"kuru" meaning in Proto-Japonic

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ojp",
            "2": "呉",
            "tr": "kuru"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Japanese: 呉 (kuru)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Japanese: 呉 (kuru)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ja",
            "2": "呉れる",
            "3": "くれる",
            "tr2": "kureru"
          },
          "expansion": "Japanese: 呉れる, くれる (kureru)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Japanese: 呉れる, くれる (kureru)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "jpx-ryu-pro",
            "2": "*kure"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Ryukyuan: *kure\nNorthern Ryukyuan:\nKikai: 呉りゆい (kuriyui)\nKunigami: 呉ーるん (kīrun)\nNorthern Amami-Oshima: 呉りぃるり (kurïruri)\nOkinawan: 呉ゆん (kwiyun)\nOki-No-Erabu: 呉りゆん (kuriyun)\nSouthern Amami-Oshima: 呉りぃゆむっ (kurïyum)\nToku-No-Shima: 呉ーりぃ (kwïïrï)\nYoron: 呉りゅん (kuryun)\nSouthern Ryukyuan:\nMiyako: 呉ーㇲ゙ (fīz)\nYaeyama: 呉ーるん (hīrun)\nYonaguni: 呉ゆん (hiyun)",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Ryukyuan: *kure\nNorthern Ryukyuan:\nKikai: 呉りゆい (kuriyui)\nKunigami: 呉ーるん (kīrun)\nNorthern Amami-Oshima: 呉りぃるり (kurïruri)\nOkinawan: 呉ゆん (kwiyun)\nOki-No-Erabu: 呉りゆん (kuriyun)\nSouthern Amami-Oshima: 呉りぃゆむっ (kurïyum)\nToku-No-Shima: 呉ーりぃ (kwïïrï)\nYoron: 呉りゅん (kuryun)\nSouthern Ryukyuan:\nMiyako: 呉ーㇲ゙ (fīz)\nYaeyama: 呉ーるん (hīrun)\nYonaguni: 呉ゆん (hiyun)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "jpx-pro",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "*kuru",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Japonic",
  "lang_code": "jpx-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Japonic/kuru",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to give"
      ],
      "id": "en-kuru-jpx-pro-verb-jKZk8JaJ",
      "links": [
        [
          "give",
          "give"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "kuru"
}

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "raw_tags": [
        "derived"
      ],
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "jpx-pro",
            "2": "*kuruma",
            "t": "wheel; car"
          },
          "expansion": "*kuruma (“wheel; car”)",
          "name": "l"
        }
      ],
      "text": "*kuruma (“wheel; car”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ojp",
            "2": "くるるに",
            "3": "狂ふ",
            "4": "苦し",
            "t1": "spinningly, turningly",
            "t2": "go mad",
            "t3": "painful, stressful, excruciating",
            "tr1": "kururu ni",
            "tr2": "kurupu",
            "tr3": "kurusi"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Japanese: くるるに (kururu ni, “spinningly, turningly”), 狂ふ (kurupu, “go mad”), 苦し (kurusi, “painful, stressful, excruciating”)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Japanese: くるるに (kururu ni, “spinningly, turningly”), 狂ふ (kurupu, “go mad”), 苦し (kurusi, “painful, stressful, excruciating”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ja",
            "2": "狂う",
            "3": "苦しい",
            "tr1": "kuruu",
            "tr2": "kurushii"
          },
          "expansion": "Japanese: 狂う (kuruu), 苦しい (kurushii)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Japanese: 狂う (kuruu), 苦しい (kurushii)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ja",
            "2": "くるくる",
            "t": "spinningly",
            "tr": "kurukuru"
          },
          "expansion": "Japanese: くるくる (kurukuru, “spinningly”)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Japanese: くるくる (kurukuru, “spinningly”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ojp",
            "2": "繰",
            "t": "to spin a thread",
            "tr": "kuru"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Japanese: 繰 (kuru, “to spin a thread”)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Japanese: 繰 (kuru, “to spin a thread”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ja",
            "2": "繰る",
            "tr": "kuru"
          },
          "expansion": "Japanese: 繰る (kuru)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Japanese: 繰る (kuru)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "jpx-ryu-pro",
