carries is comparable to -able in English.


-ur

tredh (“to castrate”) + -ur → tredhur (“castrated”)

Forms adjectives from verbs. The most common meaning the suffix carries is comparable to -ed in English.


-sh

from Proto-Albanian *-us- from Proto-Indo-European *-wes-.


-isht

from Proto-Albanian *-sta- from Proto-Indo-European *-stā. unrelated to Slavic -ište as it developed from Proto-Slavic *-išče.


-isht

absolut + -isht → absolutisht (“absolutely”)

Note that adjectival suffixes are dropped when -isht is added.

përgjithshëm + -isht → përgjithësisht (“generally”)

jashtëzakonshëm + -isht → jashtëzakonisht (“unusually”)

Forms adverbs from adjectives. Frequently corresponds to English -ly


-ë

mjaft (“enough”) + -ë → i mjaftë (“sufficient”)


-uas

head

-uas m (definite -uasi, plural -uas, feminine -uase)

-uasi (definite)
-uas (plural)
-uase (feminine)

Enlargement of -ës, attached to -uar, the Tosk participle ending of o-stem verbs.


-ëri

Rhotasism from conservative -ënia from suffixes ni + jë.

Forming nouns denoting the state, condition, domain, or jurisdiction of the suffixed word.


-ës

From Proto-Indo-European *-ikʷyos, which is derived from Proto-Indo-European *kʷey- see Armenian -իչ (-ičʻ)).


-çëm

Gheg dialect, from Proto-Albanian *-(i)sama, from Proto-Indo-European *somHós. Etymologically cognate with Old High German -sam (“-some”), Old Norse -samr (“-some”).

mend/mendje (mind) — i meçëm (smart)

shnet (health) — i shnetçëm (healthy)

sot (today) — i soçëm (fresh)

mot (time) — i moçëm (old)


-shme

Tosk dialect, from Proto-Albanian *-(i)sama, from Proto-Indo-European *somHós. Etymologically cognate with Old High German -sam (“-some”), Old Norse -samr (“-some”).

këndje (delight) — e këndshme (pleasant, delightful)

zellje (zeal)

Makes feminine adjectives from verbs and nouns. The most common meaning the suffix carries is comparable to -able in English.


-çme

mend/mendje (mind) — e meçme (smart)

shnet (health) — e shnetçme (healthy)

sot (today) — e soçme (fresh)

mot (time) — e moçme (old)


-këndësh

-këndësh (indefinite nominative singular)
-këndëshi (definite nominative singular)
-këndësha (indefinite nominative plural)
-këndëshat (definite nominative plural)
-këndësh (accusative indefinite singular)
-këndëshin (accusative definite singular)
-këndësha (accusative indefinite plural)
-këndëshat (accusative definite plural)
-këndëshi (dative indefinite singular)
-këndëshit (dative definite singular)
-këndëshave (dative indefinite plural)
-këndëshave (dative definite plural)
-këndëshi (ablative indefinite singular)
-këndëshit (ablative definite singular)
-këndëshash (ablative indefinite plural)
-këndëshave (ablative definite plural)


