nu

(possibly obsolete, transitive, + otta) to ask, enquire


en

me (first-person singular object pronoun)


an

Aynu an ruwe ne.

(intransitive, copulative) to exist, be (somewhere); there is


tan

From ta (“this”) + an (“is”), literally “this being”.


aynu

アィヌ アィヌ#Ainu


tanto

タント タント#Ainu


k

(Saru, before vowels) I (first-person singular subject pronoun)


ne

Ainu ne ruwe ne.

(intransitive, copulative) to be, become


pis

pis un ota

pis ta san.


pe

arawan

arawanpe

wen

wenpe


pe

water, especially in reference to a water body


パン

Borrowed from Japanese パン, from Portuguese pão (“bread”), from Latin pānem, accusative singular form of pānis (“bread”). Compare French pain, Italian pane, Romanian pâine, Spanish pan.


kim

Western Old Japanese: [script needed] (kî)


nuca

Borrowed from a language of the Sakhalin Island. Compare Orok луча (luča), Nivkh нуча (nuț’a). See also Daur luaaq, Manchu ᠯᠣᠴᠠ (loca), Yakut нуучча (nuucca), Nanai лоча (loca), Evenki лӯча (lūça), Even ню̄чи (ņūci), etc.

Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


kam

unma kam hure.


kani

(Saru dialect) I (first-person singular subject pronoun)


okay

From oka (“are”) + i (nominalising suffix), literally “those which are”.


poro

e=poro yakun


mat

te wano anak mat ka a=kor kusu ne.

From now on, I'm going to get a wife, too.


paro

par (alternative)
para (alternative)
paroho (alternative)


pone

Possibly cognate to Japanese 骨(ほね) (hone), Korean 뼈 (ppyeo, “bone”).


ラッパ

From Japanese らっぱ (rappa), from Chinese 喇叭 (lǎba), from Mongolian ᠯᠠᠪᠠᠢ (labai), from Middle Chinese 螺貝 (MC lwa pajH).


ka

Likely a loan word from Nivkh ӿа (ha) (bearing the same meaning), given that the traps were of the same type and that sable hunting was taken up on Sakhalin for export to Qing China, to whom the Nivkh were nearer.


ラッコ

→ Japanese: ラッコ (rakko)


hu

k=hu (singular)
ku=hu (singular)
hu=as (plural)
e=hu (singular)
eci=hu (plural)
hu (singular)
hu (plural)
hu=an (singular)
hu=an (plural)

フ アエㇷ゚ アエ カ エラミㇱカリ ㇷ゚ ネ クス

木村きみ (1969) “21-2 ウエペケㇾ「アサハ セタネ イカㇻ」（姉が私を犬にした）”, in 第2年次調査研究報告書3/3, 文化庁 アイヌ語の保存・継承に必要なアーカイブ化に関する調査研究事業, published 2015年3月

ネア メノコポ カ ネア チ アエㇷ゚ カ フ チェㇷ゚ カ アコレ

貝澤とぅるしの (1969) “2-2 ウエペケㇾ「ランコ カッケマッ」（桂の木の女神）”, in 第2年次調査研究報告書1/3, 文化庁 アイヌ語の保存・継承に必要なアーカイブ化に関する調査研究事業, published 2015年3月

I also gave the girl cooked food and raw fish.

nea menokopo ka nea ci aep ka hu cep ka a=kore


フ

フアマㇺ


nanna

Borrowed from Nivkh нанӽ (nanẋ), нанак (nanak). Compare Korean 누이 (nu'i, “sister”).


cep

From ci- (“mediopassive prefix”) + e (“to eat”) + -p (“thing”), literally “thing that is eaten”.

suf

ネア メノコポ カ ネア チ アエㇷ゚ カ フ チェㇷ゚ カ アコレ

1969, 貝澤とぅるしの, “2-2 ウエペケㇾ「ランコ カッケマッ」（桂の木の女神）”, in 第2年次調査研究報告書1/3, 文化庁 アイヌ語の保存・継承に必要なアーカイブ化に関する調査研究事業, published 2015年3月:


oka

(Saru dialect) they (third-person plural pronoun)


nen

From ne (“interrogatory root”) + n (“person”). See nep, nekon.


kuru

utara (plural)
kuh (alternative)
kur (alternative)


kur

utar (plural)
kuru (alternative)
kuh (alternative)

repunkur

foreigner (literally, “person in the sea”)

tan kur


アイヌ

→ Japanese: アイヌ

→ English: Ainu

→ Russian: айн (ajn), а́йну (ájnu)

ウタリ

comrade, fellow; Ainu people; senses for and

アイヌモシㇼ

Aynu mosir, land of humans; the world; Hokkaido as the Ainu homeland

(Sakhalin) (Hokkaido) (more specifically) Ainu person; the Ainu people


aca

used to show respect when addressing older men


nep

From ne (“interrogatory root”) + p (“thing”). See nekon, nen.


no

asiri

asiri no

pirika

pirika no

nukara

nukara no an

opitta

opitta no okay


ahci

head

ahci (Kana spelling アㇵチ, possessed form ahcihi)

Borrowed from Nivkh ытик (əțik), атик (ațik).


レプンカムイ

Compound of レㇷ゚ (rep, “the sea, the ocean”) + ウン (un, “of, in”) + カムイ (kamuy, “spirit, god”).


アペ

Compare Proto-Austronesian *Sapuy (“fire”).


チャシ

From Classical Ainu チャシ (casi). Possibly cognate with, or derived from, Old Korean 城叱 (*CAs).


チロンヌㇷ゚

Compound of チ (ci, “people”, as a general indicator) + ロンヌ (ronnu, “to kill”) + ㇷ゚ (-p, nominalizing suffix), basically meaning “the thing that people kill”.

