u

From Proto-Semitic *wa (“and”). Cognate with Arabic وَ (wa) and Biblical Hebrew וְ־ (wə̆-).

𒀭𒂗𒆤 𒁁𒂖 𒊭𒈨𒂊 𒅇 𒅕𒍢𒁴

1755–1750 BCE, King Hammurabi of Babylon, translated by CDLI, Hammurabi Code, The Louvre, Prologue, lines 3-5:

𒅇 𒅆𒅅𒁕𒄠 𒋗𒁉𒇴

𒋳𒈠𒀸𒊭𒀜 𒀀𒉿𒅆 𒀉𒋾𒍣𒅗𒊑𒅎 𒊭𒉌𒅎 𒄿𒈾𒄿𒌅𒅆 𒀉𒋫𒊍𒁁 𒄿𒅗𒍪𒋗𒉡𒋾𒈠 𒀀𒈾 𒈨𒂊 𒄿𒈾𒀜𒁺𒌑 𒋗𒉡𒋾 𒋳𒈠𒁁𒂖 𒀸𒊭𒁴 𒀸𒊭𒍪𒌑𒁀𒆷𒀜 𒅇 𒊬𒊒𒌝 𒀵𒍪𒌑𒁀𒆷𒀜

1755–1750 BCE, King Hammurabi of Babylon, translated by OMNIKA Foundation, Hammurabi Code, The Louvre, Law 129:

If an awīlum's wife has been caught lying with another man, they will be bound and thrown into the water; if the wife's lord wishes to spare his wife, also the king may spare his servant.

šum-ma aš-ša-at a-wi-lim it-ti zi-ka-ri-im ša-ni-im i-na i-tu-lim it-ta-aṣ-bat i-ka-su₂-šu-nu-ti-ma a-na me-e i-na-ad-du-u₂-šu-nu-ti šum-ma be-el aš-ša-tim aš-ša-su₂ u₂-ba-la-aṭ u₃ šar-ru-um IR₃-su₂ u₂-ba-la-aṭ


anna

tlb

(Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, Nuzi, El-Amarna)

𒅗𒋗 𒀭𒈾 𒊮𒋗 𒌌𒆷

There is a yes in his mouth, but a no in his heart.


ma

Unknown. Compare Ge'ez -መ (-mma) (emphatic enclitic).

𒌓𒈠𒈠

(enclitic) used to stress single words, especially the predicate of nominal clauses


ana

𒈦 𒆬𒌓𒊭 𒀀𒈾 𒀀𒄭𒉌 𒍣𒄴𒊑𒅎 𒉌𒆠𒅖

MAŠ KUG.BABBAR-ša a-na a-ḫi-ni ṣe-eḫ-ri-im ni-qi₂-iš

We gave half of her silver to our young(est) brother.


Marduk

Borrowed from Sumerian 𒀭𒀫𒌓 (ᵈamar-utu /Marduk/, literally “calf of the sun”).

bor

𒀀𒈾 𒈗 𒂗𒅀
𒀴𒅗 𒁹𒁕𒁲𒄿
𒇻 𒁲𒈬 𒀀𒈾 𒈗 𒂗𒅀
𒀭𒉺 𒀭𒀫𒌓 𒀀𒈾 𒈗
𒂗𒅀 𒌨𒊒𒁍

680–631 BCE, “ABL 0727”, in Robert F. Harper, editor, Assyrian and Babylonian Letters (priestly letter; clay tablet), published 1892–1914, CDLI P334516; republished as “SAAS 13 020”, in Peter Machinist, Steven W. Cole, editors, State Archives of Assyria, volume 13, Helsinki, 1999, lines 1–5:

To my lord the king, your servant Dadî. Good health to my lord the king. May Nabû and Marduk bless my lord the king.

a-na LUGAL EN-ia
ARAD-ka ᵐda-di-i
lu SILIM-mu a-na LUGAL EN-ia
ᵈPA ᵈAMAR.UTU a-na LUGAL
EN-ia lik-ru-bu

Marduk (chief god of Babylon, later king of the gods)


mû

From Proto-Semitic *māy- (“water”). Cognate with Arabic مَاء (māʔ) and Biblical Hebrew מַיִם (máyim).

𒈬𒌑 𒂊𒇷 𒆠𒊭𒀜 𒈾𒊑𒅎 𒅋𒇷𒆪

The water flowed over the bank of the river.


eli

form elī (pronominal)
ili (alternative)
elu (alternative)
el (alternative)
al (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ʕalay- (“on, over”). Cognate with Arabic عَلَى (ʕalā) and Biblical Hebrew עַל (ʕal), עֲלֵי (ʕălé).

𒋳𒈠 𒀀𒉿𒈝 𒇷𒂊𒀉 𒀀𒉿𒅆 𒊭 𒂊𒇷𒋗 𒊏𒁍𒌑 𒅎𒋫𒄩𒊍 𒄿𒈾 𒁍𒌔𒊑𒅎 𒄿𒈾 𒋢𒉮 𒄞 𒁹𒋗𒅆 𒅎𒈤𒄩𒊍

1755–1750 BCE, King Hammurabi of Babylon, translated by OMNIKA Foundation, Hammurabi Code, The Louvre, Law 202:

If a man has struck the cheek of a man who is of higher rank than he, he will be struck with an ox whip sixty times in the assembly.

šum-ma a-wi-lum le-e-et a-wi-lim ša e-li-šu ra-bu-u₂ im-ta-ḫa-aṣ i-na pu-uḫ₂-ri-im i-na ^(kuš)USAN₃ GUD 1 šu-ši im-maḫ-ḫa-aṣ


umma

enma (alternative)
amma (alternative)
ummu (alternative)

𒁾𒁀𒄠 𒈠𒄯 𒄴𒄭𒅀 𒀸𒆪𒌦𒈠 𒌝𒈠 𒋗𒉡𒈠 𒁕𒈪𒅅

DUB-pa₂-am ma-ḫar aḫ-ḫi-ia aš-ku-un-ma um-ma šu-nu-ma da-mi-iq

I placed the tablet before my colleagues and they said: "It is good".

introduces direct and indirect speech (thus, saying, as follows, etc.)


ul

Probably from 𒅇 (u) + 𒆷𒀀 (lā), thus corresponding to Biblical Hebrew וְלֹא (wə-loʔ). Compare also Biblical Hebrew אַל (ʔal).

𒀀𒅗𒀠 𒀀𒇷𒅎 𒌑𒌌 𒉌𒄷𒊻


ula

𒈪𒅎𒈠 𒌑𒆷 𒀀𒂵𒀊𒁉

𒀜𒋫 𒌑𒆷 𒋾𒁲

Old Akkadian, Old Assyrian, and Old Babylonian form of ul (“not”)


ina

𒀀𒉿𒅋𒌈 𒌑𒌌 𒄿𒈾 𒀀𒊮 𒅇 𒌑𒌌 𒄿𒈾 𒆠𒊑𒅎 𒊭𒀝𒈾𒀜

a-wi-il-tum u₂-ul i-na A.ŠA₃ u₃ u₂-ul i-na ki-ri-im ša-ak-na-at

The woman is neither in the field nor in the orchard.


lā

From Proto-Semitic *lā. Cognate with Arabic لَا (lā) and Biblical Hebrew לֹא (loʔ).

no, not (in subordinate or conditional clauses)


lū

Cognate with Arabic لَوْ (law) and Biblical Hebrew לוּ (lu).

𒋫𒀊𒇷 𒋢𒄩𒊏𒄠 𒇻𒌑 𒌉𒆠

𒇻 𒋫𒀜𒋫𒀠𒆷𒆠

𒀀𒈾 𒌦𒅗 𒅇 𒈪𒅎𒈬𒅗 𒁕𒀭𒉌𒅖 𒁕𒀭𒉌𒅖 𒇻 𒋗𒌌𒈬

a-na KALAM-ka u₃ mi-im-mu-ka da-an-ni-iš da-an-ni-iš lu šu-ul-mu

May it be exceedingly well with your country and all that belongs to you.


atti

From Proto-Semitic *ʔanti f (“thou”). Cognate with Arabic أَنْتِ (ʔanti) and Biblical Hebrew אַתְּ (ʔat).

you, thou (second-person feminine singular personal pronoun, nominative case)

1. This table gives Old Babylonian inflection.

2. Used to express the Accusative and Genitive case.

3. Used exclusively on adjectives to form the predicative construction.

5. Used on verbs. Always follows the Ventive.


ulla

𒌌𒆷 𒀀𒇷𒅅 𒌉


atta

From Proto-Semitic *ʔanta m (“thou”). Cognate with Arabic أَنْتَ (ʔanta) and Biblical Hebrew אַתָּה (ʔattɔ́).

𒀀𒈾𒆪 𒅇 𒀜𒋫

you, thou (second-person masculine singular personal pronoun, nominative case)


minde

From 𒈪𒅔 (mīn) + 𒄿𒁲 (īde), literally “what do I know?”.


idin

second-person singular masculine imperative of nadānum


barbarum

Likely borrowed from Sumerian 𒌨𒁇𒊏 (urbarak, literally “outside dog, wild predator”). Compare Arabic بَبْر (babr, “tiger”) and Classical Syriac ܒܒܪܐ (bbrʾ, “tiger”), not understood in their direct origin.

bor

(Standard Babylonian, astronomy, with determiner 𒀯) the name of one of the twelve stars of Enlil


adi

adum (alternative)
adu (alternative)
ad (alternative)

(with numbers with the suffix -īšu) times, -fold


šina

From Proto-Semitic *šin(ā) f (they). Cognate with Arabic هُنَّ (hunna) and Biblical Hebrew הֵן (hen).

those, these same (aforementioned feminine plural noun)


𒄑𒂟

Old Armenian: կշիռ (kšiṙ)

c. early second millennium BCE, Proverbs, collection 17 (c.6.1.17), proverb 3.64, segment b7, lines 22-23

𒄑𒂟 𒊓 𒀝𒁍 𒃻 𒄊𒀀𒄰
𒁮𒃼𒊏 𒆪𒇷𒉌𒅕 𒇽 𒈾𒀭𒌇𒌇

Scales made with a net are a pit contrived of dishonesty;
should a man then take a merchant for his friend?

g̃iš-erin₂ sa ak-pu₂ nig̃₂ g̃iri₃-a-kam
dam-gar₃-ra gu₅-li-ni-ir lu₂ na-an-tuku-tuku


𒂷𒆪

Cuneiform spelling of malku (“king, prince”)


urram

tlb

(Old Assyrian, Babylonian, Mari, Boghazkeui, Ras Shamra, Emar)

Adverbial accusative of 𒌓𒁕 (urrum, “daytime”).


patrum

akk-noun

patrum m or f (construct state patar, plural patrū)

patar (construct)
patrū (plural)
patru (alternative)


mutum

mutum m (construct state mut or muti, plural mutū)

mut (construct)
muti (construct)
mutū (plural)
mutu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *mut- (“person, man”). Cognate with Biblical Hebrew מְתִים (məṯim, “men”).


-atum

From Proto-Semitic *-at-, from Proto-Afroasiatic *-t, *-Vt (feminine suffix). Cognate with Arabic ـَة (-a) and Biblical Hebrew ־ָה (-ɔ).

inh

Suffix used to form feminine adjectives from masculine adjectives.

Suffix used to form feminine nouns from masculine nouns referring to people.


aptum

akk-noun

aptum f (construct state apti, plural apātum)

apti (construct)
apātum (plural)
aptu (alternative)

Possibly borrowed from Sumerian 𒀊 (ab, “window, opening”).

𒀀𒁀𒌈 𒊭 𒂍 𒂊𒅆𒅎 𒉺𒀜𒀀

𒀊𒋾 𒊻𒉌𒅎


erbet

head

erbet m (feminine absolute erbe or erba, masculine free form erbettum, feminine free form erbûm)

erbe (absolute feminine)
erba (absolute feminine)
free form erbettum (masculine)
free form erbûm (feminine)
erbetti (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ʔarbaʕ- (“four”). Cognate with Arabic أَرْبَعَة (ʔarbaʕa) and Biblical Hebrew אַרְבָּעָה (ʔarbɔʕɔ́).


𒋗𒌑

𒋗𒌑 • (šu-u₂)


Adad

Adad (the god of storm, identified with the Sumerian god Ishkur, son of Anu or Enlil)


kī

kē (alternative)
akī (alternative)
akē (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *kV- (like, in the manner of). Cognate with Arabic كَـ (ka-) and Biblical Hebrew כְּ־ (kə-).

inh

𒆠 𒈠𒍢

𒆠𒄿 𒀀𒈾 𒍣𒊑𒅀 𒆷 𒋫𒀠𒆷𒅗𒄠

how does it happen that you're not coming to me?

𒆠𒄿 𒄩𒉈

How has he been wronged! (= What a pity!)


kī

as, like, in the manner of, according to


anāku

From Proto-Semitic *ʔanāku (“I”), from Proto-Afroasiatic *ˀanāku. Cognate with Biblical Hebrew אָנֹכִי (ʔɔnoḵí, “I”).

𒀀𒈾𒆪 𒈨𒉆 𒀀𒂵𒀊𒁉

I (first-person singular pronoun, nominative case)


itti

Compare Biblical Hebrew אֵת (ʔet̠, “with”).


mannum

mannu (alternative)
man (alternative)
mau (alternative)
mīya (alternative)
mīyati (alternative)
ema'e (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *mann- (“what”). Cognate with Arabic مَنْ (man) and Biblical Hebrew מִי (mi).

(indefinite) whoever, anyone, someone, one

(Neo-Assyrian) each, every (single) person


gardumu

A West Semitic loan, related to Hebrew גַּרְדּוֹם (gardōm, “executioner’s spot, scaffold”), Jewish Babylonian Aramaic גַּרְדּוּמָא (gardōmā, “stump”), Jewish Palestinian Aramaic גרדום (*gardōm, “court tribunal”), and the axes Hebrew גַּרְזֶן (garzén), Hebrew קַרְדֹּם (qardōm), Eblaite 𒄥𒁺𒈬𒌝 (gur-du-mu-um /gurdumum/), Emar Akkadian 𒄥𒁲𒈬 (gur-di-mu /gurdimu/), Arabic كَرْزَن (karzan, “axe; crown”) against Persian گرزن (garzan, “crown”) and گهزن (gahzan), گزن (gazan, “shoe-knife”).

cog

גַּרְדּוּמָא

(hapax legomenon) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

a kind of cognitor, tribune, criminal judge or prosecutor


ellum

akk-adjective

ellum (feminine elletum, masculine plural ellūtum, feminine plural ellētum, predicative el)

elletum (feminine)
ellūtum (masculine plural)
ellētum (feminine plural)
el (predicative)
allum (alternative)
allu (alternative)

verbal adjective of elēlum (“to become pure”):


ellum

Unknown. The hypothesis of a borrowing from Proto-South Dravidian I *eḷ (“sesame”, compare Tamil எள் (eḷ), Kannada ಎಳ್ಳು (eḷḷu)) has also been made.

bor

sesame oil of a specific quality, a good sesame oil


šī

From Proto-Semitic *šiʔa. Cognate with Arabic هِيَ (hiya) and Biblical Hebrew הִיא (hiʾ).

it (subject pronoun, referring to inanimate nouns of feminine gender)

that, this same (aforementioned feminine noun)


nēr

nīr (alternative)
nēru (alternative)
nīru (alternative)

Unknown. In his Babyloniaca, Babylonian historian Berossos refers to this number in Greek as νῆρος (nêros).

