barbarum

Likely borrowed from Sumerian 𒌨𒁇𒊏 (urbarak, literally “outside dog, wild predator”). Compare Arabic بَبْر (babr, “tiger”) and Classical Syriac ܒܒܪܐ (bbrʾ, “tiger”), not understood in their direct origin.

bor

(Standard Babylonian, astronomy, with determiner 𒀯) the name of one of the twelve stars of Enlil


asum

desctree

→ Aramaic: ܐܵܣܵܐ / אָסָא (ʾāsā)
→ Arabic: آس (ʔās)
⇒ Cypriot Arabic: ximplás
→ Ge'ez: እልኣስ (ʾəlʾas, “myrtle”)
→ Middle Armenian: հապալաս (hapalas) (√ حَبّ الْآس (ḥabb al-ʔās))
→ Armenian: հապալաս (hapalas) (learned)

→⇒ Hebrew: הֲדַס (hăḏás)
→ Arabic: هَدَس (hadas)
→ Amharic: ኣደስ (ʾadäs), አደስ (ʾädäs)
→ Ge'ez: አደስ (ʾädäs)
→ Swahili: mhadasi
→ Tigrinya: ኣደስ (ʾadäs)
→ Aramaic: הֲדַסַא (hăḏasā)
→ German: Addas f (used once by Heinrich Heine)
→ Yiddish:


kirûm

akk-noun

kirûm m (base kiri, plural kirû m or kiriātum f)

kirû (masculine plural)
kiriātum (feminine plural)

Borrowed from Sumerian 𒊬 (kiri₆ /kiri/).


qanûm

head

qanûm m (base qana or qanu, plural qanû m or qanâtum f)

qanû (masculine plural)
qanâtum (feminine plural)

→ Eblaite: 𒄀 (qanuwum, qanûm)

desc

→ Aramaic: קַנְיָא

→ Aramaic: קַנְיָא / ܩܢܝܐ (qanyā)

→ Arabic: قَنَاة (qanāh)

→ Ethiopian:

Ge'ez: ኵናት (kʷənat), ኲናት (kʷinat)

Tigre: ኮናት (konat)

Tigrinya: ኵናት (kʷənat)

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: κᾰ́ννᾱ (kắnnā), κᾰ́ννη (kắnnē) — Ionic
Greek: κάννη (kánni)
→ Latin: canna (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Latin: *cannālis, canālis (see there for further descendants)

desc

→ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀒𐀜𐀛𐀠 (ko-no-ni-pi /konōni-pʰi/)

desctree

→ Hebrew: קָנֶה (qɔnɛ́, “stem, reed, cane”)
→ English: kaneh

→ Phoenician: *𐤒𐤍𐤀 (*qnʾ /qanā/)

Punic: 𐤒𐤍𐤀 (qnʾ /qanā/)
→ Kabyle: aɣanim (“reeds”)
→ Tashelhit: aɣanim (“reeds”)

→ Ugaritic: 𐎖𐎐 (qn, “cane; arrow”)


imērum

From Proto-Semitic *ḥimār- (“donkey”). Cognate with Arabic حِمَار (ḥimār) and Biblical Hebrew חֲמוֹר (ḥămór).

homer (a unity of capacity equal to 12 or 18 sūtum (“seah”))


kalbum

akk-noun

kalbum m (construct state kalab, plural kalbū, feminine kalbatum)

kalab (construct)
kalbū (plural)
kalbatum (feminine)

From Proto-Semitic *kalb- (“dog”). Cognate with Arabic كَلْب (kalb) and Biblical Hebrew כֶּלֶב (kɛ́lɛḇ).

(astronomy, with determinative 𒀯) Hercules (the constellation)


amurdinnum

tlb

(El-Amarna, Standard Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian)

privative a
voiced alveolar lateral fricative

Unknown. Henry Ludwig Fr. Lutz opted to read the sign 𒄯 with the common value ḫar instead of mur, requiring one occurrence containing mu-ur- as referring to another plant, and deems the remainder to render Arabic *أَخُو أَرْضٍ (*ʔaḵū ʔarḍin, literally “earth brother”). This seems out of question since we realize that the modern value [dˤ], now transcribed superficially similarly ḍ, was in antiquity a voiced alveolar lateral fricative [ɮˤ]. Neither afford مَرْد (mard, “toothbrush-tree fruits”) thorns, as behoves by the Akkadian descriptions, or Arabic in general any transferrable ending. The structure hints to an Anatolian loanword with a privative a.

noncog

*أَخُو أَرْضٍ

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


ergilum

desc

→ Sumerian: 𒉅𒅕𒄀𒈝 (^(buru₅)ir-gi-lum /irgilum/)

From Proto-Semitic *ḥargil- (“locust”). Cognate with Arabic حَرْجَل (ḥarjal) and Biblical Hebrew חַרְגּוֹל (ḥargól).


būrum

tlb

(Old Akkadian, Old Assyrian, Middle Assyrian, Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian)

