ula

𒈪𒅎𒈠 𒌑𒆷 𒀀𒂵𒀊𒁉 [mimma ula aqabbi]

𒀜𒋫 𒌑𒆷 𒋾𒁲 [atta ula tīde]

Old Akkadian, Old Assyrian, and Old Babylonian form of ul (“not”)


urram

Mari (Babylonian)
Boghazkeui (Babylonian)
Emar (Babylonian)

Adverbial accusative of 𒌓𒁕 (urrum, “daytime”).


iltum

akk-noun

iltum f (construct state ilat, plural ilātum, masculine ilum)

ilat (construct)
ilātum (plural)
ilum (masculine)

From 𒀭 (ilum, “god”) + -𒌈 (-tum, feminine suffix). Akin to Arabic إِلَاهَة (ʔilāha) and Biblical Hebrew אֵלָה (ʔelɔ́).


qanûm

akk-verb

qanûm (G, i, durative iqanni, perfect iqtani, preterite iqni, imperative qini)

iqanni (durative)
iqtani (perfect)
iqni (preterite)
qini (imperative)
Neo-Assyrian (Babylonian Middle)


būrum

From Proto-Semitic *bVʕVr- (“bull, calf”). Compare with Arabic بَعِير (baʕīr, “camel”) and Biblical Hebrew בְּעִיר (bəʕír, “cattle, beasts”) and Ugaritic 𐎛𐎁𐎗 (ỉbr, “bull”).


warad ēkallim

→ Aramaic:

desc

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: ארדיכלא (ʾardēḵlāʾ)

→ Hebrew: אַדְרִיכָל (ʾaḏriḵɔl)

→ Hebrew: אַדְרִיכָל (ʾaḏriḵɔl)

Classical Syriac: ܐܪܕܝܟܠܐ (ʾardēḵlāʾ)

𒋳𒈠 𒀀𒉿𒈝 𒇻𒀵𒂍𒃲 𒇻𒊩𒆳𒂍𒃲 𒇻𒀵𒈦𒂗𒆕 𒇻𒊩𒆳𒈦𒂗𒆕 𒆍𒃲𒍑𒋼𒍣 𒀉𒁕𒀝

1755–1750 BCE, King Hammurabi of Babylon, translated by OMNIKA Foundation, Hammurabi Code, The Louvre, Law 15:

If a man let a male or female slave whether of the palace or of a muškēnum escape through the city gate, he will be executed.

šum-ma a-wi-lum lu ARAD₂ E₂.GAL lu GEME₂ E₂.GAL lu ARAD₂ MAŠ.EN.GAG lu GEME₂ MAŠ.EN.GAG ABUL uš-te-ṣi₂ id-da-ak

(Old Assyrian, Old Babylonian) slave of the palace, a designation of the palace personnel

Old Assyrian; Old Babylonian; Old Assyrian; Old Babylonian


andurārum

Neo-Assyrian (Babylonian Standard)
Neo-Babylonian (Babylonian Standard)

Compare Biblical Hebrew דְּרוֹר (dərór, “freedom”).

cog

freedom, exemption
remission of commercial debts


idīnum

Borrowed from Sumerian 𒂔 (eden, “plain, open country”).


ḫarrānum

→ Sumerian: 𒄯𒊏𒀭 (ḫar-ra-an /ḫarran/)

Unknown. Compare Biblical Hebrew הָרָן (ḥɔrɔ́n, “Haran, a Biblical place name”).

cog

(Old Assyrian, Old Babylonian) journey-money


rubûm

From 𒃲 (rabûm, “to be big”). Cognate with Arabic رَبَا (rabā, “to grow, increase”) and Biblical Hebrew רָבָה (rɔḇɔ́, “to be great, increase”).


inūmīšu

From 𒄿𒈾 (ina, “in”) + 𒌓𒈪 (ūmī, “days”) + 𒋗 (šu, “its”), literally “in those days”.


makārum

akk-verb

makārum (G, a-u, durative imakkar, perfect imtakar, preterite imkur, imperative mukur)

imakkar (durative)
imtakar (perfect)
imkur (preterite)
mukur (imperative)
Neo-Assyrian (Babylonian)
makārum (infinitive)
mākirum (participle)
makrum (adjective)
amakkar (durative first-person singular)
amtakar (first-person perfect singular)
amkur (first-person preterite singular)
lumkur (first-person imperative singular)
tamakkar (durative masculine second-person singular)
tamtakar (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tamkur (masculine preterite second-person singular)
mukur (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tamakkarī (durative feminine second-person singular)
tamtakrī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tamkurī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
mukrī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
imakkar (durative singular third-person)
imtakar (perfect singular third-person)
imkur (preterite singular third-person)
limkur (imperative singular third-person)
nimakkar (durative first-person plural)
nimtakar (first-person perfect plural)
nimkur (first-person plural preterite)
i nimkur (first-person imperative plural)
tamakkarā (durative plural second-person)
tamtakrā (perfect plural second-person)
tamkurā (plural preterite second-person)
mukrā (imperative plural second-person)
imakkarū (durative masculine plural third-person)
imtakrū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
imkurū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
limkurū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
imakkarā (durative feminine plural third-person)
imtakrā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
imkurā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
limkurā (feminine imperative plural third-person)