            "2": "*kuri",
            "t": "to spin a thread"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuri (“to spin a thread”)\nNorthern Ryukyuan:\nKunigami: 繰ん (kun)\nNorthern Amami-Oshima: 繰るり (kururi)\nOkinawan: 繰ゆん (kuyun)\nYoron: 繰ゆん (kuyun)\nSouthern Ryukyuan:\n⇒ Miyako: 手繰ぃ (tavï) (< *taguri)\nYaeyama: 繰るん (kurun)",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuri (“to spin a thread”)\nNorthern Ryukyuan:\nKunigami: 繰ん (kun)\nNorthern Amami-Oshima: 繰るり (kururi)\nOkinawan: 繰ゆん (kuyun)\nYoron: 繰ゆん (kuyun)\nSouthern Ryukyuan:\n⇒ Miyako: 手繰ぃ (tavï) (< *taguri)\nYaeyama: 繰るん (kurun)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "jpx-ryu-pro",
            "2": "*kuru",
            "t": "painful"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuru (“painful”)\nNorthern Ryukyuan:\nKikai: 苦さい (-gurusai) (only used as a suffix)\nKunigami: 苦ーせん (-gurūsen, -gurīsen) (only used as a suffix)\nNorthern Amami-Oshima: 苦しゃり (xurushari)\nOkinawan: 苦さん (kurisan)\nOki-No-Erabu: 苦しゃん (gurushan)\nSouthern Amami-Oshima: 苦しさむっ (gurushisam) (possibly a Japanese loanword)\nToku-No-Shima: 苦しゃい (xurushai), 苦い (goroi)\nYoron: 苦しゃん (gusshan, gurushan)\nSouthern Ryukyuan:\nMiyako: 苦 (guri)\nYaeyama: 苦しゃーん (kurishān)\n⇒ Yonaguni: 息苦さん (itigurisan) (< *eki-guri-sa)",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuru (“painful”)\nNorthern Ryukyuan:\nKikai: 苦さい (-gurusai) (only used as a suffix)\nKunigami: 苦ーせん (-gurūsen, -gurīsen) (only used as a suffix)\nNorthern Amami-Oshima: 苦しゃり (xurushari)\nOkinawan: 苦さん (kurisan)\nOki-No-Erabu: 苦しゃん (gurushan)\nSouthern Amami-Oshima: 苦しさむっ (gurushisam) (possibly a Japanese loanword)\nToku-No-Shima: 苦しゃい (xurushai), 苦い (goroi)\nYoron: 苦しゃん (gusshan, gurushan)\nSouthern Ryukyuan:\nMiyako: 苦 (guri)\nYaeyama: 苦しゃーん (kurishān)\n⇒ Yonaguni: 息苦さん (itigurisan) (< *eki-guri-sa)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "spin; turn around and around"
      },
      "expansion": "spin; turn around and around",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "くるる に"
      },
      "expansion": "くるるに (kururu ni)",
      "name": "ja-r"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "jpx-pro",
        "2": "*koro"
      },
      "expansion": "*koro",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "転ぶ",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to tumble, to fall over",
        "tr": "korobu"
      },
      "expansion": "Japanese 転ぶ (korobu, “to tumble, to fall over”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "転がる",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to roll, to roll around",
        "tr": "korogaru"
      },
      "expansion": "転がる (korogaru, “to roll, to roll around”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "go mad"
      },
      "expansion": "go mad",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "painful"
      },
      "expansion": "painful",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "The core underlying meaning seems to be spin; turn around and around, as in Japanese adverb くるるに (kururu ni) and related vowel-shifted root *koro and derivations such as Japanese 転ぶ (korobu, “to tumble, to fall over”) and 転がる (korogaru, “to roll, to roll around”).\nThe derived sense of go mad (verb) and painful (adjective) arose from the way that someone suffering from convulsions would often turn around and around.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "jpx-pro",
        "2": "root"
      },
      "expansion": "*kuru",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Japonic",
  "lang_code": "jpx-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Japonic/kuru",
  "pos": "root",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "96 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Japonic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "100 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Japonic roots",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to spin; to turn around and around"
      ],
      "id": "en-kuru-jpx-pro-root-GlFny6RL",
      "links": [
        [
          "spin",
          "spin"
        ],
        [
          "turn",