(lexical, Standard Babylonian) a word for troops, possibly host or army


idum

akk-noun

idum m or f (construct state idi, dual idān, plural idū m or idātum f)

idi (construct)
idān (dual)
idū (masculine plural)
idātum (feminine plural)

From Proto-Semitic *yad- (“hand”). Cognate with Arabic يَد (yad) and Biblical Hebrew יָד (yɔḏ).


argamannu

tlb

(Standard Babylonian, Neo-Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Boghazkeui)

Neo-Babylonian: Neo-Assyrian: 𒋠𒍝𒆳𒋛𒀀 (argawannu)

→ Aramaic:

desc

Classical Syriac: ܐܪܓܘܢܐ (ʾargəwānā, “purple”)

אַרְגְּוָונָא

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אַרְגְּוָונָא (“purple”)

→ Hebrew: אַרְגְּוָן (ʾargǝwɔn, “purple”)

desctree

→ Arabic: أرجوان (ʾarjuwān, ʾurjuwān, “purple”)
Andalusian Arabic: أرجوان
→ Spanish: arjorán (“Judas tree”)
→ Middle Armenian: արճուան (arčuan)
→ Persian: ارجوان (orjovân)
→ Ottoman Turkish: ارجوان (ercüvân)
→ Serbo-Croatian: adžùvān / аџу̀ва̄н (“young man, lover”)

→ Proto-Iranian:

desc

Middle Persian: ʾlgwkʾn' (argawān, “purple”)

Persian: ارغوان (arġavân, arġovân, “purple; Judas tree”)

→ Georgian: არღავანი (arɣavani)

→ Gujarati: અરગવાની (aragvānī)

→ Urdu: ارغوان (arğawān, “red-purple; a plant”)

Kurdish:

→ Northern Kurdish: erxewan (“purple; Judas tree”)

→ Central Kurdish: ئەرخەوان (erxewan, “purple; Judas tree”)

→ Middle Armenian: եղրեւանի (eġrewani, “lilac”)

Armenian: եղրեւանի (eġrewani)

→ Ottoman Turkish: ارغوان (ergavân, erguvân)

Turkish: erguvan

→ Albanian: jargavan

→ Romanian: iergovan, iorgovan

→ Serbo-Croatian: jȍrgovān / јо̏ргова̄н (“lilac”)

→ Hungarian: orgovány

→ Slovak: orgován (“lilac”)

Pashto: ارغوان (arğawān, “red-purple; a plant”)

Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾrγwʾn /arγawān/, “purple”)

→ Hebrew: אַרְגָּמָן (ʾargɔmɔn, “purple, red-purple [of garment]”)

→ English: argaman

→ Hittite: 𒅈𒄰𒈠𒀸 (arkammas, “tribute”) (probably)

→ Ugaritic: 𐎀𐎗𐎂𐎎𐎐 (ảrgmn, “purple”)

8th century BCE, Tiglath-Pileser III, Royal inscription 35

I imposed upon them tribute (and) payment of silver, gold, tin, iron, elephant hide(s), ivory, blue-purple (and) red-purple garments, multi-colored linen garments, camels, (and) she-camels.

biltu maddattu kaspu hurāṣu annaku parzillu mašku pīru šinnu pīru takiltu argamannu lubuštu birmu kitû ibilu nāqāte eli kânu


𒊭𒄠𒁀𒇷𒅋𒌈

head

𒊭𒄠𒁀𒇷𒅋𒌈 • (ša-am-ba-li-il-tum, /šambaliltu/)

ša-am-ba-li-il-tum (romanization)
šambaliltu (romanization)

desc

שִׁבְּלִילְתָא

→ Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: שִׁבְּלִילְתָא (šibbəlīləṯā)

→ Classical Syriac: ܫܒܠܝܠܬܐ (šebbəlīltā), ܦܠܝܠܬܐ (pəlīltā)

→ Unknown Semitic

→ Middle Persian: šmblyt (šamblīt, šamblīd), šmblytk' (šambalīdag, “fenugreek”)

Persian: شنبلیله (šanbalile), شنبلید (šambalid)

→ Azerbaijani: şəmbəllə

→ Armenian: շամբալա (šambala)

→ Russian: шамбала́ (šambalá)

→ Georgian: შამბალილა (šambalila)

→ Hindustani:

Urdu: شنبلید (šambalīd)

→ Old Armenian: շաբալութ (šabalutʻ)

→ Svan: შა̈მბლიკა̈ჲ (šämbliḳäy)

→ Svan: შა̈მბლიკა̈ჲ (šämbliḳäy)

→ Old Armenian: շամղիտակ (šamłitak)

→ Arabic: شِمْلِيدِج (šimlīdij), شِمْلِيدَج (šimlīdaj)

Literally meaning "mixture grass", from 𒊭𒄠𒈬 (šammu, “plant(s); grass, herb”) + 𒁀𒅋𒌈 (balītu, “waste land; rubbish tip”) (< /baliltu/).


ša

Accusative of 𒋗 (šu). Compare Arabic ذَا (ḏā) and Biblical Hebrew זֶה (zɛ).

(determinative) he/she who..., that which..., the one of

𒈗 𒊭 𒀀𒅆

(relative) who, whom, which (followed by verb in the subjunctive)

(before infinitives) fit to (be/do), due to (be/do)


warka

arka (alternative)
arki (alternative)
arku (alternative)

From a lost noun *warkum, biform of 𒉿𒅈𒅗𒌈 (warkatum, “rear, backside”).


𒅇𒆪𒊒𒌝

Ù.KU.RU.UM (romanization)
agurru (romanization)
ukurru (romanization)

→ Aramaic:

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡂𐡅𐡓 (ʾgwr /*ʾaggor/)

Classical Syriac: ܐܓܘܪܐ (ʾaggūrāʾ)

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אגורא (ʾaggurrā)

→? Ugaritic: 𐎜𐎂𐎗𐎎 (ủgrm, “bricks?”)


Ištar

→ English: Ishtar

→ Finnish: Ištar

→ Classical Syriac: ܐܸܣܬܪܵܐ (ʾestrā)

→ Mandaic: ࡏࡎࡕࡏࡓࡀ (ʿestira)

From Proto-Semitic *ʕaṯtar-. Cognate with Arabic عَثْتَر (ʕaṯtar) and Biblical Hebrew עַשְׁתֹּרֶת (ʕaštórɛṯ).

Ishtar (goddess of love and war, associated with the planet Venus, corresponding to the Sumerian Inanna)


ullu

Standard Babylonian and Neo-Babylonian form of ulla


𒀀𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣

desctree

→ Old Persian: 𐎢𐎳𐎼𐎠𐎬𐎢 (ʰUfrātuš)
→ Elamite:
Achaemenid Elamite: 𒌑𒅁𒊏𒌅𒅖 (ú-ip-ra-du-iš /Uipraduiš/)
→ Ancient Greek: Εὐφράτης (Euphrátēs)
Greek: Ευφράτης (Effrátis)
→ Latin: Euphrātēs

→ Arabic: الْفُرَات (al-furāt)
→ Northern Kurdish: Firat, Ferat
→ Ottoman Turkish: فرات (furat, fırat)
Turkish: Fırat
→ Persian: فرات (forât)
→ Azerbaijani: Fərat
→ Bengali: ফোরাত (phōrat)
→ Hindi: फ़रात (farāt)
→ Punjabi: ਫ਼ਰਾਤ (farāt)

→ Classical Syriac: ܦܪܬ (P(ə)rāṯ)

desc

→ Hebrew: פְּרָת

→ Hebrew: פְּרָת

Borrowed from Sumerian 𒀀𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣 (^(id₂)Buranun).


𒅀𒁀𒊓

Jebus, the Caananite settlement of Jerusalem prior to its conquest by King David circa 1000 BC


𒅀𒁉𒊓

Jebus, the Canaanite settlement of Jerusalem prior to its conquest by King David circa 1000 BC


𒂗𒈗𒋀

Bêl-šarra-uṣṣur from earlier *baʿal-śarra-unṣur, literally “May the Lord Protect the King.” Composed of 𒂗 (EN /bêl/, “lord”), 𒈗 (LUGAL /šarru/, “king”), and 𒋀 (URI₃ /uṣṣur/), assimilated from earlier *unṣur, jussive form of naṣāru (“to protect”). Comparable in meaning to the English expression God Save the King!


𒄩𒍝𒆥𒀀𒌑

ḫa-za-qí-a-ú (romanization)
Khazakiyow (romanization)

Borrowed from Hebrew חִזְקִיָּ֫הוּ (chizkiyáhu, “Hezekiah”).

bor

חִזְקִיָּ֫הוּ

𒀀𒈾 𒁹𒄩𒍝𒆥𒀀𒌑 𒆳𒅀𒌑𒁕𒀀𒀀 𒀉𒁲𒉡𒋗 𒅘𒊕 𒀀𒈾 𒀭𒉣𒇷 𒄿𒋤𒋗

had given him over to Hezekiah of Judah, he kept him in confinement like an enemy

a-na ᵐḫa-za-qí-a-ú ˡia-ú-da-ai id-di-nu-šu nak-riš a-na an-zil-li i-sir-šu


𒅀𒌑𒄩𒍣

ia-ú-ha-zi (romanization)
Ya'ukhazi (romanization)

Borrowed from Hebrew יְהוֹאָחָז (yeho'achaz, “Ahaz”).

Nimrud Slab, II R 10.2 28, 29

𒆳𒅀𒌑𒄩𒍣 𒁹𒅀𒌑𒁕𒀀𒀀


𒅀𒌑𒁕𒀀𒀀

Hebrew יְהוּדִי (yəhûḏî)

𒀀𒈾 𒁹𒄩𒍝𒆥𒀀𒌑 𒆳𒅀𒌑𒁕𒀀𒀀 𒀉𒁲𒉡𒋗 𒅘𒊕 𒀀𒈾 𒀭𒉣𒇷 𒄿𒋤𒋗

a-na ᵐḫa-za-qí-a-ú ˡia-ú-da-a-a id-di-nu-šu nak-riš a-na an-zil-li i-sir-šu

𒆳𒅀𒌑𒄩𒍣 𒁹𒅀𒌑𒁕𒀀𒀀
ˡia-ú-ha-zi ᵐia-ú-da-a-a

Judean, of Judah, an Iron Age tribal grouping, and later kingdom, of Northwest Semites


𒈨𒈾𒋛𒄿

me-na-si-i (romanization)
Menasi (romanization)

Borrowed from Hebrew מְנַשֶּׁה (menaše).

Esarhaddon Prism B

𒆳𒁀𒀪𒇻 𒈗 𒆳𒀫𒊒 𒆳𒈨𒈾𒋛𒄿 𒈗 𒆳𒅀𒌑𒁲

Ba'alu, king of Tyre, Manasseh, king of Judah

ᵐba-'-lu ṡar ˡṣur-ri ᵐme-na-si-i ṡar ˡia-u-di


𒈬𒊺𒊩𒌨𒌅

𒈬𒊺𒊩𒌨𒌓 (alternative)
𒈬𒊺𒊩𒌨𒌈 (alternative)
𒈬𒊺𒉌𒅅𒌈 (alternative)
𒈬𒅆𒉌𒅅𒌈 (alternative)
𒌝𒈨𒂵𒇲 (alternative)


𒀸𒅗𒇻𒈾

Perhaps from Northwest Semitic; compare Hebrew אַשְׁקְלוֹן (′ašqəlōn).

cog

Hebrew אַשְׁקְלוֹן (′ašqəlōn)

Amarna letter EA 287, lines 14-16

𒀀𒈥 𒆳 𒌷𒄤𒊑𒆠 𒆳 𒌷𒀸𒅗𒇻𒈾𒆠 𒌑 𒌷𒆷[𒆠]𒅆𒆠 𒄿𒁷𒉡 𒀀𒈾 𒊭𒋢𒉡 𒃻𒄭𒀀 𒉌𒄭𒀀 𒌑 𒈪𒅎𒈠 𒈠𒄴𒍣𒊏𒈬

Consider the lands of Gezer, Ashkelon, and La[chi]sh. They have given them food, oils, and any other requirement.

a-mur KUR ᵘʳᵘGAZ-riᵏⁱ KUR ᵘʳᵘaš-qa-lu-naᵏⁱ u₃ ᵘʳᵘla-[ki]-šiᵏⁱ i-din-nu a-na ša-šu-nu NIG₂.HA₂ I₃.HA₂ u₃ mi-im-ma ma-ah-cí-ra-mu


elum

Compare the preposition 𒂊𒇷 (eli, “on, over”).

(Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, rare) top, upper side


gūdu

From Aramaic גּוֹד (gôḏ, “leather bottle”). Compare Classical Syriac ܓܘܕܐ (gawdā, “leather bottle”).


𒉌𒌓𒍝𒆴𒀀

a-na šu-ul-ma-ni-ka diš ma-na ZA-GÌN₃ KUR
u diš LÁ ša ANŠE-KUR-RA-MEŠ ša diš GIGIR-MEŠ GIŠ-MEŠ
ul-te-bi-la-ak-ku
Ana šulmanika diš mana zagin kur–
–u diš lal ša sisi ša diš gigir sulmu
ultebilaʾakku
As your greeting-gift: 3 minas of genuine lapis laz–
–uli and 5 teams of horses for wooden chariots,


𒈪𒄑𒊑𒄿

mi-iṣ-ri-i (romanization)
Miṣri (romanization)

From a common Semitic source, compare alternate Akkadian 𒈬𒀫 (mu-ṣur /Muṣur/), Hebrew מִצְרַיִם (Mīṣrayīm), and Ugaritic 𐎎𐎕𐎗𐎎 (Miṣrāma).

𒀀𒈾 𒉌𒅁𒄷𒌨𒊑𒊑𒅀 𒈗 𒆳⸢𒈪⸣[𒄑𒊑𒄿]
a-na ni-ip-ḫu-ur-ri-ri-ia LUGAL ᴷᵁᴿ⸢mi⸣-[iṣ-ri-i]

To Tutankhamun, king of the Land of Egypt


𒉌𒅅𒆪𒌑

head

𒉌𒅅𒆪𒌑 • (Nikuʾú)

Necho I, a pharaoh of the 26th dynasty of Egypt.


warki

arki (alternative)
warka (alternative)
arku (alternative)
arka (alternative)
urki (alternative)

𒉿𒅈𒆠𒋗


𒀭𒇸

Borrowed from Sumerian 𒆤𒇲 (LIL₂.LA₂ /lili/, “wandering spirit; father of Gilgamesh”).

bor

→ Hebrew: לִילִית

𒇽𒆤𒇲 m (lúLIL₂.LA₂ /Lilû/), 𒊩𒆤𒇲 f (munusLIL₂.LA₂ /Lilītu/, “a wandering demon that preys on pregnant women and children”)

𒄞𒀭𒈾

demonic power; ghost; Bull of Heaven, Taurus


abdu

Borrowed from a West Semitic language. Compare Arabic عَبْد (ʕabd) and Biblical Hebrew עֶבֶד (ʕɛ́ḇɛḏ).


𒊓𒄠𒋢𒌝

śa-am-śu-um (romanization)
śamśum (romanization)
Old Akkadian with (romanization)
ś (romanization)
and mimation (romanization)


𒉌𒅁𒄷𒊑𒊑𒅀

𒉌𒅁𒄷𒌨𒊑𒊑𒅀 (canonical)
Ni-ip-ḫu-ur-re-re-ya (romanization)


asum

asu (alternative)
ašum (alternative)
assu (alternative)

desctree

→ Aramaic: ܐܵܣܵܐ / אָסָא (ʾāsā)
→ Arabic: آس (ʔās)
⇒ Cypriot Arabic: ximplás
→ Ge'ez: እልኣስ (ʾəlʾas, “myrtle”)
→ Middle Armenian: հապալաս (hapalas) (√ حَبّ الْآس (ḥabb al-ʔās))
→ Armenian: հապալաս (hapalas) (learned)

→⇒ Hebrew: הֲדַס (hăḏás)
→ Arabic: هَدَس (hadas)
→ Amharic: ኣደስ (ʾadäs), አደስ (ʾädäs)
→ Ge'ez: አደስ (ʾädäs)
→ Swahili: mhadasi
→ Tigrinya: ኣደስ (ʾadäs)
→ Aramaic: הֲדַסַא (hăḏasā)
→ German: Addas f (used once by Heinrich Heine)
→ Yiddish:


asum

asātum (feminine plural)
asu (alternative)


-ī

Compare Arabic ـِيّ (-iyy) and Biblical Hebrew ־ִי (-i).

Suffix used to derive adjectives (with the meaning “related to ...”) from nouns.


𒌚𒁈

Literally Month of the sanctuary. 𒌚 (araḫ, “month, moon”) + 𒁈 (nisānu, “sanctuary”). Compare Hebrew נִיסָן (nīsān), Arabic نَيْسَان (naysān).


sebet

head

sebet m (feminine absolute sebe, masculine free form sebettum, feminine free form sebûm)

sebe (absolute feminine)
free form sebettum (masculine)
free form sebûm (feminine)
sebetti (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *šabʕ- (“seven”). Cognate with Arabic سَبْعَة (sabʕa) and Biblical Hebrew שִׁבְעָה (šiḇʿɔ).

𒋛𒁉𒀉 𒌓𒈪𒅎 𒅇 𒋛𒁉 𒈬𒅆𒀀𒁴


kudurru

akk-noun

kudurru m (plural kudurrū or kudurrētu f)

tlb

(from Middle Assyrian and Middle Babylonian on)

kudurrū (plural)
kudurrētu (feminine plural)


ilum

akk-noun

ilum m (construct state il or ili, dual ilān, plural ilū or ilānū, feminine iltum)

il (construct)
ili (construct)
ilān (dual)
ilū (plural)
ilānū (plural)
iltum (feminine)
ilu (alternative)
elum (alternative)
elu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ʔil- (“deity”). Cognate with Arabic إِلٰه (ʔilāh) and Biblical Hebrew אֵל (ʔel).


iltum

iltum f (construct state ilat, plural ilātum, masculine ilum)

tlb

(Old Akkadian, Babylonian, Old Assyrian)

ilat (construct)
ilātum (plural)
ilum (masculine)
iltu (alternative)
eltum (alternative)
eltu (alternative)

From 𒀭 (ilum, “god”) + -𒌈 (-tum, feminine suffix). Akin to Arabic إِلَاهَة (ʔilāha) and Biblical Hebrew אֵלָה (ʔelɔ́).


