See yaw- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for yaw- meaning in Proto-Indo-Iranian (7.4kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "यु",
"t": "to unite, bind"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: यु (yu, “to unite, bind”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: यु (yu, “to unite, bind”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬫𐬎",
"t": "to bind, hold"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬫𐬎 (yu, “to bind, hold”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬫𐬎 (yu, “to bind, hold”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬎",
"t": "to (re)bind, hold"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬎 (niiu, “to (re)bind, hold”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬎 (niiu, “to (re)bind, hold”)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*yew-",
"t": "to connect"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *yew- (“to connect”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "jáuti"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian jáuti",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "jũtis",
"t": "place of joint, crossroads"
},
"expansion": "Latvian jũtis (“place of joint, crossroads”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*yewg-",
"t": "to join, yoke"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *yewg- (“to join, yoke”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *yew- (“to connect”), and cognate with Lithuanian jáuti / jaũti (“to mix, mingle, blend”), Latvian jũtis (“place of joint, crossroads”). Proto-Indo-European *yewg- (“to join, yoke”) may be an extension of the root.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "root"
},
"expansion": "*yaw-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/yaw-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-Iranian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-Iranian roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to bind, hold fast"
],
"id": "en-yaw--iir-pro-root-b~7B2phb",
"links": [
[
"bind",
"bind"
],
[
"hold",
"hold"
],
[
"fast",
"fast"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "yaw-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*yu-yáw-ti (reduplicated present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*yuyáwti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yuyáwti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yuyáwti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "युयोति",
"tr": "yuyóti"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: युयोति (yuyóti)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: युयोति (yuyóti)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*yusćati"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*yuśćati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yuśćati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yuśćati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "युच्छति"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: युच्छति (yucchati)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: युच्छति (yucchati)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*yutás (“separated”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*yutás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yutás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yutás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "युतद्वेषस्",
"t": "separated from enemies",
"tr": "yutá-dveṣas"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: युतद्वेषस् (yutá-dveṣas, “separated from enemies”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: युतद्वेषस् (yutá-dveṣas, “separated from enemies”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*yutáh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *yutáh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *yutáh"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬫𐬏𐬙𐬀"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬫𐬏𐬙𐬀 (yūta)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬫𐬏𐬙𐬀 (yūta)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"tr": "ywdtʾ",
"ts": "ǰud"
},
"expansion": "Middle Persian: [script needed] (ywdtʾ /ǰud/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Persian: [script needed] (ywdtʾ /ǰud/)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"der": "1",
"tr": "ywdtʾk'",
"ts": "ǰudāg"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Middle Persian: [script needed] (ywdtʾk' /ǰudāg/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Middle Persian: [script needed] (ywdtʾk' /ǰudāg/)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "جدا",
"tr": "jodâ"
},
"expansion": "Persian: جدا (jodâ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Persian: جدا (jodâ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*wíyutas",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wíyutas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wíyutas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*wíyutas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wíyutas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wíyutas"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "वियुत",
"tr": "víyuta"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: वियुत (víyuta)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: वियुत (víyuta)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*wíyutah"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *wíyutah",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *wíyutah"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬬𐬌𐬌𐬏𐬙𐬀"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬌𐬏𐬙𐬀 (viiūta)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬌𐬏𐬙𐬀 (viiūta)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "यु",
"t": "to separate"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: यु (yu, “to separate”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: यु (yu, “to separate”)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_text": "Traditionally considered a secondary derivation from Etymology 1, via the latter's prefixed formations (as a \"de-binding\"). However, Mayrhofer is skeptical due to the strong semantic divergence from Etymology 1, and separates the two roots. Cheung critiques Mayrhofer's analysis, noting that \"many of the derivative formations of yav2 (sic) seem to be (relatively) late, hapax or nonce\" (suggesting a secondary derivation), as well as Mayrhofer basing his argument on the supposed existence of a separate root for Etymology 2 in Proto-Indo-European, which does not seem to exist.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "root"
},
"expansion": "*yaw-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/yaw-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-Iranian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-Iranian roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to separate, keep off"
],
"id": "en-yaw--iir-pro-root-FGOPuLgT",
"links": [
[
"separate",
"separate"
],
[
"keep off",