          "turn"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "kuru"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Proto-Japonic entries with incorrect language header",
    "Proto-Japonic lemmas",
    "Proto-Japonic roots",
    "Proto-Japonic verbs"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ojp",
            "2": "呉",
            "tr": "kuru"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Japanese: 呉 (kuru)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Japanese: 呉 (kuru)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ja",
            "2": "呉れる",
            "3": "くれる",
            "tr2": "kureru"
          },
          "expansion": "Japanese: 呉れる, くれる (kureru)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Japanese: 呉れる, くれる (kureru)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "jpx-ryu-pro",
            "2": "*kure"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Ryukyuan: *kure\nNorthern Ryukyuan:\nKikai: 呉りゆい (kuriyui)\nKunigami: 呉ーるん (kīrun)\nNorthern Amami-Oshima: 呉りぃるり (kurïruri)\nOkinawan: 呉ゆん (kwiyun)\nOki-No-Erabu: 呉りゆん (kuriyun)\nSouthern Amami-Oshima: 呉りぃゆむっ (kurïyum)\nToku-No-Shima: 呉ーりぃ (kwïïrï)\nYoron: 呉りゅん (kuryun)\nSouthern Ryukyuan:\nMiyako: 呉ーㇲ゙ (fīz)\nYaeyama: 呉ーるん (hīrun)\nYonaguni: 呉ゆん (hiyun)",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Ryukyuan: *kure\nNorthern Ryukyuan:\nKikai: 呉りゆい (kuriyui)\nKunigami: 呉ーるん (kīrun)\nNorthern Amami-Oshima: 呉りぃるり (kurïruri)\nOkinawan: 呉ゆん (kwiyun)\nOki-No-Erabu: 呉りゆん (kuriyun)\nSouthern Amami-Oshima: 呉りぃゆむっ (kurïyum)\nToku-No-Shima: 呉ーりぃ (kwïïrï)\nYoron: 呉りゅん (kuryun)\nSouthern Ryukyuan:\nMiyako: 呉ーㇲ゙ (fīz)\nYaeyama: 呉ーるん (hīrun)\nYonaguni: 呉ゆん (hiyun)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "jpx-pro",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "*kuru",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Japonic",
  "lang_code": "jpx-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Japonic/kuru",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to give"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "give",
          "give"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "kuru"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Proto-Japonic entries with incorrect language header",
    "Proto-Japonic lemmas",
    "Proto-Japonic roots"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "raw_tags": [
        "derived"
      ],
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "jpx-pro",
            "2": "*kuruma",
            "t": "wheel; car"
          },
          "expansion": "*kuruma (“wheel; car”)",
          "name": "l"
        }
      ],
      "text": "*kuruma (“wheel; car”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ojp",
            "2": "くるるに",
            "3": "狂ふ",
            "4": "苦し",
            "t1": "spinningly, turningly",
            "t2": "go mad",
            "t3": "painful, stressful, excruciating",
            "tr1": "kururu ni",
            "tr2": "kurupu",
            "tr3": "kurusi"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Japanese: くるるに (kururu ni, “spinningly, turningly”), 狂ふ (kurupu, “go mad”), 苦し (kurusi, “painful, stressful, excruciating”)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Japanese: くるるに (kururu ni, “spinningly, turningly”), 狂ふ (kurupu, “go mad”), 苦し (kurusi, “painful, stressful, excruciating”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ja",
            "2": "狂う",
            "3": "苦しい",
            "tr1": "kuruu",
            "tr2": "kurushii"
          },
          "expansion": "Japanese: 狂う (kuruu), 苦しい (kurushii)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Japanese: 狂う (kuruu), 苦しい (kurushii)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ja",
            "2": "くるくる",
            "t": "spinningly",
            "tr": "kurukuru"
          },
          "expansion": "Japanese: くるくる (kurukuru, “spinningly”)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Japanese: くるくる (kurukuru, “spinningly”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ojp",
            "2": "繰",
            "t": "to spin a thread",
            "tr": "kuru"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Japanese: 繰 (kuru, “to spin a thread”)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Japanese: 繰 (kuru, “to spin a thread”)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ja",