フレㇷ゚

red thing; furep, more specifically, a red fox

ウパㇲ チロンヌㇷ゚

upas cironnup, literally + in reference to the white coat

ウォロ チロンヌㇷ゚

river otter; interior; thing people kill; interior

woro cironnup, literally + in reference to inland rivers


トンコリ

A stringed musical instrument from Sakhalin.


ムックリ

mukkuri (romanization)
ムㇰクリ (alternative)
ムㇰクㇽ (alternative)
ムㇷクㇴ (alternative)
ムㇷクナ (alternative)

→ Japanese: ムックリ (mukkuri)

Perhaps from Proto-Tungusic *muk(k)änä (“mouth harp”), especially if one takes into account Sakhalin Ainu ムㇷクㇴ (muhkun) and ムㇷクㇴ (muhkuna), with final /n/ instead of /r/. Compare Negidal мухэнэ (muxənə), Ulch мухэлэ (muxələ), Orok мухане̄ (muxan'ē), мухэнэ (muxənə), Nanai муэнэ̄ (muenē) and Manchu ᠮᡝᡴᡝᠨᡳ (mekeni).

cog

A traditional Ainu musical instrument similar to a Jew's harp.


エツ゚

head

エツ゚ • (’etu)

エトゥ エトゥ#Ainu

obsolete spelling of エトゥ (etu, “nose, snout; spout; handle”)


sara

Possibly cognate to Proto-Japonic *siri, *sari (“buttocks”).

sar (alternative)
サㇻ (alternative)
saraha (alternative)
サラハ (alternative)


トペ

Probably from ト (to, “breast”) + ペッ (pet, “water”).


コタン

→⇒ Japanese: 鶏 (kutakake, kudakake)


モシㇼ

First attested in a 1591 Latin manuscript titled "De yezorum insula" as part of アイヌモシㇼ, transcribed as "Aino moxori" or "Aino mosir" as the name of Hokkaido, meaning "land of the Aino [Ainu]".

アィヌモシㇼ

Hokkaido, the world of humans; Ainu land, people land


hure

hure (Kana spelling フレ, Cyrillic spelling хурэ)


チン

John Batchelor
w:John Batchelor (missionary)


レハムㇱ

Cornus canadensis
Cornus canadensis#Translingual


イタㇰ

From Classical Ainu イタㇰ (itak, “language; to speak”).


カㇺビソㇱ

Compound of カㇺビ (kambi, “paper”) + ソㇱ (sosh, “a layer, as of bark or strata; a page of a book”).


カムイフㇺベ

カムイ (kamui, “god”) + フㇺベ (humbe, “whale”)


マシン

Ultimately from English machine, probably via Japanese マシン (mashin).


somo

Nepka somo ku=ye.


ア-

From Classical Ainu アン-, of the same meaning.


アベ

(Hokkaido)(Kuril) alternative form of アペ (ape): fire


nea

From ney (“that”) + a (“to sit”), literally “(the thing) that sits there”.

nea a=akihi

(I told you before about the younger brother.) That younger brother

(Saru) (demonstrative) that (close to the speaker and listener)


サパ

ユㇰ　サパ


フンチ・ヌプリ

Mount Fuji (the highest mountain in Japan)


カムイチェㇷ゚

Compound of カムイ (kamuy, “bear; god”) + チェㇷ゚ (cep, “fish”).


カムイ

Likely related to Proto-Japonic *kamuy (“god”). The exact relationship between the two terms is unclear.
John Batchelor analyses kamuy as being made up of the root ka ("above"), which is then kamu ("to cover") and finally, through the addition of nominalising particle y, kamuy ("he who covers or overshadows"). In this case, Proto-Japonic *kamuy or Old Japanese 神 (kami₂, kamu-) would be, in fact, a borrowing from Ainu.

(Hokkaido) (by extension from the god sense) a bear (large mammal of family Ursidae)


チェㇷ゚

Possibly cognate with Nivkh чо (ț’o, “fish”).


ㇰ

Halfwidth katakana characters ｱｧ ｲｨ ｳｩ ｴｪ ｵｫ ｶ ｷ ｸ ｹ ｺ ｻ ｼ ｽ ｾ ｿ ﾀ ﾁ ﾂｯ ﾃ ﾄ ﾅ ﾆ ﾇ ﾈ ﾉ ﾊ ﾋ ﾌ ﾍ ﾎ ﾏ ﾐ ﾑ ﾒ ﾓ ﾔｬ ﾕｭ ﾖｮ ﾗ ﾘ ﾙ ﾚ ﾛ ﾜ ｦ ﾝ

Taiwanese kana tone signs 𚿰 𚿱 𚿲 𚿳 𚿵 𚿶 𚿷 𚿸 𚿹 𚿺 𚿻 𚿽 𚿾


ruwe

used to indicate judgement, confirmation


カン

on (Appears as a post-synthetic element in the “on” sense)


айну

アイヌ アイヌ#Ainu

Cyrillic spelling of アイヌ (aynu)
Ainu people


toan

head

toan (Kana spelling トアン, plural toanokay)

From to (“that”) + an (“is”), literally “(the thing) which is that”.

compound

(demonstrative) that (far from the listener and speaker)


ウンマ

Borrowed from Japanese 馬 (uma). The geminate nasal may reflect an emphasized nasal in older Japanese pronunciation; see the etymology at Japanese 馬 for more.


ワッカ

wakka (romanization)
ワㇰカ (alternative)
ワㇵカ (alternative)


イワ

Possibly related to Japanese 岩 (iwa, “crag, rock”).