šamû

šamā'ū (alternative)
šamāmū (alternative)

Contraction of šamā'ū. From Proto-Semitic *šamāy- (“sky, heaven”). Cognate with Arabic سَمَاء (samāʔ) and Biblical Hebrew שָׁמַיִם (šɔmáyim).

𒀭𒂗𒆤 𒁁𒂖 𒊭𒈨𒂊 𒅇 𒅕𒍢𒁴


bītum

bītātum (feminine plural)
bītu (alternative)
bētum (alternative)
bētu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *bayt- (“house”). Compare Arabic بَيْت (bayt) and Biblical Hebrew בַּיִת (báyiṯ).

𒋳𒈠 𒀀𒉿𒈝 𒁉𒌓 𒅁𒇻𒍑 𒄿𒈾 𒉺𒉌 𒁉𒅋𒅆𒉎 𒋗𒀀𒋾 𒄿𒁺𒊌𒆪𒋗𒈠 𒄿𒄩𒀠𒆷𒇻𒋗

1755–1750 BCE, King Hammurabi of Babylon, translated by OMNIKA Foundation, Hammurabi Code, The Louvre, Law 21:

If a man broke into a house, he will be executed and hung in front of that breach.

šum-ma a-wi-lum bi-tam ip-lu-uš i-na pa-ni pi₂-il-ši-im šu-a-ti i-du-uk-ku-šu-ma i-ḫa-al-la-lu-šu


ēkallum

akk-noun

ēkallum f (construct state ēkal, pronominal state ēkalla, plural ēkallātum)

ēkal (construct)
ēkalla (pronominal-state)
ēkallātum (plural)
ēkallu (alternative)

→ Proto-West Semitic: *haykal- (probably)

desctree

Arabic: هَيْكَل (haykal)
→ English: haikal
→ Ge'ez: ሀይከል (häykäl)
→ Classical Persian: هَیکَل (haykal)
Tajik: ҳайкал (haykal)
→ Azerbaijani: heykəl
→ Bashkir: һәйкәл (həykəl)
→ English: heykel
→ Northern Kurdish: heykel
→ Tatar: һәйкәл (häykäl)
→ Chagatai:
Uzbek: haykal
Uyghur: ھەيكەل (heykel)
→ Zazaki: heykel
→ Swahili: hekalu
→ Turkmen: heýkel
→ Ottoman Turkish: هیكل (heykel)
Turkish: heykel

Aramaic:

Biblical Aramaic: הֵיכְלָא (hēḵəlā)

Classical Syriac: ܗܝܟܠܐ (haykəlā)
→ Sogdian: 𐼳𐼷𐼸𐽄𐼰 (hyklʾ /heykala/, “nave”)

Imperial Aramaic: 𐡄𐡉𐡊𐡋𐡀 (hyklʾ)

→ Ancient Greek: ἀειχάλας (aeikhálas)

Biblical Hebrew: הֵיכָל (heḵɔ́l)

→ Israeli Hebrew: היכל (hekhál)

Old South Arabian: 𐩠𐩺𐩫𐩡 (hykl)

→ Ugaritic: 𐎅𐎋𐎍 (hkl /hêkal/)

Borrowed from Sumerian 𒂍𒃲 (e₂-gal /ēgal/).

bor+

𒅆𒅗𒅈 𒂊𒅗𒀠𒇷𒉎 𒌑𒌌 𒉌𒅖𒋾


šumma

From Proto-Semitic *šim (“if”). Cognate with Arabic إِن (ʔin) and Biblical Hebrew אִם (ʾim).

𒋳𒈠 𒌉 𒀀𒁀𒋗 𒅎𒋫𒄩𒊍 𒈩𒇲𒋗 𒄿𒈾𒀝𒆠𒋢

1755–1750 BCE, King Hammurabi of Babylon, translated by OMNIKA Foundation, Hammurabi Code, The Louvre, Law 195:

If a son has struck his father, his hand will be cut off.

šum-ma DUMU A.BA-šu im-ta-ḫa-aṣ KIŠIB.LA₂-šu i-na-ak-ki-su


awīlum

awīlû (plural)
awīlu (alternative)
abīlum (alternative)
amīlu (alternative)
amēlu (alternative)
a'īlu (alternative)

Compare Biblical Hebrew אֱוִיל (ʔɛ̆wil, “fool”).

𒋳𒈠 𒀀𒉿𒈝 𒌉 𒀀𒉿𒅆 𒍢𒄴𒊏𒄠 𒅖𒋫𒊑𒅅 𒀉𒁕𒀝

1755–1750 BCE, King Hammurabi of Babylon, translated by OMNIKA Foundation, Hammurabi Code, The Louvre, Law 14:

If a free man has kidnapped the young son of a free man, he will be executed.

šum-ma a-wi-lum DUMU a-wi-lim ṣe-eḫ-ra-am iš-ta-ri-iq id-da-ak


bēlum

akk-noun

bēlum m (construct state bēl or bēli, plural bēlū, feminine bēltum)

bēl (construct)
bēli (construct)
bēlū (plural)
bēltum (feminine)
bēlu (alternative)

→ Ancient Greek: Βῆλος (Bêlos)

→ Classical Mandaic: ࡁࡉࡋ (/bīl/)

desc

→ Classical Syriac: ܒܹܝܠ (/bēl/, “Bel, Jupiter, tin”)

→ Old Armenian: Բէլ (Bēl)

From Proto-Semitic *baʕl-. Cognate with Arabic بَعْل (baʕl, “lord”) and Biblical Hebrew בַּעַל (báʕal, “master”).

cog

𒀭𒂗𒆤 𒁁𒂖 𒊭𒈨𒂊 𒅇 𒅕𒍢𒁴

𒁁𒂖 𒀠𒁉𒉎 𒈤𒊒𒌑𒌝

Bel, a Babylonian deity related to the Semitic Baal

An epithet of other deities, particularly Marduk


bēltum

akk-noun

bēltum f (construct state bēlet, plural bēlētum, masculine bēlum)

bēlet (construct)
bēlētum (plural)
bēlum (masculine)
bēltu (alternative)
bēletum (alternative poetic)
bēletu (alternative poetic)
bēlatum (alternative)
bēlatu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *baʕlat- (“lady”). Equivalent to 𒂗 (bēlum, “lord”) + -𒌈 (-tum, feminine suffix). Compare Arabic بَعْلَة (baʕla) and Biblical Hebrew בַּעֲלָה (baʕălɔ́).


erṣetum

erṣētum (plural)
erṣetu (alternative)
arṣatum (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ʔarṣ́- (“earth”). Cognate with Arabic أَرْض (ʔarḍ) and Biblical Hebrew אֶרֶץ (ʔɛ́rɛṣ).

𒀭𒂗𒆤 𒁁𒂖 𒊭𒈨𒂊 𒅇 𒅕𒍢𒁴

1755–1750 BCE, King Hammurabi of Babylon, translated by CDLI, Hammurabi Code, The Louvre, Prologue, lines 3–5:


kāsum

akk-noun

kāsum m or f (plural kāsātum f or kāsānū f)

kāsātum (feminine plural)
kāsānū (feminine plural)
kāsu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *kaʔs- (“cup, goblet”). Cognate with Arabic كَأْس (kaʔs) and Biblical Hebrew כּוֹס (kos).


kanākum

akk-verb

kanākum (G, a-u, durative ikannak, perfect iktanak, preterite iknuk, imperative kunuk)

ikannak (durative)
iktanak (perfect)
iknuk (preterite)
kunuk (imperative)
kanākum (infinitive)
kānikum (participle)
kankum (adjective)
akannak (durative first-person singular)
aktanak (first-person perfect singular)
aknuk (first-person preterite singular)
luknuk (first-person imperative singular)
takannak (durative masculine second-person singular)
taktanak (masculine perfect second-person singular)
taknuk (masculine preterite second-person singular)
kunuk (imperative masculine second-person singular)
takannakī (durative feminine second-person singular)
taktankī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
taknukī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
kunkī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
ikannak (durative singular third-person)
iktanak (perfect singular third-person)
iknuk (preterite singular third-person)
liknuk (imperative singular third-person)
nikannak (durative first-person plural)
niktanak (first-person perfect plural)
niknuk (first-person plural preterite)
i niknuk (first-person imperative plural)
takannakā (durative plural second-person)
taktankā (perfect plural second-person)
taknukā (plural preterite second-person)
kunkā (imperative plural second-person)
ikannakū (durative masculine plural third-person)
iktankū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
iknukū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
liknukū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
ikannakā (durative feminine plural third-person)
iktankā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
iknukā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
liknukā (feminine imperative plural third-person)
kanāku (alternative)

to place s.th. under seal (for safekeeping, etc.)

(in hendiadys) to give/take/send s.th. under seal


šarāqum

Compare Arabic سَرَقَ (saraqa, “to steal”) and Ge'ez ሰረቀ (säräḳä, “to steal”)

𒋳𒈠 𒀀𒉿𒈝 𒌉 𒀀𒉿𒅆 𒍢𒄴𒊏𒄠 𒅖𒋫𒊑𒅅 𒀉𒁕𒀝


kankum

akk-adjective

kankum (feminine kaniktum, masculine plural kankūtum, feminine plural kankātum, predicative kanik)

kaniktum (feminine)
kankūtum (masculine plural)
kankātum (feminine plural)
kanik (predicative)

verbal adjective of kanākum: sealed, under seal


kunukkum

akk-noun

kunukkum m (construct state kunuk, plural kunukkū m or kunukkātum f)

kunuk (construct)
kunukkū (masculine plural)
kunukkātum (feminine plural)
kunukku (alternative)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: կնիք (knikʻ), կնունք (knunkʻ) — post-classical, senses “stamp; stamped image; baptism” only
Middle Armenian: կնունք (knunkʻ), կնուք (knukʻ)
Armenian: կնունք (knunkʻ), կնուք (knukʻ)
→ Armenian: կնիք (knikʻ)

→ Proto-Slavic: *kъňiga (possibly) (see there for further descendants)


kanīkum

akk-noun

kanīkum m or f (plural kanīkū m or kanīkātum f)

kanīkū (masculine plural)
kanīkātum (feminine plural)
kanīku (alternative)

(Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian) purchase document, receipt

Old Babylonian; Middle Assyrian; Old Babylonian; Middle Assyrian


šarqum

akk-adjective

šarqum (feminine šariqtum, masculine plural šarqūtum, feminine plural šarqātum)

šariqtum (feminine)
šarqūtum (masculine plural)
šarqātum (feminine plural)
šarqu (alternative)


šarrāqum

Compare Arabic سَرَّاق (sarrāq, “thief, robber”).


𒀀𒈾𒆪

Cuneiform spelling of annaku (“tin, lead”)


paššūrum

desc

→ Aramaic: פָּתוּרֵא (pāṯūrā)

→ Aramaic: פָּתוּרֵא (pāṯūrā)

→ Classical Syriac: ܦܵܬܘܼܪܵܐ (pāṯūrā)

→ Arabic: فَاثُور (fāṯūr)

→ Arabic: فَاثُور (fāṯūr)

Borrowed from Sumerian 𒍎 (banšur, “table”).


ālum

akk-noun

ālum m (construct state āl or āli, plural ālānū or ālānû)

āl (construct)
āli (construct)
ālānū (plural)
ālānû (plural)
ālu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ʔahl- (“tent camp”). Cognate with Arabic أَهْل (ʔahl, “kinfolk”) and Biblical Hebrew אֹהֶל (ʔóhɛl, “tent”).

𒀀𒈝 𒂊𒇻𒌑𒌝

𒁕𒀀𒀀𒉡 𒀀𒈾 𒁍𒄷𒌨 𒀀𒇷𒅎 𒅋𒇷𒆪

da-a-a-nu a-na pu-ḫu-ur a-li-im il-li-ku

The judges went to the assembly of the city.


walādum

walādum (infinitive)
wālidum (participle)
waldum (adjective)
ullid (durative first-person singular)
attalad (first-person perfect singular)
ulid (first-person preterite singular)
lulid (first-person imperative singular)
tullid (durative masculine second-person singular)
tattalad (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tulid (masculine preterite second-person singular)
lid (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tullidī (durative feminine second-person singular)
tattaldī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tuldī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
lidī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
ullid (durative singular third-person)
ittalad (perfect singular third-person)
ulid (preterite singular third-person)
lilid (imperative singular third-person)
nullid (durative first-person plural)
nittalad (first-person perfect plural)
nulid (first-person plural preterite)
i nilid (first-person imperative plural)
tullidā (durative plural second-person)
tattaldā (perfect plural second-person)
tuldā (plural preterite second-person)
lidā (imperative plural second-person)
ullidū (durative masculine plural third-person)
ittaldū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
uldū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
lildū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
ullidā (durative feminine plural third-person)
ittaldā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
uldā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
lildā (feminine imperative plural third-person)
alādum (alternative)
walādu (alternative)
ulādu (alternative)
malādu (alternative)

from Proto-Semitic *walad-. Cognate with Arabic وَلَدَ (walada) and Biblical Hebrew יָלַד (yɔlaḏ).


muškēnum

→ Biblical Hebrew: מִסְכֵּן (miskēn)

→ Classical Syriac: ܡܶܣܟܸܝܢܳܐ (meskēnā)

→ Arabic: مِسْكِين (miskīn) (see there for further descendants)

Derived from the participle of 𒆠𒍝𒍝 (šukênum, “to prostrate oneself”).

𒁕𒀀𒀀𒉡 𒉿𒅈𒅗𒀜 𒈦𒆕𒂗 𒋗𒀀𒋾 𒅁𒊒𒋢

da-a-a-nu wa-ar-ka-at MAŠ.GAG.EN šu-a-ti ip-ru-su

The judges investigated the circumstances of that commoner's case.

commoner, dependent (a class of people dependent or reliant on others, unable to provide supplies on their own)


abum

abum m (construct state abi, pronominal state abū or abā or abī, plural abbū)

abi (construct)
abū (pronominal-state)
abā (pronominal-state)
abī (pronominal-state)
abbū (plural)
abu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ʔabw- (“father”). Cognate with Arabic أَب (ʔab) and Biblical Hebrew אָב (ʔɔḇ).

𒋳𒈠 𒌉 𒀀𒁀𒋗 𒅎𒋫𒄩𒊍 𒈩𒇲𒋗 𒄿𒈾𒀝𒆠𒋢


amtum

amtum f (construct state amat, plural amātum)

amat (construct)
amātum (plural)
amtu (alternative)
andu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ʔamat- (“maidservant”). Cognate with Arabic أَمَة (ʔama, “female slave”) and Biblical Hebrew אָמָה (ʔɔmɔ́, “female servant”).

cog

𒄠𒌈 𒊭𒄠𒌈 𒄴𒇷𒅅

the female slave that was purchased escaped


ḫurāṣum

Compare Biblical Hebrew חָרוּץ (ḥɔrúṣ, “gold”) and Ugaritic 𐎃𐎗𐎕 (ḫrṣ /ḫurāṣu/).

𒋳𒈠 𒀀𒉿𒈝 𒇻 𒆬𒌓 𒇻 𒆬𒄀 𒇻 𒀴 𒇻 𒊩𒆳 𒇻 𒄞 𒇻 𒇻 𒇻 𒀲 𒅇 𒇻 𒈪𒅎𒈠 𒋳𒋗 𒄿𒈾 𒂵𒀜 𒌉 𒀀𒉿𒈝 𒅇 𒇻 𒀴 𒀀𒉿𒅆 𒁀𒈝 𒅆𒁉 𒅇 𒊑𒅅𒊓𒁴 𒅖𒋫𒄠 𒅇 𒇻 𒀀𒈾 𒈠𒍝𒊒𒁴 𒅎𒄷𒌨 𒀀𒉿𒈝 𒋗𒌑 𒊬𒊏𒀝 𒀉𒁕𒀝

1755–1750 BCE, King Hammurabi of Babylon, translated by OMNIKA Foundation, Hammurabi Code, The Louvre, Law 7:

If a man has purchased or accepted for safekeeping either silver or gold or a male slave or a female slave or an ox or a sheep or a donkey or anything at all from a member of the awīlum class or an awīlum’s slave without witnesses and contracts, said man is a thief; he will be executed.

