te

From Proto-Albanian *te-k(u), from Proto-Indo-European *to- (“it”). Governs the nominative determinative, due to its relatively recent use as a preposition and its origin as a shortened form of Albanian *te-k(u).

Unë jam te pijetorja.

Jemi te unë.

(with a human referent) at (someone's) place


ai

head

ai m (accusative atë, dative atij, ablative atij)

atë (accusative)
atij (dative)
atij (ablative)
ai (nominative)
atij (ablative)
tij (ablative)
atë (accusative)
e (accusative clitic)
atij (dative)
i (clitic dative)
i tij
i tiji (possessive pronoun)
ay (alternative)

From Proto-Albanian *a-ei (compound of proclitic particle *a and an ancient demostrative *ei), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey combined with Proto-Indo-European *ís (“he, this (one)”). Compare Latin is, German er, Lithuanian jìs, Sanskrit अयम् (ayám)).


ai

ai (masculine nominative singular)
ajo (feminine nominative singular)
ata (masculine nominative plural)
ato (feminine nominative plural)
atë (accusative feminine masculine singular)
të (accusative feminine masculine singular)
ata (accusative masculine plural)
ta (accusative masculine plural)
ato (accusative feminine plural)
to (accusative feminine plural)
atij (masculine singular)
tij (masculine singular)
asaj (feminine singular)
saj (feminine singular)
atyre (feminine masculine plural)
tyre (feminine masculine plural)
ay (alternative)


ajo

head

ajo f (accusative atë, dative asaj, ablative asaj)

atë (accusative)
asaj (dative)
asaj (ablative)
ajo (nominative)
asaj (ablative)
saj (ablative)
atë (accusative)
e (accusative clitic)
asaj (dative)
i (clitic dative)
i saj
i saji (possessive pronoun)

From Proto-Albanian *a-jā, compound of proclitic particle a and jā, from *h₁eyéh₂ (compare Latin eā), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey. More at ai.


me

Ancient Greek language
Gothic language
Old Norse language

From Proto-Albanian *me(t). Cognate to Ancient Greek μετά (metá, “after, beyond; in the middle, between”), Gothic miþ (“with”), Old Norse með.

cog-lite

Shkoj me tim vëlla.

E sheh djalin me sytë e kaltër?

Preferoj të shkruaj me penë.


ne

head

ne (accusative ne, dative neve, ablative nesh)

ne (accusative)
neve (dative)
nesh (ablative)
ne (nominative)
nesh (ablative)
ne (accusative)
neve (dative)
ynë
yni (possessive pronoun)
në (alternative)

The nominative-accusative is from accusative Proto-Albanian *nōs, stressed form of clitic Proto-Indo-European *nos, which is continued by the clitic na. Neve and nesh are innovated, but Gheg retains dative nahe (Old Albanian nae) from a genitive *nosōm.


ti

ti (accusative ty, dative ty, ablative teje)

ty (accusative)
ty (dative)
teje (ablative)
ti (nominative)
teje (ablative)
ty (accusative)
të (accusative clitic)
ty (dative)
të (clitic dative)
yt
yti (possessive pronoun)

Inherited from Proto-Albanian *tū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂; modern accusative ty is from Proto-Albanian Proto-Albanian *twā from emphatic *tu̯ḗm, clitic të is from clitic *te, and ablative teje is from locative *toí + -je from meje (see unë).


pa

From Proto-Albanian *apa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”). Cognate to Messapic [script needed] (apa, “from, out of, by”), Ancient Greek ἀπό (apó, “away, off”), Sanskrit अप (apá).


para

Back formation from përpara, from Proto-Albanian *pər-parə-a, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥H-e/o-s (“before, in front”)

der

para afatit

para dy shekujsh

para një pasqyre

para klasës

(presence) in front of, in the presence of


afër

From Proto-Albanian *apsera or *asper(a), representing a contamination of *aps, reflected in Ancient Greek ἄψ (áps, “backwards”), a variant of Proto-Indo-European *apo- (“off, away”), with Proto-Indo-European *apero-. Cognate to Sanskrit अपर (ápara, “posterior, later, following”), Gothic 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 (afar, “after”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎼 (a-p-r /apara/, “later, after”), Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀 (apara, “more behind, later”).
Alternatively, from a + -fër.