イサ チセ

isa cise (romanization)
イサ・チセイ (alternative)

イサ (isa, “doctor?”) + チセ (cise, “house”)


アエㇷ゚

head

アエㇷ゚ • (aep)


siki

sik (alternative)
シㇰ (alternative)
sikihi (alternative)
シキヒ (alternative)


シサㇺ

シ (“true”) + サㇺ (“side”) meaning "immediate side", referring to the Japanese island of Honshu being right next to Hokkaido, the Ainu homeland.


シサㇺ

→ Nivkh: сисам (sisam)

→ Orok: Се̄са (Sēsa)


ヌチャ

Borrowed from a language of the Sakhalin Island. Compare Orok луча (luča), Nivkh нуча (nuț’a), etc.


numa

numa (Kana spelling ヌマ, possessed form numaha)


アイヌイタㇰ

aynu itak (romanization)
アイヌイタㇵ (alternative)

Compound of アイヌ (aynu, “Ainu, person”) + イタㇰ (itak, “speech, language”).


イサㇺ

to die, to be gone, not to be there anymore


アィヌ

アイヌ アイヌ#Ainu


ナイ

→ Japanese: 奈井江


-p

Apocopic suffixing form of pe (“thing, article”).

(Nominalizing suffix: forms nouns from adjectives, verbs, or numbers, indicating "person or thing that does [verb]", or "person or thing that has [quality]", depending on the word to which this is added.)


エムシ

emushi (romanization)
エムシイ (alternative)
エムㇱ (alternative)


エムシイ

エムシ エムシ#Ainu


エサマン

(Hokkaido) People who often forget things


カムイモシㇼ

[kàꜛmúj mò̞ꜛɕíɾ]

Compound of カムイ (kamuy, “god”) + モシㇼ (mosir, “land”).

アィヌモシㇼ

the world of humans; Hokkaido, the Ainu homeland


パスイ

pasui (romanization)
パシユイ (alternative)
パスィ (alternative)

Borrowed from Japanese 箸 (hashi), possibly Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *pasui.


パシユイ

パスイ パスイ#Ainu

Alternative spelling of パスイ (“chopsticks”)


プクサ

A wild edible plant which tastes similar to garlic (Allium ochotense).


カムイモシリ

カムイモシㇼ カムイモシㇼ#Ainu


アイヌモシㇼ

[ʔájꜜnù mò̞ꜛɕír]

From アイヌ (“human”) + モシㇼ (“land”). First attested in a 1591 Latin manuscript titled "De yezorum insula" as "Aino moxori" or "Aino mosir" as the name of Hokkaido, meaning "land of the Aino [Ainu]".

the land of the Ainu people: Hokkaidō, southern Sakhalin, or the Kuril Islands, northern Honshu


アンケㇲ

From Ainu アン (an, “night”) + Ainu ケス (kes, “end”).


アチポ

アチャポ アチャポ#Ainu


アㇺ

am (romanization)
アミ (alternative)
アミヒ (alternative)


アムㇱペ

amuspe (romanization)
アムシペ (alternative)


アムシペ

アムㇱペ アムㇱペ#Ainu


アㇺアㇺ

amam (romanization)
アマㇺ (alternative)
アママ (alternative)


アママ

アㇺアㇺ アㇺアㇺ#Ainu


アマㇺ

アㇺアㇺ アㇺアㇺ#Ainu


アㇷ゚カㇱ

apkas (romanization)
アㇷ゚カシ (alternative)


アㇷ゚カシ

アㇷ゚カㇱ アㇷ゚カㇱ#Ainu


アプトアㇱ

aptoas (romanization)
アプトアㇱパ (alternative)


アプトアㇱパ

アプトアㇱ アプトアㇱ#Ainu


アットゥㇱ

attus (romanization)
アッツ゚ㇱ (alternative)

Cloth made from the inner bark of elm trees

Traditional Ainu coat, kimono made from such cloth


アッツ゚ㇱ

アットゥㇱ アットゥㇱ#Ainu


イナオ

イナウ イナウ#Ainu


ウタリ

utari (romanization)
ウタラ (alternative)
ウタレ (alternative)

→ Japanese: ウタリ


ウタレ

ウタリ ウタリ#Ainu


ウタラ

ウタリ ウタリ#Ainu


ハㇲカプ

haskap (romanization)
ハㇲカオプ (alternative)
ハㇱカプ (alternative)

→ English: haskap

→ Japanese: ハスカップ (hasukappu)

From ハㇱ (has) + カ (ka) + オㇷ゚ (op), meaning "something that grows abundantly on branches"

the blue honeysuckle or honeyberry (Lonicera caerulea var. emphyllocalyx). A deciduous shrub native to East Asia.


イナゥ

inaw (romanization)
イナオ (alternative)
イナウ (alternative)

→ English: inau

→ Japanese: イナウ

→ Nivkh: инау (inau), нау (nau)

→ Oroch: илау (ilau)

desc

→ Orok: и̇лау̇ (ïlaü)

→ Orok: и̇лау̇ (ïlaü)

Possibly related to Manchu ᡳᠯᠠᠮᠪᡳ (ilambi, “to blossom”) and Manchu ᡳᠯᡥᠠ (ilha, “a flower”).

(Hokkaido)(Sakhalin)(Kuril) A sacred shaved stick, symbolizing a bird, used for prayer


キト

(Sakhalin) Allium victorialis subsp. platyphyllum


カㇺビ

Borrowed from Old Japanese 紙 (*KAMI₁, “paper”). See the Old Japanese entry for more information.

a letter (written to someone), an epistle


シㇼ

→ Japanese: 尻 (shiri) (in place names)

イクㇱウンシㇼ

island on the other side; Okushiri Island

シㇼペッ

mountains and rivers; Shiribetsu, Hokkaido; sir pet


ト゚

tu (romanization)
ツ゚ (alternative)
トゥ (alternative)

Possibly cognate with Korean 둘 (dul, “two”).