šum-ma a-wi-lum lu KUG.BABBAR lu KUG.SIG17 lu ÌR lu GEME2 lu GUD lu UDU lu ANŠE ù lu mi-im-ma šum-šu i-na qá-at DUMU a-wi-lim!(LUM) ù lu ÌR a-wi-lim ba-lum ši-bi ù ri-ik-sa-tim iš-ta-am ù lu a-na ma-ṣa-ru-tim im-ḫu-ur a-wi-lum šu-ú šar-ra-aq id-da-ak

𒄿𒈾𒀭𒈾 𒀀𒄷𒌑𒀀𒀀 𒁹 𒈠𒈾 𒆬𒄀 𒀀𒈾 𒋗𒌌𒈠𒉌𒅀 𒌌𒋼𒁉𒄿𒆷
𒄿𒈾𒀭𒈾𒈠 𒆬𒄀 𒈠𒀀𒀜 𒈠𒆷 𒊭 𒀊𒁉𒅗 𒋗𒁉𒆷
[inanna aḫuʾa diš mana ḫurāṣu mīnu šulmania ultebiʾila
inannama ḫurāṣu maʾad mala ša abīka šubila]
i-na-an-na a-ḫu-u₂-a-a DIŠ MA.⸢NA⸣ KU₃.SIG₁₇ a-na šu-ul-ma-ni-ia ul-te-bi-i-la

Now my brother has sent two minas of gold as a greeting gift.
Now if gold is plentiful, send as much as your fathers.

i-na-an-na-ma KU₃.SIG₁₇ ma-a-ad ma-la ša ab-bi-ka šu-bi-la

𒅖𒌅 𒁉𒂊 𒀀𒁲 𒆬𒄀


kaspum

Compare Biblical Hebrew כֶּסֶף (kɛ́sɛp̄, “silver”), Classical Syriac ܟܣܦܐ (kespā) and Ugaritic 𐎋𐎒𐎔 (ksp /kaspu/).

𒆬𒌓 𒅇 𒍣𒁀𒀜𒍪 𒌑𒌌 𒄿𒈠𒄩𒊒𒋗𒈠 𒀉𒁕𒀝

KUG.BABBAR u₃ ṣi-ba-at-su u₂-ul i-ma-ḫa-ru-šu-ma id-da-ak

Should they not receive the silver and its interest from him, he will be executed.

𒆬𒌓 𒂊𒇷𒅗 𒄿𒋗


mārum

akk-noun

mārum m (construct state mār or māri, plural mārū, feminine mārtum)

mār (construct)
māri (construct)
mārū (plural)
mārtum (feminine)
māru (alternative)
mer'u (alternative)
mar'um (alternative)
mar'u (alternative)
mēru (alternative Babylonian Standard)

Compare Arabic الْمَرْء (al-marʔ, “the man”).

𒋳𒈠 𒀀𒉿𒈝 𒌉 𒀀𒉿𒅆 𒍢𒄴𒊏𒄠 𒅖𒋫𒊑𒅅 𒀉𒁕𒀝

𒋳𒈠 𒌉 𒀀𒁀𒋗 𒉎𒋫𒄩𒊍 𒈩𒇲𒋗 𒄿𒈾𒀝𒆠𒋢


mārtum

mārtum f (construct state mārat or mārti, plural mārātum, masculine mārum)

mārat (construct)
mārti (construct)
mārātum (plural)
mārum (masculine)
mārtu (alternative)
mar'atum (alternative)
mer'atum (alternative)
mer'etum (alternative)
merâtum (alternative)
mērtu (alternative Babylonian Standard)
māštu (alternative)

From 𒌉 (mārum, “son”) + -𒌈 (-tum, feminine suffix). Akin to Arabic مَرْأَة (marʔa).

af

𒉿𒅈𒅗𒀜 𒋛𒉌𒅖𒁴 𒋗𒀀𒋾 𒊭 𒌉𒊩𒎌𒊭 𒌑𒌌 𒊭 𒈬𒋾𒊭 𒅆𒄿

wa-ar-ka-at si-ni-iš-tim šu-a-ti ša DUMU.MUNUS.MEŠ-ša u₃-ul ša mu-ti-ša ši-i

That woman's estate (inheritance) belongs to her daughters; it doesn't belong to her husband.


qaqqadum

qaqqadātum (feminine plural)
qaqqadu (alternative)

→ Old Armenian: գագաթն (gagatʻn)

From Proto-Semitic *qadqad-. Compare Biblical Hebrew קָדְקֹד (qɔḏqóḏ, “the top of the head”) and Ugaritic 𐎖𐎄𐎖𐎄 (qdqd, “the top of the head”).


ṣābum

akk-noun

ṣābum m (construct state ṣāb or ṣābi, plural ṣābū)

ṣāb (construct)
ṣābi (construct)
ṣābū (plural)
ṣābu (alternative)
ṣabûm (alternative)
ṣabbu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ṣābaʾ-. Cognate with Biblical Hebrew צָבָא (ṣɔḇɔ́ʔ, “an army, a multitude of people”) and Ugaritic 𐎕𐎁𐎜 (ṣbủ).

cog

𒉺𒉌 𒍝𒁉𒅎 𒍢𒄴𒊑𒅎 𒊍𒁁

(collective) gang, army, troop, people, population


šarrum

akk-noun

šarrum m (construct state šar or šarri, pronominal state šarra, plural šarrū or šarrānū, feminine šarratum)

šar (construct)
šarri (construct)
šarra (pronominal-state)
šarrū (plural)
šarrānū (plural)
šarratum (feminine)
šarru (alternative)
śarrum (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *śarār- (“to rule over”). Cognate with Biblical Hebrew שַׂר (śar, “ruler, captain, official”).

cog

𒈗 𒉿𒀀𒄠 𒅖𒆪𒉆


šarratum

From 𒈗 (šarrum, “king”) + -𒀀𒌈 (-atum, feminine suffix). Compare Biblical Hebrew שָׂרַי (śɔray, “princess”), feminine of שַׂר (śar, “prince”) (with old feminine ending ־ַי) and akin to שָׂרָה (śɔrɔ́, “princess”).


wardum

akk-noun

wardum m (construct state warad, plural wardū)

warad (construct)
wardū (plural)
wardu (alternative)
ardum (alternative)
ardu (alternative)
aradum (alternative)
bardum (alternative)
bardu (alternative)
urdum (alternative)
urdu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *w-r-d- (“to be led, to descend, to be taken down from a place”), possibly corroborated by the logogram used to write this word, originally containing the sign 𒆳 (kur, “highland, foreign country”) (compare 𒀴 and 𒀵), the Sumerian term being likely derived from an Akkadian borrowing; compare Hebrew יַרְדֵּן (yarden).

der

𒋳𒈠 𒀵 𒀀𒉿𒅆 𒇷𒂊𒀉 𒌉 𒀀𒉿𒅆 𒉎𒋫𒄩𒊍 𒌑𒍪𒌦𒋗 𒄿𒈾𒀝𒆠𒋢

1755–1750 BCE, King Hammurabi of Babylon, translated by OMNIKA Foundation, Hammurabi Code, The Louvre, Law 205:

If the slave of a free man has struck the cheek of a free man, his ear will be cut off.

šum-ma IR₁₁ a-wi-lim le-e-et DUMU a-wi-lim im-ta-ḫa-aṣ u₂-zu-un-šu i-na-ak-ki-su

follower, subject of a king, worshiper of a deity


rēšum

rēšū (plural)
rēšu (alternative)
rāšum (alternative rare)
rāšu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *raʔš- (“head”). Cognate with Arabic رَأْس (raʔs) and Biblical Hebrew רֹאשׁ (roʔš).

𒊑𒌍 𒊭𒀜𒁴

first installment, original amount, capital assets


aššatum

akk-noun

aššatum f (construct state aššat, plural aššātum)

aššat (construct)
aššātum (plural)
aššatu (alternative)
ašti (alternative)
alti (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ʔanθ-at-. Cognate with Ugaritic 𐎀𐎘𐎚 (ảṯt /ʔaṯṯatu/), Aramaic אִנְתְּתָא (ʾintəṯā), אִיתְּתָא (ʾittəṯā), Biblical Hebrew אִשָּׁה (ʔiššɔ́) and Arabic أُنْثَى (ʔunṯā).

cog

Aramaic אִנְתְּתָא (ʾintəṯā)

Arabic أُنْثَى (ʔunṯā)

𒁮 𒀀𒄩𒍪𒌝

𒁮 𒂊𒍣𒂊𒁍𒌝

𒋳𒈠 𒀀𒉿𒈝 𒀸𒊭𒌓 𒄿𒄷𒊻𒈠 𒊑𒅅𒊓𒋾𒊭 𒆷 𒅖𒆪𒌦 𒊩 𒅆𒄿 𒌑𒌌 𒀸𒊭𒀜

1755–1750 BCE, King Hammurabi of Babylon, translated by OMNIKA Foundation, Hammurabi Code, The Louvre, Law 128:

If a free man took a wife but did not conclude her contracts, that woman is not a wife.

šum-ma a-wi-lum aš-ša-tam i-ḫu-uz-ma ri-ik-sa-ti-ša la iš-ku-un MUNUS ši-i u₂-ul aš-ša-at


kakkabum

From Proto-Semitic *kabkab-. Cognate with Arabic كَوْكَب (kawkab) and Biblical Hebrew כּוֹכָב (koḵɔ́ḇ).


emūqum

akk-noun

emūqum m (dual emūqān, plural emūqū m or emūqātum f)

emūqān (dual)
emūqū (masculine plural)
emūqātum (feminine plural)
emūqu (alternative)

Compare Arabic عَمِيق (ʕamīq, “deep”) and Biblical Hebrew עָמֹק (ʕɔmóq, “deep”).

𒄿𒈾/𒀀𒈾 𒂊𒈬𒆠𒅎


īnum

īnān (dual)
īnū (plural)
īnu (alternative)
ēnum (alternative)
ēnu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ʕayn- (“eye”), from Proto-Afroasiatic *ʕayVn-. Cognate with Arabic عَيْن (ʕayn) and Biblical Hebrew עַיִן (ʕáyin).

𒅆 𒇷𒈬𒌓𒌈

𒋳𒈠 𒀀𒉿𒈝 𒄿𒅔 𒌉 𒀀𒉿𒅆 𒌔𒋰𒁉𒀉 𒄿𒅔𒋗 𒌑𒄩𒀊𒉺𒁺

1755–1750 BCE, King Hammurabi of Babylon, translated by OMNIKA Foundation, Hammurabi Code, The Louvre, Law 196:

If a free man has blinded the eye of a member of the awīlum class, his eye will be blinded.

šum-ma a-wi-lum i-in DUMU a-wi-lim uḫ-tap-pi-id i-in-šu u₂-ḫa-ap-pa-du


pānum

pānum m (construct state pān or pāni, plural pānū)

pān (construct)
pāni (construct)
pānū (plural)
pānu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *pan-. Compare Biblical Hebrew פָּנִים (pɔním, “face”) and Arabic فَنِيَ (faniya, “to pass away, perish”).

cog

wish, choice, intention, plan, purpose, concern, consideration, opinion


pānum

(measure of capacity, Babylonian) bushel (a dry capacity measure, equal to 60 qûm in Old Babylonian and 36 qûm in Neo-Babylonian, i.e. 1/5 of a kurrum (“kor”))


līmum

state līm (absolute)
līmi (absolute)
līmu (alternative)


išdum

akk-noun

išdum m (construct state išid, dual išdān, plural išdātum f)

išid (construct)
išdān (dual)
išdātum (feminine plural)
išdu (alternative)
ešdum (alternative)
ešdu (alternative)
ušdum (alternative)
ušdu (alternative)
ištum (alternative)
ildu (alternative)
irdu (alternative)
issu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ʔišd- (backside, lower leg, base, foundation). Cognate with Ugaritic 𐎛𐎌𐎄 (ỉšd), as well as Arabic Arabic أس (uss, “base (also in algebra)”), Arabic أساس (asās, “base, basis, foundation”), Arabic است (ist, “base, foundation, buttocks, rump”). Compare also Arabic وِسَادَة (wisāda, “pillow”) and Biblical Hebrew יְסוֹד (yəsóḏ).

cog

𒄿𒅆𒀉 𒀭𒂊

𒁁𒂖 𒅖𒁲𒅔

administration, organization of a government


libbum

akk-noun

libbum m (construct state libbi, pronominal state libba, plural libbū)

libbi (construct)
libba (pronominal-state)
libbū (plural)
libbu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *libb- (“heart”). Cognate with Arabic لُبّ (lubb) and Biblical Hebrew לֵב (leḇ).

𒊮𒅗 𒈪𒅎𒈠 𒆷𒀀 𒄿𒈠𒅈𒊏𒊍

𒆠𒄿 𒆷 𒊮𒁉 𒀭𒀭

mind, thought, intention, wish, desire, preference


nārum

nārum f (construct state nār or nāri, plural nārātum)

nār (construct)
nāri (construct)
nārātum (plural)
nāru (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *nahar- (“river”). Cognate with Arabic نَهْر (nahr) and Biblical Hebrew נָהָר (nɔhɔ́r).

𒈬𒌑 𒈾𒊑𒅎 𒊭𒀊𒇷𒁴

River, River-god (a river personified or deified)


nārum

nār (construct)
nāri (construct)
nuārum (alternative)
nu'ru (alternative Babylonian Middle)


šīpātum

šīpātu (alternative)
šūpātu (alternative)
šāptum (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ŝVp- (“tuft of hair”). Cognate with Arabic شَعْفة (šaʕfa, “a lock of hair”) and Biblical Hebrew שָׂפָם (śɔp̄ɔ́m, “moustache”), probably formed from שָׂפָה (“lip”) + ־ם (-m, suffix). Compare also Arabic صُوف (ṣūf, “wool”).

cog

𒊺 𒉌𒄑 𒅇 𒅆𒉺𒌈


šārtum

šārātum (plural)
šārtu (alternative)
šērtu (alternative)
šaḫratu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *śaʕr- (“hair”). Cognate with Arabic شَعْر (šaʕr) and Biblical Hebrew שֵׂעָר (śeʕɔ́r).


kirûm

akk-noun

kirûm m (base kiri, plural kirû m or kiriātum f)

kirû (masculine plural)
kiriātum (feminine plural)
kirû (alternative)
kirium (alternative)

Borrowed from Sumerian 𒊬 (kiri₆ /kiri/).


ṭuppum

ṭuppum m or f (construct state ṭuppi, pronominal state ṭuppa, plural ṭuppū m or ṭuppātum f)

ṭuppi (construct)
ṭuppa (pronominal-state)
ṭuppū (masculine plural)
ṭuppātum (feminine plural)
ṭuppu (alternative)
tuppum (alternative)
tuppu (alternative)

→ Classical Syriac: ܛܒܥܐ (tˤavʿā)

→ Hebrew: דַּף (dap̄)

→ Elamite:

desc

→ Old Persian: 𐎮𐎡𐎱𐎡 (dipi-, “inscription; document”)

Middle Persian: dywʾn' (dīwān) (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Middle Persian: 𐭣𐭯𐭩𐭥𐭥 (dibīr)
Classical Persian: دِبِیر (dibīr), دَبِیر (dabīr)
→ Azerbaijani: dəbir
→ Ottoman Turkish: دبیر (debir)
→ Niya Prakrit: 𐨡𐨁𐨬𐨁𐨪 (divira)
→ Old Armenian: դպիր (dpir) (from some Middle Iranian language, possibly Middle Persian)
→ Armenian: դպիր (dpir) (learned)

Middle Persian: 𐭣𐭯 (dp)

Persian: دف (daf) (see there for further descendants)

Middle Persian:

Persian: دب (dab)

desc

→ Arabic: أَدَب (ʔadab, “etiquette, education, being well-read, literature”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Ashokan Prakrit: 𐨡𐨁𐨤𐨁 (dipi) (Shahbazgarhi, Mansehra)

desctree

Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀮𑀺𑀧𑀺 (lipi, Girnar, Dhauli, Jaugada)
→ Sanskrit: लिपि (lipi)
→ Assamese: লিপি (lipi) (learned)
→ Bengali: লিপি (lipi) (learned)
→ Gujarati: લિપિ (lipi) (learned)
→ Hindi: लिपि (lipi) (learned)
→ Malayalam: ലിപി (lipi) (learned)
→ Marathi: लिपी (lipī) (learned)
→ Punjabi: ਲਿਪੀ (lipī) (learned)
→ Sylheti: ꠟꠤꠙꠤ (lifi)

desc

>? Central Kurdish: دیو (dîw, “room, chamber”)

Borrowed from Sumerian 𒁾 (dub, “tablet, document”).

𒁾𒁀𒄠 𒊭𒁕𒊒𒌝

𒁾𒁀𒄠 𒀀𒈠𒊒𒌝

𒁕𒀀𒀀𒉡𒌝 𒌅𒉺𒄠 𒄿𒍣𒅁


ummum

akk-noun

ummum f (construct state ummi, pronominal state umma, plural ummātum)

ummi (construct)
umma (pronominal-state)
ummātum (plural)
ummu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ʔimm- (“mother”). Cognate with Arabic أُمّ (ʔumm) and Biblical Hebrew אֵם (ʾem).

𒌝𒈨𒉌 𒀜𒋾


uznum

uznum f (construct state uzun, dual uznān, plural uznātum)

uzun (construct)
uznān (dual)
uznātum (plural)
uznum (nominative singular)
uznān (dual nominative)
uznātum (nominative plural)
uznim (genitive singular)
uznīn (dual genitive)
uznātim (genitive plural)
uznam (accusative singular)
uznīn (accusative dual)
uznātim (accusative plural)
uzun (singular)
uznu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ʔuḏn- (“ear”). Cognate with Arabic أُذْن (ʔuḏn) and Biblical Hebrew אֹזֶן (ʔózɛn).

