anna

tlb

(Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, Nuzi, El-Amarna)

𒅗𒋗 𒀭𒈾 𒊮𒋗 𒌌𒆷

There is a yes in his mouth, but a no in his heart.


ula

𒈪𒅎𒈠 𒌑𒆷 𒀀𒂵𒀊𒁉

𒀜𒋫 𒌑𒆷 𒋾𒁲

Old Akkadian, Old Assyrian, and Old Babylonian form of ul (“not”)


gardumu

A West Semitic loan, related to Hebrew גַּרְדּוֹם (gardōm, “executioner’s spot, scaffold”), Jewish Babylonian Aramaic גַּרְדּוּמָא (gardōmā, “stump”), Jewish Palestinian Aramaic גרדום (*gardōm, “court tribunal”), and the axes Hebrew גַּרְזֶן (garzén), Hebrew קַרְדֹּם (qardōm), Eblaite 𒄥𒁺𒈬𒌝 (gur-du-mu-um /gurdumum/), Emar Akkadian 𒄥𒁲𒈬 (gur-di-mu /gurdimu/), Arabic كَرْزَن (karzan, “axe; crown”) against Persian گرزن (garzan, “crown”) and گهزن (gahzan), گزن (gazan, “shoe-knife”).

cog

גַּרְדּוּמָא

(hapax legomenon) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

a kind of cognitor, tribune, criminal judge or prosecutor


elum

Compare the preposition 𒂊𒇷 (eli, “on, over”).

(Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, rare) top, upper side


asum

asu (alternative)
ašum (alternative)
assu (alternative)

desctree

→ Aramaic: ܐܵܣܵܐ / אָסָא (ʾāsā)
→ Arabic: آس (ʔās)
⇒ Cypriot Arabic: ximplás
→ Ge'ez: እልኣስ (ʾəlʾas, “myrtle”)
→ Middle Armenian: հապալաս (hapalas) (√ حَبّ الْآس (ḥabb al-ʔās))
→ Armenian: հապալաս (hapalas) (learned)

→⇒ Hebrew: הֲדַס (hăḏás)
→ Arabic: هَدَس (hadas)
→ Amharic: ኣደስ (ʾadäs), አደስ (ʾädäs)
→ Ge'ez: አደስ (ʾädäs)
→ Swahili: mhadasi
→ Tigrinya: ኣደስ (ʾadäs)
→ Aramaic: הֲדַסַא (hăḏasā)
→ German: Addas f (used once by Heinrich Heine)
→ Yiddish:


asum

asātum (feminine plural)
asu (alternative)


kanīkum

akk-noun

kanīkum m or f (plural kanīkū m or kanīkātum f)

kanīkū (masculine plural)
kanīkātum (feminine plural)
kanīku (alternative)

(Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian) purchase document, receipt

Old Babylonian; Middle Assyrian; Old Babylonian; Middle Assyrian


qanûm

head

qanûm m (base qana or qanu, plural qanû m or qanâtum f)

qanû (masculine plural)
qanâtum (feminine plural)
qanû (alternative)
qanu'u (alternative)

→ Eblaite: 𒄀 (qanuwum, qanûm)

desc

→ Aramaic: קַנְיָא

→ Aramaic: קַנְיָא / ܩܢܝܐ (qanyā)

→ Arabic: قَنَاة (qanāh)

→ Ethiopian:

Ge'ez: ኵናት (kʷənat), ኲናት (kʷinat)

Tigre: ኮናት (konat)

Tigrinya: ኵናት (kʷənat)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: κᾰ́ννᾱ (kắnnā), κᾰ́ννη (kắnnē) — Ionic
Greek: κάννη (kánni)
→ Latin: canna (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Latin: *cannālis, canālis (see there for further descendants)

desc

→ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀒𐀜𐀛𐀠 (ko-no-ni-pi /konōni-pʰi/)

desctree

→ Hebrew: קָנֶה (qɔnɛ́, “stem, reed, cane”)
→ English: kaneh

→ Phoenician: *𐤒𐤍𐤀 (*qnʾ /qanā/)

Punic: 𐤒𐤍𐤀 (qnʾ /qanā/)
→ Kabyle: aɣanim (“reeds”)
→ Tashelhit: aɣanim (“reeds”)

→ Ugaritic: 𐎖𐎐 (qn, “cane; arrow”)


qanûm

akk-verb

qanûm (G, i, durative iqanni, perfect iqtani, preterite iqni, imperative qini)

tlb

(Old Assyrian, Old Babylonian, Mari, Middle Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian)

iqanni (durative)
iqtani (perfect)
iqni (preterite)
qini (imperative)
qanû (alternative)
qanā'u (alternative)


-iš

𒉡𒊌𒆪𒊏𒀜 𒀀𒈠𒊑𒅖 𒉺𒀠𒄩𒀜

She is strange to look at, she's fearsome.