-oj

-ój (canonical)
-uar (participle)
duke -uar (gerund)
për të -uar (infinitive)
-oj (first-person indicative present singular)
-on (indicative present second-person singular)
-on (indicative present singular third-person)
-ojmë (first-person indicative plural present)
-oni (indicative plural present second-person)
-ojnë (indicative plural present third-person)
-oja (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
-oje (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
-onte (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
-onim (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
-onit (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
-onin (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
-ova (aorist first-person indicative singular)
-ove (aorist indicative second-person singular)
-oi (aorist indicative singular third-person)
-uam (aorist first-person indicative plural)
-uat (aorist indicative plural second-person)
-uan (aorist indicative plural third-person)
kam -uar (first-person indicative perfect singular)
ke -uar (indicative perfect second-person singular)
ka -uar (indicative perfect singular third-person)
kemi -uar (first-person indicative perfect plural)
keni -uar (indicative perfect plural second-person)
kanë -uar (indicative perfect plural third-person)
kisha -uar (first-person indicative past perfect singular)
kishe -uar (indicative past perfect second-person singular)
kishte -uar (indicative past perfect singular third-person)
kishim -uar (first-person indicative past perfect plural)
kishit -uar (indicative past perfect plural second-person)
kishin -uar (indicative past perfect plural third-person)
pata -uar (first-person indicative singular)
pate -uar (indicative second-person singular)
pati -uar (indicative singular third-person)
patëm -uar (first-person indicative plural)
patët -uar (indicative plural second-person)
patën -uar (indicative plural third-person)
do të -oj (first-person future indicative singular)
do të -osh (future indicative second-person singular)
do të -ojë (future indicative singular third-person)
do të -ojmë (first-person future indicative plural)
do të -oni (future indicative plural second-person)
do të -ojnë (future indicative plural third-person)
do të kem -uar (first-person future indicative perfect singular)
do të kesh -uar (future indicative perfect second-person singular)
do të ketë -uar (future indicative perfect singular third-person)
do të kemi -uar (first-person future indicative perfect plural)
do të keni -uar (future indicative perfect plural second-person)
do të kenë -uar (future indicative perfect plural third-person)
të -oj (first-person present singular subjunctive)
të -osh (present second-person singular subjunctive)
të -ojë (present singular subjunctive third-person)
të -ojmë (first-person plural present subjunctive)
të -oni (plural present second-person subjunctive)
të -ojnë (plural present subjunctive third-person)
të -oja (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
të -oje (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
të -onte (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
të -onim (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
të -onit (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
të -onin (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
të kem -uar (first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
të kesh -uar (perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
të ketë -uar (perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
të kemi -uar (first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
të keni -uar (perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
të kenë -uar (perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
të kisha -uar (first-person past perfect singular subjunctive)
të kishe -uar (past perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
të kishte -uar (past perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
të kishim -uar (first-person past perfect plural subjunctive)
të kishit -uar (past perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
të kishin -uar (past perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
do të -oja (conditional first-person imperfect singular)
do të -oje (conditional imperfect second-person singular)
do të -onte (conditional imperfect singular third-person)
do të -onim (conditional first-person imperfect plural)
do të -onit (conditional imperfect plural second-person)
do të -onin (conditional imperfect plural third-person)
do të kisha -uar (conditional first-person past perfect singular)
do të kishe -uar (conditional past perfect second-person singular)
do të kishte -uar (conditional past perfect singular third-person)
do të kishim -uar (conditional first-person past perfect plural)
do të kishit -uar (conditional past perfect plural second-person)
do të kishin -uar (conditional past perfect plural third-person)
-ofsha (first-person optative present singular)
-ofsh (optative present second-person singular)
-oftë (optative present singular third-person)
-ofshim (first-person optative plural present)
-ofshit (optative plural present second-person)
-ofshin (optative plural present third-person)
paça -uar (first-person optative perfect singular)
paç -uar (optative perfect second-person singular)
pastë -uar (optative perfect singular third-person)
paçim -uar (first-person optative perfect plural)
paçit -uar (optative perfect plural second-person)
paçin -uar (optative perfect plural third-person)
-uakam (admirative first-person present singular)
-uake (admirative present second-person singular)
-uaka (admirative present singular third-person)
-uakemi (admirative first-person plural present)
-uakeni (admirative plural present second-person)
-uakan (admirative plural present third-person)
-uakësha (admirative first-person imperfect singular)
-uakëshe (admirative imperfect second-person singular)
-uakësh (admirative imperfect singular third-person)
-uakëshim (admirative first-person imperfect plural)
-uakëshit (admirative imperfect plural second-person)
-uakëshin (admirative imperfect plural third-person)
paskam -uar (admirative first-person perfect singular)
paske -uar (admirative perfect second-person singular)
paska -uar (admirative perfect singular third-person)
paskemi -uar (admirative first-person perfect plural)
paskeni -uar (admirative perfect plural second-person)
paskan -uar (admirative perfect plural third-person)
paskësha -uar (admirative first-person past perfect singular)
paskëshe -uar (admirative past perfect second-person singular)
paskësh -uar (admirative past perfect singular third-person)
paskëshim -uar (admirative first-person past perfect plural)
paskëshit -uar (admirative past perfect plural second-person)
paskëshin -uar (admirative past perfect plural third-person)
-o (imperative present second-person singular)
-oni (imperative plural present second-person)
-uar (participle)
duke u -uar (gerund)