ツ゚ㇷ゚

head

ツ゚ㇷ゚ • (tup)


ホシピ

(intransitive) to return, to go back to a place


ホシピレ

(transitive) to return something, to send back something


コッ

dip (in the ground), small valley, ditch, grave, hole, dyke


アㇻワンペ

arawan (romanization)
アラワンペ (alternative)


ツ゚ペサンペ

tupesanpe (romanization)
ト゚ペサンペ (alternative)


シネペサン

[ɕìꜛnépésán]


チュㇷ゚

チュㇷ゚ • (cup)

チュㇷ゚カリ

a place in the sunshine, where the sun is shining


オゥペカ

オウペカレ

to make something straight or accurate, to adjust, to mend, to put to rights


カニ

Borrowed from Japanese 金 (kane, “gold, metal”)


kusu

Nu gusu ku ek, "I have come in order to hear."

1905, John Bachelor, An Ainu-English-Japanese Dictionary (Including a Grammar of the Ainu Language):


トゥナカィ

Japanese: トナカイ (tonakai)


ハポ

クコㇿ ハポ アン。


セ゚

The character セ (se) with a handakuten (ﾟ).


トゥレㇱ

tures (romanization)
ツ゚レㇱ (alternative)
ト゚レㇱ (alternative)
ツ゚レㇲ (alternative)
ト゚レㇲ (alternative)
トゥレㇲ (alternative)


コㇿ

kor (romanization)
コッ (alternative)
コㇳ (alternative)
コロ (alternative)

From Classical Ainu コㇿ (kor, “to have, possess”).


エト゚ピㇼカ

Japanese: エトピリカ (etopirika)

エト゚ (etu, “nose”) + ピリカ (pirika, “good”)


オンネㇷ゚

→? Middle Chinese: 膃肭 (MC 'wot nrjuwk)

⇒ Middle Chinese: 膃肭臍 (MC 'wot nrjuwk dzej)

→ Japanese: 膃肭臍(おっとせい) (ottosei)


エルㇺ

エルㇺ キナ

Plantago major: broadleaf plaintain, greater plantain; rat grass


アㇵチ

head

アㇵチ (Latin spelling ahci, possessed form アㇵチヒ)

ahci (romanization)
アㇵチヒ (possessed-form)

Borrowed from Nivkh ытик (əțik), атик (ațik).


kamuy

Likely related to Old Japanese 神 (kamu, “god”). The exact relationship between the two terms is unclear. Modern Japanese 神 (kami) may have derived from kamu + i (Old Japanese emphatic nominal particle), producing *kamui, and then being borrowed into Ainu as kamuy.
John Batchelor, however, analyses kamuy as being made up of the root ka (“above”), which is then kamu (“to cover”) and finally, through the addition of nominalising particle y, kamuy (“he who covers or overshadows”). In this case, Japanese 神 (kami) would be, in fact, a borrowing from Ainu.

(by extension from the god sense) a bear (large mammal of family Ursidae)


coka

(Saru dialect) (exclusive) we (first-person plural subject pronoun)


トゥ

tu (romanization)
ト゚ (alternative)
ツ゚ (alternative)


хурэ

хурэ (Latin spelling hure, Kana spelling フレ)


ウフイヌプリ

From ウフイ (“to burn”) + ヌプリ (“mountain”). Compare 火山 (huǒshān) in Chinese, Japanese or Korean.


イサ・チセイ

isa chisei (romanization)
イサ チセ (alternative)


シネ イカシマ ワン

シネ イカシマ ワン (Latin spelling sine ikasima wan)

From シネ (“one”) + イカシマ (“to exceed”) + ワン (“ten”).


トゥ イカシマ ワン

head

トゥ イカシマ ワン (Latin spelling tu ikasima wan)

tu ikasima wan (romanization)
ツ゚ イカシマ ワン (alternative)
ト゚ イカシマ ワン (alternative)

From トゥ (“two”) + イカシマ (“to exceed”) + ワン (“ten”).


ツ゚ イカシマ ワン

tu ikashima wan (romanization)
ト゚ イカシマ ワン (alternative)


レ イカシマ ワン

head

レ イカシマ ワン (Latin spelling re ikasima wan)

From レ (“three”) + イカシマ (“to exceed”) + ワン (“ten”).


イネ イカシマ ワン

head

イネ イカシマ ワン (Latin spelling ine ikasima wan)

From イネ (“four”) + イカシマ (“to exceed”) + ワン (“ten”).


アシㇰネ イカシマ ワン

head

アシㇰネ イカシマ ワン (Latin spelling asikne ikasima wan)

From アシㇰネ (“five”) + イカシマ (“to exceed”) + ワン (“ten”).


イワン イカシマ ワン

head

イワン イカシマ ワン (Latin spelling iwan ikasima wan)

From イワン (“six”) + イカシマ (“to exceed”) + ワン (“ten”).


アラワン

arawan (romanization)
アㇻワン (alternative)


アラワン イカシマ ワン

head

アラワン イカシマ ワン (Latin spelling arawan ikasima wan)

From アラワン (“seven”) + イカシマ (“to exceed”) + ワン (“ten”).


トゥペサン

tupesan (romanization)
ツ゚ペサンペ (alternative)
ト゚ペサンペ (alternative)


トゥペサン イカシマ ワン

head

トゥペサン イカシマ ワン (Latin spelling tupesan ikasima wan)

tupesan ikasima wan (romanization)
ト゚ペサン イカシマ ワン (alternative)
ツ゚ペサン イカシマ ワン (alternative)

From トゥペサン (“eight”) + イカシマ (“to exceed”) + ワン (“ten”).