cog

at, beside, by, near, nearby, near to, next to


bole

Variant of bolle. Occurs exclusively in the plural form.


pas

From Proto-Albanian *pa ̊, from Proto-Indo-European *pós (“directly to, at, after”). Cognate to Ancient Greek πός (pós, “at, to, by”), Old Church Slavonic по (po, “behind, after”).


ka

Old Church Slavonic language
Proto-Albanian language
Proto-Indo-European language
Shkodër
Tosk Albanian language

From older kah, from *kah ~ ngah (compare Tosk Albanian nga), from Proto-Albanian *en kaxa, from Proto-Indo-European *en kʷod so (“wherein, wherefrom”), literally ‘in which this’. Cognate with Old Church Slavonic къ (kŭ, “to”).


ato

head

ato f pl (accusative ato, dative atyre, ablative atyre)

ato (accusative)
atyre (dative)
atyre (ablative)
ato (nominative)
atyre (ablative)
tyre (ablative)
ato (accusative)
i (accusative clitic)
atyre (dative)
u (clitic dative)
i tyre
i tyri (possessive pronoun)

From Proto-Albanian *a-tā(s), compound of proclitic particle a and demonstrative tās, from Proto-Indo-European *téh₂es, feminine plural of *tód (“that (one)”) (compare Latin istud, English that).
The accusative is from Proto-Albanian *a-tā(s), from earlier *a-tā(n)s, from *téh₂ns, and older and dialectal varieties retain ablative asosh, acosh, from a + Proto-Albanian *tsjāsu, from *ḱjéh₂su, locative of Proto-Indo-European *ḱís (“this (one)”) (compare English he).


mas

mata (aorist)
matur (participle)
mat (alternative)

From Proto-Albanian *matja, from *mh̥₁ti̯-e-, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁- (compare Old English mǣd, Latin mētior).


mas

Gheg variant of Tosk pas (“behind, beyond, after”). From mbasi, mbas (“after”). A compound of më (“more, most”) + pas (“behind, after, beyond”) (pas from Proto-Albanian *pa ̊ (see pa), from Proto-Indo-European *pos(t) (“directly to, at, after”). Cognate to Ancient Greek πός (pós, “at, to, by”), Old Church Slavonic по (po, “behind, after”)).


ata

head

ata m pl (accusative ata, dative atyre, ablative atyre)

ata (accusative)
atyre (dative)
atyre (ablative)

From the accusative Proto-Albanian *a-ta, compound of proclitic particle a and demonstrative ta, from Proto-Indo-European *tóms, masculine accusative plural of *só m (“that (one)”) (compare Latin istud, English that).
Older and dialectal varieties retain ablative asish, acish, from a + Proto-Albanian *tsj(a)isu, from *ḱjoisu, locative of Proto-Indo-European *ḱís (“this (one)”) (compare English he).


ata

ata n sg (accusative ata, dative atij, ablative (a)tij)

ata (accusative)
atij (dative)
(a)tij (ablative)
ata (nominative)
atyre (ablative)
tyre (ablative)
ata (accusative)
i (accusative clitic)
atyre (dative)
u (clitic dative)
i tyre
i tyri (possessive pronoun)


sipas

sipas profecisë


larg

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin, from Latin largus (“abundant, big”, adjective). Compare Aromanian largu (“far”, adverb).

der

larg qytetit


ju

head

ju (accusative ju, dative juve, ablative jush)

ju (accusative)
juve (dative)
jush (ablative)
ju (nominative)
jush (ablative)
ju (accusative)
ju (accusative clitic)
juve (dative)
ju (clitic dative)
juaj
juaji (possessive pronoun)