𒉿𒋫𒀀𒈠 𒌑𒌌 𒄿𒋆𒈠𒀀 𒊻𒈾𒀀𒀀

𒋳𒈠 𒀵 𒀀𒉿𒅆 𒇷𒂊𒀉 𒌉 𒀀𒉿𒅆 𒅎𒋫𒄩𒊍 𒌑𒍪𒌦𒋗 𒄿𒈾𒀝𒆠𒋢

𒀀𒈾 𒀀𒊮 𒀀𒁲 𒌝𒈪𒅎 𒌑𒍪𒌦𒅗 𒇷𒅁𒅆

a-na A.ŠA₃ a-di um-mi-im u₂-zu-un-ka li-ib-ši

Pay attention to the field until the harvest time.


ištu

eštu (alternative)
uštu (alternative)
iltu (alternative)
issu (alternative)

𒅖𒌅 𒄿𒈾𒀭𒈾 𒌓𒌋𒄰 𒈠𒄴𒊑𒅗 𒀀𒈾𒆪

iš-tu i-na-an-na UD.10.KAM ma-aḫ-ri-ka a-na-ku


ištu

uštu (alternative)
ultu (alternative)
ilti (alternative)

𒅖𒌅 𒀀𒈾𒆪 𒅇 𒅗𒀀𒋫 𒉌𒅔𒈾𒄠𒊒 𒈠𒋾𒈠 𒁲𒅎𒅗 𒌑𒌌 𒋫𒀸𒁍𒊏𒄠

iš-tu a-na-ku u₃ ka-a-ta ni-in-na-am-ru ma-ti-ma ṭe-em-ka u₂-ul ta-aš-pu-ra-am

Ever since you and I met you have never sent me any news of you.


damāqum

akk-verb

damāqum (G, i, durative idammiq, perfect iddamiq, preterite idmiq, imperative dimiq)

idammiq (durative)
iddamiq (perfect)
idmiq (preterite)
dimiq (imperative)
damāqum (infinitive)
dāmiqum (participle)
damqum (adjective)
adammiq (durative first-person singular)
addamiq (first-person perfect singular)
admiq (first-person preterite singular)
ludmiq (first-person imperative singular)
tadammiq (durative masculine second-person singular)
taddamiq (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tadmiq (masculine preterite second-person singular)
dimiq (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tadammiqī (durative feminine second-person singular)
taddamqī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tadmiqī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
dimqī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
idammiq (durative singular third-person)
iddamiq (perfect singular third-person)
idmiq (preterite singular third-person)
lidmiq (imperative singular third-person)
nidammiq (durative first-person plural)
niddamiq (first-person perfect plural)
nidmiq (first-person plural preterite)
i nidmiq (first-person imperative plural)
tadammiqā (durative plural second-person)
taddamqā (perfect plural second-person)
tadmiqā (plural preterite second-person)
dimqā (imperative plural second-person)
idammiqū (durative masculine plural third-person)
iddamqū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
idmiqū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
lidmiqū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
idammiqā (durative feminine plural third-person)
iddamqā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
idmiqā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
lidmiqā (feminine imperative plural third-person)
damāqu (alternative)
da'āqu (alternative)

Compare Amharic ድንቅ (dənḳ, “wonderful, superb”).

𒇧𒁕 𒅆𒊑𒀀 𒁲𒅎𒋡

(Ye) be healthy, prosper, have good luck! (leave-taking formula)

𒁾𒁀𒄠 𒈠𒄯 𒄴𒄭𒅀 𒀸𒆪𒌦𒈠 𒌝𒈠 𒋗𒉡𒈠 𒁕𒈪𒅅

DUB-pa₂-am ma-ḫar aḫ-ḫi-ia aš-ku-un-ma um-ma šu-nu-ma da-mi-iq

I placed the tablet before my colleagues and they said: "It is good".

to be good, better, improve, prosper, have success, have a good luck


danānum

danānum (G, i, durative idannin, perfect iddanin, preterite idnin, imperative dinin)

idannin (durative)
iddanin (perfect)
idnin (preterite)
dinin (imperative)
danānum (infinitive)
dāninum (participle)
dannum (adjective)
adannin (durative first-person singular)
addanin (first-person perfect singular)
adnin (first-person preterite singular)
ludnin (first-person imperative singular)
tadannin (durative masculine second-person singular)
taddanin (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tadnin (masculine preterite second-person singular)
dinin (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tadanninī (durative feminine second-person singular)
taddannī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tadninī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
dinnī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
idannin (durative singular third-person)
iddanin (perfect singular third-person)
idnin (preterite singular third-person)
lidnin (imperative singular third-person)
nidannin (durative first-person plural)
niddanin (first-person perfect plural)
nidnin (first-person plural preterite)
i nidnin (first-person imperative plural)
tadanninā (durative plural second-person)
taddannā (perfect plural second-person)
tadninā (plural preterite second-person)
dinnā (imperative plural second-person)
idanninū (durative masculine plural third-person)
iddannū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
idninū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
lidninū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
idanninā (durative feminine plural third-person)
iddannā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
idninā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
lidninā (feminine imperative plural third-person)
danānu (alternative)
da'ānu (alternative)


ḫalāqum

ḫalāqum (G, i, durative iḫalliq, perfect iḫtaliq, preterite iḫliq, imperative ḫiliq)

iḫalliq (durative)
iḫtaliq (perfect)
iḫliq (preterite)
ḫiliq (imperative)
ḫalāqum (infinitive)
ḫāliqum (participle)
ḫalqum (adjective)
aḫalliq (durative first-person singular)
aḫtaliq (first-person perfect singular)
aḫliq (first-person preterite singular)
luḫliq (first-person imperative singular)
taḫalliq (durative masculine second-person singular)
taḫtaliq (masculine perfect second-person singular)
taḫliq (masculine preterite second-person singular)
ḫiliq (imperative masculine second-person singular)
taḫalliqī (durative feminine second-person singular)
taḫtalqī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
taḫliqī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
ḫilqī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
iḫalliq (durative singular third-person)
iḫtaliq (perfect singular third-person)
iḫliq (preterite singular third-person)
liḫliq (imperative singular third-person)
niḫalliq (durative first-person plural)
niḫtaliq (first-person perfect plural)
niḫliq (first-person plural preterite)
i niḫliq (first-person imperative plural)
taḫalliqā (durative plural second-person)
taḫtalqā (perfect plural second-person)
taḫliqā (plural preterite second-person)
ḫilqā (imperative plural second-person)
iḫalliqū (durative masculine plural third-person)
iḫtalqū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
iḫliqū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
liḫliqū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
iḫalliqā (durative feminine plural third-person)
iḫtalqā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
iḫliqā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
liḫliqā (feminine imperative plural third-person)
ḫalāqu (alternative)
ḫelēqu (alternative)

Compare perhaps Arabic خَلِقَ (ḵaliqa, “to be old, shabby”) and Biblical Hebrew חָלַק (ḥɔláq, “to be smooth, slippery”).

cog

to disappear, vanquish, go missing, get lost, perish


arārum

akk-verb

arārum (G, a-u, durative irrar, perfect ītarar, preterite īrur, imperative arur)

irrar (durative)
ītarar (perfect)
īrur (preterite)
arur (imperative)
arārum (infinitive)
ārirum (participle)
arrum (adjective)
arrar (durative first-person singular)
ātarar (first-person perfect singular)
ārur (first-person preterite singular)
lūrur (first-person imperative singular)
tarrar (durative masculine second-person singular)
tātarar (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tārur (masculine preterite second-person singular)
arur (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tarrarī (durative feminine second-person singular)
tātarrī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tārurī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
arrī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
irrar (durative singular third-person)
ītarar (perfect singular third-person)
īrur (preterite singular third-person)
līrur (imperative singular third-person)
nirrar (durative first-person plural)
nītarar (first-person perfect plural)
nīrur (first-person plural preterite)
i nīrur (first-person imperative plural)
tarrarā (durative plural second-person)
tātarrā (perfect plural second-person)
tārurā (plural preterite second-person)
arrā (imperative plural second-person)
irrarū (durative masculine plural third-person)
ītarrū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
īrurū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
līrurū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
irrarā (durative feminine plural third-person)
ītarrā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
īrurā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
līrurā (feminine imperative plural third-person)
arāru (alternative)

to treat with disrespect, insult, disown, disavow


šamšum

akk-noun

šamšum m (construct state šamaš, plural šamšānu)

šamaš (construct)
šamšānu (plural)
šamšu (alternative)
śamśum (alternative)
šanšu (alternative)
šaššu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *śamš- (“sun”). Cognate with Arabic شَمْس (šams) and Biblical Hebrew שֶׁמֶשׁ (šɛ́mɛš).

𒍢𒄿𒀉 𒀭𒌓𒅆𒅎

𒂊𒊑𒅁 𒀭𒌓𒅎

𒄿𒈾 𒌓𒈪𒅎 𒋗𒀀𒋾 𒄿𒈾𒉌 𒌓 𒌑𒌌 𒄿𒌅𒆷

i-na UD-mi-im šu-a-ti i-na-ni UD u₃-ul i-ṭu-la

On that day our eyes did not see the sun.


ūmum

ūmum m (construct state ūm or ūmi, plural ūmū m or ūmātum f)

ūm (construct)
ūmi (construct)
ūmū (masculine plural)
ūmātum (feminine plural)
ūmu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *yawm- (“day”). Cognate with Arabic يَوْم (yawm) and Biblical Hebrew יוֹם (yom).

day (from midnight to the following midnight)

𒄿𒈾 𒆷𒀀 𒌓𒈪𒋗


qanûm

head

qanûm m (base qana or qanu, plural qanû m or qanâtum f)

qanû (masculine plural)
qanâtum (feminine plural)
qanû (alternative)
qanu'u (alternative)

→ Eblaite: 𒄀 (qanuwum, qanûm)

desc

→ Aramaic: קַנְיָא

→ Aramaic: קַנְיָא / ܩܢܝܐ (qanyā)

→ Arabic: قَنَاة (qanāh)

→ Ethiopian:

Ge'ez: ኵናት (kʷənat), ኲናት (kʷinat)

Tigre: ኮናት (konat)

Tigrinya: ኵናት (kʷənat)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: κᾰ́ννᾱ (kắnnā), κᾰ́ννη (kắnnē) — Ionic
Greek: κάννη (kánni)
→ Latin: canna (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Latin: *cannālis, canālis (see there for further descendants)

desc

→ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀒𐀜𐀛𐀠 (ko-no-ni-pi /konōni-pʰi/)

desctree

→ Hebrew: קָנֶה (qɔnɛ́, “stem, reed, cane”)
→ English: kaneh

→ Phoenician: *𐤒𐤍𐤀 (*qnʾ /qanā/)

Punic: 𐤒𐤍𐤀 (qnʾ /qanā/)
→ Kabyle: aɣanim (“reeds”)
→ Tashelhit: aɣanim (“reeds”)

→ Ugaritic: 𐎖𐎐 (qn, “cane; arrow”)


qanûm

akk-verb

qanûm (G, i, durative iqanni, perfect iqtani, preterite iqni, imperative qini)

tlb

(Old Assyrian, Old Babylonian, Mari, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian)

iqanni (durative)
iqtani (perfect)
iqni (preterite)
qini (imperative)
qanû (alternative)
qanā'u (alternative)


warāqum

akk-verb

warāqum (G, i, durative irriq, perfect īteriq, preterite īriq, imperative -)

irriq (durative)
īteriq (perfect)
īriq (preterite)
warāqum (infinitive)
wāriqum (participle)
warqum (adjective)
erriq (durative first-person singular)
ēteriq (first-person perfect singular)
ēriq (first-person preterite singular)
terriq (durative masculine second-person singular)
tēteriq (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tēriq (masculine preterite second-person singular)
terriqī (durative feminine second-person singular)
tēterqī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tēriqī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
irriq (durative singular third-person)
īteriq (perfect singular third-person)
īriq (preterite singular third-person)
nirriq (durative first-person plural)
nīteriq (first-person perfect plural)
nīriq (first-person plural preterite)
terriqā (durative plural second-person)
tēterqā (perfect plural second-person)
tēriqā (plural preterite second-person)
irriqū (durative masculine plural third-person)
īterqū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
īriqū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
irriqā (durative feminine plural third-person)
īterqā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
īriqā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
warāqu (alternative)
arāqum (alternative)
arāqu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *waraḳ-. Compare Arabic وَرَق (waraq, “foliage, paper”) and Biblical Hebrew יָרַק (yɔráq, “to become green”).


aplum

apil (construct)
apal (construct)
aplu (alternative)


agammum

akk-noun

agammum m (construct state agam, pronominal state agamma, plural agammū)

agam (construct)
agamma (pronominal-state)
agammū (plural)
agammu (alternative)

→ Proto-West Semitic: *ʔagammum

Arabic: أَجَمَة (ʔajama)

Aramaic:

Classical Mandaic: ࡀࡂࡌࡀ (agma)

Mandaic: ࡀ࡚ࡂ࡙ࡌࡀ (aḡmā)

Classical Syriac: ܐܓܡܐ (ʾeḡmā)

desc

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אַגְמָא (ʾaḡmā)

Hebrew: אֲגַם (ʾăḡam)

→ Arabic: أَغَمّ (ʔaḡamm) (possibly)

Borrowed from Sumerian 𒀀𒂵𒄠 (a-ga-am /agam/).


īkum

īkū (plural)
īku (alternative)
ēkum (alternative)
ēku (alternative)
īgum (alternative)
īgu (alternative)


Šarrum-kīn

Šarru-kīn (alternative)
Šarru-kēn (alternative)

From 𒈗 (šarrum, “king”) + status absolutus of 𒄀𒈾 (kīnum, “righteous, legitimate”), meaning "the king is legitimate".

Sargon of Akkad, Sargon the Great (the first ruler of the Akkadian Empire)

Either of two Assyrian kings (Sargon I and Sargon II)


imērum

imērū (plural)
imēru (alternative)
imārum (alternative)
emārum (alternative)
emēru (alternative)
imīru (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ḥimār- (“donkey”). Cognate with Arabic حِمَار (ḥimār) and Biblical Hebrew חֲמוֹר (ḥămór).

homer (a unity of capacity equal to 12 or 18 sūtum (“seah”))


sinništum

akk-noun

sinništum f (construct state sinništi, pronominal state sinništa, absolute state sinniš, plural sinnišātum)

sinništi (construct)
sinništa (pronominal-state)
state sinniš (absolute)
sinnišātum (plural)

𒍑 𒊩

𒇻 𒍣𒅗𒅈 𒇻 𒊩 𒈠𒀭𒉡𒌝 𒆷 𒄿𒁲𒂊

lu zi-ka-ar lu MUNUS ma-an-nu-um la i-de-e

Nobody knows whether it was male or female


kašādum

akk-verb

kašādum (G, a-u, durative ikaššad, perfect iktašad, preterite ikšud, imperative kušud)

ikaššad (durative)
iktašad (perfect)
ikšud (preterite)
kušud (imperative)
kašādum (infinitive)
kāšidum (participle)
kašdum (adjective)
akaššad (durative first-person singular)
aktašad (first-person perfect singular)
akšud (first-person preterite singular)
lukšud (first-person imperative singular)
takaššad (durative masculine second-person singular)
taktašad (masculine perfect second-person singular)
takšud (masculine preterite second-person singular)
kušud (imperative masculine second-person singular)
takaššadī (durative feminine second-person singular)
taktašdī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
takšudī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
kušdī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
ikaššad (durative singular third-person)
iktašad (perfect singular third-person)
ikšud (preterite singular third-person)
likšud (imperative singular third-person)
nikaššad (durative first-person plural)
niktašad (first-person perfect plural)
nikšud (first-person plural preterite)
i nikšud (first-person imperative plural)
takaššadā (durative plural second-person)
taktašdā (perfect plural second-person)
takšudā (plural preterite second-person)
kušdā (imperative plural second-person)
ikaššadū (durative masculine plural third-person)
iktašdū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
ikšudū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
likšudū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
ikaššadā (durative feminine plural third-person)
iktašdā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
ikšudā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
likšudā (feminine imperative plural third-person)
kašādu (alternative)

Compare Ugaritic 𐎋𐎌𐎄 (kšd, “to search, reach”) and perhaps Arabic قَصَدَ (qasada, “to intend, move towards”).

cog

𒀀𒈾 𒌓𒌋𒄰 𒅗𒀸𒁕𒆠

(ana with accusative) to arrive at (a place), reach


mātum

desc

→ Aramaic: מתא (māṯā, “region, country, town”)

→ Sumerian: 𒈠𒁕 (ma-da /mada/)

(political unit) home country, native land

land (in contrast to sea), flat country (in contrast to mountain)


awīltum

awīlātum (plural)
awīltu (alternative)
amīltu (alternative)
amēltu (alternative)

From 𒀀𒉿𒈝 (awīlum) + -𒌈 (-tum, feminine marker).

af

𒀀𒉿𒅋𒌈 𒌑𒌌 𒍢𒄴𒊑𒀉 𒊏𒁉𒀜

The lady is not too young, she is grown up.


