te

From Proto-Albanian *te-k(u), from Proto-Indo-European *to- (“it”). Governs the nominative determinative, due to its relatively recent use as a preposition and its origin as a shortened form of Albanian *te-k(u).

Unë jam te pijetorja.

të duash ndokënd.

Jemi te unë.

(with a human referent) at (someone's) place


i

Fisi i Malësorëve.

Fisi i Malësorëvet.


pi

pirë (participle)
duke pirë (gerund)
për të pirë (infinitive)
pi (first-person indicative present singular)
pi (indicative present second-person singular)
pi (indicative present singular third-person)
pimë (first-person indicative plural present)
pini (indicative plural present second-person)
pinë (indicative plural present third-person)
pija (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
pije (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
pinte (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
pinim (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
pinit (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
pinin (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
piva (aorist first-person indicative singular)
pive (aorist indicative second-person singular)
piu (aorist indicative singular third-person)
pimë (aorist first-person indicative plural)
pitë (aorist indicative plural second-person)
pinë (aorist indicative plural third-person)
kam pirë (first-person indicative perfect singular)
ke pirë (indicative perfect second-person singular)
ka pirë (indicative perfect singular third-person)
kemi pirë (first-person indicative perfect plural)
keni pirë (indicative perfect plural second-person)
kanë pirë (indicative perfect plural third-person)
kisha pirë (first-person indicative past perfect singular)
kishe pirë (indicative past perfect second-person singular)
kishte pirë (indicative past perfect singular third-person)
kishim pirë (first-person indicative past perfect plural)
kishit pirë (indicative past perfect plural second-person)
kishin pirë (indicative past perfect plural third-person)
pata pirë (first-person indicative singular)
pate pirë (indicative second-person singular)
pati pirë (indicative singular third-person)
patëm pirë (first-person indicative plural)
patët pirë (indicative plural second-person)
patën pirë (indicative plural third-person)
do të pi (first-person future indicative singular)
do të pish (future indicative second-person singular)
do të pijë (future indicative singular third-person)
do të pimë (first-person future indicative plural)
do të pini (future indicative plural second-person)
do të pinë (future indicative plural third-person)
do të kem pirë (first-person future indicative perfect singular)
do të kesh pirë (future indicative perfect second-person singular)
do të ketë pirë (future indicative perfect singular third-person)
do të kemi pirë (first-person future indicative perfect plural)
do të keni pirë (future indicative perfect plural second-person)
do të kenë pirë (future indicative perfect plural third-person)
të pi (first-person present singular subjunctive)
të pish (present second-person singular subjunctive)
të pijë (present singular subjunctive third-person)
të pimë (first-person plural present subjunctive)
të pini (plural present second-person subjunctive)
të pinë (plural present subjunctive third-person)
të pija (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
të pije (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
të pinte (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
të pinim (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
të pinit (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
të pinin (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
të kem pirë (first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
të kesh pirë (perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
të ketë pirë (perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
të kemi pirë (first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
të keni pirë (perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
të kenë pirë (perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
të kisha pirë (first-person past perfect singular subjunctive)
të kishe pirë (past perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
të kishte pirë (past perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
të kishim pirë (first-person past perfect plural subjunctive)
të kishit pirë (past perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
të kishin pirë (past perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
do të pija (conditional first-person imperfect singular)
do të pije (conditional imperfect second-person singular)
do të pinte (conditional imperfect singular third-person)
do të pinim (conditional first-person imperfect plural)
do të pinit (conditional imperfect plural second-person)
do të pinin (conditional imperfect plural third-person)
do të kisha pirë (conditional first-person past perfect singular)
do të kishe pirë (conditional past perfect second-person singular)
do të kishte pirë (conditional past perfect singular third-person)
do të kishim pirë (conditional first-person past perfect plural)
do të kishit pirë (conditional past perfect plural second-person)
do të kishin pirë (conditional past perfect plural third-person)
pifsha (first-person optative present singular)
pifsh (optative present second-person singular)
piftë (optative present singular third-person)
pifshim (first-person optative plural present)
pifshit (optative plural present second-person)
pifshin (optative plural present third-person)
paça pirë (first-person optative perfect singular)
paç pirë (optative perfect second-person singular)
pastë pirë (optative perfect singular third-person)
paçim pirë (first-person optative perfect plural)
paçit pirë (optative perfect plural second-person)
paçin pirë (optative perfect plural third-person)
pikkam (admirative first-person present singular)
pikke (admirative present second-person singular)
pikka (admirative present singular third-person)
pikkemi (admirative first-person plural present)
pikkeni (admirative plural present second-person)
pikkan (admirative plural present third-person)
pikkësha (admirative first-person imperfect singular)
pikkëshe (admirative imperfect second-person singular)
pikkësh (admirative imperfect singular third-person)
pikkej (admirative imperfect singular third-person)
pikkëshim (admirative first-person imperfect plural)
pikkëshit (admirative imperfect plural second-person)
pikkëshin (admirative imperfect plural third-person)
paskam pirë (admirative first-person perfect singular)
paske pirë (admirative perfect second-person singular)
paska pirë (admirative perfect singular third-person)
paskemi pirë (admirative first-person perfect plural)
paskeni pirë (admirative perfect plural second-person)
paskan pirë (admirative perfect plural third-person)
paskësha pirë (admirative first-person past perfect singular)
paskëshe pirë (admirative past perfect second-person singular)
paskësh pirë (admirative past perfect singular third-person)
paskëshim pirë (admirative first-person past perfect plural)
paskëshit pirë (admirative past perfect plural second-person)
paskëshin pirë (admirative past perfect plural third-person)
pi (imperative present second-person singular)
pini (imperative plural present second-person)