(Old Babylonian) Combined with an infinitive, it denotes purpose, and corresponds to the preposition 𒀀𒈾 (ana) plus infinitive. It only occurs in Old Babylonian literary texts.


būrum

(Old Akkadian, Old Assyrian, Middle Assyrian, Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian)

From Proto-Semitic *bVʕVr- (“bull, calf”). Compare with Arabic بَعِير (baʕīr, “camel”) and Biblical Hebrew בְּעִיר (bəʕír, “cattle, beasts”) and Ugaritic 𐎛𐎁𐎗 (ỉbr, “bull”).


warad ēkallim

wardū ēkallim (plural)
warad ēkalli (alternative)
arad ēkalli (alternative)

→ Aramaic:

desc

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: ארדיכלא (ʾardēḵlāʾ)

→ Hebrew: אַדְרִיכָל (ʾaḏriḵɔl)

→ Hebrew: אַדְרִיכָל (ʾaḏriḵɔl)

Classical Syriac: ܐܪܕܝܟܠܐ (ʾardēḵlāʾ)

𒋳𒈠 𒀀𒉿𒈝 𒇻𒀵𒂍𒃲 𒇻𒊩𒆳𒂍𒃲 𒇻𒀵𒈦𒂗𒆕 𒇻𒊩𒆳𒈦𒂗𒆕 𒆍𒃲𒍑𒋼𒍣 𒀉𒁕𒀝

1755–1750 BCE, King Hammurabi of Babylon, translated by OMNIKA Foundation, Hammurabi Code, The Louvre, Law 15:

If a man let a male or female slave whether of the palace or of a muškēnum escape through the city gate, he will be executed.

šum-ma a-wi-lum lu ARAD₂ E₂.GAL lu GEME₂ E₂.GAL lu ARAD₂ MAŠ.EN.GAG lu GEME₂ MAŠ.EN.GAG ABUL uš-te-ṣi₂ id-da-ak

(Old Assyrian, Old Babylonian) slave of the palace, a designation of the palace personnel

Old Assyrian; Old Babylonian; Old Assyrian; Old Babylonian


inūma

Possibly from 𒄿𒈾 (ina, “in”) + 𒌓 (ūmum, “day”) + 𒈠 (ma, coordinating conjunction), literally “and in the day”.


kabsum

tlb

(once late Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, Neo-Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, overall rare)

Borrowed from an Aramaic term cognate to Arabic كَبْش (kabš, “tup, wether”), Hebrew כֶּבֶשׂ (kɛ́ḇɛś, “sheep”), and Phoenician 𐤊𐤁𐤔 (kbš, “sheep”).


menûm

akk-verb

menûm (G, i, durative imenne, perfect imtene, preterite imne, imperative mene)

tlb

(Old Akkadian, Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian)

imenne (durative)
imtene (perfect)
imne (preterite)
mene (imperative)
menûm (infinitive)
mēnûm (participle)
menûm (adjective)
emenne (durative first-person singular)
emtene (first-person perfect singular)
emne (first-person preterite singular)
lumne (first-person imperative singular)
temenne (durative masculine second-person singular)
temtene (masculine perfect second-person singular)
temne (masculine preterite second-person singular)
mene (imperative masculine second-person singular)
temennî (durative feminine second-person singular)
temtenî (feminine perfect second-person singular)
temnî (feminine preterite second-person singular)
menî (feminine imperative second-person singular)
imenne (durative singular third-person)
imtene (perfect singular third-person)
imne (preterite singular third-person)
limne (imperative singular third-person)
nimenne (durative first-person plural)
nimtene (first-person perfect plural)
nimne (first-person plural preterite)
i nimne (first-person imperative plural)
temenneā (durative plural second-person)
temteneā (perfect plural second-person)
temneā (plural preterite second-person)
meneā (imperative plural second-person)
imennû (durative masculine plural third-person)
imtenû (masculine perfect plural third-person)
imnû (masculine plural preterite third-person)
limnû (imperative masculine plural third-person)
imenneā (durative feminine plural third-person)
imteneā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
imneā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
limneā (feminine imperative plural third-person)
menû (alternative)
manûm (alternative)
manû (alternative)
manā'um (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *mny-. Cognate with Arabic مَنِيّ (maniyy, “ejaculation, sperm”).


bīt ṭuppim

tlb

(Old Babylonian, Mari, Boghazkeui, Middle Assyrian, Standard Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian)

bīt ṭuppātim (plural)
bīt ṭuppi (alternative)

From 𒂍 (bītum) + 𒁾 (ṭuppum), literally “tablet house”. Compare Biblical Hebrew בַּיִת (báyiṯ, “house; school”) and Mishnaic Hebrew בֵּית סֵפֶר (beṯ séfɛr, “school”, literally “book house”). Compare the formation Persian دبستان (dabestân).


andurārum

tlb

(Old Assyrian, Old Babylonian, Mari, Alalakh, Boghazkeui, Standard Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian)

andurāru (alternative)
andarārum (alternative)
andarāru (alternative)
indurāru (alternative)
addurāru (alternative)
durāru (alternative)

Compare Biblical Hebrew דְּרוֹר (dərór, “freedom”).

cog

freedom, exemption
remission of commercial debts


darārum

akk-verb

darārum (G, a-u, durative idarrar, perfect iddarar, preterite idrur, imperative durur)

idarrar (durative)
iddarar (perfect)
idrur (preterite)
durur (imperative)
darārum (infinitive)
dārirum (participle)
darrum (adjective)
adarrar (durative first-person singular)
addarar (first-person perfect singular)
adrur (first-person preterite singular)
ludrur (first-person imperative singular)
tadarrar (durative masculine second-person singular)
taddarar (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tadrur (masculine preterite second-person singular)
durur (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tadarrarī (durative feminine second-person singular)
taddarrī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tadrurī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
durrī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
idarrar (durative singular third-person)
iddarar (perfect singular third-person)
idrur (preterite singular third-person)
lidrur (imperative singular third-person)
nidarrar (durative first-person plural)
niddarar (first-person perfect plural)
nidrur (first-person plural preterite)
i nidrur (first-person imperative plural)
tadarrarā (durative plural second-person)
taddarrā (perfect plural second-person)
tadrurā (plural preterite second-person)
durrā (imperative plural second-person)
idarrarū (durative masculine plural third-person)
iddarrū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
idrurū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
lidrurū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
idarrarā (durative feminine plural third-person)
iddarrā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
idrurā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
lidrurā (feminine imperative plural third-person)
darāru (alternative)