ṣeḫrum

akk-adjective

ṣeḫrum (feminine ṣeḫertum, masculine plural ṣeḫrūtum, feminine plural ṣeḫrētum, predicative ṣeḫer)

ṣeḫertum (feminine)
ṣeḫrūtum (masculine plural)
ṣeḫrētum (feminine plural)
ṣeḫer (predicative)

From Proto-Semitic *ṣaɣir-. Cognate with Arabic صَغِير (ṣaḡīr, “small”) and Biblical Hebrew צָעִיר (ṣɔʕír, “young”).

verbal adjective of ṣeḫērum:
small, little

𒋳𒈠 𒀀𒉿𒈝 𒌉 𒀀𒉿𒅆 𒍢𒄴𒊏𒄠 𒅖𒋫𒊑𒅅 𒀉𒁕𒀝

If a free man has kidnapped the young son of a free man, he will be executed.

𒌉 𒅇 𒃲

verbal adjective of ṣeḫērum:
young, little

verbal adjective of ṣeḫērum:
minor, underage

verbal adjective of ṣeḫērum:
(of siblings) younger (brother/sister)

verbal adjective of ṣeḫērum:
younger (brother/sister)

verbal adjective of ṣeḫērum:
(of kings) the Second

verbal adjective of ṣeḫērum:
(of scribes, merchants, etc.) junior


ṣeḫrum

akk-noun

ṣeḫrum m (construct state ṣeḫer, plural ṣeḫrū)

ṣeḫer (construct)
ṣeḫrū (plural)
ṣeḫru (alternative)
ṣaḫrum (alternative)
ṣaḫru (alternative)


ṣeḫērum

From Proto-Semitic *ṣaɣir-. Cognate with Arabic صَغُرَ (ṣaḡura, “to be(come) small, young”) and Biblical Hebrew צָעַר (ṣɔʿar, “to be small, insignificant”).

cog

(size or quantity) to be small, little, few


ṣeḫērum

ṣeḫēru (alternative)
ṣaḫārum (alternative)
ṣaḫāru (alternative)

𒄿𒈾 𒍢𒄭𒊑𒅀


ṣuḫārtum

akk-noun

ṣuḫārtum f (construct state ṣuḫārti, pronominal state ṣuḫārta, plural ṣuḫārātum)

ṣuḫārti (construct)
ṣuḫārta (pronominal-state)
ṣuḫārātum (plural)

From 𒍪𒄩𒊒𒌝 (ṣuḫārum, “male child”) + -𒌈 (-tum, feminine suffix).

af

𒀀𒁲𒉌 𒍪𒄩𒅈𒋫𒅗 𒌑𒌌 𒀜𒊒𒁕𒀝𒄣

a-di-ni ṣu-ḫa-ar-ta-ka u₂-ul aṭ-ru-da-ak-kum

I have/had not yet sent your female servant to you.


aḫûm

akk-adjective

aḫûm (feminine aḫītum, masculine plural aḫûtum, feminine plural aḫiātum, predicative aḫī)

aḫītum (feminine)
aḫûtum (masculine plural)
aḫiātum (feminine plural)
aḫī (predicative)

From 𒍠 (aḫum, “side”) + 𒄿 (-ī, nisba suffix).

𒀀𒉿𒈝 𒀀𒄷𒌝 𒄿𒋼𒁉𒈠 𒄿𒈾 𒆪𒍣 𒈗𒁴 𒍑𒊭𒀊

a-wi-lum a-ḫu-um i-te-be-ma i-na ku-si₂ LUGAL-tim uš-ša-ab

A foreign man will appear and sit on the throne of kingship.


aḫum

akk-noun

aḫum m (construct state aḫi, pronominal state aḫū or aḫā or aḫī, plural aḫḫū)

aḫi (construct)
aḫū (pronominal-state)
aḫā (pronominal-state)
aḫī (pronominal-state)
aḫḫū (plural)
aḫu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ʔaḫw- (“brother”). Cognate with Arabic أَخ (ʔaḵ) and Biblical Hebrew אָח (ʔɔḥ).

𒋀𒎌 𒉌𒄿𒉡

𒀀𒄷𒌝 𒀀𒄩𒄠 𒅎𒈠𒅈

𒀀𒄷𒌝 𒀀𒈾 𒀀𒄭𒅎 𒌑𒌌 𒄿𒊏𒂵𒄠

one will not lay claim against the other

(correlative) one another, one… the other…


aḫum

tlb

(from Old Babylonian/Middle Assyrian on)

aḫ (construct)
aḫi (construct)
aḫu (alternative)

side of a human, flank of animal, wing of an army


kappum

akk-noun

kappum m (construct state kappi, dual kappān, plural kappū)

kappi (construct)
kappān (dual)
kappū (plural)

From Proto-Semitic *kapp- (“palm, hand”). Cognate with Arabic كَفّ (kaff) and Biblical Hebrew כַּף (kap̄).


kappum

kappum m (construct state kappi, plural kappū)

From Proto-Semitic *kanap- (“wing”). Cognate with Arabic كَنَف (kanaf) and Biblical Hebrew כָּנָף (kɔnɔ́p̄).


waklum

waklum m (construct state wakil, plural waklū or waklūtum)

wakil (construct)
waklū (plural)
waklūtum (plural)

From wakālum (“to trust”). Compare Arabic أَوْكَلَ (ʔawkala) and Arabic تَوَكَّلَ (tawakkala).


šinnum

šinnum f (construct state šinni, pronominal state šinna, dual šinnān, plural šinnātum)

šinni (construct)
šinna (pronominal-state)
šinnān (dual)
šinnātum (plural)
šinnu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *šinn-. Cognate with Arabic سِنّ (sinn) and Biblical Hebrew שֵׁן (šen).

𒋳𒈠 𒀀𒉿𒈝 𒅆𒅔𒉌 𒀀𒉿𒅆 𒈨𒄴𒊑𒋗 𒀉𒋫𒁲 𒅆𒅔𒈾𒋗 𒄿𒈾𒀜𒁺𒌑

1755–1750 BCE, King Hammurabi of Babylon, translated by OMNIKA Foundation, Hammurabi Code, The Louvre, Law 200:

If a man has knocked out the tooth of a man of his own rank, his tooth will be knocked out.

šum-ma a-wi-lum ši-in-ni a-wi-lim me-eḫ-ri-šu it-ta-di, ši-in-našu i-na-ad-du-u₂

(in the dual) teeth ("two rows of teeth")

tooth, tine of a comb, saw, harrow, blade of a plow


pûm

pûm m (base pī or pā, construct state pī, pronominal state pī, plural pâtum f)

pī (construct)
pī (pronominal-state)
pâtum (feminine plural)
pû (alternative)
pā'um (alternative)
pī'um (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *pay- (“mouth”). Cognate with Arabic فَم (fam) and Biblical Hebrew פֶּה (pɛ).


pûm

pû (plural)
pû (alternative)
pa'um (alternative)
pu'u (alternative)


šumum

šumum m (construct state šum or šumi, plural šumū m or šumātum f)

šum (construct)
šumi (construct)
šumū (masculine plural)
šumātum (feminine plural)
šumu (alternative)
šemu (alternative)
šuʾu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *šim- (“name”). Cognate with Arabic اِسْم (ism) and Biblical Hebrew שֵׁם (šem).

𒀭𒄑 𒋗𒈪 𒀀𒈾𒆪

(pronoun, preposition, conjunction) because of


šattum

šattum f (construct state šanat, plural šanātum)

šanat (construct)
šanātum (plural)
šattu (alternative)
šantum (alternative)
šantu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *šanat- (“year”). Cognate with Arabic سَنَة (sana) and Biblical Hebrew שָׁנָה (šɔnɔ́).

𒋫𒀝𒋾𒀉 𒊭𒀜𒁴

𒅖𒌅 𒊑𒌍 𒊭𒀜𒁴 𒀀𒁲 𒄩𒄠𒋛𒅎 𒉿𒅈𒄭𒅎

iš-tu re-eš ša-at-tim a-di ḫa-am-ši₂-im wa-ar-ḫi-im

from the beginning of the year to the fifth month

𒊭𒀜𒌈 𒁮𒂵𒀜/𒇷𒅎𒉌𒀉


nīšum

nīš (construct)
nīši (construct)
nīšu (alternative)

𒉌𒅖 𒈗 𒀉𒈬𒌑


zikrum

zikrum m (construct state zikir, plural zikrū)

zikir (construct)
zikrū (plural)
zikru (alternative)
siqrum (alternative)
siqru (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ḏikar- (“remembrance, renown, reputation, recollection of a thing; to report or narrate about, to recall, to state or name something”); compare cognates Arabic ذِكْر (ḏikr) and Hebrew זֵכֶר (zéḵɛr).

inh

discourse, utterance, pronouncement, words


pān šattim

pān šatti (alternative)
pāni šattim (alternative)
pāni šatti (alternative)

From pān (“front part”) + šattim (“of the year”).

compound

𒄿𒈾 𒉺𒉌 𒊭𒀜𒁴 𒀀𒈾 𒌓𒀕𒆠 𒀉𒋾𒅀 𒋫𒀠𒇷𒅗

i-na pa-ni ša-at-tim a-na UD.UNUGᵏⁱ it-ti-ia ta-al-li-ka

In spring you (pl) went with me to Larsa.


marrum

akk-adjective

marrum (feminine marratum, masculine plural marrūtum, feminine plural marrātum, predicative mar)

marratum (feminine)
marrūtum (masculine plural)
marrātum (feminine plural)
mar (predicative)

Compare Arabic مُرّ (murr), Hebrew מַר (mar), Classical Syriac ܡܪܝܪܐ (marrīrā), and Ugaritic 𐎎𐎗 (mr).


ṭabtum

ṭabta (pronominal-state)
ṭabtu (alternative)

Possibly related to Proto-Semitic *ṭāb- (“good, pleasant, tasty, palatable”), either in the sense of taste or from the use of salt in preservation of meat allowing it to remain edible; other Semitic cognates suggest it is the former as they typically denote incense, spices, fragrances and scents, i.e. things pleasing to the senses. Compare also Arabic مَلِيح (malīḥ, literally “salty”) reversely developing to mean “well” in the dialects.


ṭābum

akk-adjective

ṭābum (feminine ṭābtum, masculine plural ṭābūtum, feminine plural ṭābātum, predicative ṭāb)

ṭābtum (feminine)
ṭābūtum (masculine plural)
ṭābātum (feminine plural)
ṭāb (predicative)
ṭābu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ṭāb- (“good, pleasant”). Cognate with Arabic طَيِّب (ṭayyib) and Biblical Hebrew טוֹב (ṭoḇ).


birkum

akk-noun

birkum m (construct state birki, pronominal state birka, plural birkū)

birki (construct)
birka (pronominal-state)
birkū (plural)
birku (alternative)
burkum (alternative)
burku (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *birk- (“knee”). Cognate with Arabic بَرَكَ (baraka, “to kneel”), رُكْبَة (rukba, “knee”) and Biblical Hebrew בֶּרֶךְ (bɛ́rɛḵ, “knee”).


qaqqarum

akk-noun

qaqqarum m (plural qaqqarū m or qaqqarātum f)

qaqqarū (masculine plural)
qaqqarātum (feminine plural)
qaqqaru (alternative)
kaqqarum (alternative)
kaqqaru (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ḳarḳar- (“ground”). Cognate with Biblical Hebrew קַרְקַע (qarqaʕ).

𒆠 𒈾𒀝𒊑𒅎

𒆠 𒁕𒀭𒉡𒌝


abnum

abnum m or f (construct state aban, plural abnū m or abnātum f)

aban (construct)
abnū (masculine plural)
abnātum (feminine plural)
abnu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ʾabn- (“stone”). Cognate with Biblical Hebrew אֶבֶן (ʾɛ́ḇɛn, “stone”).


alpum

alpum m (construct state alap, plural alpū)

alap (construct)
alpū (plural)
alpu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ʔalp- (“head of cattle”). Cognate with Biblical Hebrew אֶלֶף (ʔɛ́lɛp̄, “head of cattle”).


dayyānum

Cognate with Arabic دَيَّان (dayyān) and Biblical Hebrew דַּיָּן (dayyɔ́n, “judge”).


aḫātum

From Proto-Semitic *ʔaḫwat- (“sister”). Equivalent to 𒋀 (aḫum, “brother”) + -𒀀𒌈 (-atum, feminine suffix). Cognate with Arabic أُخْت (ʔuḵt) and Biblical Hebrew אָחוֹת (ʔɔḥóṯ).


šūmū

From Proto-Semitic *ṯūm- (“garlic”). Cognate with Arabic ثُوم (ṯūm) and Biblical Hebrew שׁוּם (šum).


nadānum

akk-verb

nadānum (G, i, durative inaddin, perfect ittadin, preterite iddin, imperative idin)

inaddin (durative)
ittadin (perfect)
iddin (preterite)
idin (imperative)
nadānum (infinitive)
nādinum (participle)
nadnum (adjective)
anaddin (durative first-person singular)
attadin (first-person perfect singular)
addin (first-person preterite singular)
luddin (first-person imperative singular)
tanaddin (durative masculine second-person singular)
tattadin (masculine perfect second-person singular)
taddin (masculine preterite second-person singular)
idin (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tanaddinī (durative feminine second-person singular)
tattadnī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
taddinī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
idnī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
inaddin (durative singular third-person)
ittadin (perfect singular third-person)
iddin (preterite singular third-person)
liddin (imperative singular third-person)
ninaddin (durative first-person plural)
nittadin (first-person perfect plural)
niddin (first-person plural preterite)
i niddin (first-person imperative plural)
tanaddinā (durative plural second-person)
tattadnā (perfect plural second-person)
taddinā (plural preterite second-person)
idnā (imperative plural second-person)
inaddinū (durative masculine plural third-person)
ittadnū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
iddinū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
liddinū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
inaddinā (durative feminine plural third-person)
ittadnā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
iddinā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
liddinā (feminine imperative plural third-person)
nadānu (alternative)
tadānum (alternative)
tadānu (alternative)

Compare Hebrew נָתַן (nɔṯán, “to give”).

𒀀𒈾 𒆬𒌓 𒈾𒁕𒉡𒌝


ištēn

head

ištēn m (feminine absolute išteat or ištēt, masculine free form ištēnum, feminine free form ištētum)

išteat (absolute feminine)
ištēt (absolute feminine)
free form ištēnum (masculine)
free form ištētum (feminine)

From Proto-Semitic *ʕašt- (“one”). Compare Biblical Hebrew עַשְׁתֵּי (ʕašté).

𒀀𒈾𒆪 𒌨𒂠 𒅖𒋼𒂗

a, an (indefinite article), single, individual, each


zikarum

akk-adjective

zikarum (masculine plural zikarū, predicative zikar)

zikarū (masculine plural)
zikar (predicative)

From Proto-Semitic *ḏikar- (“man, male”). Cognate with Arabic ذَكَر (ḏakar) and Biblical Hebrew זָכָר (zɔḵɔ́r).

𒍑 𒅇 𒊩


zikarum

zikarū (plural)
zikaru (alternative)
zikrum (alternative)
zikru (alternative)
zikkarum (alternative)
zikkaru (alternative)
zakrum (alternative)
zakru (alternative)

a specific quality of stones and plants used as drugs; a cloud formation.


išarum

išarū (plural)
išaru (alternative)
ušarum (alternative)
ušaru (alternative)
mušarum (alternative)
mušaru (alternative)

Cognate with Ugaritic 𐎜𐎌𐎗 (ủšr, “penis”).


šamnum

šaman (construct)
šamnu (alternative)
šamanu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *šamn- (“fat”). Cognate with Arabic سَمْن (samn, “ghee”) and Biblical Hebrew שֶׁמֶן (šɛ́mɛn, “oil”).


šamaššammum

šamaššammū (plural)
šamšamum (alternative)
šamšamu (alternative)

From šaman (“oil”) + šammum (“plant”). Compare Old Aramaic שושמא (šūššmā), shortening of שומשומא (šumššemā), and Classical Syriac ܫܘܫܡܐ (šūšmāʾ, šuššəmāʾ).

cog

Aramaic שושמא (šūššmā)

šūšmāʾ, šuššəmāʾ

(often plural) an oil-producing plant and its seeds, probably sesame (or flax, linseed).


šammum

akk-noun

šammum m (construct state šammi, pronominal state šamma, plural šammū)

šammi (construct)
šamma (pronominal-state)
šammū (plural)
šammu (alternative)

Compare Biblical Hebrew סַמִּים (sammim, “spices”) and Arabic مَشْمُوم (mašmūm, “any fragrant plant”).