From Proto-Albanian *ju(s) identical with Lithuanian jūs id., Gothic jūs id., English you. Ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.


bolle

From Proto-Albanian *bālnai, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥-no-. Compare Ancient Greek φαλλός (phallós, “penis”), Latin follis (“bellows”), Old Irish ball (“limb, member, part, body part”), Old High German ballo, balla (“buttocks”). Occurs exclusively in the plural form.


gotë

Learned borrowing from Late Latin Gothī.


prapa

From Proto-Albanian *per apa, *pra apa, the second element being identical with pa.


gjatë

From dialectal and archaic glatë, from Proto-Albanian *dlata, from pre-Albanian *dl̥h₁gʰto, from Proto-Indo-European *dl̥h₁gʰós and suffix *-to.

gätë (alternative)
gâtë (alternative)
gatë (alternative)
ghat (alternative)


Alpe

Borrowed from Italian Alpi f pl. Less likely from German Alpen or French Alpes.

Duke dalë nga Bregu i Lumit, për të ndjekur rrjedhën e lumit të Shalës, lugina e thellë mes Alpesh vjen e ngushtohet gjithnjë, brigjet bien thikë mbi lumë.

1976, Fshati ynë socialist në 35-vjetorin e partisë, page 168:


alpe

Alpe Shqiptare


unë

head

unë (accusative mua, dative mua, ablative meje)

mua (accusative)
mua (dative)
meje (ablative)
unë (nominative)
meje (ablative)
mua (accusative)
më (accusative clitic)
mua (dative)
më (clitic dative)
im
imi (possessive pronoun)
una (alternative)
u (alternative)
uth (alternative)
un (alternative)

Compound of archaic and dialectal u + -në (particle) (compare Tosk Albanian ti (“you”) vs. Gheg tinë). U is from earlier *udh, from Proto-Albanian *udz, from *uǵ, with vowel from *túh₂ (see ti), from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.
Accusative mua (var. mue) is from emphatic *h₁mēm, clitic më is from clitic *h₁me, and ablative meje is from locative *h₁moí + j + -e (ablative ending of nouns). Arbëresh has uth (u + diminutive -th).

Unë jam njeri i lirë.


feje

A plural form of fyell, appearing in a phrase 'fejet e hundës'.


nga

From Proto-Albanian *en-ka and related to the preposition ka (“from, out, out of, to”). Cognate with Old Church Slavonic къ (kŭ, “to”).


herdhe

herdhe f pl (nominative/accusative definite herdhet, dative herdheve)

herdhet (accusative definite nominative)
herdheve (dative)
herdhe (indefinite nominative singular)
herdhet (definite nominative singular)
herdhe (accusative indefinite singular)
herdhet (accusative definite singular)
herdheve (indefinite singular)
herdheve (definite singular)

From Proto-Albanian *ardzai, from pre-Albanian *h₁órǵʰiya, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁órǵʰis (compare Ancient Greek ὄρχις (órkhis), Old Armenian որձիք (orjikʻ)).


midis

Most likely a variant of mjedis. More at mjedis.


doke

From Albanian duk, most likely from Gheg Dok. Alternatively, from Ancient Greek δοκεἳ (dokheì, “to seem”).


në

From Proto-Albanian *ana, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enō (“along a slanted surface, etc.”), from *h₂én (“on, upon, onto, up to”). Cognate to Ancient Greek ἀνά (aná, “on, upwards, along”), Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌰 (ana, “on, in, against, because of, about”), English on, and Old Prussian no, na (“on (where), against, about there”).