Cognate with Arabic دَرَّ (darra), Biblical Hebrew דְּרוֹר (dəror), Old South Arabian 𐩵𐩧𐩧 (drr, “abundance, harvest”) and Ugaritic 𐎄𐎗𐎗 (drr, “to flow copiously”). Also compare 𒂼𒅈𒄄 (andurārum).

cognate

to be free (of a task), move about freely, run off


Šabāṭum

tlb

(Old Akkadian, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian)

desc

→ Hebrew: שְׁבָט (šə̆ḇɔ́ṭ, “Shevat”)

→ Hebrew: שְׁבָט (šə̆ḇɔ́ṭ, “Shevat”)

→ Aramaic: שְׁבָט (šəḇāṭ)

→ Aramaic: שְׁבָט (šəḇāṭ)

Classical Syriac: ܫܒܛ

→ Arabic: شُبَاط (šubāṭ)

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܫܒ݂ܵܛ (šḇāṭ)

Unknown. Spelt with 𒌚 (ITI, “month”) and 𒀾 (ZIZ₂, “emmer”).

𒌚𒀾 𒌚 𒁕𒀀𒁍𒌝 𒋗𒌑

Šabāṭu Šabāṭu

Šabāṭu, the eleventh month of the Babylonian calendar


amūtum

amuwātum (plural)
amūtu (alternative)
mūtum (alternative)

Considered from a Proto-Semitic form *miʕay- (“intestine, tharm”) or closely similar to it.

(extispicy) liver (of a sacrificial sheep, examined by the haruspex)

(extispicy) (liver) omen (findings on a sheep's liver)


kašdum

akk-adj

kašdum (feminine kašittum, masculine plural kašdūtum, feminine plural kašdātum, predicative kašid)

tlb

(Old Babylonian, Boghazkeui, Standard Babylonian, Neo-Babylonian)

kašittum (feminine)
kašdūtum (masculine plural)
kašdātum (feminine plural)
kašid (predicative)
kašdu (alternative)


ḫarrānum

ḫarrānātum (plural)
ḫarrānu (alternative)

→ Sumerian: 𒄯𒊏𒀭 (ḫar-ra-an /ḫarran/)

Unknown. Compare Biblical Hebrew הָרָן (ḥɔrɔ́n, “Haran, a Biblical place name”).

cog

(Old Assyrian, Old Babylonian) journey-money


rēštum

akk-noun

rēštum f (construct state rēšti or rēšet, plural rēšētum)

rēšti (construct)
rēšet (construct)
rēšētum (plural)
rēštu (alternative)

From 𒊕 (rēšum, “head”). Compare Biblical Hebrew רֵאשִׁית (rešíṯ, “beginning”).

cog

(Old Babylonian) first instalment of a rent


inūmīšu

tlb

(Old Akkadian, Old Assyrian, Old Babylonian, Neo-Babylonian)

enūmīšu (alternative)
inūmīšum (alternative)

From 𒄿𒈾 (ina, “in”) + 𒌓𒈪 (ūmī, “days”) + 𒋗 (šu, “its”), literally “in those days”.


maḫrûm

akk-adjective

maḫrûm (feminine maḫrītum, masculine plural maḫrûtum, feminine plural maḫriātum, predicative maḫrī)

maḫrītum (feminine)
maḫrûtum (masculine plural)
maḫriātum (feminine plural)
maḫrī (predicative)
maḫrû (alternative)

From 𒅆 (maḫrum, “front”) + 𒄿 (-ī, nisba suffix).


šaplûm

akk-adjective

šaplûm (feminine šaplītum, masculine plural šaplûtum, feminine plural šapliātum, predicative šaplī)

šaplītum (feminine)
šaplûtum (masculine plural)
šapliātum (feminine plural)
šaplī (predicative)
šaplû (alternative)
šaplium (alternative)
šapliu (alternative)

From 𒆠𒋫 (šaplum, “bottom”) + 𒄿 (-ī, nisba suffix). Compare Arabic سُفْلِيّ (sufliyy, “lower”).


kīrum

tlb

(Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, Neo-Babylonian)

kīrātum (plural)
kīru (alternative)
kēru (alternative)

From Sumerian 𒌋𒀜 (gir₄ /gir/, “oven”). Cognate with Arabic جِير (jīr, “chalk, lime”) and Hebrew גִּיר (gir, “chalk, lime”).

oven, kiln (especially for lime and bitumen)


Igigū

Igigû (alternative)
Igīgū (alternative)
Igigi (alternative)

(plural only, Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian) Igigi, a collective name for the "great gods"


šūrum

(Ur III, Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian)

From Proto-Semitic *ṯawr- (“bull, ox”). Cognate with Arabic ثَوْر (ṯawr) and Biblical Hebrew שׁוֹר (šor).