"keep off"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "yaw-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-Iranian entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian roots",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "यु",
"t": "to unite, bind"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: यु (yu, “to unite, bind”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: यु (yu, “to unite, bind”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬫𐬎",
"t": "to bind, hold"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬫𐬎 (yu, “to bind, hold”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬫𐬎 (yu, “to bind, hold”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬎",
"t": "to (re)bind, hold"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬎 (niiu, “to (re)bind, hold”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬎 (niiu, “to (re)bind, hold”)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*yew-",
"t": "to connect"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *yew- (“to connect”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "jáuti"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian jáuti",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "jũtis",
"t": "place of joint, crossroads"
},
"expansion": "Latvian jũtis (“place of joint, crossroads”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*yewg-",
"t": "to join, yoke"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *yewg- (“to join, yoke”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *yew- (“to connect”), and cognate with Lithuanian jáuti / jaũti (“to mix, mingle, blend”), Latvian jũtis (“place of joint, crossroads”). Proto-Indo-European *yewg- (“to join, yoke”) may be an extension of the root.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "root"
},
"expansion": "*yaw-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/yaw-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to bind, hold fast"
],
"links": [
[
"bind",
"bind"
],
[
"hold",
"hold"
],
[
"fast",
"fast"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "yaw-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-Iranian entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*yu-yáw-ti (reduplicated present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*yuyáwti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yuyáwti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yuyáwti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "युयोति",
"tr": "yuyóti"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: युयोति (yuyóti)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: युयोति (yuyóti)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*yusćati"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*yuśćati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yuśćati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yuśćati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "युच्छति"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: युच्छति (yucchati)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: युच्छति (yucchati)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*yutás (“separated”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*yutás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yutás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yutás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "युतद्वेषस्",
"t": "separated from enemies",
"tr": "yutá-dveṣas"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: युतद्वेषस् (yutá-dveṣas, “separated from enemies”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: युतद्वेषस् (yutá-dveṣas, “separated from enemies”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*yutáh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *yutáh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *yutáh"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬫𐬏𐬙𐬀"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬫𐬏𐬙𐬀 (yūta)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬫𐬏𐬙𐬀 (yūta)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"tr": "ywdtʾ",
"ts": "ǰud"
},
"expansion": "Middle Persian: [script needed] (ywdtʾ /ǰud/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Persian: [script needed] (ywdtʾ /ǰud/)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"der": "1",
"tr": "ywdtʾk'",
"ts": "ǰudāg"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Middle Persian: [script needed] (ywdtʾk' /ǰudāg/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Middle Persian: [script needed] (ywdtʾk' /ǰudāg/)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "جدا",
"tr": "jodâ"
},
"expansion": "Persian: جدا (jodâ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Persian: جدا (jodâ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*wíyutas",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wíyutas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wíyutas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*wíyutas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wíyutas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wíyutas"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "वियुत",
"tr": "víyuta"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: वियुत (víyuta)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: वियुत (víyuta)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*wíyutah"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *wíyutah",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *wíyutah"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬬𐬌𐬌𐬏𐬙𐬀"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬌𐬏𐬙𐬀 (viiūta)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬌𐬏𐬙𐬀 (viiūta)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "यु",
"t": "to separate"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: यु (yu, “to separate”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: यु (yu, “to separate”)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_text": "Traditionally considered a secondary derivation from Etymology 1, via the latter's prefixed formations (as a \"de-binding\"). However, Mayrhofer is skeptical due to the strong semantic divergence from Etymology 1, and separates the two roots. Cheung critiques Mayrhofer's analysis, noting that \"many of the derivative formations of yav2 (sic) seem to be (relatively) late, hapax or nonce\" (suggesting a secondary derivation), as well as Mayrhofer basing his argument on the supposed existence of a separate root for Etymology 2 in Proto-Indo-European, which does not seem to exist.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "root"
},
"expansion": "*yaw-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/yaw-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to separate, keep off"
],
"links": [
[
"separate",
"separate"
],
[
"keep off",
"keep off"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "yaw-"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-Iranian dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (bb24e0f and c7ea76d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.