šammi Šamaš

From šammi (“plant of”) + Šamaš (“Shamash”).


qabûm

akk-verb

qabûm (G, i, durative iqabbi, perfect iqtabi, preterite iqbi, imperative qibi)

iqabbi (durative)
iqtabi (perfect)
iqbi (preterite)
qibi (imperative)
qabûm (infinitive)
qābûm (participle)
qabûm (adjective)
aqabbi (durative first-person singular)
aqtabi (first-person perfect singular)
aqbi (first-person preterite singular)
luqbi (first-person imperative singular)
taqabbi (durative masculine second-person singular)
taqtabi (masculine perfect second-person singular)
taqbi (masculine preterite second-person singular)
qibi (imperative masculine second-person singular)
taqabbî (durative feminine second-person singular)
taqtabî (feminine perfect second-person singular)
taqbî (feminine preterite second-person singular)
qibî (feminine imperative second-person singular)
iqabbi (durative singular third-person)
iqtabi (perfect singular third-person)
iqbi (preterite singular third-person)
liqbi (imperative singular third-person)
niqabbi (durative first-person plural)
niqtabi (first-person perfect plural)
niqbi (first-person plural preterite)
i niqbi (first-person imperative plural)
taqabbiā (durative plural second-person)
taqtabiā (perfect plural second-person)
taqbiā (plural preterite second-person)
qibiā (imperative plural second-person)
iqabbû (durative masculine plural third-person)
iqtabû (masculine perfect plural third-person)
iqbû (masculine plural preterite third-person)
liqbû (imperative masculine plural third-person)
iqabbiā (durative feminine plural third-person)
iqtabiā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
iqbiā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
liqbiā (feminine imperative plural third-person)
qabā'u (alternative)
qabû (alternative)

Uncertain, not a Sumerian loan, being derived from another substratum or more likely a Semitic root that was more productive in East Semitic; possible connections to Arabic قَوَّهَ (qawwaha, “to shriek, scream, yell, cry out, shout”) and Arabic قَبَّ (qabba, “to raise a clamor, to make a confusion of cries, to shout, to make a noise or utter a sound; to audibly gnash teeth, to grumble, to bray”). Compare Ugaritic 𐎖𐎁𐎀 (qbả, “to summon, conjure, invoke”).

cog

𒈪𒈠 𒀝𒁍𒄣

𒀭𒄩𒆪𒈠 𒅅𒁉𒋗

to say, tell, speak, report, recite, pronounce, utter, declare

to enumerate, list (to say in a written document)

to make a statement, a deposition, to declare publicly, in court.


ḫaṣṣinnum

akk-noun

ḫaṣṣinnum m (construct state ḫaṣṣin, plural ḫaṣṣinnū)

ḫaṣṣin (construct)
ḫaṣṣinnū (plural)
ḫaṣṣinnu (alternative)

Aramaic:

desc

Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: חֲצִינָא (ḥăṣṣīnā)

desctree

Classical Syriac: ܚܰܨܺܝܢܳܐ (ḥaṣṣīnā)
→ Old Armenian: կացին (kacʻin)
Armenian: կացին (kacʻin)
→ Cappadocian Greek: κάτζιν (kátzin)
→ Arabic: خَصِّين (ḵaṣṣīn)
→ Ge'ez: ኀጺን (ḫäṣin), ሐጺን (ḥäṣin), ኀፂን (ḫäṣ́in)
→ Tigre: ሓጺን (ḥaṣin, “iron”)
→ Tigrinya: ሓጺን (ḥaṣin, “iron”)
→ Amharic: ኀፂን (haṣṣin, “iron”)
→ Awngi: [script needed] (ač̣in, “iron”)
→ Xamtanga: [script needed] (ač̣in, “iron”)

→ Ancient Greek: ἀξῑ́νη (axī́nē) (possibly)

→ Soqotri: ḥeṣihin

desc

→ Sumerian: 𒍏𒄩𒍣𒅔 (^(ḫurud)ḫa-zi-in /ḫazin/)


warḫum

akk-noun

warḫum m (construct state waraḫ, plural warḫum)

waraḫ (construct)
warḫum (plural)
warḫu (alternative)
arḫum (alternative)
arḫu (alternative)
urḫum (alternative)
urḫu (alternative)
barḫum (alternative)
barḫu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *warḫ- (“moon; month”). Cognate with Biblical Hebrew יָרֵחַ (yɔréaḥ, “moon”) and יֶרַח (yɛ́raḥ, “month”) and Aramaic ירח (*yaraḥ, “month”).

𒋳𒈠 𒀭𒌑 𒆠𒈠 𒍢𒀉 𒉿𒅈𒄭𒅎 𒉺𒉡𒋗𒉡 𒈾𒄠𒊒𒌑 𒊭𒀜𒌈 𒁕𒄠𒂵𒀜

šum-ma AN-u₂ ki-ma ṣe-et wa-ar-hi-im pa-nu-šu-nu na-am-ru-u₂ ša-at-tum da-am-qa₂-at

If the surface of the sky is as bright as the light of the moon, the year will be good.

𒀭𒉌𒀉𒅗 𒆷 𒀭𒉌𒀉𒅗 𒉿𒅈𒄩𒄠 𒊭 𒋫𒀠𒆷𒄰 𒋢𒌒𒊏𒄠𒈠

an-ni-it-ka la an-ni-it-ka wa-ar-ḫa-am ša ta-al-la-kam šu-up-ra-am-ma

Whatever your consent or refusal (=answer) may be, let me know the month you will come.


urrum

urrū (plural)
urru (alternative)
ḫurrum (alternative)

Compare Biblical Hebrew אוֹר (ʾor, “light”).

𒈬𒊭𒄠 𒅇 𒌓𒊏𒄠


mazzaztum

mazzaztum m (construct state mazzazti, plural mazzazātum f)

mazzazti (construct)
mazzazātum (feminine plural)
mazzaztu (alternative)
manzaztum (alternative)
mazzaštum (alternative)
manzaštum (alternative)
manzaztu (alternative)
mazzaštu (alternative)
manzaštu (alternative)
manzaltum (alternative)
manzaltu (alternative)
mazzaltu (alternative)
manzassu (alternative)
mazzassu (alternative)

Compare Arabic مَنْزِل (manzil) and Hebrew מַזָּל (mazzɔ́l).

position, rank (at court), array (of battle), location (of a star)


alākum

akk-verb

alākum (G, a-i, durative illak, perfect ītalak, preterite īlik, imperative alik)

illak (durative)
ītalak (perfect)
īlik (preterite)
alik (imperative)
alākum (infinitive)
ālikum (participle)
alkum (adjective)
allak (durative first-person singular)
ātalak (first-person perfect singular)
ālik (first-person preterite singular)
lūlik (first-person imperative singular)
tallak (durative masculine second-person singular)
tātalak (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tālik (masculine preterite second-person singular)
alik (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tallakī (durative feminine second-person singular)
tātalkī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tālikī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
alkī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
illak (durative singular third-person)
ītalak (perfect singular third-person)
īlik (preterite singular third-person)
līlik (imperative singular third-person)
nillak (durative first-person plural)
nītalak (first-person perfect plural)
nīlik (first-person plural preterite)
i nīlik (first-person imperative plural)
tallakā (durative plural second-person)
tātalkā (perfect plural second-person)
tālikā (plural preterite second-person)
alkā (imperative plural second-person)
illakū (durative masculine plural third-person)
ītalkū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
īlikū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
līlikū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
illakā (durative feminine plural third-person)
ītalkā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
īlikā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
līlikā (feminine imperative plural third-person)
alāku (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *halak- (“to go”). Cognate with Arabic هَلَكَ (halaka, “to perish, die”) and Biblical Hebrew הָלַךְ (hɔláḵ, “to go”).

cog

to fluctuate (prices), run (water), burn, go (fire), blow (wind), fall (rain), trail (smoke), come, pass (time), run (road)


ilkum

akk-noun

ilkum m (construct state ilik, plural ilkū m or ilkātum f)

ilik (construct)
ilkū (masculine plural)
ilkātum (feminine plural)
ilku (alternative)
alkum (alternative)
alku (alternative)

ilkum-service, i.e. work or service performed for the state or king, generally on a field or garden, by someone who has received the land in tenure

part of the harvest of the land as payment


alaktum

alaktum f (construct state alakti, pronominal state alakta, plural alkātum or alkakātum)

alakti (construct)
alakta (pronominal-state)
alkātum (plural)
alkakātum (plural)
alaktu (alternative)
alkatum (alternative poetic rare)
alkatu (alternative poetic rare)


kalbum

kalbum m (construct state kalab, plural kalbū, feminine kalbatum)

kalab (construct)
kalbū (plural)
kalbatum (feminine)
kalbu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *kalb- (“dog”). Cognate with Arabic كَلْب (kalb) and Biblical Hebrew כֶּלֶב (kɛ́lɛḇ).

𒈪𒉡𒌝 𒋢𒉡𒈠 𒅗𒀠𒁍

(astronomy, with determinative 𒀯) Hercules (the constellation)


qarnum

qarnum f (construct state qaran, dual qarnān, plural qarnātum)

qaran (construct)
qarnān (dual)
qarnātum (plural)
qarnu (alternative)
qannum (alternative)
qannu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ḳarn- (“horn”). Cognate with Arabic قَرْن (qarn) and Biblical Hebrew קֶרֶן (qɛ́rɛn).

(vessel) horn (a drinking vessel made of horn)


nagbum

nagbum m (construct state nagab, plural nagbū)

tlb

(Old Akkadian, Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian)

nagab (construct)
nagbū (plural)
nagbu (alternative)
nagabbu (alternative)

spring, fountain, source, headwaters (of a river)

𒃻 𒅘𒁀 𒄿𒈬𒊒

he who has seen the totality of knowledge


eleppum

akk-noun

eleppum f (construct state elep, pronominal state eleppa, plural eleppētum)

elep (construct)
eleppa (pronominal-state)
eleppētum (plural)
eleppu (alternative)
ilippum (alternative)
ilippu (alternative)
elippu (alternative)

desc

→ Aramaic: אִלְפָא

→ Aramaic: אִלְפָא / אִילְפָא / ܐܶܠܦܳܐ (ʾelləp̄ā)

→ Ancient Greek: λέμβος (lémbos)


lītum

akk-noun

lītum f (construct state līt or līti, plural liātum)

līt (construct)
līti (construct)
liātum (plural)
lītu (alternative)
littum (alternative)
littu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *layʾ-at- ~ laʾay-at- (“cow”). Equivalent to 𒄞 (lûm, “bull”) + -𒌈 (-tum, feminine suffix). Cognate with Arabic لَآة (laʔāh, “wild cow”) and Biblical Hebrew לֵאָה (leʔɔ́).

af

(in the plural) bovines (of both sexes and all ages)


lûm

akk-noun

lûm m (base li, construct state lê, plural lû)

lê (construct)
lû (plural)
lû (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *layʾ- ~ laʾay- (“bull”). Cognate with Arabic لَأًى (laʔan, “wild bull”).


mēsum

From Sumerian 𒄑𒈩 (^(g̃eš)mes /mes/, “a mes tree”).

bor

mēsum tree, mēsum wood (a type of native tree and its wood)


Bābilim

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: Βαβυλών (Babulṓn)
Greek: Βαβυλών (Vavylón), Βαβυλώνα (Vavylóna)
Latin: Babylōn
Russian: Вавилон (Vavilon)

→ Aramaic:

Classical Syriac: ܒܒܠ (bāḇel)

desc

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: בָבֶל (bāḇel)

Mandaic: ࡁࡀࡁࡉࡋ (bābīl)

→ Arabic: بَابِل (bābil)

→ Middle Persian: bʾbyl

Persian: بابل (bâbel)

→ Egyptian: bbr b-b-r:Z1-N25

→ Biblical Hebrew: בָּבֶל (bɔḇɛ́l)

→ Israeli Hebrew: בָּבֶל (bavél)

→? Old Armenian: բաւիղ (bawił, “labyrinth”), բաւիլ (bawil), բաւեղ (baweł)

→ Old Persian: 𐎲𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎽𐎢𐏁 (bābiruš)

→ Sumerian: 𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠 (ka₂ dig̃ir-raᵏⁱ /kan dig̃irak/, literally “gate of god”) (calque)

The ancient interpretation by Akkadian speakers of the city name as bāb (“gate”) + ilim (“of god”) is likely a folk etymology, later translated into Sumerian and written 𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠 (ka₂ dig̃ir-raᵏⁱ /kan dig̃irak/, literally “gate of god”). More at Babylon.


ugārum

akk-noun

ugārum m or f (plural ugārû m or ugārātum f)

ugārû (masculine plural)
ugārātum (feminine plural)
ugāru (alternative)

desctree

→ Ugaritic: 𐎜𐎂𐎗𐎚 (ủgrt)
→ Arabic: أغاريت, أوغاريت (learned)
→ English: Ugarit (learned)
→ Finnish: Ugarit, ugarit, ugariitti (learned)
→ German: Ugarit (learned)
→ Mandarin: 烏加里特 (Wūjiālǐtè) (learned)

Possibly borrowed from Sumerian 𒀀𒃼 (a-gar₃ /agar/, “arable land”).

noncog

(communally controlled) arable land, meadow


bābum

bābū (masculine plural)
bābātum (feminine plural)
bābu (alternative)

Aramaic: 𐡁𐡁𐡀 (bbʾ /bāḇāʾ/) / בבא (bāḇāʾ)

Arabic: بَاب (bāb)

Egyptian Arabic: بَاب (bāb)

Maltese: bieb

Middle Persian: 𐭡𐭡𐭠 (dar [BBA])

Cognate with Arabic بَاب (bāb, “gate”) and Aramaic בָּבָא (bāḇā, “gate”).

etymon

𒆍


eperum

eperū (plural)
eperu (alternative)
eprum (alternative)
epru (alternative)
ipiru (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ʕapar- (“dust, soil”). Cognate with Arabic عَفَر (ʕafar, “dust”) and Biblical Hebrew עָפָר (ʕɔp̄ɔ́r).


dārum

akk-noun

dārum m (construct state dār or dāri, absolute state dār, plural dārū)

dār (construct)
dāri (construct)
state dār (absolute)
dārū (plural)
dāru (alternative)

Cognate with Biblical Hebrew דּוֹר (dor, “generation”). The meaning "generation" represents a West Semitic loan.

cog

𒅖𒌅 𒁕𒅈

(rare) perpetuity, continuum, permanence

generation, lifetime (60~70 years, the life span of a human being)


amurdinnum

tlb

(El-Amarna, Standard Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian)

amurdinnu (alternative)
murdinnu (alternative)

privative a
voiced alveolar lateral fricative

Unknown. Henry Ludwig Fr. Lutz opted to read the sign 𒄯 with the common value ḫar instead of mur, requiring one occurrence containing mu-ur- as referring to another plant, and deems the remainder to render Arabic *أَخُو أَرْضٍ (*ʔaḵū ʔarḍin, literally “earth brother”). This seems out of question since we realize that the modern value [dˤ], now transcribed superficially similarly ḍ, was in antiquity a voiced alveolar lateral fricative [ɮˤ]. Neither afford مَرْد (mard, “toothbrush-tree fruits”) thorns, as behoves by the Akkadian descriptions, or Arabic in general any transferrable ending. The structure hints to an Anatolian loanword with a privative a.

noncog

*أَخُو أَرْضٍ

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


Urarṭu

Compare with Biblical Hebrew אֲרָרָט (ʾărɔrɔ́ṭ, “Ararat”), Old Armenian Այրարատ (Ayrarat, “Ayrarat”) and Ancient Greek Ἀλαρόδιοι (Alaródioi).

cog

Urartu (a country north of Assyria occupying the mountainous area around Lake Van and enemy of Assyria in the first millennium BCE)


sīḫum

sīḫu (alternative)
šīḫum (alternative)
šīḫu (alternative)

Cognate with Arabic شِيح (šīḥ, “Artemisia judaica”) and Biblical Hebrew שִׂיחַ (śíaḥ, “Artemisia judaica; shoot, shrub”).