𒋗𒌨 𒊭𒈠𒄿


līlum

From Proto-Semitic *layl- (“night”). Cognate with Arabic لَيْل (layl, “nighttime”) and Biblical Hebrew לַיִל (láyil, “night”).


qabrum

(Old Assyrian, Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian)

Cognate with Arabic قَبْر (qabr, “grave”) and Biblical Hebrew קֶבֶר (qɛ́ḇɛr, “grave”).


Šumerum

Unknown. Compare Biblical Hebrew שִׁנְעָר (šinʕɔ́r) and its listed cognates.

𒅴𒂠 𒀀𒄩𒍪𒌝

𒇷𒊭𒀭 𒋗𒈨𒊑𒅎 𒋫𒄠𒅆𒅋 𒀝𒅗𒁲𒅎 𒂊𒁺𒌝

li-ša-an šu-me-ri-im ta-am-ši-il ak-ka-di-im e-du-um

to know the Akkadian counterpart of the Sumerian


napāšum

akk-verb

napāšum (G, u, durative inappuš, perfect ittapuš, preterite ippuš, imperative upuš)

inappuš (durative)
ittapuš (perfect)
ippuš (preterite)
upuš (imperative)
napāšum (infinitive)
nāpišum (participle)
napšum (adjective)
anappuš (durative first-person singular)
attapuš (first-person perfect singular)
appuš (first-person preterite singular)
luppuš (first-person imperative singular)
tanappuš (durative masculine second-person singular)
tattapuš (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tappuš (masculine preterite second-person singular)
upuš (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tanappušī (durative feminine second-person singular)
tattapšī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tappušī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
upšī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
inappuš (durative singular third-person)
ittapuš (perfect singular third-person)
ippuš (preterite singular third-person)
lippuš (imperative singular third-person)
ninappuš (durative first-person plural)
nittapuš (first-person perfect plural)
nippuš (first-person plural preterite)
i nippuš (first-person imperative plural)
tanappušā (durative plural second-person)
tattapšā (perfect plural second-person)
tappušā (plural preterite second-person)
upšā (imperative plural second-person)
inappušū (durative masculine plural third-person)
ittapšū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
ippušū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
lippušū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
inappušā (durative feminine plural third-person)
ittapšā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
ippušā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
lippušā (feminine imperative plural third-person)
napāšu (alternative)

Cognate with Arabic تَنَفَّسَ (tanaffasa, “to breathe”) and Biblical Hebrew נָפַשׁ (nɔp̄áš, “to breathe”).


zarāqum

akk-verb

zarāqum (G, i, durative izarriq, perfect izzariq, preterite izriq, imperative ziriq)

tlb

(Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian)

izarriq (durative)
izzariq (perfect)
izriq (preterite)
ziriq (imperative)
zarāqum (infinitive)
zāriqum (participle)
zarqum (adjective)
azarriq (durative first-person singular)
azzariq (first-person perfect singular)
azriq (first-person preterite singular)
luzriq (first-person imperative singular)
tazarriq (durative masculine second-person singular)
tazzariq (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tazriq (masculine preterite second-person singular)
ziriq (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tazarriqī (durative feminine second-person singular)
tazzarqī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tazriqī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
zirqī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
izarriq (durative singular third-person)
izzariq (perfect singular third-person)
izriq (preterite singular third-person)
lizriq (imperative singular third-person)
nizarriq (durative first-person plural)
nizzariq (first-person perfect plural)
nizriq (first-person plural preterite)
i nizriq (first-person imperative plural)
tazarriqā (durative plural second-person)
tazzarqā (perfect plural second-person)
tazriqā (plural preterite second-person)
zirqā (imperative plural second-person)
izarriqū (durative masculine plural third-person)
izzarqū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
izriqū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
lizriqū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
izarriqā (durative feminine plural third-person)
izzarqā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
izriqā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
lizriqā (feminine imperative plural third-person)
zarāqu (alternative)

Cognate with Biblical Hebrew זָרַק (zɔráq, “to throw, toss”). Compare also Arabic ذَرَقَ (ḏaraqa, “to dung”).


ūsum

tlb

(Assyrian, Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian)

ūsū (plural)
ūsātum (feminine plural)
ūsu (alternative)
us'um (alternative)
usḫi'um (alternative)
ussu (alternative)

→ Aramaic:

lect

Jewish Literary Aramaic, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אַוָוזָּא (ʾawazzā), אַוְוזָּא (ʾawəzzā), אֲוַוזָּא (ʾăwazzā), אֲוַזָּא (ʾăwazzā), אֲוׇוזָּא (ʾăwazzā)

Classical Syriac: ܘܰܙܳܐ (wazzā)

desc

אווז<alt:אַוָּז>

אווז<alt:אֲוָז>

→ Biblical Hebrew: אַוָּז (ʾawwɔz), אֲוָז (ʾăwɔz)

→ Ugaritic: 𐎜𐎇 (ủz)


mušḫuššum

akk-noun

mušḫuššum m (construct state mušḫuš, pronominal state mušḫušša, plural mušḫuššū)

tlb

(Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian)

mušḫuš (construct)
mušḫušša (pronominal-state)
mušḫuššū (plural)
mušḫuššu (alternative)

From Sumerian 𒈲𒍽 (muš-ḫuš /mušḫuš/, “a mythical serpent”).

bor

(Old Babylonian, astronomy) the name of a constellation


attina

tlb

(Old Assyrian, Middle Assyrian, Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian)

From Proto-Semitic *ʔantin f (“ye”). Cognate with Arabic أَنْتُنَّ (ʔantunna) and Biblical Hebrew אַתֶּן (ʔattɛ́n).