シネペサン イカシマ ワン

head

シネペサン イカシマ ワン (Latin spelling sinepesan ikasima wan)

From シネペサン (“nine”) + イカシマ (“to exceed”) + ワン (“ten”).


コンガネ

Borrowing from Japanese 金 (kogane) with a complementary typical Ainu nasalisation, hence the n.


クンギ

Borrowing from Old Japanese 釘 (kugi₁) with a complementary typical Ainu nasalization from Old Japanese prenasalization, hence the n.

nail (spike made of metal or hard material used to stick something)


ニマキシルシルㇷ゚

ニマキ (nimaki, “tooth”) + シルシル (shiru-shiru, “to brush”) + ㇷ゚ (-p, “suffix to create concrete items”)


レㇷ゚

From レ (re, “three”) + -ㇷ゚ (-p, noun-forming suffix, reduction of ペ (pe), “thing”).

suffix

noun-forming suffix, reduction of <i class="Kana mention" lang="ain">ペ</i> (pe), “thing”


ト゚ㇷ゚

head

ト゚ㇷ゚ • (tup)

Possibly cognate with Korean 둘 (dul, “two”).


イネㇷ゚

Possibly cognate with Korean 넷 (net, “four”).


コレヤ

Borrowed from Russian Корея (Koreja),
Sino-Korean 고려(高麗) (Goryeo).


レㇲプビリカ

Borrowed from Russian респу́блика (respúblika), from Latin rēspūblica.


ウㇰライナ

From Russian Украи́на (Ukraína) or Ukrainian Украї́на (Ukrajína).


レㇰラマ

Borrowed from Russian реклама (reklama), in turn from French réclame.


デウシカ

Borrowed from Russian девушка (devuška).


リュキュ

ja-r

琉球(りゅうきゅう) (ryūkyū)


フレ

head

フレ (Latin spelling hure, Cyrillic spelling хурэ)


サマㇺベ

サマンペ サマンペ#Ainu


オシリ

Related to シㇼ (“an island”) and モシㇼ (“land, country”)


ワヤㇱヌ

wayashnu (romanization)
ワヤアㇱヌ (alternative)


イヤィラィケレ

iyayraykere (romanization)
イヤイライケレ (alternative)
イヤイラィケレ (alternative)


i=

one, someone (impersonal object pronoun, both singular and plural)

(inclusive) us (first-person plural object pronoun)

(polite) you (second-person object pronoun, both singular and plural)


patek

Possibly related to Nivkh парк (park, “only”).


シネㇷ゚

From シネ (sine, “one”) + -ㇷ゚ (-p, noun-forming suffix, reduction of ペ (pe), “thing”).


イワンペ

(Sakhalin)(Kuril) six (number of pieces)


sinepesan

[ɕìꜛnépésán]


sine ikasima wan

head

sine ikasima wan (Kana spelling シネ イカシマ ワン)

From sine (“one”) + ikasima (“to exceed”) + wan (“ten”).


tu ikasima wan

head

tu ikasima wan (Kana spelling トゥ イカシマ ワン)

From tu (“two”) + ikasima (“to exceed”) + wan (“ten”).


re ikasima wan

head

re ikasima wan (Kana spelling レ イカシマ ワン)

From re (“three”) + ikasima (“to exceed”) + wan (“ten”).


ine ikasma wan

head

ine ikasma wan (Kana spelling イネ イカㇱマ ワン)

From ine (“four”) + ikasma (“to exceed”) + wan (“ten”).


asikne ikasima wan

head

アシㇰネ イカシマ ワン

asikne ikasima wan (Kana spelling アシㇰネ イカシマ ワン)

ain-numeral

アシㇰネ イカシマ ワン

From asikne (“five”) + ikasima (“to exceed”) + wan (“ten”).


iwan ikasima wan

head

iwan ikasima wan (Kana spelling イワン イカシマ ワン)

From iwan (“six”) + ikasima (“to exceed”) + wan (“ten”).


arawan ikasma wan

head

アラワン イカㇱマ ワン

arawan ikasma wan (Kana spelling アラワン イカㇱマ ワン)

ain-numeral

アラワン イカㇱマ ワン

From arawan (“seven”) + ikasma (“to exceed”) + wan (“ten”).


tupesan ikasima wan

head

トゥペサン イカシマ ワン

tupesan ikasima wan (Kana spelling トゥペサン イカシマ ワン)

ain-numeral

トゥペサン イカシマ ワン

From tupesan (“eight”) + ikasima (“to exceed”) + wan (“ten”).


sinepesan ikasima wan

head

シネペサン イカシマ ワン

sinepesan ikasima wan (Kana spelling シネペサン イカシマ ワン)

ain-numeral

シネペサン イカシマ ワン

From sinepesan (“nine”) + ikasima (“to exceed”) + wan (“ten”).


aynumosir

[ʔájꜜnù mò̞ꜛɕír]

the land of the Ainu people: Hokkaidō, southern Sakhalin, or the Kuril Islands


kamuymosir

[kàꜛmúj mò̞ꜛɕíɾ]


kuani

From ku (“1st-person singular prefix”) + an (“is”) + i (“nominalising suffix”), literally “that which is me”.

I (first-person singular subject pronoun)


ciokay

[t͡ɕìꜛó̞káj]

From ci (“1st-person plural prefix”) + oka (“are”) + i (“nominalising suffix”), literally “those which are us”.