𒀸𒋳 𒀀𒊮 𒈠𒅗𒊑𒅎 𒊭 𒋫𒀾𒁍𒊏𒄠 𒈬𒌑 𒈠𒁺𒈠 𒀀𒈠𒅗𒅈
[aššum eqlim makārim ša tašpuram mû mādū-ma amakkar]
aš-šum A.ŠA₃ ma-ka-ri-im ša ta-aš₂-pu-ra-am mu-u₂ ma-du-ma a-ma-ka-ar
Concerning the irrigation of the field about which you wrote to me, as soon as there is plenty of water, I will irrigate it.

𒀀𒈾 𒀀𒊮 𒈠𒅗𒀸 𒆷 𒋼𒅅𒄀
[ana eqlim makārum lā teggi]
a-na A.ŠA₃ ma-ka-rum la te-eg-gi
Do not be careless concerning the irrigation of the field.


qabrum

Cognate with Arabic قَبْر (qabr, “grave”) and Biblical Hebrew קֶבֶר (qɛ́ḇɛr, “grave”).


marûm

akk-adjective

marûm (feminine marītum, predicative mari)

marītum (feminine)
mari (predicative)
Nuzi (Babylonian)

From the verb 𒈠𒊒𒌑𒌝 (marûm, “to fatten”).

(Standard Babylonian, grammar) marû ("slow (pronunciation)", used in the description of Sumerian verbs to refer to the imperfective form)


attina

From Proto-Semitic *ʔantin f (“ye”). Cognate with Arabic أَنْتُنَّ (ʔantunna) and Biblical Hebrew אַתֶּן (ʔattɛ́n).

𒌝𒈠𒁺𒀀 𒀀𒄷𒀀𒁺𒀀 𒀀𒎗𒈾

um-ma-tu₃-a a-ḫu-a-tu₃-a a-ti₂-na /ummatūya aḫuātūya attina/

ye, you (second-person plural feminine personal pronoun, nominative case)

1. This table gives Old Babylonian inflection.

2. Used to express the Accusative and Genitive case.

3. Used exclusively on adjectives to form the predicative construction.

5. Used on verbs. Always follows the Ventive.


maṣûm

akk-verb

maṣûm (G, i, durative imaṣṣi, perfect imtaṣi, preterite imṣi, imperative miṣi)

imaṣṣi (durative)
imtaṣi (perfect)
imṣi (preterite)
miṣi (imperative)
maṣûm (infinitive)
māṣûm (participle)
maṣûm (adjective)
amaṣṣi (durative first-person singular)
amtaṣi (first-person perfect singular)
amṣi (first-person preterite singular)
lumṣi (first-person imperative singular)
tamaṣṣi (durative masculine second-person singular)
tamtaṣi (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tamṣi (masculine preterite second-person singular)
miṣi (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tamaṣṣî (durative feminine second-person singular)
tamtaṣî (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tamṣî (feminine preterite second-person singular)
miṣî (feminine imperative second-person singular)
imaṣṣi (durative singular third-person)
imtaṣi (perfect singular third-person)
imṣi (preterite singular third-person)
limṣi (imperative singular third-person)
nimaṣṣi (durative first-person plural)
nimtaṣi (first-person perfect plural)
nimṣi (first-person plural preterite)
i nimṣi (first-person imperative plural)
tamaṣṣiā (durative plural second-person)
tamtaṣiā (perfect plural second-person)
tamṣiā (plural preterite second-person)
miṣiā (imperative plural second-person)
imaṣṣû (durative masculine plural third-person)
imtaṣû (masculine perfect plural third-person)
imṣû (masculine plural preterite third-person)
limṣû (imperative masculine plural third-person)
imaṣṣiā (durative feminine plural third-person)
imtaṣiā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
imṣiā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
limṣiā (feminine imperative plural third-person)

From Proto-Semitic *mṯ̣ʔ- (“to reach”). Compare Biblical Hebrew מָצָא (mɔṣɔ́ʔ, “to find”).

cog

(Old Assyrian only) to take responsibility for


bāṣum

Unknown, but compare Biblical Hebrew בֹּץ (boṣ, “mud, silt”), a hapax legomenon in the Bible.


ūmam

Adverbial accusative of 𒌓 (ūmum, “day”).