për t'u -uar (infinitive)
-ohem (first-person indicative present singular)
-ohesh (indicative present second-person singular)
-ohet (indicative present singular third-person)
-ohemi (first-person indicative plural present)
-oheni (indicative plural present second-person)
-ohen (indicative plural present third-person)
-ohesha (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
-oheshe (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
-ohej (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
-oheshim (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
-oheshit (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
-oheshin (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
u -ova (aorist first-person indicative singular)
u -ove (aorist indicative second-person singular)
u -ua (aorist indicative singular third-person)
u -uam (aorist first-person indicative plural)
u -uat (aorist indicative plural second-person)
u -uan (aorist indicative plural third-person)
jam -uar (first-person indicative perfect singular)
je -uar (indicative perfect second-person singular)
është -uar (indicative perfect singular third-person)
jemi -uar (first-person indicative perfect plural)
jeni -uar (indicative perfect plural second-person)
janë -uar (indicative perfect plural third-person)
isha -uar (first-person indicative past perfect singular)
ishe -uar (indicative past perfect second-person singular)
ishte -uar (indicative past perfect singular third-person)
ishim -uar (first-person indicative past perfect plural)
ishit -uar (indicative past perfect plural second-person)
ishin -uar (indicative past perfect plural third-person)
qeshë -uar (first-person indicative singular)
qe -uar (indicative second-person singular)
qe -uar (indicative singular third-person)
qemë -uar (first-person indicative plural)
qetë -uar (indicative plural second-person)
qenë -uar (indicative plural third-person)
do të -ohem (first-person future indicative singular)
do të -ohesh (future indicative second-person singular)
do të -ohet (future indicative singular third-person)
do të -ohemi (first-person future indicative plural)
do të -oheni (future indicative plural second-person)
do të -ohen (future indicative plural third-person)
do të jem -uar (first-person future indicative perfect singular)
do të jesh -uar (future indicative perfect second-person singular)
do të jetë -uar (future indicative perfect singular third-person)
do të jemi -uar (first-person future indicative perfect plural)
do të jeni -uar (future indicative perfect plural second-person)
do të jenë -uar (future indicative perfect plural third-person)
të -ohem (first-person present singular subjunctive)
të -ohesh (present second-person singular subjunctive)
të -ohet (present singular subjunctive third-person)
të -ohemi (first-person plural present subjunctive)
të -oheni (plural present second-person subjunctive)
të -ohen (plural present subjunctive third-person)
të -ohesha (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
të -oheshe (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
të -ohej (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
të -oheshim (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
të -oheshit (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
të -oheshin (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
të jem -uar (first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
të jesh -uar (perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
të jetë -uar (perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
të jemi -uar (first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
të jeni -uar (perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
të jenë -uar (perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
të isha -uar (first-person past perfect singular subjunctive)
të ishe -uar (past perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
të ishte -uar (past perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
të ishim -uar (first-person past perfect plural subjunctive)
të ishit -uar (past perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
të ishin -uar (past perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
do të -ohesha (conditional first-person imperfect singular)
do të -oheshe (conditional imperfect second-person singular)
do të -ohej (conditional imperfect singular third-person)
do të -oheshim (conditional first-person imperfect plural)
do të -oheshit (conditional imperfect plural second-person)
do të -oheshin (conditional imperfect plural third-person)
do të isha -uar (conditional first-person past perfect singular)
do të ishe -uar (conditional past perfect second-person singular)
do të ishte -uar (conditional past perfect singular third-person)
do të ishim -uar (conditional first-person past perfect plural)
do të ishit -uar (conditional past perfect plural second-person)
do të ishin -uar (conditional past perfect plural third-person)
u -ofsha (first-person optative present singular)
u -ofsh (optative present second-person singular)
u -oftë (optative present singular third-person)
u -ofshim (first-person optative plural present)
u -ofshi (optative plural present second-person)
u -ofshin (optative plural present third-person)
qofsha -uar (first-person optative perfect singular)
qofsh -uar (optative perfect second-person singular)
qoftë -uar (optative perfect singular third-person)
qofshim -uar (first-person optative perfect plural)
qofshit -uar (optative perfect plural second-person)
qofshin -uar (optative perfect plural third-person)
u -uakam (admirative first-person present singular)
u -uake (admirative present second-person singular)
u -uaka (admirative present singular third-person)
u -uakemi (admirative first-person plural present)
u -uakeni (admirative plural present second-person)
u -uakan (admirative plural present third-person)
u -uakësha (admirative first-person imperfect singular)
u -uakëshe (admirative imperfect second-person singular)
u -uakësh (admirative imperfect singular third-person)
u -uakëshim (admirative first-person imperfect plural)
u -uakëshit (admirative imperfect plural second-person)
u -uakëshin (admirative imperfect plural third-person)
qenkam -uar (admirative first-person perfect singular)
qenke -uar (admirative perfect second-person singular)
qenka -uar (admirative perfect singular third-person)
qenkemi -uar (admirative first-person perfect plural)
qenkeni -uar (admirative perfect plural second-person)
qenkan -uar (admirative perfect plural third-person)
qenkësha -uar (admirative first-person past perfect singular)
qenkëshe -uar (admirative past perfect second-person singular)
qenkësh -uar (admirative past perfect singular third-person)
qenkëshim -uar (admirative first-person past perfect plural)
qenkëshit -uar (admirative past perfect plural second-person)
qenkëshin -uar (admirative past perfect plural third-person)
-ohu (imperative present second-person singular)
-ohuni (imperative plural present second-person)