(exclusive) we (first-person plural subject pronoun)


anokay

From a (“impersonal prefix”) + oka (“is”) + i (“nominalising suffix”), literally “those which are (someone)”.

one, some people (impersonal plural pronoun)

(inclusive) we (first-person plural subject pronoun)


aoka

(Saru dialect) one, some people (impersonal plural pronoun)


eani

From e (“2nd-person singular prefix”) + an (“is”) + i (“nominalising suffix”), literally “that which is you”.

you, thou (second-person singular pronoun)


eciokay

[è̞t͡ɕìò̞ꜛkáj]

From eci (“2nd-person plural prefix”) + oka (“are”) + i (“nominalising suffix”), literally “those which are you”.


ecioka

[è̞t͡ɕìò̞ꜛká]

(Saru dialect) you, ye (second-person plural pronoun)


sinuma

he, she, it (third-person singular pronoun)


anihi

From an (“is”) + i (“nominalising suffix”), literally “that which is”, with the final vowel doubled.


asinuma

one, oneself, someone (impersonal singular pronoun)


ciutari

[t͡ɕìùꜛtárí]

From a (“impersonal prefix”) + utar (“plural suffix”) + i (“nominalising suffix”), literally “those which (are) someone”.


anutari

one, some people (impersonal plural subject pronoun)


eciutari

[èt͡ɕìùꜛtárí]

From eci (“2nd-person plural prefix”) + utar (“plural suffix”) + i (“nominalising suffix”), literally “those which (are) you”.

you, ye (second-person plural subject pronoun)


un=

(exclusive) us (first-person plural object pronoun)


e=

you, thou (first-person singular subject pronoun)

you, thee (first-person singular object pronoun)


eci=

you, ye (first-person plural subject pronoun)

you (first-person plural object pronoun)


neyan

head

neyan (Kana spelling ネヤン, plural neyokay)

From ney (“that”) + an (“is”), literally “that being”.

compound

(demonstrative) that (close to the speaker and listener)


neya

From ney (“that”) + a (“to sit”), literally “(the thing) that sits there”.


makanak

[mà̠ꜛká̠ná̠k]


nekon

From ne (“interrogatory root”) + kon (“adverbial particle”). See nep, nen.


henpak

From hen (“interrogatory root”) + pak (“until”). See hemanta, henpara.


henpara

From hen (“interrogatory root”). See henpak, hemanta.


hekaci

From hekatu (“to be born”) + -i (“nominalising suffix”), literally “born person”.


matkaci

/mátꜜkàt͡ɕì/


cikoykip

/t͡ɕìkòjꜛkʲíp/

From ci- (“passive prefix”) + koyki (“to attack, catch”) + -p (“thing”), literally “thing that is caught”.


reyep

From reye (“to crawl, walk on four feet”) + -p (“thing”), literally “thing that walks on four feet”.


kinasut

Shortening of kinasutunkur or kinasutkamuy (literally “person in the grass”).


cikuni

/t͡ɕìꜛkúnʲi/

From ni (“tree”). The first part is probably related to Nivkh тиғр (țiγr), чӽар̌ (ț’ẋař, “tree”).


otop

head

otop (Kana spelling オトㇷ゚, possessed form otopi)

otopi (possessed-form)
etop (alternative)

The Yakumo Ainu エトㇷ゚ (etop) form seems to preserve the original vocalism of the first syllable. In Sakhalin dialectal varieties, ruusis (“hair”) is used instead.


nimaki

From ni (“root morpheme for tooth”) + maki.


parunpe

From paro (“mouth”) + un (“locative particle”) + pe (“thing”), literally “thing in mouth”.

compound

carunpe (alternative)
チャルンペ (alternative)


cikiri

/t͡ɕìꜛkʲíɾí/

From ci + kiri (“root morpheme for foot”).


eramuan

head

eramuan (Kana spelling エラムアン, plural eramuoka)

From e (“directional prefix”) + ramu (“mind”) + an (“to be”), literally “to have understanding towards”.


yaynu

From yay- (“reflexive prefix”) + nu (“to hear, feel”).


rayke

From ray (“to die”) + -ke (“causative suffix”).


yayrayke

From yay- (“reflexive prefix”) + rayke (“to kill”).

prefix

(intransitive) to kill oneself, commit suicide


hopuni

head

hopuni (Kana spelling ホプニ, plural hopunpa)


kusu ne

Ku ek gusu ne, "I shall come."


エンカ

(Sakhalin) faraway up the road (location)


イサ

Borrowed from Japanese 医者 (isha), in turn from Chinese 醫者 /医者 (yīzhě).


noype

noype (Kana spelling ノィペ, possessed form noypehe)

noypehe (possessed-form)
noybe (alternative)

From noy (“to twist, wind”) + pe (“thing”), literally “the twisting thing”. Sakhalin varieties have keyoroh (“brain”).


hapah

head

hapah (Kana spelling ハパㇵ, possessed form hapapuhu)


シントコ

Possibly related Nivkh сидух (sidux), синдух (sindux, “barrel”).


マキリ

→ Japanese: まぎり (magiri)

→ Oroch: магири (magiri)


arakke

Either from Nivkh арак (arak), or directly from Proto-Tungusic *arakïï. Compare Manchu ᠠᡵᡴᡳ (arki), Evenki аракӣ (arakī), and Mongolian архи (arxi).


カㇷ゚

Possibly related to Old Japanese 皮 (kapa, “skin”), from Proto-Japonic *kapa.


patoy

patoy (Kana spelling パトィ, possessed form patoye)

patoye (possessed-form)
catoy (alternative)


ユプ

ユプ (Latin spelling yupu, plural ユㇷ゚パ, causative ユㇷ゚ケ)

yupu (romanization)
ユㇷ゚パ (plural)
ユㇷ゚ケ (causative)

Borrowed from Nivkh юпть (jupț, “to tie”).


サマンペ

samanpe (romanization)
サマㇺベ (alternative)

Probably derived from Ainu サマ (sama, “to stretch out, lie flat”).