𒌝𒈠𒁺𒀀 𒀀𒄷𒀀𒁺𒀀 𒀀𒎗𒈾

ye, you (second-person plural feminine personal pronoun, nominative case)

1. This table gives Old Babylonian inflection.

2. Used to express the Accusative and Genitive case.

3. Used exclusively on adjectives to form the predicative construction.

5. Used on verbs. Always follows the Ventive.


šandanakkum

akk-noun

šandanakkum m (construct state šandanak, pronominal state šandanakka, plural šandanakkātum f)

šandanak (construct)
šandanakka (pronominal-state)
šandanakkātum (feminine plural)
šandanakku (alternative)
sandanakkum (alternative)
saddanakkum (alternative)

From Sumerian 𒃲𒉌 (santana /santanak/, “chief gardener”).


ūṣum

ūṣū (plural)
ūṣu (alternative)
uṣṣu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ḥVṯ̣ṯ̣- (“arrow”). Cognate with Arabic حُظْوَة (ḥuẓwa, “small arrow”) and Biblical Hebrew חֵץ (ḥeṣ, “arrow”).


nasāḫum

akk-verb

nasāḫum (G, a-u, durative inassaḫ, perfect ittasaḫ, preterite issuḫ, imperative usuḫ)

inassaḫ (durative)
ittasaḫ (perfect)
issuḫ (preterite)
usuḫ (imperative)
nasāḫum (infinitive)
nāsiḫum (participle)
nasḫum (adjective)
anassaḫ (durative first-person singular)
attasaḫ (first-person perfect singular)
assuḫ (first-person preterite singular)
lussuḫ (first-person imperative singular)
tanassaḫ (durative masculine second-person singular)
tattasaḫ (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tassuḫ (masculine preterite second-person singular)
usuḫ (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tanassaḫī (durative feminine second-person singular)
tattasḫī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tassuḫī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
usḫī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
inassaḫ (durative singular third-person)
ittasaḫ (perfect singular third-person)
issuḫ (preterite singular third-person)
lissuḫ (imperative singular third-person)
ninassaḫ (durative first-person plural)
nittasaḫ (first-person perfect plural)
nissuḫ (first-person plural preterite)
i nissuḫ (first-person imperative plural)
tanassaḫā (durative plural second-person)
tattasḫā (perfect plural second-person)
tassuḫā (plural preterite second-person)
usḫā (imperative plural second-person)
inassaḫū (durative masculine plural third-person)
ittasḫū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
issuḫū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
lissuḫū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
inassaḫā (durative feminine plural third-person)
ittasḫā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
issuḫā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
lissuḫā (feminine imperative plural third-person)
nasāḫu (alternative)

Cognate with Arabic نَسَخَ (nasaḵa, “to abolish, delete”) and Biblical Hebrew נָסַח (nɔsáḥ, “to pull, tear away”).

cog

(Old Babylonian, mathematics) to subtract


ḫalbum

Possibly a West Semitic loanword. Compare Ugaritic 𐎃𐎍𐎁 (ḫlb /ḫalbu/, “massif, promontory”).


nigûtum

tlb

(Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Standard Babylonian)

nigâtum (plural)
nigûtu (alternative)
ningûtu (alternative)

From 𒈾𒄖𒌝 (nagûm, “to sing joyfully”). Possibly related to Biblical Hebrew נִגֵּן (niggén, “to play an instrument”).

cog

𒉌𒄖𒋫𒄠 𒂊𒁉𒋳/𒊭𒅗𒉡𒌝

joyful music, merry-making, musical celebration


ištānum

tlb

(from Old Babylonian on, Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian)

ištānu (alternative)
iltānum (alternative)
iltānu (alternative)


šuršum

akk-noun

šuršum m (construct state šuruš, plural šuršū)

šuruš (construct)
šuršū (plural)
šuršu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *šurš- (“root”). Cognate with Arabic شِرْش (širš) and Biblical Hebrew שֹׁרֶשׁ (šórɛš).


ṭīdum

ṭīdu (alternative)
ṭiddum (alternative)
ṭiṭṭum (alternative)
ṭīṭu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ṭīn- (“clay”). Cognate with Arabic طِين (ṭīn, “mud”) and Biblical Hebrew טִיט (ṭiṭ, “mud, clay”).


šalgum

tlb

(Old Babylonian, Mari, Standard Babylonian)

From Proto-Semitic *ṯalg- (“snow”). Cognate with Arabic ثَلْج (ṯalj) and Biblical Hebrew שֶׁלֶג (šɛ́lɛḡ).


pītum

akk-noun

pītum m (construct state pīt or pīti, plural pītū)

pīt (construct)
pīti (construct)
pītū (plural)
pītu (alternative)
pitûm (alternative)
pitû (alternative)

Cognate with Arabic فَتْح (fatḥ) and Biblical Hebrew פֶּתַח (pɛ́ṯaḥ). See 𒉿𒌅𒌑𒌝 (petûm, “to open”).


gulgullum

gulgullum m (construct state gulgul, plural gulgullū or gulgullātum f)

gulgul (construct)
gulgullū (plural)
gulgullātum (feminine plural)
gulgullu (alternative)
gulgullatum (alternative)
gulgullatu (alternative)

Cognate with Arabic جُمْجُمَة (jumjuma) and Biblical Hebrew גֻּלְגֹּ֫לֶת (gulgólɛṯ). Compare also Egyptian DA-DA-D1:Z1 (ḏꜣḏꜣ, “head”).

cog

גֻּלְגֹּ֫לֶת

(Neo-Babylonian) container shaped like a human skull


zumrum

akk-noun

zumrum m (construct state zumur, plural zumrū)

zumur (construct)
zumrū (plural)
zumru (alternative)
zurru (alternative)
zu'ru (alternative)

𒊭𒊏𒀜 𒍪𒌝𒊑𒅎

body (of humans, animals, objects, etc.)