zhurmë (“noise”) + -oj → zhurmoj (“to make noise”)

shkurt (“short”) + -oj → shkurtoj (“to cut, make short”)

ndal (“to stop”) + -oj → ndaloj (“to stop”)

Forms verbs from nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs.


-hem

-hem is the Tosk and Standard Albanian variant of the Gheg personal suffix -hna (“I, me”). Compound of mediopassive marker h + -em (“I, me”) personal suffix. Indicating 1st person singular (mediopassive, present). Used the same way as Greek verb and personal suffix "-μαι/-mai" (also 1st pers., sg., mediopassive, indicative, present).
See Albanian -em for more.

suffix used for 1st person singular (mediopassive voice) - indicative, present form. Not used for verbs ending with h- (such as shpreh, eh, etc.; in this case suffix -em is used)

active bëj (“I do, make, appear”) + -hem → mediopassive bëhem (“I become, turn into”)

adjective shkurt (“short”) + o-stem + -hem → mediopassive verb shkurtohem (“I become shorter”)


-hna

Personal suffix -hna is the Gheg variant of Tosk and Standard Albanian -hem (“I, me”). Compound of mediopassive marker h + -na (“I, me”) personal suffix. Indicating 1st person singular, indicative, present.
See Gheg Albanian -na for more.

suffix used for 1st person singular (mediopassive voice) - indicative, present form. Not used for verbs ending with h- (such as shpreh, eh, etc.; in this case suffix -na is used)

• active bâj (“I do, make, appear”) + -hna → mediopassive bâhna (“I become, turn into”)

• active aorist bôna (“I did, made”) → mediopassive aorist u + bôna (“I became, turned into”)
(Tosk/Standard: bëra → u + bëra)

(in Tosk & Standard Alb.: bëj → bë[hem])

• adjective shkurt (“short”) + o-stem + -hna → mediopassive verb shkurtohna (“I become short(er)”)

• active aorist shkurtova (“I shortened”) → mediopassive aorist u + shkurtova (“I became short(er)”)

(Tosk/Standard: shkurtoj → shkurto[hem])


-sht

→ feminine nouns ending with -i f (“-er, -ery, -y, -ty, -ness”) (in their indefinite form).

marri f (“foolery”) + -sht → marrisht (“foolishly”)

tërësi f (“entirety”) + -sht (“-ly”) → tërësisht (“entirely”)

→ masculine nouns ending with -i m (“the”) (in their definite form).

vazhdim m (“continuation”) + -i (“the”) + -sht (“-ly”) → vazhdimisht (“continually”)

Forms adverbs from nouns, frequently corresponds to English -ly. Suffix used for:

Otherwise suffix -isht is used. To form adverbs from adjectives (see -isht for more).