ペツ

archaic spelling of ペッ (“water; river; a piece (of anything)”)


キプツ゚ㇽ

head

キプツ゚ㇽ (Latin spelling kiputur, possessed form キプツ゚ル)

kiputur (romanization)
キプツ゚ル (possessed-form)

From キㇷ゚ (kip, “hairline”) + ウツ゚ㇽ (utur, “between”).


モセ

mose (romanization)
ムセ (alternative)
モサ (alternative)

Possibly from Japanese 苧(むし) (mushi, “ramie plant”), likely from Middle Korean 모시 (mwòsì, “ramie plant or cloth”).


アッテ

(transitive) to suspend, to hang, to hang up


ケメコッ

ケㇺ (“famine”) + エ (“from it”) + コッ (“die”)


ツレㇷ゚ニ

Compound of ツレㇷ゚ (turep, “a type of lily with an edible bulb, Lilium glehnii”) + ニ (ni, “tree”), likely in reference to the similarity of the leaves.


テㇱマニ

Compound of テㇱマ (tesma, “snowshoe”) + ニ (ni, “tree”), in possible reference to the shape of the leaves.


トント

→ Japanese: 胡獱

→ Nivkh: туӈ (tuŋ)


ト゚ナカィ

Japanese: 馴鹿

Related to Sakhalin Nivkh тʼлаӈи (tʼlaŋi).


ヤウンモシㇼ

Hokkaido, the homeland of the Ainu people


kinasutunkur

Compound of kina (“grass”) + sut (“root”) + un (“live in”) + kur (“man”, used equally to postfix -pe)


イカシマ

ikasima (romanization)
イカㇱマ (alternative)


コンカニ

Borrowed from Japanese 黄金 (kogane, “gold”)


ニㇲ イロ

Related to ニソロ (nisoro, “sky”) or ニㇱ (nis, “a cloud”).


リクンモシㇼ

Compound of リクン (rikun, “above”) + モシㇼ (mosir, “land”).


カムイノミ

カムイ (“a god”) + ノミ

af

カムイ (“a god”) + ノミ

(Hokkaido, Sakhalin) traditional Ainu prayer


ホユプ

クホユプ ワ クシンキ。
Ku=hoyupu wa ku=sinki.
I ran and got tired.


hoyupu

ホユプ ホユプ#Ainu


スパ

(transitive) to simmer, to braise, to boil


メンヨ

From Japanese 綿羊 (men'yō), in turn from Chinese 綿羊 /绵羊 (miányáng)


ポㇰナ

ポㇰ (pok, “down”) + ナ (na, “facing, in the direction of”)


pokna

ポㇰナ ポㇰナ#Ainu


ポㇰナモシㇼ

テイネポㇰナモシㇼ

teyne pokna mosir, the "damp underworld", a hellish realm where evil kamuy and people are banished into


テイネポㇰナモシㇼ

テイネ (“wet, damp”) + ポㇰナモシㇼ (“underworld, world of the dead”)

the "damp underworld", a hellish realm where the spirits of evil kamuy and people are banished into.


ウェンカムイ

ウェン (“evil, bad”) + カムィ (“a kamuy, a god”)

テイネポㇰナモシㇼ

Teyne Pokna Mosir; damp underworld; the a hellish realm where evil gods and people are sent to


ユカㇻ

→ English: yukar

→ Japanese: ユーカラ

any one of the many long sagas that make up traditional Ainu oral literature; an epic.


シサㇺモシㇼ

シサㇺ (“foreign, Japanese”) + モシㇼ (“island, world”)


ヤㇺ ワッカ ナイ

→ Japanese: 稚内

→ English: Wakkanai

ヤㇺ (“cold”) + ワッカ (“water”) + ナイ (“river”)


ウェン

(Hokkaido, Sakhalin, Kuril) evil, wicked


シサㇺイタㇰ

シサㇺ (“foreign, Japanese”) + イタㇰ (“language”)


アフンルパㇽ

ahunrupar (romanization)
アフンパㇻ (alternative)
アフンポㇿ (alternative)
アフンチャㇽ (alternative)
アフンルチャㇽ (alternative)

アフン (“enter”) + ル (“road”) + パㇽ (“mouth”).

(religion, mythology) in Ainu mythology, an entrance to the underworld.


アㇰケテㇰ

Japanese scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis)


アット゚ㇱ

アットゥㇱ アットゥㇱ#Ainu


アペフチカムイ

アペ (“fire”) + フチ (“grandmother”) + カムィ (“a god”)


イクパスイ

wooden ritual utensils used in ceremonies


ウリㇼ

Japanese cormorant (Phalacrocorax capillatus)


エタㇱペ

(Hokkaido)(Sakhalin) Steller's sea lion (Sorachi area, Chikabumi area)


オㇱカㇺペ

albatross (esp. the short-tailed albatross, Phoebastria albatrus)


オイナ

(Hokkaido)(Sakhalin) chanting of a deity


オタスト゚ンクㇽ

otasutunkur (romanization)
オタストゥンクㇽ (alternative)

(mythology) Otasutunkur, a heroic figure in Ainu legends, or yukars (ユカㇻ).


カニッ

wooden stick with a thread wound around it


カパッチㇼ

Steller's sea eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus)


キムンカムイ

キムン + カムィ (“a god”)

キムン + カムィ (“a god”)


クㇽ

ペッサムンクㇽ

someone from the village across the river


クッチ

Actinidia arguta (hardy kiwi, kiwiberry)


コタンコㇿカムイ

コタン + コㇿ + カムイ

コタン + コㇿ + カムイ

Blakiston's fish owl (Ketupa blakistoni)


シケㇾペ

head

シケㇾペ • (sum)

Phellodendron amurense (Amur cork tree) nut


スプン

Big-scaled redfin (Pseudaspius hakonensis, Japanese dace)


スンク

Picea jezoensis (dark-bark spruce, Ezo spruce, Yezo spruce, Jezo spruce)


ソㇿマ

Matteuccia (Matteuccia struthiopteris, ostrich fern, fiddlehead fern, shuttlecock fern)


タㇺパク

Borrowed from Japanese タバコ, ultimately from Portuguese tabaco


チクペニ

Styphnolobium japonicum (Japanese pagoda tree)


チサカンケㇷ゚

Boiled and dried food (sugarcane, salmon, animal entrails, etc.)