ūmam

tlb

(Old Assyrian, Old Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Standard Babylonian)

Adverbial accusative of 𒌓 (ūmum, “day”).

𒌓𒈠𒈠


šizbum

šizib (construct)
šizbu (alternative)
šizibbu (alternative)
šezibbu (alternative)
zizibu (alternative)


šaddaqdam

šaddaqda (alternative)
šaddaqdim (alternative)
šaddaqdi (alternative)
šaddagad (alternative)
šaddagdiš (alternative)

→ Aramaic:

desctree

Classical Syriac: ܐܫܬܩܕ, ܐܫܬܩܕܝ (ʾeštǝqaḏ[y])
→ Mishnaic Hebrew: אֶשְׁתָּקַד (ʾɛštɔqaḏ)
Israeli Hebrew: אֶשְׁתָּקַד (eshtakád)

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܫܸܬܩܲܕ݇ܝ (šitqay)

From 𒈬 (šattum, “year”) + 𒂵𒀜𒈬𒌝 (qadmum, “early, before”).


šūtum

šūtu (alternative)
sūtum (alternative)
sūtu (alternative)


mūšam

tlb

(Old Babylonian, Mari, Boghazkeui, El-Amarna, Standard Babylonian)

Adverbial accusative of 𒈪 (mūšum, “night”).


aššum

From 𒀀𒈾 (ana, “for”) + 𒈬 (šumum, “because of”).

com

Old Babylonian; reported speech; Old Babylonian; reported speech


ezzum

akk-adjective

ezzum (feminine ezzetum, masculine plural ezzūtum, feminine plural ezzētum, predicative ez)

ezzetum (feminine)
ezzūtum (masculine plural)
ezzētum (feminine plural)
ez (predicative)
ezzu (alternative)


gitmālum

akk-adj

gitmālum (feminine gitmāltum, masculine plural gitmālūtum, feminine plural gitmālātum)

gitmāltum (feminine)
gitmālūtum (masculine plural)
gitmālātum (feminine plural)
gitmālu (alternative)

From 𒂵𒈠𒈝 (gamālum, “to do a favour, be kind; to spare”).

𒈗 𒄀𒀉𒈠𒈝 𒀀𒈾𒆪

𒀭𒍝𒆍 𒀭𒌋𒁯 𒂗𒎌 𒄀𒀉𒈠𒇻𒌈


zanānum

akk-verb

zanānum (G, u, durative izannun, perfect izzanun, preterite iznun, imperative zunun)

izannun (durative)
izzanun (perfect)
iznun (preterite)
zunun (imperative)
zanānum (infinitive)
zāninum (participle)
zannum (adjective)
azannun (durative first-person singular)
azzanun (first-person perfect singular)
aznun (first-person preterite singular)
luznun (first-person imperative singular)
tazannun (durative masculine second-person singular)
tazzanun (masculine perfect second-person singular)
taznun (masculine preterite second-person singular)
zunun (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tazannunī (durative feminine second-person singular)
tazzannī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
taznunī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
zunnī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
izannun (durative singular third-person)
izzanun (perfect singular third-person)
iznun (preterite singular third-person)
liznun (imperative singular third-person)
nizannun (durative first-person plural)
nizzanun (first-person perfect plural)
niznun (first-person plural preterite)
i niznun (first-person imperative plural)
tazannunā (durative plural second-person)
tazzannā (perfect plural second-person)
taznunā (plural preterite second-person)
zunnā (imperative plural second-person)
izannunū (durative masculine plural third-person)
izzannū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
iznunū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
liznunū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
izannunā (durative feminine plural third-person)
izzannā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
iznunā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
liznunā (feminine imperative plural third-person)
zanānu (alternative)

Compare Biblical Hebrew זֶרֶם (zɛ́rɛm, “rain-storm”).

cog

𒅆𒉌𒋗 𒊭𒈬𒌝 𒄑𒉡𒌦

𒌓𒈬𒌝 𒋙𒈠 𒊭𒈬𒌑𒌝 𒌑𒌌 𒄿𒍝𒉡𒌦

UD-mu-um ŠU₂-ma ša-mu-u₂-um u₂-ul i-za-nu-un


šamûm

tlb

(Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, Mari, Boghazkeui)

šamiātum (plural)
šamâtum (plural)
šamû (alternative)
šamūtum (alternative)
šamūtu (alternative)

𒊭𒈬𒌝 𒄿𒍝𒀭𒉡𒌦

𒌓𒎙𒐉𒄰 𒊭𒈬𒌝 𒆠𒁉𒀉𒌈 𒄿𒈾 𒈠𒌷𒆠 𒄿𒄑𒉡𒌦

UD.24.KAM ša-mu-um ki-bi-it-tum i-na ma-ri₂ᵏⁱ i-iz-nu-un

On the 24th there fell a heavy rain in Mari.