            "2": "繰る",
            "tr": "kuru"
          },
          "expansion": "Japanese: 繰る (kuru)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Japanese: 繰る (kuru)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "jpx-ryu-pro",
            "2": "*kuri",
            "t": "to spin a thread"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuri (“to spin a thread”)\nNorthern Ryukyuan:\nKunigami: 繰ん (kun)\nNorthern Amami-Oshima: 繰るり (kururi)\nOkinawan: 繰ゆん (kuyun)\nYoron: 繰ゆん (kuyun)\nSouthern Ryukyuan:\n⇒ Miyako: 手繰ぃ (tavï) (< *taguri)\nYaeyama: 繰るん (kurun)",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuri (“to spin a thread”)\nNorthern Ryukyuan:\nKunigami: 繰ん (kun)\nNorthern Amami-Oshima: 繰るり (kururi)\nOkinawan: 繰ゆん (kuyun)\nYoron: 繰ゆん (kuyun)\nSouthern Ryukyuan:\n⇒ Miyako: 手繰ぃ (tavï) (< *taguri)\nYaeyama: 繰るん (kurun)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "jpx-ryu-pro",
            "2": "*kuru",
            "t": "painful"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuru (“painful”)\nNorthern Ryukyuan:\nKikai: 苦さい (-gurusai) (only used as a suffix)\nKunigami: 苦ーせん (-gurūsen, -gurīsen) (only used as a suffix)\nNorthern Amami-Oshima: 苦しゃり (xurushari)\nOkinawan: 苦さん (kurisan)\nOki-No-Erabu: 苦しゃん (gurushan)\nSouthern Amami-Oshima: 苦しさむっ (gurushisam) (possibly a Japanese loanword)\nToku-No-Shima: 苦しゃい (xurushai), 苦い (goroi)\nYoron: 苦しゃん (gusshan, gurushan)\nSouthern Ryukyuan:\nMiyako: 苦 (guri)\nYaeyama: 苦しゃーん (kurishān)\n⇒ Yonaguni: 息苦さん (itigurisan) (< *eki-guri-sa)",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-Ryukyuan: *kuru (“painful”)\nNorthern Ryukyuan:\nKikai: 苦さい (-gurusai) (only used as a suffix)\nKunigami: 苦ーせん (-gurūsen, -gurīsen) (only used as a suffix)\nNorthern Amami-Oshima: 苦しゃり (xurushari)\nOkinawan: 苦さん (kurisan)\nOki-No-Erabu: 苦しゃん (gurushan)\nSouthern Amami-Oshima: 苦しさむっ (gurushisam) (possibly a Japanese loanword)\nToku-No-Shima: 苦しゃい (xurushai), 苦い (goroi)\nYoron: 苦しゃん (gusshan, gurushan)\nSouthern Ryukyuan:\nMiyako: 苦 (guri)\nYaeyama: 苦しゃーん (kurishān)\n⇒ Yonaguni: 息苦さん (itigurisan) (< *eki-guri-sa)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "spin; turn around and around"
      },
      "expansion": "spin; turn around and around",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "くるる に"
      },
      "expansion": "くるるに (kururu ni)",
      "name": "ja-r"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "jpx-pro",
        "2": "*koro"
      },
      "expansion": "*koro",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "転ぶ",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to tumble, to fall over",
        "tr": "korobu"
      },
      "expansion": "Japanese 転ぶ (korobu, “to tumble, to fall over”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ja",
        "2": "転がる",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to roll, to roll around",
        "tr": "korogaru"
      },
      "expansion": "転がる (korogaru, “to roll, to roll around”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "go mad"
      },
      "expansion": "go mad",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "painful"
      },
      "expansion": "painful",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "The core underlying meaning seems to be spin; turn around and around, as in Japanese adverb くるるに (kururu ni) and related vowel-shifted root *koro and derivations such as Japanese 転ぶ (korobu, “to tumble, to fall over”) and 転がる (korogaru, “to roll, to roll around”).\nThe derived sense of go mad (verb) and painful (adjective) arose from the way that someone suffering from convulsions would often turn around and around.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "jpx-pro",
        "2": "root"
      },
      "expansion": "*kuru",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Japonic",
  "lang_code": "jpx-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Japonic/kuru",
  "pos": "root",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to spin; to turn around and around"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "spin",
          "spin"
        ],
        [
          "turn",
          "turn"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "kuru"
}