From Proto-Semitic *bVʕVr- (“bull, calf”). Compare with Arabic بَعِير (baʕīr, “camel”) and Biblical Hebrew בְּעִיר (bəʕír, “cattle, beasts”) and Ugaritic 𐎛𐎁𐎗 (ỉbr, “bull”).


iṣṣūrum

akk-noun

iṣṣūrum m or f (plural iṣṣūrū m or iṣṣūrātum f)

iṣṣūrū (masculine plural)
iṣṣūrātum (feminine plural)

From Proto-Semitic *ʕVṣṣūr- (“bird”). Cognate with Ugaritic 𐎓𐎕𐎗 (ʿṣr /ʕuṣṣūru)/). Compare also Arabic عُصْفُور (ʕuṣfūr) and Biblical Hebrew צִפּוֹר (ṣippór).

cog

Arabic عُصْفُور (ʕuṣfūr)


zību

From Proto-Semitic *ḏiʔb- (“wolf”). Cognate with Arabic ذِئْب (ḏiʔb) and Biblical Hebrew זְאֵב (zəʾeḇ).

(also with determinative 𒄷 (^(mušen))) vulture


immerum

akk-noun

immerum m (plural immerū m or immerātum f)

immerū (masculine plural)
immerātum (feminine plural)

desc

→ Aramaic: אִימְּרָא

→ Aramaic: אִימְּרָא / אִמְּרָא (ʾimmərā) / ܐܶܡܪܳܐ (ʾemmərā, “lamb”), absolute state אִימַּר / אִמַּר (ʾimmar) / ܐܶܡܱܪ (ʾemmar)

→ Arabic: إِمَّر (ʔimmar, “young lamb”)

desctree

→ Old Armenian: յիմար (yimar, “foolish”)
Armenian: հիմար (himar)
Middle Armenian: իմար (imar)

→ Hebrew: אִמַּר (ʔimmár, “lamb”) or אִמֵּר (ʔimmér) (questionable vocalization)

→ Phoenician: 𐤀𐤌𐤓 (ʾmr, “lamb”)

Punic: 𐤀𐤌𐤓 (ʾmr, “lamb”)

→ Basque: umerri

→ Ugaritic: 𐎛𐎎𐎗 (ỉmr /immiru/, “lamb”)

𒄿𒈾 𒊑𒂍 𒌷𒅀 𒂗𒆤𒆠 𒇻𒀴 𒇻𒃻𒄠
[ina ribīt ālīya Nippur immeram lušām]
i-na ri-bit URU-ia NIBRU.KI UDU.NITA₂ lu-ša₂-am
I will buy a sheep in the square of my city Nippur


ṣēnum

From Proto-Semitic *ṣ́aʔn- (“sheep”). Cognate with Arabic ضَأْن (ḍaʔn) and Biblical Hebrew צֹאן (ṣóʔn).


kabsum

tlb

(once late Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian, Neo-Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian, overall rare)

Borrowed from an Aramaic term cognate to Arabic كَبْش (kabš, “tup, wether”), Hebrew כֶּבֶשׂ (kɛ́ḇɛś, “sheep”), and Phoenician 𐤊𐤁𐤔 (kbš, “sheep”).


pīrum

akk-noun

pīrum m or f (plural pīrū m or pīrātum f)

tlb

(Babylonian, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian)

pīrū (masculine plural)
pīrātum (feminine plural)

desc

→ Old Persian: 𐎱𐎡𐎽𐎢𐏁 (p-i-ru-u-š /piruš/, “ivory”)

→ Elamite: 𒉿𒊑𒌝𒈾 (pi-ri-um-na, “from ivory”)"

→ Middle Persian: pyl (pīl)

Persian: پیل (pil)

→ Ottoman Turkish: پیل (pil)

→ Ossetian: пыл (pyl), пил (pil)

desctree

→ Arabic: فِيل (fīl)
→ Azerbaijani: فیل / фил / fil (fil)
→ Judeo-Tat: fil / фил / פאִל (fil / фил / fil)
→ Central Kurdish: فیل (fîl)
→ Middle Armenian: ֆիլ (fil)
Armenian: ֆիլ (fil)
→ Old Norse: fíll
Faroese: fílur
Icelandic: fíll
⇒ Old Norse: fílsbein (“ivory”)
Icelandic: fílsbein
Danish: filsben
→ Ottoman Turkish: فیل (fil), ֆիլ (fil) — Armeno-Turkish
Turkish: fil
→ Albanian: fil
→ Laz: ჶილი (fili)
→ Serbo-Croatian: fȉl /фи̏л
⇒ Ottoman Turkish: فیل دیشی (fildişi, “ivory”)
Turkish: fildişi
→ Romanian: fildeș
→ Serbo-Croatian: фѝлдиш / fìldiš
→ Greek: φίλντισι (fílntisi)
→ Persian: فیل (fil)
→ Bashkir: фил (fil)
→ Yagnobi: фил (fil)
→ Chechen: пийл (piı̇l)
→ Georgian: ჶილი (fili) — Fereydan
→ Hindi: फ़ील (fīl)
→ Kazakh: піл (pıl)
→ Kyrgyz: пил (pil)
→ Northern Kurdish: fîl
→ Pashto: پيل (pil)
→ Tajik: фил (fil)
→ Tatar: фил (fil)
→ Turkmen: pil
→ Urdu: فیل (fīl)
→ Uyghur: پىل (pil)
→ Uzbek: fil
→ Old Spanish: alfil (“bishop (chess)”)
Spanish: alfil
→ Asturian: alfil
→ Galician: alfil
→ Catalan: alfil
⇒ Arabic: عَظْم اَلْفِيل (ʕaẓm al-fīl, “ivory”)
→ Old Spanish: almalfil
Spanish: marfil
→ Galician: marfil
→ Catalan: marfil
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: marfil, almafil
Portuguese: marfim