tamḫārum

(Old Akkadian, Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, El-Amarna)

𒀭𒍝𒂷𒂷 𒀀𒊬 𒁮𒄩𒊑𒅎 𒄑𒆪𒋗 𒇷𒅖𒁉𒅕

ᵈza-ba₄-ba₄ a-šar tam₂-ha-ri-im GIŠ.TUKUL-šu li-iš-bi-ir


pašāqum

akk-verb

pašāqum (G, u, durative ipaššuq, perfect iptašuq, preterite ipšuq, imperative pušuq)

tlb

(Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Standard Babylonian)

ipaššuq (durative)
iptašuq (perfect)
ipšuq (preterite)
pušuq (imperative)
pašāqum (infinitive)
pāšiqum (participle)
pašqum (adjective)
apaššuq (durative first-person singular)
aptašuq (first-person perfect singular)
apšuq (first-person preterite singular)
lupšuq (first-person imperative singular)
tapaššuq (durative masculine second-person singular)
taptašuq (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tapšuq (masculine preterite second-person singular)
pušuq (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tapaššuqī (durative feminine second-person singular)
taptašqī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tapšuqī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
pušqī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
ipaššuq (durative singular third-person)
iptašuq (perfect singular third-person)
ipšuq (preterite singular third-person)
lipšuq (imperative singular third-person)
nipaššuq (durative first-person plural)
niptašuq (first-person perfect plural)
nipšuq (first-person plural preterite)
i nipšuq (first-person imperative plural)
tapaššuqā (durative plural second-person)
taptašqā (perfect plural second-person)
tapšuqā (plural preterite second-person)
pušqā (imperative plural second-person)
ipaššuqū (durative masculine plural third-person)
iptašqū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
ipšuqū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
lipšuqū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
ipaššuqā (durative feminine plural third-person)
iptašqā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
ipšuqā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
lipšuqā (feminine imperative plural third-person)
pašāqu (alternative)

Compare perhaps Arabic فَشَق (fašaq, “distance between two horns or two teats”).


sapḫum

akk-adj

sapḫum (feminine sapiḫtum, masculine plural sapḫūtum, feminine plural sapḫātum, predicative sapiḫ)

sapiḫtum (feminine)
sapḫūtum (masculine plural)
sapḫātum (feminine plural)
sapiḫ (predicative)
sapḫu (alternative)

𒍝𒀊𒄷𒌓 𒀀𒉿𒅆 𒄿𒉺𒄴𒄷𒊒

the man's scattered (relatives?) will come together again

verbal adjective of sapāḫum: scattered, dispersed


wašṭum

wašṭum (masculine plural wašṭūtum, feminine plural wašṭātum, predicative wašiṭ)

tlb

(Old Assyrian, Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian)

wašṭūtum (masculine plural)
wašṭātum (feminine plural)
wašiṭ (predicative)
wašṭu (alternative)
ašṭu (alternative)
alṭu (alternative)

𒉌𒊺𒅎𒈨 𒅕𒉌𒋫𒋗 𒉿𒀸𒁕𒀜

We hear of his (Adad's) anger – it is fierce.

verbal adjective of wašāṭum:
strong, fierce

verbal adjective of wašāṭum:
hard, stiff

𒁲𒄿𒉡 𒊒𒉻𒈠 𒀀𒈾 𒆷𒈠𒁺 𒀾𒂅

The pronouncement is difficult and hard to understand.

verbal adjective of wašāṭum:
difficult, hard


simtum

akk-noun

simtum f (construct state simat, plural simātum)

simat (construct)
simātum (plural)
simtu (alternative)

𒄞𒄭𒀀 𒋛𒈠𒀜 𒂍𒃲 𒌑𒌌 𒄿𒁀𒀸𒅆

GUD.ḪI.A si-ma-at E₂.GAL u₂-ul i-ba-aš-ši

There are no oxen suitable for the palace.

𒁁𒈝 𒍣𒈠𒀜 𒄩𒀜𒁲𒅎 𒅇 𒀀𒄀𒅎

1755–1750 BCE, King Hammurabi of Babylon, translated by CDLI, Hammurabi Code, The Louvre, Prologue, lines III 25-27:

the lord (Hammurapi), worthy of the sceptre and crown

fitting, suitable, seemly, appropriate, necessary (said of people or things)


bīšum

bīšum m (construct state bīš or bīši, plural bīšū)

bīš (construct)
bīši (construct)
bīšū (plural)
bīšu (alternative)

possession, movable property, goods, valuables


sikkānum

tlb

(Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, Neo-Babylonian)

sikkānātum (feminine plural)
sikkānu (alternative)
sikkannu (alternative)
sikānum (alternative)
sikānu (alternative)

desctree

→ Arabic: سُكَّان (sukkān)
→ Azerbaijani: sükan
→ Persian: سکان (sokân)
→ Swahili: usukani

Borrowed from Sumerian 𒄑𒍣𒃶 (^(g̃eš)zi-gan /zigan/, “rudder”).