-ull

From Proto-Albanian *-ula, from Proto-Indo-European *-ulós.


-ull

Used to form a diminutive of a noun, indicating small size or youth.


-më

From Proto-Albanian *-mā, from Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥.

mbruaj (“knead”) + -më → mbrumë (“unleavened”)

dorë (“hand”) + -më → ndormë (“unleavened”)

rrej (“lie”) + -më → rremë (“false”)

-ment (suffixed to verbs to create a noun or result)


-të

From Proto-Albanian *-tāi, from Proto-Indo-European *-tós


-atë

Found suffixed exclusively to verbs loaned from Latin verbs in the first conjugation, -ō, -āre, hence likely itself borrowed from Latin -āta n pl (“-ed things”). Compare gjykatë (“court”), akin to Romanian judecată (“judgement; court”), and note also Italian -ata often used found in the same deverbal scope.

bor+

kafshoj (“to bite”) + -atë → kafshatë (“bite”)

kungoj (“to give communion”) + -atë → kungatë (“Eucharist”).

dhuroj (“to give”) + -atë → dhuratë (“gift”)

mërgoj (“to emigrate”) + -atë → mërgatë (“diaspora”)

lëvdoj (“to praise”) + -atë → lëvdatë (“praise”)

liroj (“to free”) + -atë → liratë (“freedom, permission”)

Forms nouns from verbs, chiefly action nouns and result nouns.


-së

from Proto-Albanian *-tjā from Proto-Indo-European *-ti.


-kë

Ultimately from Proto-Slavic *-ъka, compare Romanian -ică.

çupë + -kë → çupkë


-izëm

Internationalism. Ultimately from Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós).


-eshë

-éshë (canonical feminine)
forming (noun)

From Late Latin -issa. Compare Romanian -easă, Italian -essa.

lúan (“lion”) + -eshë → luanéshë (“lioness”)

múrg (“monk”) + -eshë → murgéshë (“nun”)

búrrë (“man”) + -eshë → burrnéshë (“sworn virgin”)

forms female equivalents to male nouns. -ess


-onjë

-ónjë (canonical feminine)
forming (noun)

From Proto-Albanian *-ānjā, either from Proto-Indo-European *-h₃onh₂- or from Latin -ōnea, whence Romanian -oaie and Aromanian -oanji -oanje -onje.

úlk (“wolf”) + -onjë → ulkónjë (“she-wolf”)


-mbëdhjetë

Univerbation of mbë + dhjetë, literally “in ten”. Compare parallel formation in Romanian -sprezece, Proto-Slavic *na desęte.

univ

një (“one”) + -mbëdhjetë → njëmbëdhjetë (“eleven”)

gjashtë (“six”) + -mbëdhjetë → gjashtëmbëdhjetë (“sixteen”)

katër (“four”) + -mbëdhjetë → katërmbëdhjetë (“fourteen or forty”)

dhjetë (“ten”) + -mbëdhjetë → dhjetëmbëdhjetë (“a hundred”)


-zoj

Alternative form of -oj. Forms verbs from nouns and adjectives.


-nj

lexonj, mësonj, punonj, shkonj

bënj

Old Albanian and Tosk form of -j, the active first-person singular indicative present ending of o-stem, ë-stem, e-stem verbs.


-onjës

Derived from the active first-person singular indicative form of the verb ending in -nj.

lexoj + -onjës → lexonjës

mësoj + -onjës → mësonjës

punoj + -onjës → punonjës

(Tosk or archaic) forms male agent nouns.


-zë

Coordinate term: -th m

Forms diminutive feminine nouns of endearment.


-ues

head

-ues m (definite -uesi, plural -ues, feminine -uese)

-uesi (definite)
-ues (plural)
-uese (feminine)

Enlargement of -ës, attached to -ue, the Gheg participle ending of o-stem verbs.