→ Georgian: სპილო (sṗilo), პილო (ṗilo)

→ Old Armenian: փիղ (pʻił)

Armenian: փիղ (pʻiġ)

Usually regarded as a loanword from some other non-Semitic or Afroasiatic language. Has been compared to Middle Egyptian pꜣ-ꜣb(w) (with the Egyptian definite article prefixed; reconstructed as /piʀ-ˈʀuːbaw/), from which Ancient Greek ἐλ-έφας (el-éphas) (whence also English elephant) and Latin eb-ur (“ivory”) are derived, too. Blažek 1998 postulates Proto-Semitic *pirl-, with assimilation r-l → r-r or r-l → l-l, yielding Akkadian forms 𒉿𒄿𒊒 (pīru) and 𒉿𒄿𒇻 (pīlu). Alternatively also said to be a loan from Proto-Dravidian *pal.


burāšum

desc

>? Ancient Greek: βράθυ (bráthu, “savin”) (see there for further descendants)

Related to Aramaic בְּרָתָא (bərāṯā) and Biblical Hebrew בְּרוֹשׁ (bəroš). Suggested to be an old borrowing from Proto-Iranian *hampr̥sā.

cog

Aramaic בְּרָתָא (bərāṯā)

a tree of the cypress family, most likely a juniper


lābum

From Proto-Semitic *labuʔ- (“lion”). Cognate with Arabic لَبُؤَة (labuʔa, “lioness”) and Biblical Hebrew לָבִיא (lɔḇíʔ, “lion”).


nēšum

From Proto-Semitic *naḥaš- (“lion”). Cognate with Arabic حَنَش (ḥanaš, “snake, viper”) and Biblical Hebrew נָחָשׁ (nɔḥɔš, “snake”).


enzum

From Proto-Semitic *ʕVnz- (“goat”). Compare Arabic عَنْز (ʕanz) and Biblical Hebrew עֵז (ʕez).


šūšum

Cognate with Arabic سُوس (sūs) and Hebrew שׁוּשׁ (šuš).


šūrum

tlb

(Ur III, Old Babylonian, Standard Babylonian)

From Proto-Semitic *ṯawr- (“bull, ox”). Cognate with Arabic ثَوْر (ṯawr) and Biblical Hebrew שׁוֹר (šor).

𒋗𒌨 𒊭𒈠𒄿


tittum

From Proto-Semitic *tiʔin- (“fig”). Cognate with Arabic تِين (tīn) and Biblical Hebrew תְּאֵנָה (təʾenɔ́).


tarlugallum

desc

→ Biblical Hebrew: תַּרְנְגוֹל (tarnǝḡol)

→ Classical Syriac: ܬܪܢܓܠܐ (tarnāḡ(ǝ)lā)

From Sumerian 𒁯𒈗𒄷 (dar-lugal^(mušen) /darlugal/, “rooster”).

bor

(astronomy, with determinative 𒀯) the name of a star or constellation


našru

Borrowed from a West Semitic language, from Proto-West Semitic *našr-. Compare Arabic نَسْر (nasr) and Biblical Hebrew נֶשֶׁר (nɛ́šɛr).


gūrum

Possibly a loanword from Sumerian 𒄀𒌫 (gi-ur₂ /gi'ur/, “root, base of the reed plant”).

foliage/leaves of reed and papyrus plants


šeleppûm

From Proto-Semitic *šalaḥpaw/y-, *šalapḥaw/y- (“turtle”). Cognate with Arabic سُلَحْفَاة (sulaḥfāh).


ayyalum

desc

→ Sumerian: 𒀀𒀀𒈝 (a-a-lum, aya-lum /ayalum/)

From Proto-Semitic *ʔayyal- (“stag, hart”). Cognate with Arabic أَيَّل (ʔayyal) and Biblical Hebrew אַיִל (ʔáyil).


šēlebum

From Proto-Semitic *ṯaʕlab- (“fox”). Cognate with Arabic ثَعْلَب (ṯaʕlab) and Biblical Hebrew שׁוּעָל (šuʕɔ́l).