ḫulqum

𒄷𒇻𒊌 𒁁𒂖 𒂍 𒄩𒇷𒅅

An object belonging to the owner of the house went missing.


nēmequm

nēmequ (alternative)
nēmuqu (alternative)

experience, knowledge, wisdom, sagacity, skill


šubultum

tlb

(Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, Middle Assyrian)

šubullātum (plural)
šubultu (alternative)
šubiltu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *šu(n)bulat- (“spike”). Cognate with Arabic سُنْبُلَة (sunbula) and Biblical Hebrew שִׁבֹּלֶת (šibbólɛṯ).


kārum

kārū (plural)
kāru (alternative)
karru (alternative)

(Old Babylonian) price of a unit of merchandise


šīnātum

(Old Akkadian, Old Babylonian, Boghazkeui, Standard Babylonian)

From Proto-Semitic *ṯyn (to urinate). Cognate with Arabic مَثَانَة (maṯāna, “bladder”) and Biblical Hebrew שַׁיִן (šáyin, “urine”).


šapāṭum

akk-verb

šapāṭum (G, i, durative išappiṭ, perfect ištapiṭ, preterite išpiṭ, imperative šipiṭ)

išappiṭ (durative)
ištapiṭ (perfect)
išpiṭ (preterite)
šipiṭ (imperative)
šapāṭu (alternative)
šapātum (alternative)
šapātu (alternative)
šabātu (alternative)

From Proto-Semitic *ṯapāṭ- (“to pass judgment”). Cognate with Biblical Hebrew שָׁפַט (šɔp̄áṭ, “to judge”).


ramākum

akk-verb

ramākum (G, u, durative irammuk, perfect irtamuk, preterite irmuk, imperative rumuk)

irammuk (durative)
irtamuk (perfect)
irmuk (preterite)
rumuk (imperative)
ramākum (infinitive)
rāmikum (participle)
ramkum (adjective)
arammuk (durative first-person singular)
artamuk (first-person perfect singular)
armuk (first-person preterite singular)
lurmuk (first-person imperative singular)
tarammuk (durative masculine second-person singular)
tartamuk (masculine perfect second-person singular)
tarmuk (masculine preterite second-person singular)
rumuk (imperative masculine second-person singular)
tarammukī (durative feminine second-person singular)
tartamkī (feminine perfect second-person singular)
tarmukī (feminine preterite second-person singular)
rumkī (feminine imperative second-person singular)
irammuk (durative singular third-person)
irtamuk (perfect singular third-person)
irmuk (preterite singular third-person)
lirmuk (imperative singular third-person)
nirammuk (durative first-person plural)
nirtamuk (first-person perfect plural)
nirmuk (first-person plural preterite)
i nirmuk (first-person imperative plural)
tarammukā (durative plural second-person)
tartamkā (perfect plural second-person)
tarmukā (plural preterite second-person)
rumkā (imperative plural second-person)
irammukū (durative masculine plural third-person)
irtamkū (masculine perfect plural third-person)
irmukū (masculine plural preterite third-person)
lirmukū (imperative masculine plural third-person)
irammukā (durative feminine plural third-person)
irtamkā (feminine perfect plural third-person)
irmukā (feminine plural preterite third-person)
lirmukā (feminine imperative plural third-person)
ramāku (alternative)


suqtum

tlb

(Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian)

suqat (pronominal-state)
suqtu (alternative)
zuqtu (alternative)


iškum

akk-noun

iškum f (construct state iški, plural iškū)

iški (construct)
iškū (plural)
išku (alternative)

Cognate with Biblical Hebrew אֶשֶׁךְ (ʔɛ́šɛḵ) and Ugaritic 𐎜𐎌𐎋 (ủšk).


tumrum

tlb

(Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian)

tumrū (plural)
tumru (alternative)
tūru (alternative)

cinder, ashes, ember, (glowing) charcoal


qerītum

(Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian)

qeriātum (plural)
qerītu (alternative)
qarītu (alternative)


talmīdum

akk-noun

talmīdum m (plural talmīdū or talmīdānu, feminine talmīttu)

tlb

(Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian, Mari)

talmīdū (plural)
talmīdānu (plural)
talmīttu (feminine)
talmīdu (alternative)
talmēdum (alternative)
talmēdu (alternative)

→ Biblical Hebrew: תַּלְמִיד (talmíḏ)

→ Arabic: تِلْمِيذ (tilmīḏ)

desc

→ Aramaic: תַּלְמִידָא (talmīḏā)

→ Aramaic: תַּלְמִידָא (talmīḏā)

→ Ge'ez: ተልሚድ (tälmid)

→ Classical Syriac: ܬܠܡܝܕܐ (talmīḏā)


bīt mayyālim

tlb

(Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, Mari, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian)


uršum

akk-noun

uršum m (construct state uruš, plural uršātum)

tlb

(Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, El-Amarna, Ras Shamra)

uruš (construct)
uršātum (plural)
uršu (alternative)


mīšarum

mīšaru (alternative)
mēšarum (alternative)
mēšaru (alternative)
mēšerum (alternative)
mēšeru (alternative)
mīšarrum (alternative)
mīšarru (alternative)

From 𒋛𒁲 (ešērum). Compare Arabic مَيْسَرَة (maysara, “wealth, well-being”) and Biblical Hebrew מִישׁוֹר (mišór, “righteousness, honesty”).


gubārum

gubārū (plural)
gubāru (alternative)
kubārum (alternative)
kubāru (alternative)

Compare 𒅗𒁀𒀸 (kabārum, “to be(come) thick, solid”).