𒌓𒈠𒈠


nazāqum

akk-verb

nazāqum (G, i, durative inazziq, perfect ittaziq, preterite izziq, imperative iziq)

inazziq (durative)
ittaziq (perfect)
izziq (preterite)
iziq (imperative)
Mari (Babylonian)
nazāqum (infinitive)
nāziqum (participle)
nazqum (adjective)
anazziq (durative first-person singular)
attaziq (first-person perfect singular)
azziq (first-person preterite singular)
luzziq (first-person imperative singular)
tanazziq (durative masculine second-person singular)
tattaziq (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tazziq (masculine preterite second-person singular)
iziq (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tanazziqī (durative feminine second-person singular)
tattazqī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tazziqī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
izqī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
inazziq (durative singular third-person)
ittaziq (perfect singular third-person)
izziq (preterite singular third-person)
lizziq (imperative singular third-person)
ninazziq (durative first-person plural)
nittaziq (first-person perfect plural)
nizziq (first-person plural preterite)
i nizziq (first-person imperative plural)
tanazziqā (durative plural second-person)
tattazqā (perfect plural second-person)
tazziqā (plural preterite second-person)
izqā (imperative plural second-person)
inazziqū (durative masculine plural third-person)
ittazqū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
izziqū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
lizziqū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
inazziqā (durative feminine plural third-person)
ittazqā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
izziqā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
lizziqā (feminine imperative plural third-person)

Cognate with Biblical Hebrew נֶזֶק (nɛ́zɛq, “injury, damage”).


aššum

From 𒀀𒈾 (ana, “for”) + 𒈬 (šumum, “because of”).

com

(Mari, Old Assyrian with present) in order to, so that


wašṭum

akk-adj

wašṭum (masculine plural wašṭūtum, feminine plural wašṭātum, predicative wašit)

wašṭūtum (masculine plural)
wašṭātum (feminine plural)
wašit (predicative)

𒉌𒊺𒅎𒈨 𒅕𒉌𒋫𒋗 𒉿𒀸𒁕𒀜
ni-še-em-me ir-ni-ta-šu wa-aš-ṭa-at
/nišemme irnittašu wašṭat/
We hear of his (Adad's) anger – it is fierce.

verbal adjective of wašāṭum:
strong, fierce

verbal adjective of wašāṭum:
hard, stiff


arākum

akk-verb

arākum (G, i, durative irrik, perfect ītarik, preterite īrik, imperative arik)

irrik (durative)
ītarik (perfect)
īrik (preterite)
arik (imperative)
arākum (infinitive)
ārikum (participle)
arkum (adjective)
arrik (durative first-person singular)
ātarik (first-person perfect singular)
ārik (first-person preterite singular)
lūrik (first-person imperative singular)
tarrik (durative masculine second-person singular)
tātarik (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tārik (masculine preterite second-person singular)
arik (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tarrikī (durative feminine second-person singular)
tātarkī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tārikī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
arkī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
irrik (durative singular third-person)
ītarik (perfect singular third-person)
īrik (preterite singular third-person)
līrik (imperative singular third-person)
nirrik (durative first-person plural)
nītarik (first-person perfect plural)
nīrik (first-person plural preterite)
i nīrik (first-person imperative plural)
tarrikā (durative plural second-person)
tātarkā (perfect plural second-person)
tārikā (plural preterite second-person)
arkā (imperative plural second-person)
irrikū (durative masculine plural third-person)
ītarkū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
īrikū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
līrikū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
irrikā (durative feminine plural third-person)
ītarkā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
īrikā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
līrikā (feminine imperative plural third-person)

From Proto-Semitic *ʔarak- (“to be long”). Cognate with Arabic أَرَكَ (ʔaraka, “to remain, continue”) and Biblical Hebrew אָרֹךְ (ʔɔróḵ).


šiprum

akk-noun

šiprum m (construct state šipir, plural šiprū)

→ Aramaic: סִפְרָא (sip̄rā), ܣܶܦܪܳܐ (sep̄rā, “book, scroll”)

→ Arabic: سِفْر (sifr, “book”)

desc

→ Biblical Hebrew: סֵפֶר (sép̄ɛr, “letter; document, book, scroll”)

→ Israeli Hebrew: ספר (séfer, “book”)

→ Ugaritic: 𐎒𐎔𐎗 (spr, “tablet; writing; letter”)

Verbal noun of 𒊭𒉺𒀸 (šapārum, “to send to”). The sense development is akin to Classical Greek ἐπιστολή (epistolḗ, “message, letter”) from ἐπῐστέλλειν (epistéllein, “to send to”).


kēna

Cognate with Biblical Hebrew כֵּן (so, thus; yes).


Sîn

(Old Akkadian, Old Assyrian, Middle Assyrian) the name of a month

Old Assyrian; Middle Assyrian; Old Assyrian; Middle Assyrian