Artemisia judaica
Wikispecies:Artemisia judaica

an uncertain kind of tree and its resin, possibly wormwood (Artemisia judaica)


elēpum

akk-verb

elēpum (G, i, durative illip, perfect ītelip, preterite īlip, imperative elip)

illip (durative)
ītelip (perfect)
īlip (preterite)
elip (imperative)
elēpum (infinitive)
ēlipum (participle)
elpum (adjective)
ellip (durative first-person singular)
ētelip (first-person perfect singular)
ēlip (first-person preterite singular)
lūlip (first-person imperative singular)
tellip (durative masculine second-person singular)
tētelip (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tēlip (masculine preterite second-person singular)
elip (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tellipī (durative feminine second-person singular)
tētelpī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tēlipī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
elpī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
illip (durative singular third-person)
ītelip (perfect singular third-person)
īlip (preterite singular third-person)
līlip (imperative singular third-person)
nillip (durative first-person plural)
nītelip (first-person perfect plural)
nīlip (first-person plural preterite)
i nīlip (first-person imperative plural)
tellipā (durative plural second-person)
tētelpā (perfect plural second-person)
tēlipā (plural preterite second-person)
elpā (imperative plural second-person)
illipū (durative masculine plural third-person)
ītelpū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
īlipū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
līlipū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
illipā (durative feminine plural third-person)
ītelpā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
īlipā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
līlipā (feminine imperative plural third-person)
elēpu (alternative)
alāpum (alternative)
alāpu (alternative)


ergilum

ergilū (plural)
ergilu (alternative)
ergiṣum (alternative)
ergiṣu (alternative)

desc

→ Sumerian: 𒉅𒅕𒄀𒈝 (^(buru₅)ir-gi-lum /irgilum/)

From Proto-Semitic *ḥargil- (“locust”). Cognate with Arabic حَرْجَل (ḥarjal) and Biblical Hebrew חַרְגּוֹל (ḥargól).

a type of orthopteran, possibly the bush-cricket


gišimmarum

akk-noun

gišimmarum m or f (plural gišimmarātum f)

gišimmarātum (feminine plural)
gišimmaru (alternative)


ṣerretum

From Proto-Semitic *ṣ́arrat- (“co-wife”). Equivalent to 𒈲𒊒𒌝 (ṣerrum, “enmity”) + -𒂊𒌈 (-etum, feminine suffix). Cognate with Arabic ضَرَّة (ḍarra) and Biblical Hebrew צָרָה (ṣɔrɔ).


musukkannum

musukkannū (plural)
musukkannu (alternative)
mesukannu (alternative)
meskannu (alternative)
mismakannu (alternative)
usukannu (alternative)

Possibly from Sumerian 𒄑𒈩𒈣𒃶𒈾 (^(g̃eš)mes-ma₂-gan-na /mesmaganak/, “a kind of tree”, literally “mes tree from (the region of) Magan”).

bor

a musukkannu tree (a type of tree and its wood imported from the East)


akālum

akk-verb

akālum (G, a-u, durative ikkal, perfect ītakal, preterite īkul, imperative akul)

ikkal (durative)
ītakal (perfect)
īkul (preterite)
akul (imperative)
akālum (infinitive)
ākilum (participle)
aklum (adjective)
akkal (durative first-person singular)
ātakal (first-person perfect singular)
ākul (first-person preterite singular)
lūkul (first-person imperative singular)
takkal (durative masculine second-person singular)
tātakal (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tākul (masculine preterite second-person singular)
akul (imperative masculine second-person singular)
takkalī (durative feminine second-person singular)
tātaklī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tākulī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
aklī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
ikkal (durative singular third-person)
ītakal (perfect singular third-person)
īkul (preterite singular third-person)
līkul (imperative singular third-person)
nikkal (durative first-person plural)
nītakal (first-person perfect plural)
nīkul (first-person plural preterite)
i nīkul (first-person imperative plural)
takkalā (durative plural second-person)
tātaklā (perfect plural second-person)
tākulā (plural preterite second-person)
aklā (imperative plural second-person)
ikkalū (durative masculine plural third-person)
ītaklū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
īkulū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
līkulū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
ikkalā (durative feminine plural third-person)
ītaklā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
īkulā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
līkulā (feminine imperative plural third-person)
akālu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ʔakal- (“to eat”). Cognate with Arabic أَكَلَ (ʔakala) and Biblical Hebrew אָכַל (ʔɔḵál).


akalum

akalu (alternative)
aklum (alternative)
aklu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ʔakal- (“food”). Cognate with Arabic أَكْل (ʔakl) and Biblical Hebrew אֹכֶל (ʔóḵɛl).

𒀀𒅗𒆷𒄠 𒅇 𒈨𒂊 𒌑𒌌 𒂊𒇷𒅎𒈪


erbum

akk-noun

erbum m (construct state erib, plural erbû)

erib (construct)
erbû (plural)
erbu (alternative)
erebum (alternative)
erebu (alternative)
aribum (alternative)
aribu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ʔirb- (“locust”). Cognate with Arabic إِرْبِيَان (ʔirbiyān, “shrimp”) and Biblical Hebrew אַרְבֶּה (ʔarbɛ́, “locust”).


yâti

anāku (nominative singular)
yâti (oblique singular)
yâšim (dative singular)
ayyâšim (dative singular)
-āku (singular)
-āk (singular)
-ī (possessive singular)
-ya (possessive singular)
-anni (accusative singular)
-nni (accusative singular)
-ninni (accusative singular)
-am (dative singular)
-m (dative singular)
-nim (dative singular)
atta (masculine nominative singular)
kâta (masculine oblique singular)
kâšim (dative masculine singular)
kâšum (dative masculine singular)
-āta (masculine singular)
-ka (masculine possessive singular)
-ka (accusative masculine singular)
-kum (dative masculine singular)
atti (feminine nominative singular)
kâti (feminine oblique singular)
kâšim (dative feminine singular)
-āti (feminine singular)
-ki (feminine possessive singular)
-ki (accusative feminine singular)
-kim (dative feminine singular)
šū (masculine nominative singular third-person)
šuāti (masculine oblique singular third-person)
šuātu (masculine oblique singular third-person)
šâti (masculine oblique singular third-person)
šuāšim (dative masculine singular third-person)
šâšim (dative masculine singular third-person)
-šu (masculine possessive singular third-person)
-šu (accusative masculine singular third-person)
-šum (dative masculine singular third-person)
šī (feminine nominative singular third-person)
šuāti (feminine oblique singular third-person)
šâti (feminine oblique singular third-person)
šuāšim (dative feminine singular third-person)
šâšim (dative feminine singular third-person)
-at (feminine singular third-person)
-ša (feminine possessive singular third-person)
-ši (accusative feminine singular third-person)
-šim (dative feminine singular third-person)
nīnu (nominative plural)
niāti (oblique plural)
niāšim (dative plural)
-ānu (plural)
-ni (plural possessive)
-niāti (accusative plural)
-niāšim (dative plural)
attunu (masculine nominative plural)
kunūti (masculine oblique plural)
kunūšim (dative masculine plural)
-ātina (masculine plural)
-kunu (masculine plural possessive)
-kunūti (accusative masculine plural)
-kunūšim (dative masculine plural)
attina (feminine nominative plural)
kināti (feminine oblique plural)
kināšim (dative feminine plural)
-ātunu (feminine plural)
-kina (feminine plural possessive)
-kināti (accusative feminine plural)
-kināšim (dative feminine plural)
šunu (masculine nominative plural third-person)
šunūti (masculine oblique plural third-person)
šunūšim (dative masculine plural third-person)
-ā (masculine plural third-person)
-šunu (masculine plural possessive third-person)
-šunūti (accusative masculine plural third-person)
-šunūšim (dative masculine plural third-person)
šina (feminine nominative plural third-person)
šināti (feminine oblique plural third-person)
šināšim (dative feminine plural third-person)
-ū (feminine plural third-person)
-šina (feminine plural possessive third-person)
-šināti (accusative feminine plural third-person)
-šināšim (dative feminine plural third-person)


ṣuprum

akk-noun

ṣuprum m (construct state ṣupur, plural ṣuprātum f)

ṣupur (construct)
ṣuprātum (feminine plural)
ṣupru (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *θ̣upr- (“nail, claw”). Cognate with Arabic ظُفْر (ẓufr) and Biblical Hebrew צִפֹּרֶן (ṣippórɛn).

nail impression (on a clay tablet, as signature)


midrum

midrum m (construct state midir, plural midrū)

midir (construct)
midrū (plural)
midru (alternative)
medru (alternative)
mediru (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *mVdr- (“clod (earth, clay, bread)”). Cognate with Arabic مَدَر (madar) and Biblical Hebrew מֶדֶר (mɛ́ḏɛr).


lamassum

akk-noun

lamassum f (construct state lamassi, plural lamassātum)

lamassi (construct)
lamassātum (plural)
lamassu (alternative)
lamastu (alternative)

a lamassu protective spirit (representing and protecting the good fortune, spiritual health and physical appearance of human beings, cities, temples and countries)


šēdum

šēdū (plural)
šēdu (alternative)
šīdum (alternative)
šīdu (alternative)
šeddu (alternative rare)

→ Aramaic:

Jewish Aramaic: שידא (šēḏā, “demon”)

Classical Syriac: ܫܐܕܐ (šēḏā, “demon”)

a šēdum protective deity (a male spirit or demon representing the individual's vital force)


ziqqurratum

ziqqurrētum (plural)
ziqqurratu (alternative)
ziqratu (alternative)

→ Arabic: زِقُّورَة (ziqqūra)

Hijazi Arabic: زِقُّورة (ziggūra)

→ Assamese: জিগুৰাত (zigurat)

→ Chinese:

Mandarin: 金字形神塔

→ Dutch: ziggoerat

→ English: ziggurat

→ Finnish: zikkurat

→ French: ziggourat, ziggurat

→ German: Zikkurat

→ Hebrew: זיקורת (zikurat)

→ Japanese: ジッグラト

→ Korean: 지구라트 (jigurateu)

→ Macedonian: зигура́т (zigurát)

→ Persian: زیگورات, ذیققورات (ziqqurat)

→ Polish: ziggurat

→ Russian: зиккура́т (zikkurát)

→ Spanish: zigurat

→ Turkish: ziggurat

From the verb zaqārum (“to build high”). Calque of Sumerian 𒅆𒂍𒉪 (u₆-nir /unir/).

(Middle Assyrian) a cake in the shape of a ziggurat


iṣum

iṣum m (construct state iṣi, plural iṣṣū)

iṣi (construct)
iṣṣū (plural)
iṣu (alternative)
iṣṣum (alternative)
iṣṣu (alternative)
eṣum (alternative)
eṣu (alternative)
eṣṣum (alternative)
eṣṣu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ʕiṣ́- (“tree”). Cognate with Arabic عِضّ (ʕiḍḍ, “thorny trees, shrubs”), عُضّ (ʕuḍḍ, “thick coarse trees”) and Biblical Hebrew עֵץ (ʕeṣ, “tree, wood”).


parāsum

akk-verb

parāsum (G, a-u, durative iparras, perfect iptaras, preterite iprus, imperative purus)

iparras (durative)
iptaras (perfect)
iprus (preterite)
purus (imperative)
parāsum (infinitive)
pārisum (participle)
parsum (adjective)
aparras (durative first-person singular)
aptaras (first-person perfect singular)
aprus (first-person preterite singular)
luprus (first-person imperative singular)
taparras (durative masculine second-person singular)
taptaras (masculine perfect second-person singular)
taprus (masculine preterite second-person singular)
purus (imperative masculine second-person singular)
taparrasī (durative feminine second-person singular)
taptarsī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
taprusī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
pursī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
iparras (durative singular third-person)
iptaras (perfect singular third-person)
iprus (preterite singular third-person)
liprus (imperative singular third-person)
niparras (durative first-person plural)
niptaras (first-person perfect plural)
niprus (first-person plural preterite)
i niprus (first-person imperative plural)
taparrasā (durative plural second-person)
taptarsā (perfect plural second-person)
taprusā (plural preterite second-person)
pursā (imperative plural second-person)
iparrasū (durative masculine plural third-person)
iptarsū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
iprusū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
liprusū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
iparrasā (durative feminine plural third-person)
iptarsā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
iprusā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
liprusā (feminine imperative plural third-person)
parāsu (alternative)

Cognate with Aramaic ܦܪܛ (“divide, split”) and Biblical Hebrew פָּרַס (pɔrás, “to slice, to cut”). Compare also Arabic فَرَسَ (farasa, “to tear up”).

cog

to keep away, exclude (enemies, daemons, etc. from land, temples, etc.)


šīmtum

akk-noun

šīmtum f (construct state šīmat or šīmti, plural šīmātum)

šīmat (construct)
šīmti (construct)
šīmātum (plural)
šīmtu (alternative)

From šiāmum (“to determine”). Compare Arabic شِيمَة (šīma).

𒅆𒈠𒀀𒀜 𒉌𒅆𒄿

determined order, nature of things, divine decree

𒀀𒈾 𒅆𒅎𒁴 𒀀𒆷𒄣

𒄿𒈾 𒅆𒈠𒀀𒁴 𒈠𒌈


-iš

𒉡𒊌𒆪𒊏𒀜 𒀀𒈠𒊑𒅖 𒉺𒀠𒄩𒀜

She is strange to look at, she's fearsome.

(Old Babylonian) Combined with an infinitive, it denotes purpose, and corresponds to the preposition 𒀀𒈾 (ana) plus infinitive. It only occurs in Old Babylonian literary texts.

Suffix used to derive adverbs from adjectives.


gallûm

Borrowed from Sumerian 𒋼𒇲 (gal₅-la₂ /galla/, “gallu demon”).


ariktum

a weapon, a spear, lance, alternatively a bow (logically characterized by longness)


būrum

tlb

(Old Akkadian, Old Assyrian, Middle Assyrian, Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian)

From Proto-Semitic *bVʕVr- (“bull, calf”). Compare with Arabic بَعِير (baʕīr, “camel”) and Biblical Hebrew בְּעִיר (bəʕír, “cattle, beasts”) and Ugaritic 𐎛𐎁𐎗 (ỉbr, “bull”).


annakum

→ Hurrian: *anagi

desctree

→ Old Armenian: անագ (anag)
→ Armenian: անագ (anag)

→ Aramaic:

desc

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אָנְכָא (ānḵā)

Classical Syriac: ܐܵܢܟ݂ܵܐ (ānḵā)

→ Arabic: آنُك (ʔānuk)

→ Biblical Hebrew: אֲנָךְ (ʾănɔḵ)

→ Sanskrit: नाग (nāgá)


parzillum

(with determinative 𒎎 (na₄)) a kind of stone or bead, "iron stone"


ṭupšarrum

akk-noun

ṭupšarrum m (construct state ṭupšar, plural ṭupšarrū)

ṭupšar (construct)
ṭupšarrū (plural)
ṭupšarru (alternative)
tupšarrum (alternative)
tupšarru (alternative)

desc

→ Mishnaic Hebrew: טַפְסָר (ṭap̄sɔ́r, “scribe”)

Borrowed from Sumerian 𒁾𒊬 (dubsar, “scribe”).

𒌅𒌒𒊭𒊒𒌝 𒀜𒋫 𒌅𒌒𒊭𒊒𒌝 𒀀𒈾𒆪

tu-up-ša-ru-um at-ta tu-up-ša-ru-um a-na-ku


zību

From Proto-Semitic *ḏiʔb- (“wolf”). Cognate with Arabic ذِئْب (ḏiʔb) and Biblical Hebrew זְאֵב (zəʾeḇ).

(also with determinative 𒄷 (^(mušen))) vulture


iṣṣūrum

akk-noun

iṣṣūrum m or f (plural iṣṣūrū m or iṣṣūrātum f)

iṣṣūrū (masculine plural)
iṣṣūrātum (feminine plural)
iṣṣūru (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ʕVṣṣūr- (“bird”). Cognate with Ugaritic 𐎓𐎕𐎗 (ʿṣr /ʕuṣṣūru)/). Compare also Arabic عُصْفُور (ʕuṣfūr) and Biblical Hebrew צִפּוֹר (ṣippór).

cog

Arabic عُصْفُور (ʕuṣfūr)


zībum

Alternative form of zību (“jackal, vulture”)


erēšum

akk-verb

erēšum (G, i, durative irriš, perfect īteriš, preterite īriš, imperative eriš)

irriš (durative)
īteriš (perfect)
īriš (preterite)
eriš (imperative)
erēšum (infinitive)
ērišum (participle)
eršum (adjective)
erriš (durative first-person singular)
ēteriš (first-person perfect singular)
ēriš (first-person preterite singular)
lūriš (first-person imperative singular)
terriš (durative masculine second-person singular)
tēteriš (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tēriš (masculine preterite second-person singular)
eriš (imperative masculine second-person singular)
terrišī (durative feminine second-person singular)
tēteršī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tērišī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
eršī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
irriš (durative singular third-person)
īteriš (perfect singular third-person)
īriš (preterite singular third-person)
līriš (imperative singular third-person)
nirriš (durative first-person plural)
nīteriš (first-person perfect plural)
nīriš (first-person plural preterite)
i nīriš (first-person imperative plural)
terrišā (durative plural second-person)
tēteršā (perfect plural second-person)
tērišā (plural preterite second-person)
eršā (imperative plural second-person)
irrišū (durative masculine plural third-person)
īteršū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
īrišū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
līrišū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
irrišā (durative feminine plural third-person)
īteršā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
īrišā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
līrišā (feminine imperative plural third-person)
erēšu (alternative)
arāšum (alternative)
arāšu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ḥaraṯ- (“to plow”). Cognate with Arabic حَرَثَ (ḥaraṯa) and Biblical Hebrew חָרַשׁ (ḥɔráš).