From Old Albanian pii, from Proto-Albanian *pīja, from Proto-Indo-European *pih₃-, *peh₃- probably via the reduplicated form *píph₃eti; compare Greek πίνω (píno), Serbo-Croatian pìti, Italian bere. Orel compares the similarity between Proto-Albanian *pīja and Proto-Slavic *pijǫ; Tomaschek compares Tosk pirë/Gheg pinë with Thracian πίνον (pínon, “beer”).

Pi ku ije?


me

Ancient Greek language
Gothic language
Old Norse language

From Proto-Albanian *me(t). Cognate to Ancient Greek μετά (metá, “after, beyond; in the middle, between”), Gothic miþ (“with”), Old Norse með.

cog-lite

Shkoj me tim vëlla.

E sheh djalin me sytë e kaltër?

Preferoj të shkruaj me penë.


e

* Conjunction e (“and, also”): according to Orel from Proto-Albanian *ō(d), from Proto-Indo-European *ēd ~ *ōd (ablative sg. stem of Proto-Indo-European *ē- ~ *ō-).

Besa e shqiptarit nuk shitet pazarit.

The honor of an Albanian can not be sold or bought in a bazaar.


pa

From Proto-Albanian *apa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”). Cognate to Messapic [script needed] (apa, “from, out of, by”), Ancient Greek ἀπό (apó, “away, off”), Sanskrit अप (apá).

cog

even without counting
even without counting


para

Back formation from përpara, from Proto-Albanian *pər-parə-a, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥H-e/o-s (“before, in front”)

der

para afatit

para dy shekujsh

para një pasqyre

para klasës

(presence) in front of, in the presence of


afër

From Proto-Albanian *apsera or *asper(a), representing a contamination of *aps, reflected in Ancient Greek ἄψ (áps, “backwards”), a variant of Proto-Indo-European *apo- (“off, away”), with Proto-Indo-European *apero-. Cognate to Sanskrit अपर (ápara, “posterior, later, following”), Gothic 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 (afar, “after”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎼 (a-p-r /apara/, “later, after”), Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀 (apara, “more behind, later”).
Alternatively, from a + -fër.

cog

at, beside, by, near, nearby, near to, next to


pas

From Proto-Albanian *pa ̊, from Proto-Indo-European *pós (“directly to, at, after”). Cognate to Ancient Greek πός (pós, “at, to, by”), Old Church Slavonic по (po, “behind, after”).


ka

Old Church Slavonic language
Proto-Albanian language
Proto-Indo-European language
Shkodër
Tosk Albanian language

From older kah, from *kah ~ ngah (compare Tosk Albanian nga), from Proto-Albanian *en kaxa, from Proto-Indo-European *en kʷod so (“wherein, wherefrom”), literally ‘in which this’. Cognate with Old Church Slavonic къ (kŭ, “to”).

inh-lite

Jo, unë nuk jam ka Shqipëria.


mas

Gheg variant of Tosk pas (“behind, beyond, after”). From mbasi, mbas (“after”). A compound of më (“more, most”) + pas (“behind, after, beyond”) (pas from Proto-Albanian *pa ̊ (see pa), from Proto-Indo-European *pos(t) (“directly to, at, after”). Cognate to Ancient Greek πός (pós, “at, to, by”), Old Church Slavonic по (po, “behind, after”)).


sipas

sipas profecisë


buzë

From archaic and now chiefly dialectal (Arbëresh) budhë + -zë (collective suffix), from Proto-Albanian *budzā, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn (“bottom”); compare Lithuanian budė̃ (“tree-fungus”), bùdė (“whetstone”), Sanskrit बुध्न (budhna), Ancient Greek πυθμήν (puthmḗn, “bottom”), Latin fundus (“bottom, piece of land, farm”). Lent Romanian buză.

cog

on, to (onto); by; upon, at (some point) (terminal or associated with a location)


larg

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin, from Latin largus (“abundant, big”, adjective). Compare Aromanian largu (“far”, adverb).

der

larg qytetit


deri

Possibly a reduced form of ndjerë or one of its variants.


prapa

From Proto-Albanian *per apa, *pra apa, the second element being identical with pa.


gjatë

From dialectal and archaic glatë, from Proto-Albanian *dlata, from pre-Albanian *dl̥h₁gʰto, from Proto-Indo-European *dl̥h₁gʰós and suffix *-to.


më

From Proto-Albanian *ambi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí). The simplification of /mb/ to /m/ is expected in Gheg but not in the standard language, hence the alternative form mbë.

indicates position in space or time. in, at, on

bredh fshat më fshat

wander village by village; wander in every single village

between two repetitions of a noun means “every”. by, to


nga

From Proto-Albanian *en-ka and related to the preposition ka (“from, out, out of, to”). Cognate with Old Church Slavonic къ (kŭ, “to”).