në

në më do, mos më plas


perime

sq-noun

perime f pl (plural períme, definite perimja, definite plural perimet)

períme (plural)
perimja (definite)
perimet (definite plural)


rreth

rreth m (plural rrathë, definite rrethi, definite plural rrathët)

rrathë (plural)
rrethi (definite)
rrathët (definite plural)
rreth (indefinite nominative singular)
rrethi (definite nominative singular)
rrathë (indefinite nominative plural)
rrathët (definite nominative plural)
rreth (accusative indefinite singular)
rrethin (accusative definite singular)
rrathë (accusative indefinite plural)
rrathët (accusative definite plural)
rrethi (dative indefinite singular)
rrethit (dative definite singular)
rrathëve (dative indefinite plural)
rrathëve (dative definite plural)
rrethi (ablative indefinite singular)
rrethit (ablative definite singular)
rrathësh (ablative indefinite plural)
rrathëve (ablative definite plural)

From Proto-Albanian *ratsa, from *rat(i)tsa, from pre-Albanian *róth₂iḱom, diminutive of Proto-Indo-European *Hrot-h₂-ó- (“wheel”), from *Hret- (“to roll”) (compare Lithuanian rãtas, German Rad). Plural formation of rrath.

(politics, historical) district (former subdivision of Albania)


mbi

From Proto-Albanian *(V)(m)pi, perhaps from a compound of Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-h₁pi (“up, on, upon, (on-to, un-to)”), from *h₂én (“on”) + *h₁(é)pi, *h₁ópi (“by, near, at”); otherwise just the latter component and phonetically influenced by mbë. Compare Ancient Greek ἐπί (epí, “on, to, towards”), Sanskrit अपि (ápi), Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌 (aⁱpi), Old Persian [script needed] (apiy), Old Armenian եւ (ew), Latin ob, and Old English bī (English by).

cog

mby (alternative)
my (alternative)
mi (alternative)

hipi mbi çati

doli mbi ujë

(came out) appeared on the water's surface

dy gradë mbi zero

mbi çati

mbi ujë


përmbi

From Proto-Albanian *per-ambi. Reanalyzable as për + mbi.

përmby (alternative)
përmy (alternative)


ndër

From Proto-Albanian *enter, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁entér (“between”); compare Latin inter. See also ndë (“in”), ndën, nën (“under”).


për

From Proto-Albanian *per(i), from Proto-Indo-European *peri (“leading (out) across”). Cognate to Latin per (“through, over”), Sanskrit परि (parí, “(a)round”).


jashtë

From Proto-Albanian *e(k)šta, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs-to- (compare Ancient Greek ἐκτός (ektós, “outside”)), suffixed form of *h₁eǵʰs, whence Latin ex (compare also extra, exter from *h₁eǵʰs-tro-, *h₁eǵʰs-ter), Ancient Greek ἐξ (ex), Old Church Slavonic из (iz). Compare the now obsolete Albanian ith, probably from *h₁eǵʰs, and ish derived from a variant form *eḱs.


kundër

kundra (alternative)
kontra (alternative)


sipër

A recombination of përsipër (“up there, above”) < për s' epër where së epër is the ablative of (i) epër.


SHBA

Shtete e Bashkuara të Amerikës
Shtete e Bashkuara të Amerikës#Albanian

USA (a country in North America); abbreviation of Shtete e Bashkuara të Amerikës (“United States of America”)


grykë

sq-noun

grykë f (plural grykë, definite gryka, definite plural grykët)

grykë (plural)
gryka (definite)
grykët (definite plural)
grykë (indefinite nominative singular)
gryka (definite nominative singular)
grykë (indefinite nominative plural)
grykët (definite nominative plural)
grykë (accusative indefinite singular)
grykën (accusative definite singular)
grykë (accusative indefinite plural)
grykët (accusative definite plural)
gryke (dative indefinite singular)
grykës (dative definite singular)
grykëve (dative indefinite plural)
grykëve (dative definite plural)
gryke (ablative indefinite singular)
grykës (ablative definite singular)
grykësh (ablative indefinite plural)
grykëve (ablative definite plural)

From Proto-Albanian *grīwīkā, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷriHwéh₂, from *gʷerh₃- (“to swallow”). Compare Latvian grĩva (“river mouth”), Serbo-Croatian grȉva (“mane”).