チュㇰ

cuk (romanization)
チュキータ (alternative)
チュカㇺ (alternative)


チロㇱ

beautifully carved ceremonial arrows (hanaya)


トゥㇷ゚

トゥㇷ゚ • (tup)


トペニ

Acer pictum subsp. mono (painted maple, mono maple)


ニペㇱ

Tilia japonica (Japanese lime, Japanese linden) tree bark


ニペㇱニ

Tilia japonica (Japanese lime, Japanese linden)


ノヤ

(Hokkaido)(Sakhalin)(Kuril) Artemisia princeps (yomogi, Japanese mugwort, Korean wormwood, Korean mugwort, wormwood)


ハㇺペ

dad (More informal than “ona” and more polite than “mici”)


ハッ

Vitis coignetiae (crimson glory vine) Fruit


パイカㇻ

paykar (romanization)
パイガルアン (alternative)


フㇷ゚

(Kuril) Picea jezoensis var. jesoensis (dark-bark spruce, Ezo spruce, Yezo spruce, Jezo spruce)


フイペ

meat and internal organs to be eaten raw


マタ

mata (romanization)
マタイタ (alternative)
マタㇺ (alternative)


マチヤ

Possibly influenced by Japanese 町 (machi).


ラタㇱケㇷ゚

a feast of wild vegetables and other plants boiled together


ワㇰカ

wakka (romanization)
ワッカ (alternative)
ワㇵカ (alternative)


アㇵニ

(Sakhalin) Ulmus laciniata (Manchurian, cut-leaf, lobed elm) tree


アーフンカ

(Sakhalin) Long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis, coween)


イクーニㇶ

(Sakhalin) wooden ritual utensils used in ceremonies (ikupasuy)


イタラ

(Sakhalin, dialect) garden (East Coast dialect)


ウレヘ

(Sakhalin) from the ankle to the tip of the foot


クイ

(Sakhalin)(Kuril) Larix gmelinii var. japonica stem


エトーニンカーリ

(Sakhalin) ear decorations with lowered ornaments


エレクㇱ

(Sakhalin) Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus)


エンカシケ

(Sakhalin) faraway up the road (location)


エンチウ

蝦夷

Ezo, name for a historical tribe in eastern Japan possibly related to ancient Ainu people; Ezo


オㇹチケㇸ

(Sakhalin) meal serving tray (with legs)


オタロㇹ

(Sakhalin) Rosa rugosa (rugosa rose, beach rose, Japanese rose, Ramanas rose, letchberry)


オパㇵタラ

(Sakhalin) Aralia cordata (spikenard, herbal aralia, udo, Japanese spikenard, mountain asparagus)


オンネウ

(Sakhalin) white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla)


フレシサㇺ

フレ (“red”) + シサㇺ (“foreign, Japanese”), literally meaning "red foreigners", referring to the Russians' coloured hair.


シロウエン

sirowen (romanization)
sir-wen? (romanization)


ヲバス

wobasu (romanization)
up-as? (romanization)


イミロ

imiro (romanization)
i-mer-u? (romanization)
イメル (alternative)


シルスムイ

sirusumui (romanization)
sir-si-moye? (romanization)


チツボチヱゴレ

チツボチヱゴレ • (cicubociwegore, cuppo-ciwekore?)

cicubociwegore (romanization)
cuppo-ciwekore? (romanization)


シルピルガン

sirupirugan (romanization)
sirpirka-an? (romanization)


ウエンニソロ

Most likely ウェン (“evil, bad”) + ニソロ (“sky”).


ニソロ

ニㇱ (“a cloud”) + オロ. Related to ニㇲ イロ (nis iro, “blue”).


ペイヌハツカ

Second element is from ワッカ (wakka, “water”)


ペツテ

petute (romanization)
pette? (romanization)
pettek? (romanization)
ペッ (alternative)


ストコイ

sutokoi (romanization)
sutkoy? (romanization)


パイガルアン

paykar-an (romanization)
パイカㇻ (alternative)


バイガンジレチツポ

Ultimately derived from パイガルアン (paykar-an, “spring”).


カーニ

Borrowed from Japanese 金 (kane, “gold, metal”)


カパリウ

(Sakhalin) Pleuronectidae (righteye flounders)


カムイチカㇵ

カムィ (“a god”) + チカㇵ (“a bird”). Second part is related to チカㇷ゚ (“a bird”).


カムイプヤラ

カムィ (“a god”) + プヤラ

af

カムィ (“a god”) + プヤラ


カムイヘンケ

カムィ (“a god”) + ヘンケ

カムィ (“a god”) + ヘンケ


アトゥイカ

atuika (romanization)
アトゥイ (alternative)


ハシテキ

hashiteki (romanization)
hasiteki (romanization)


チュカㇺ

cukam (romanization)
chukam (romanization)
チュㇰ (alternative)
チュキータ (alternative)


チュキータ

cukiita (romanization)
チュㇰ (alternative)
チュカㇺ (alternative)


マタイタ

matayta (romanization)
マタ (alternative)
マタㇺ (alternative)


マタㇺ

matam (romanization)
マタ (alternative)
マタイタ (alternative)