Jo, unë nuk jam nga Shqipëria.


midis

Most likely a variant of mjedis. More at mjedis.


në

From Proto-Albanian *ana, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enō (“along a slanted surface, etc.”), from *h₂én (“on, upon, onto, up to”). Cognate to Ancient Greek ἀνά (aná, “on, upwards, along”), Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌰 (ana, “on, in, against, because of, about”), English on, and Old Prussian no, na (“on (where), against, about there”).


rreth

From Proto-Albanian *ratsa, from *rat(i)tsa, from pre-Albanian *róth₂iḱom, diminutive of Proto-Indo-European *Hrot-h₂-ó- (“wheel”), from *Hret- (“to roll”) (compare Lithuanian rãtas, German Rad). Plural formation of rrath.

Po flasin rreth meje.


mbi

From Proto-Albanian *(V)(m)pi, perhaps from a compound of Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-h₁pi (“up, on, upon, (on-to, un-to)”), from *h₂én (“on”) + *h₁(é)pi, *h₁ópi (“by, near, at”); otherwise just the latter component and phonetically influenced by mbë. Compare Ancient Greek ἐπί (epí, “on, to, towards”), Sanskrit अपि (ápi), Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌 (aⁱpi), Old Persian [script needed] (apiy), Old Armenian եւ (ew), Latin ob, and Old English bī (English by).

cog

hipi mbi çati

doli mbi ujë

(came out) appeared on the water's surface

dy gradë mbi zero

mbi çati

mbi ujë


përmbi

From Proto-Albanian *per-ambi. Reanalyzable as për + mbi.


ndër

From Proto-Albanian *enter, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁entér (“between”); compare Latin inter. See also ndë (“in”), ndën, nën (“under”).


për

From Proto-Albanian *per(i), from Proto-Indo-European *peri (“leading (out) across”). Cognate to Latin per (“through, over”), Sanskrit परि (parí, “(a)round”).


jashtë

From Proto-Albanian *e(k)šta, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs-to- (compare Ancient Greek ἐκτός (ektós, “outside”)), suffixed form of *h₁eǵʰs, whence Latin ex (compare also extra, exter from *h₁eǵʰs-tro-, *h₁eǵʰs-ter), Ancient Greek ἐξ (ex), Old Church Slavonic из (iz). Compare the now obsolete Albanian ith, probably from *h₁eǵʰs, and ish derived from a variant form *eḱs.


sipër

A recombination of përsipër (“up there, above”) < për s' epër where së epër is the ablative of (i) epër.


rrëzë

Denasalized variant of dialectal rrënzë, diminutive of rrënjë (“root”) in -zë.


ndjerë

From Proto-Albanian *a/N(e)dri, from Proto-Indo-European *mé-ǵʰ(s)ri (locative) from *me (“with”). Cognate to Ancient Greek μέχρι (mékhri), Old Armenian մերձ (merj), and doublet of me as well related to dorë.


prej

From Proto-Albanian *prei, from Proto-Indo-European *prō (“forward, in front of, before”), close to Greek πρωΐ (proḯ, “early, in the morning”), and Old High German fruoi (“id”).


brenda

From Proto-Albanian *(en) per en ta, from Proto-Indo-European *én per én tód, a sequence of particles.


ngjer

Variant of ndjerë, from Proto-Albanian *(a)jeri, identical to Ancient Greek ἦρι (êri, “early”), further related to Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂 (air), Old Norse ár), and Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬭 (aiiar, “day”).


ndë

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dó (“inside”). Cognate with Greek ἔνδον (éndon, “within”), Hittite 𒀭𒁕 (/anda/, “in”).


inj

Either from Proto-Indo-European *eni (“in”), or a derivative of hinje.


mby

Gheg variant of Tosk and Standard Albanian mbi. See mbi for more.


përmby

Gheg variant of Tosk and Standard Albanian përmbi. Compound për (“for, per”) + mby (“on, onto, upon”). See mbi for more.


përmy

Loss of /b/ sound in mby (Gheg alternative of Tosk "mbi"). "Përmy" is the Gheg variant of Tosk and Standard Albanian përmbi. Compound për (“for, per”) + my (“on, onto, upon”). See mbi for more.


pajt

Orel derives it from Latin pactō; cf. hoc pactō (“this way”), aliō pactō (“otherwise”).


ën

For quotations using this term, see Citations:ën.


përmbas

përmbas meje


karshi

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish قارشو (karşı, karşu, “opposite”), from Proto-Turkic *kar-.


përballë

From për- (prepositional prefix) + ballë (“front, forehead”).

af

(figurative) facing or overcoming an obstacle, resistance to difficulty