dhen

dhentë (definite plural)
dhên (alternative)
dhênd (alternative)
dhën (alternative)

Plurale tantum; from the Gheg variant dhênd, from Proto-Albanian *dzenti, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁tis, from *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, to beget, to give birth”). Compare Latin gens, English kin.


rrëzë

rrëzë f (plural rrëza, definite rrëza, definite plural rrëzat)

rrëza (plural)
rrëza (definite)
rrëzat (definite plural)
rrëzë (indefinite nominative singular)
rrëza (definite nominative singular)
rrëza (indefinite nominative plural)
rrëzat (definite nominative plural)
rrëzë (accusative indefinite singular)
rrëzën (accusative definite singular)
rrëza (accusative indefinite plural)
rrëzat (accusative definite plural)
rrëzeje (dative indefinite singular)
rrëzës (dative definite singular)
rrëzave (dative indefinite plural)
rrëzave (dative definite plural)
rrëzeje (ablative indefinite singular)
rrëzës (ablative definite singular)
rrëzash (ablative indefinite plural)
rrëzave (ablative definite plural)
rrënzë (alternative)
rrânzë (alternative)
rrâjzë (alternative)
rrâzë (alternative)
rrojzë (alternative)

Denasalized variant of dialectal rrënzë, diminutive of rrënjë (“root”) in -zë.


shtërpij

From Proto-Albanian *ś(t)ripenī̆, from Proto-Indo-European *serp- (“to creep, crawl”). Originally the plural of gjarpër.


makra

phlegm, mucus (in the period of pregnancy)


prej

From Proto-Albanian *prei, from Proto-Indo-European *prō (“forward, in front of, before”), close to Greek πρωΐ (proḯ, “early, in the morning”), and Old High German fruoi (“id”).


pranga

Ultimately from a variant of Italian spranga (“bolt, latch”), likely through Ottoman Turkish پرانغه (pranga, “fetters”), at least in the meaning “fetters”.

bor

(archaic) See prangë sg (“bolt, latch”).


brenda

From Proto-Albanian *(en) per en ta, from Proto-Indo-European *én per én tód, a sequence of particles.

brënda (alternative)
mrenda (alternative)
mrena (alternative)


pantallona

Etymology tree
Ancient Greek πᾶς (pâs)
Ancient Greek ἔλεος (éleos)
Proto-Indo-European *-eti
Proto-Indo-European *-eyéti
Proto-Indo-European *-esyéti
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti
Ancient Greek -έω (-éō)
Ancient Greek ἐλεέω (eleéō)
Proto-Indo-European *-mṓ
Ancient Greek -μων (-mōn)
Ancient Greek ἐλεήμων (eleḗmōn)
Ancient Greek Παντελεήμων (Panteleḗmōn)bor.
Spanish Pantaleónder.
Italian Pantaloneder.
French pantalonbor.
Ottoman Turkish پانتالونbor.
Albanian pantallona
Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish پانتالون (pantalon). The plurality was likely taken from Italian pantaloni pl.


krunde

krundet (definite plural)
grundë (alternative)

Plurale tantum; derivative of kruaj (“to rub, scratch”).


qurra

Uncertain. Possibilities include:
# Akin to Lithuanian šliùrti (“to become dirty”), with the terms sharing a tentative late root Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew-r-.
# Akin to Lithuanian krèkti (“to coagulate, clot”).
# Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish كیر (kir, “dirt”).


tesha

From Proto-Albanian *taišā, continuing Proto-Indo-European *tetḱ-. Related to Lithuanian tiesiù, tiēsti (“to make right, to build”) and perhaps Ancient Greek τέκτων (téktōn, “artisan”).


djemën

From earlier djemënë, from Latin daemōn. Exclusive to the Gheg Catholic community.


lëmaqe

Singularized plural of *lëmak, a derivative of lëmë, from Proto-Albanian *lamā, cognate to Old High German lam (“lame”), Proto-Slavic *lomь (“breaking; crow-bar; broken branches”).


ligje

(plural only) words of mourning said when a person dies, dirge


ndë

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dó (“inside”). Cognate with Greek ἔνδον (éndon, “within”), Hittite 𒀭𒁕 (/anda/, “in”).


binosh

Seemingly from Latin bīnus (“occurring twice; in pairs”). The first element bi- ("two(fold)") also occurs in binjak.

bor

Kush është shëndosh bën binosh.

Whoever is healthy gives birth to twins.


lekë

lékë (canonical masculine plural)
lékët (definite)

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“light”), a reflection or calque of Ancient Greek Ἀλβανοί (Albanoí, literally “the white ones”), a tribe southern Illyria.

calque

inhabitants of northern Albanian mountains. inhabitants of Mbishkodra


lara

Substantivized form of larë/lanë, participle of laj.


leqe

Singularized plural of *lak, from Proto-Indo-European *(ǝ)lak-, *lēk- (“leg; the main muscle of the arm or leg”), close to Latin lacertus (“limb, arm”), Persian لنگ (leng), Icelandic leggur (“leg, limb”).


mby

Gheg variant of Tosk and Standard Albanian mbi. See mbi for more.


përmby

Gheg variant of Tosk and Standard Albanian përmbi. Compound për (“for, per”) + mby (“on, onto, upon”). See mbi for more.

përmbi (alternative)
përmy (alternative)


përmy

Loss of /b/ sound in mby (Gheg alternative of Tosk "mbi"). "Përmy" is the Gheg variant of Tosk and Standard Albanian përmbi. Compound për (“for, per”) + my (“on, onto, upon”). See mbi for more.

përmbi (alternative)
përmby (alternative)


gjinde

From Latin gentem. Cognate to Italian gente, Spanish gente, and others.


rrëshajë

sq-noun

rrëshajë f (plural rrëshajë, definite plural rrëshajët)

rrëshajë (plural)
rrëshajët (definite plural)
ërshajë (alternative)
shaje (alternative)
rrushajë (alternative)


Shtete e Bashkuara të Amerikës

head

Shtete e Bashkuara të Amerikës m pl (definite Shtetet e Bashkuara të Amerikës)

Shtetet e Bashkuara të Amerikës (definite)

United States of America
United States of America#English

United States of America (a country in North America)


Shtete e Bashkuara

Shtete e Bashkuara m pl (definite Shtetet e Bashkuara)

United States of America (a country in North America), short for Shtete e Bashkuara të Amerikës.


përmbas

përmbas meje


myxhizatë

Learned borrowing from Ottoman Turkish معجزات pl (mu’cizat, mü’cizat, “miracles”).

lbor

1724, Muçi Zade, Imzot, mos më lerë pa kahve, line 1:


menefrego

head

menefrego m or f by sense (plural menefrego, definite menefregoja)

menefrego (plural)
menefregoja (definite)

Back-formation of menefregist, suffixed with the derogatory suffix -o.

(derogatory, colloquial) careless person, someone who couldn't care less


tespihe

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish تسبیح (tesbih).

bor+

tespi (alternative)
tespije (alternative)


karshi

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish قارشو (karşı, karşu, “opposite”), from Proto-Turkic *kar-.

indefinite dative/ablative singular and definite nominative plural of karsh


përballë

From për- (prepositional prefix) + ballë (“front, forehead”).

af

(figurative) facing, countering something


përballë

(figurative) facing or overcoming an obstacle, resistance to difficulty


qëmoti

From që (“when, where”) + mot (“era, times”) + -i.

(noun, definite, singular only) ancient, old times, antiquity


linjta

të linjta (canonical feminine plural)
të linjtat (definite)
të linta (alternative)
të linda (alternative)
të lina (alternative)


makarona

sq-noun

makaróna f pl (definite plural makaronat)

makaróna (canonical feminine plural)
makaronat (definite plural)